231:. Sagundino returned to Venice before sailing for Crete; no reports survive on his activity for the year 1459, which he may have spent either in Venice or in Crete. In July 1460, Sagundino decided to bring his family to Crete, but the journey was cut short by a shipwreck that took the lives of his pregnant wife, two sons (including his favourite, Giovanni) and a daughter and destroyed his books and many other possessions. Sagundino himself and five daughters and his son Alvise barely survived by clinging to the side of the vessel that remained afloat. Left destitute and with five unmarried daughters to support and provide dowries for, the Venetian Senate came to his aid, voting him with overwhelming majority a gift of 600 ducats, his reappointment as secretary to the doge with a salary of 200 ducats, and the assurance that Alvise would be employed by the Venetian state.
70:
282:, in them. No reports about Sagundino's life survive between the end of his mission to the Papal court in August 1462 and his death at Venice in March 1464, the exact day being uncertain. It is variously reported as 22 or 23 March, with a surviving notice of his death bearing a date of either 22 or 24 March. His son Giovanni having died in the shipwreck of 1460, his heir was his son Alvise (Ludovico) and grandson Niccolò.
212:. In this capacity he returned to Naples in late 1455 to convey letters from the Venetian government to Alfonso, and stayed there until August 1456, making contact with the numerous humanist scholars resident in the city. In summer 1456, as the plague raged in Venice, he sent his wife and children back to Chalkis. In spring 1457 Sagundino was again sent on diplomatic missions on behalf of the Venetian government, first to
242:
during the previous years, in March 1461 the
Venetian government again resolved to send Sagundino, as an expert of Ottoman affairs, as envoy to Mehmed II to spy out his intentions and assure him of the Republic's friendship and goodwill. Sagundino was to sail first to the Venetian outpost of Modon
216:, and then to the Pope in Rome and the King of Naples, where he remained for several months, reporting on Alfonso's Italian policies and military preparations, before returning to Venice in early 1458. An envisaged extension of his mission to the
259:. When he met the Sultan, likely in June or July 1461, Sagundino protested the seizure of some border lands in the Morea, but the Ottoman ruler rebuffed this, saying that the territories in question were originally part of the
1118:
1158:
132:. He was wounded in the assault and taken prisoner with his family, remaining in captivity for 13 months. After his release, he returned to Chalkis, where from 1434 until 1437 he served Venice as
371:
of
Chalkis, whom he used to tutor in philosophy. In 1456, he was commissioned by Enea Silvio Piccolomini (the future Pope Pius II) to write a history of the Ottoman Empire, which resulted in his
163:
in
December 1452, which means he likely served in the same post throughout the period in question. At the same time, however, he is also attested since 1440 for a ten-year-tenure as chancellor (
963:
Caselli, Cristian (2019). "Interpreter, Diplomat, Humanist: Nicholas
Sagundinus as a Cultural Broker in the 15th-Century Mediterranean". In Daniëlle Slootjes; Mariette Verhoeven (eds.).
290:
Most of
Sagundino's writings are in Latin. Few have been published. He left behind 66 letters to his family and other Italian humanists, one of them describing the shipwreck to Cardinal
220:
did not come to pass. In June 1458 Sagundino undertook yet another mission to Rome, conveying Venice's reasons for its reluctance to participate in the planned anti-Ottoman crusade of
102:. They were citizens of Venice. His sister or aunt, known only as "R. Sagundino", married Niccolò Aurelio, a Venetian citizen employed in the government secretariat. Their three sons,
69:
62:. He undertook several Venetian missions to the Ottoman court and to Greek lands, on one of which he suffered a shipwreck that killed several of his immediate family. He died in
1143:
174:, the Venetian governor of Chalkis; and he was confirmed in office for another decade in 1450. Sagundino was certainly in Chalkis in 1453, where he received the news of the
140:. Possibly already in 1437 he left Greece for Italy, staying either in Venice or Rome; in 1438, because of his fluency in both Greek and Latin, Sagundino was sent to the
159:) on missions in Italy and Greece. His activity from 1441 to the end of Eugene's pontificate is not documented, but he is still attested as an apostolic secretary under
274:, ostensibly to report on the libertine morals prevailing in some Venetian monasteries, but chiefly to sound out the Pope's plans for a new crusade and the role of the
251:) and thence over land to Constantinople. Few details are known about his mission. Based on a letter by Sagundino from 1462, where he reports having crossed most of
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as an official translator. He remained through 1439, impressing the assembled clergy by his grasp of theology. He favoured the cause of
1044:
1113:
1098:
1138:
1063:
1005:
193:, but then immediately sent to Rome on the express wish of Pope Nicholas V to inform him on Ottoman intentions, and from there to
201:, for the same purpose. In January 1454 Sagundino, while still in Naples, wrote a report on his observations of the Ottomans (
1054:
189:. His stay in Constantinople was apparently brief, and he returned to Venice in autumn, bearing letters from Marcello to the
1032:
Mehmed II the
Conqueror and the Fall of the Franco-Byzantine Levant to the Ottoman Turks: Some Western Views and Testimonies
1148:
235:
1093:
103:
1173:
934:
315:
441:"On the Family of the Ottomans". This is the manuscript's title. There are printed versions with variant titles.
303:
299:
255:, the Venetian envoy likely journeyed east to meet the Sultan, who was at the time campaigning to conquer the
325:
73:
Onesander "translated by Niccolò Sagundino from Greek into Latin", from a
Neapolitan manuscript of 1494–1495
347:. He also wrote treatises on philosophy, theology and rhetoric. He dedicated a work on the doctrine of the
295:
260:
175:
182:
91:
307:
1088:
1083:
203:
Oratio
Nicolai Sagundini édita in Urbe Neapoli ad Serenissimum principem et novissimum regem Alfonsum
107:
98:, where they are attested since the 13th century. It had two branches, one at Chalkis and another at
28:
414:. His given name may be anglicized Nicholas. His surname is sometimes spelled Segundino in Italian.
368:
364:
311:
256:
194:
168:
111:
1027:
221:
141:
24:
918:
Johannes Darius (1414 - 1491), Sachwalter
Venedigs im Morgenland, und sein griechischer Umkreis
1059:
1049:
1039:
1001:
949:
921:
279:
244:
94:. His father's name was Manuel. His mother's name is unknown. His family was originally from
1015:
993:
981:
55:
275:
217:
190:
160:
20:
125:. He was at Thessaloniki, possibly already in the employ of the Venetian state, when the
31:. He wrote numerous letters, as well as religious and philosophical treatises, mostly in
913:
403:
391:
239:
209:
198:
152:
126:
95:
51:
43:
973:
1077:
228:
356:
267:
145:
99:
106:, Paolo and Pietro, also entered service in the Venetian government; Marco's son,
227:
While still at Rome, in
September 1458 Sagundino was appointed chancellor to the
336:
320:
974:"Greek philosophical miscellany (Cambridge, University Library, MS Dd.4.16)"
925:
340:
291:
186:
135:
155:
employed Sagundino as an apostolic secretary and from 1441 on as an envoy (
945:
920:(in German). Munich: Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
344:
252:
985:
348:
271:
87:
423:"On God, the Unity of His Essence and of the Persons of the Trinity".
332:
83:
63:
59:
42:, he was in Venetian service when he was wounded and captured by the
39:
965:
Byzantium in Dialogue with the Mediterranean: History and Heritage
213:
68:
32:
294:, a fellow Greek Catholic. Among his notable correspondents were
248:
331:
Sagundino made Latin translations of the ancient Greek writers
181:
From Chalkis he was sent to accompany the Venetian ambassador,
1058:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 1865.
208:
At some point thereafter, Sagundino became a secretary to the
185:, who was sent to Constantinople for negotiations with Sultan
353:
De deo, de unitate essentiae eius et de trinitate personarum
1119:
Ambassadors of the Republic of Venice to the Ottoman Empire
781:
779:
646:
644:
595:
593:
580:
578:
1034:. Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies.
868:
866:
1159:
Ambassadors of the Republic of Venice to the Holy See
1000:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
502:
500:
498:
496:
494:
469:
467:
465:
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551:
549:
547:
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543:
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151:
At the conclusion of the council, the Venetian-born
324:on the death of Valerio Marcello, the young son of
1043:
998:Venetian Humanism in an Age of Patrician Dominance
266:In March 1462, Sagundino was sent to the court of
432:"On the Origins and Sects of the Philosophers".
8:
247:) and then, on board a war galley to Ainos (
1144:Prisoners of war held by the Ottoman Empire
133:
50:in 1430. He favoured the union between the
845:
833:
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797:
785:
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758:
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734:
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710:
698:
686:
674:
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635:
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599:
569:
518:
485:
1020:The Death of the Child Valerio Marcello
473:
461:
384:
557:
442:
1164:Ambassadors of the Republic of Venice
110:, eventually rose to the supreme non-
7:
1169:Ambassadors to the Kingdom of Naples
940:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
896:
884:
872:
857:
584:
530:
506:
946:Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
1055:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
361:De origine et sectis philosophorum
14:
1179:Venetian people of Greek descent
980:. Cambridge University Library.
82:Sagundino was born in 1402 to a
942:, Volume 89: Rovereto–Salvemini
1154:Translators from Ancient Greek
1124:Venetian Renaissance humanists
1022:. University of Chicago Press.
90:, the capital of the Venetian
1:
1109:15th-century Venetian writers
1104:15th-century writers in Latin
359:, and another on philosophy,
236:Ottoman conquest of the Morea
304:Antonio Beccadelli Panormita
238:and the rapidly progressing
58:churches and worked for the
1129:Scholars of Ottoman history
263:, and thus rightfully his.
1195:
1134:15th-century Greek writers
972:Di Franco, Matteo (2023).
967:. Brill. pp. 226–244.
933:Caselli, Cristian (2017).
19:(1402 – March 1464) was a
1114:Diplomats of the Holy See
1099:15th-century Greek people
978:Cambridge Digital Library
395:
130:captured the city in 1430
1139:Greek emigrants to Italy
533:, pp. 290, 315–316.
27:secretary, diplomat and
1045:"Sekoundinos, Nicholas"
326:Jacopo Antonio Marcello
407:
261:Despotate of the Morea
176:Fall of Constantinople
134:
74:
373:De familia otumanorum
121:Sagundino received a
92:kingdom of Negroponte
72:
1149:Translators to Latin
944:(in Italian). Rome:
935:"Sagundino, Niccolò"
400:Nikolaos Sekoundinos
396:Νικόλαος Σεκουνδινός
296:Ulisse degli Aleotti
48:fall of Thessaloniki
1094:People from Chalcis
1028:Philippides, Marios
899:, pp. 81, 428.
860:, pp. 428–429.
587:, pp. 427–429.
447:Othomanorum familia
408:Nicolaus Secundinus
312:George of Trebizond
257:Empire of Trebizond
195:Alfonso V of Aragon
183:Bartolomeo Marcello
123:classical education
1174:Shipwrecked people
1050:Kazhdan, Alexander
1040:Talbot, Alice-Mary
986:10.17863/CAM.99438
240:conquest of Serbia
222:Pope Callixtus III
178:to the Ottomans.
142:Council of Ferrara
75:
1016:King, Margaret L.
994:King, Margaret L.
848:, pp. 43–44.
836:, pp. 41–43.
824:, pp. 39–41.
812:, pp. 37–38.
800:, pp. 36–37.
749:, pp. 29–32.
725:, pp. 20–22.
713:, pp. 20–21.
701:, pp. 19–20.
689:, pp. 17–20.
677:, pp. 18–19.
638:, pp. 15–16.
626:, pp. 14–15.
614:, pp. 12–13.
572:, pp. 11–12.
521:, pp. 26–27.
316:Zaccaria Trevisan
280:Matthias Corvinus
17:Niccolò Sagundino
1186:
1069:
1047:
1035:
1023:
1011:
989:
968:
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955:978-8-81200032-6
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308:Andrea Contrario
139:
136:advocatus curiae
116:grand chancellor
114:office, that of
38:Originally from
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914:Babinger, Franz
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367:, the Venetian
300:Ermolao Barbaro
288:
276:King of Hungary
218:King of Navarre
191:Venetian Senate
161:Pope Nicholas V
108:Niccolò Aurelio
80:
12:
11:
5:
1192:
1190:
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1006:
990:
969:
960:
954:
930:
909:
907:
904:
902:
901:
889:
877:
875:, p. 429.
862:
850:
838:
826:
814:
802:
790:
775:
763:
751:
739:
727:
715:
703:
691:
679:
667:
655:
640:
628:
616:
604:
589:
574:
562:
535:
523:
511:
509:, p. 428.
490:
478:
460:
458:
455:
452:
451:
434:
425:
416:
383:
382:
380:
377:
287:
284:
234:Following the
210:Doge of Venice
199:King of Naples
153:Pope Eugene IV
96:Constantinople
79:
76:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1065:0-19-504652-8
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1007:0-691-05465-7
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979:
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951:
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936:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
910:
905:
898:
893:
890:
887:, p. 24.
886:
881:
878:
874:
869:
867:
863:
859:
854:
851:
847:
846:Babinger 1961
842:
839:
835:
834:Babinger 1961
830:
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823:
822:Babinger 1961
818:
815:
811:
810:Babinger 1961
806:
803:
799:
798:Babinger 1961
794:
791:
788:, p. 34.
787:
786:Babinger 1961
782:
780:
776:
773:, p. 33.
772:
771:Babinger 1961
767:
764:
761:, p. 32.
760:
759:Babinger 1961
755:
752:
748:
747:Babinger 1961
743:
740:
737:, p. 28.
736:
735:Babinger 1961
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728:
724:
723:Babinger 1961
719:
716:
712:
711:Babinger 1961
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699:Babinger 1961
695:
692:
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687:Babinger 1961
683:
680:
676:
675:Babinger 1961
671:
668:
665:, p. 17.
664:
663:Babinger 1961
659:
656:
653:, p. 16.
652:
651:Babinger 1961
647:
645:
641:
637:
636:Babinger 1961
632:
629:
625:
624:Babinger 1961
620:
617:
613:
612:Babinger 1961
608:
605:
602:, p. 12.
601:
600:Babinger 1961
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594:
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586:
581:
579:
575:
571:
570:Babinger 1961
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563:
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527:
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520:
519:Babinger 1961
515:
512:
508:
503:
501:
499:
497:
495:
491:
488:, p. 11.
487:
486:Babinger 1961
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456:
448:
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365:Fantino Coppo
362:
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350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
329:
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322:
318:. He wrote a
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229:Duke of Crete
225:
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172:of Negroponte
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906:Bibliography
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565:
526:
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481:
474:Caselli 2017
446:
437:
428:
419:
411:
399:
387:
372:
360:
357:Febo Capella
352:
330:
319:
289:
270:in Rome and
268:Pope Pius II
265:
233:
226:
207:
202:
180:
169:
164:
156:
150:
146:church union
120:
100:Thessaloniki
81:
37:
16:
15:
1089:1464 deaths
1084:1402 births
558:Talbot 1991
443:Talbot 1991
337:Demosthenes
165:cancelliere
1078:Categories
457:References
412:Sagundinus
321:consolatio
86:family in
897:King 1986
885:King 1994
873:King 1986
858:King 1986
585:King 1986
531:King 1986
507:King 1986
341:Onesander
298:, Bishop
292:Bessarion
187:Mehmet II
167:) to the
112:patrician
1042:(1991).
1030:(2007).
1018:(1994).
996:(1986).
926:54905371
916:(1961).
369:governor
345:Plutarch
253:Anatolia
127:Ottomans
56:Orthodox
52:Catholic
44:Ottomans
29:humanist
25:Venetian
1052:(ed.).
349:Trinity
272:Viterbo
245:Methoni
88:Chalkis
46:at the
1062:
1004:
952:
924:
445:gives
333:Arrian
197:, the
157:nuncio
64:Venice
60:Papacy
40:Euboea
23:-born
1048:. In
404:Latin
392:Greek
379:Notes
363:, to
355:, to
286:Works
214:Siena
170:bailo
104:Marco
84:Greek
33:Latin
21:Greek
1060:ISBN
1002:ISBN
950:ISBN
922:OCLC
343:and
314:and
249:Enez
205:).
78:Life
54:and
982:doi
410:or
224:.
1080::
976:.
948:.
937:.
865:^
778:^
643:^
592:^
577:^
538:^
493:^
464:^
406::
402:.
398:,
394::
375:.
351:,
339:,
335:,
328:.
310:,
306:,
302:,
278:,
148:.
118:.
66:.
35:.
1068:.
1010:.
988:.
984::
958:.
928:.
560:.
476:.
449:.
243:(
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