1975:, a process meant to vet the newcomer's mathematical ability. In the event of agreement between the group and the prospect, the prospect eventually becomes a full member. The group is supposed to have an age limit: active members are expected to retire at (or about) 50 years of age. At a 1956 conference, Cartan read a letter from Weil which proposed a "gradual disappearance" of the founding members, forcing younger members to assume full responsibility for Bourbaki's operations. This rule is supposed to have resulted in a complete change of personnel by 1958. However, historian Liliane Beaulieu has been critical of the claim. She reported never having found written affirmation of the rule, and has indicated that there have been exceptions. The age limit is thought to express the founders' intent that the project should continue indefinitely, operated by people at their best mathematical ability—in the mathematical community, there is a widespread belief that mathematicians produce their best work while young. Among full members there is no official hierarchy; all operate as equals, having the ability to interrupt conference proceedings at any point, or to challenge any material presented. However, André Weil has been described as "first among equals" during the founding period, and was given some deference. On the other hand, the group has also poked fun at the idea that older members should be afforded greater respect.
3675:. In an interview, he said: "It is possible to say that there was no serious applied mathematics in France for forty years after Poincaré. There was even a snobbery for pure math. When one noticed a talented student, one would tell him 'You should do pure math.' On the other hand, one would advise a mediocre student to do applied math while thinking, "It's all that he can do! ... The truth is actually the reverse. You can't do good work in applied math until you can do good work in pure math." Claude Chevalley confirmed an elitist culture within Bourbaki, describing it as "an absolute certainty of our superiority over other mathematicians." Alexander Grothendieck also confirmed an elitist mentality within Bourbaki. Some mathematicians, especially geometers and applied mathematicians, found Bourbaki's influence to be stifling. Benoit Mandelbrot's decision to emigrate to the United States in 1958 was motivated in part by a desire to escape Bourbaki's influence in France.
3437:
believes
Bourbaki's role was that of a "cultural connector". According to Aubin, while Bourbaki didn't have any mission outside of mathematics, the group represented a sort of link between the various cultural movements of the time. Bourbaki provided a simple and relatively precise definition of concepts and structures, which philosophers and social scientists believed was fundamental within their disciplines and in bridges among different areas of knowledge. Despite the superficial nature of these links, the various schools of structuralist thinking, including Bourbaki, were able to support each other. So, it is not a coincidence that these schools suffered a simultaneous decline in the late 1960s.
3653:, who argued that in his time as a student and teacher in Moscow, the teaching of mathematics was firmly rooted in analysis and geometry, and interweaved with problems from classical mechanics; hence, the French reforms cannot be a legitimate attempt to emulate Soviet scientific education. In 1997, while speaking to a conference on mathematical teaching in Paris, he commented on Bourbaki by stating: "genuine mathematicians do not gang up, but the weak need gangs in order to survive." and suggested that Bourbaki's bonding over "super-abstractness" was similar to groups of mathematicians in the 19th century who had bonded over anti-Semitism.
595:, Weil described his solution in the following terms: "One winter day toward the end of 1934, I came upon a great idea that would put an end to these ceaseless interrogations by my comrade. 'We are five or six friends', I told him some time later, 'who are in charge of the same mathematics curriculum at various universities. Let us all come together and regulate these matters once and for all, and after this, I shall be delivered of these questions.' I was unaware of the fact that Bourbaki was born at that instant." Cartan confirmed the account.
999:; these conferences are the central activity of the group's working life. Subcommittees are assigned to write drafts on specific material, and the drafts are later presented, vigorously debated, and re-drafted at the conferences. Unanimous agreement is required before any material is deemed acceptable for publication. A given piece of material may require six or more drafts over a period of several years, and some drafts are never developed into completed work. Bourbaki's writing process has therefore been described as "
698:
806:
2030:
1366:
2019:
568:
4106:
interactions and "common features". Aubin also cited Lévi-Strauss to show that the latter had reached certain conclusions in anthropology independently of Weil's mathematical help, although Weil's help provided confirmation of Lévi-Strauss' conclusions. This undermined Aczel's argument that mathematics and
Bourbaki played an important role in the development of structuralism in the humanities, although Aubin also stressed that the two schools had some collaboration.
3657:
474:
3183:
2004:
3539:, Bourbaki's work on Lie Groups and Lie Algebras has been identified as "excellent", having become a standard reference on the topic. In particular, former member Armand Borel described the volume with chapters 4–6 as "one of the most successful books by Bourbaki". The success of this part of the work has been attributed to the fact that the books were composed while leading experts on the topic were Bourbaki members.
817:
54:
626:. Most of the group were based outside Paris and were in town to attend the Julia Seminar, a conference prepared with the help of Gaston Julia at which several future Bourbaki members and associates presented. The group resolved to collectively write a treatise on analysis, for the purpose of standardizing calculus instruction in French universities. The project was especially meant to supersede the text of
3172:
1304:), covering established mathematics (algebra, analysis) in the group's style. The second half of the work consists of unnumbered books treating modern areas of research (Lie groups, commutative algebra), each presupposing the first half as a shared foundation but without dependence on each other. This second half of the work, consisting of newer research topics, does not have a corresponding subtitle.
1982:
441:
981:
1074:
that the group would split up, but according to
Schwartz, "peace was restored within ten minutes." The historical, confrontational style of debate within Bourbaki has been partly attributed to Weil, who believed that new ideas have a better chance of being born in confrontation than in an orderly discussion. Schwartz related another illustrative incident: Dieudonné was adamant that
3627:. As Bourbaki's members themselves said of the book on set theory, it was written "with pain and without pleasure, but we had to do it." Dieudonné personally remarked elsewhere that ninety-five percent of mathematicians "don't care a fig" for mathematical logic. In response, logician Adrian Mathias harshly criticized Bourbaki's foundational framework, noting that it did not take
788:. On one occasion Schwartz found himself trapped overnight in a certain village, as his expected transportation home was unavailable. There were two inns in town: a comfortable, well-appointed one, and a very poor one with no heating and bad beds. Schwartz's instinct told him to stay at the poor inn; overnight, the Nazis raided the good inn, leaving the poor inn unchecked.
1564:
530:, posed as a professor and gave a math lecture, ending with a prompt: "Theorem of Bourbaki: you are to prove the following...". Weil was also aware of a similar stunt around 1910 in which a student claimed to be from the fictional, impoverished nation of "Poldevia" and solicited the public for donations. Weil had strong interests in languages and
554:, who was poisoned during the Revolution." It was the first article in the mathematical literature with material attributed to the eponymous "Bourbaki". Weil's stay in India was short-lived; he attempted to revamp the mathematics department at Aligarh, without success. The university administration planned to fire Weil and promote his colleague
1091:
product can be obtained at all is a kind of miracle that none of us can explain." It has been suggested that the group survived because its members believed strongly in the importance of their collective project, despite personal differences. When the group overcame difficulties or developed an idea that they liked, they would sometimes say
658:. As various topics were discussed, Delsarte also suggested that the work begin in the most abstract, axiomatic terms possible, treating all of mathematics prerequisite to analysis from scratch. The group agreed to the idea, and this foundational area of the proposed work was referred to as the "Abstract Packet" (Paquet Abstrait).
550:, who was engaged in a power struggle with one of his colleagues. Weil suggested that Kosambi write an article with material attributed to one "Bourbaki", in order to show off his knowledge to the colleague. Kosambi took the suggestion, attributing the material discussed in the article to "the little-known Russian mathematician
712:, from 10 to 17 July 1935. At the time of the official founding, the membership consisted of the six attendees at the first lunch of 10 December 1934, together with Coulomb, Ehresmann and Mandelbrojt. On 16 July, the members took a walk to alleviate the boredom of unproductive proceedings. During the malaise, some decided to
3504:. The album's conceptual framework was the mythical city of "Dema" ruled by nine "bishops"; one of the bishops was named "Nico", short for Nicolas Bourbaki. Another of the bishops was named Andre, which may refer to André Weil. Following the album's release, there was a spike in internet searches for "Nicolas Bourbaki".
650:. Further, in the aftermath of World War I, there was a certain nationalist impulse to save French mathematics from decline, especially in competition with Germany. As Dieudonné stated in an interview, "Without meaning to boast, I can say that it was Bourbaki that saved French mathematics from extinction."
1586:(as opposed to mathematics) and proposed mathematical structures as useful tools which can be applied to several subjects, showing their common features. To illustrate the idea, Dieudonné described three different systems in arithmetic and geometry and showed that all could be described as examples of a
4008:
Some members attended conferences as guinea pigs for a period of years before becoming full members. Armand Borel began attending
Bourbaki conferences c. 1949, becoming a full member c. 1953 and departing in 1973. Pierre Cartier first attended a Bourbaki conference as a guinea pig in 1951, becoming
3157:
Bourbaki was influential in 20th century mathematics and had some interdisciplinary impact on the humanities and the arts, although the extent of the latter influence is a matter of dispute. The group has been praised and criticized for its method of presentation, its working style, and its choice of
1891:
and
Bourbaki's other writings, describing the group's humor and private language as an "art of memory" which is specific to the group and its chosen methods of operation. Because of the group's secrecy and informal organization, individual memories are sometimes recorded in a fragmentary way, and may
1283:
prior to analysis, and was referred to as the "Abstract Packet". Over time, the members developed this proposed "opening section" of the work to the point that it would instead run for several volumes and comprise a major part of the work, covering set theory, abstract algebra, and topology. Once the
1090:
Despite the historical culture of heated argument, Bourbaki thrived during the middle of the twentieth century. Bourbaki's ability to sustain such a collective, critical approach has been described as "something unusual", surprising even its own members. In founder Henri Cartan's words, "That a final
497:
in the French mathematical community; the estimated proportion of ENS mathematics students (and French students generally) who died in the war ranges from one-quarter to one-half, depending on the intervals of time (c. 1900–1918, especially 1910–1916) and populations considered. Furthermore, Bourbaki
6077:
ABSTRACT. Bourbaki suggest that their definition of the number 1 runs to some tens of thousands of symbols. We show that that is a considerable under-estimate, the true number of symbols being that in the title, not counting 1 179 618 517 981 links between symbols that are needed to disambiguate the
3855:
Delsarte's favorable view of a collective project was not recorded in the minutes of the first meeting. He is supposed to have expressed the view elsewhere, with Cartan and Weil eventually attributing the opinion to him. However, the opinion is closely associated with the working style of
Bourbaki
1263:
was originally released in eight French volumes: the first in 1942 being chapter 1 alone, and the last in 1980 being chapter 10 alone. This presentation was later condensed into five volumes with chapters 1–3 in the first volume, chapters 4–7 in the second, and chapters 8–10 each remaining the third
1158:
The group developed some variants of the word "Bourbaki" for internal use. The noun "Bourbaki" might refer to the group proper or to an individual member, e.g. "André Weil was a
Bourbaki." "Bourbakist" is sometimes used to refer to members but also denotes associates, supporters, and enthusiasts. To
1129:
has sometimes been issued with humorous subtitles to describe a given conference, such as "The
Extraordinary Congress of Old Fogies" (where anyone older than 30 was considered a fogy) or "The Congress of the Motorization of the Trotting Ass" (an expression used to describe the routine unfolding of a
3965:
In 1948 one
Nicolaidis Bourbaki, a diplomat and relative of the eponymous French general, sought the group out to understand why the family name had been taken. The diplomat and the mathematical collective met on friendly terms, and Nicolaidis was a dinner guest at some of the group's conferences.
3755:
Such an enterprise deserves admiration for its breadth, for its enthusiasm and selflessness, for its strongly collective character. Despite some mistakes, Bourbaki did add a little to 'the honor of the human spirit'. In an era when sports and money are such great idols of civilization, this is no
3725:
first half was meant to form the basis for any further additions. However, developments in modern mathematical research have proven difficult to adapt in terms of
Bourbaki's organizational scheme. This difficulty has been attributed to the fluid, dynamic nature of ongoing research which, being new,
907:
as its theoretical basis, as opposed to set theory. The proposal was ultimately rejected in part because the group had already committed itself to a rigid track of sequential presentation, with multiple already-published volumes. Following this, Grothendieck left Bourbaki "in anger". Biographers of
724:
of their collective pseudonym by getting an article published under its name. A first name had to be decided; a full name was required for publication of any article. To this end, René de Possel's wife Eveline "baptized" the pseudonym with the first name of Nicolas, becoming Bourbaki's "godmother".
558:
to the vacated position. However, Weil and Vijayaraghavan respected one another. Rather than play any role in the drama, Vijayaraghavan instead resigned, later informing Weil of the plan. Weil returned to Europe to seek another teaching position. He ended up at the University of Strasbourg, joining
1914:
Bourbaki was always a very small group of mathematicians, typically numbering about twelve people. Its first generation was that of the founding fathers, those who created the group in 1934: Weil, Cartan, Chevalley, Delsarte, de Possel, and Dieudonné. Others joined the group, and others left its
1554:
The Séminaire Bourbaki has been held regularly since 1948, and lectures are presented by non-members and members of the collective. As of 2024 the Séminaire Bourbaki has run to over a thousand recorded lectures in its written incarnation, denoted chronologically by simple numbers. At the time of a
1034:
carefully avoided using illustrations, favoring a formal presentation based only in text and formulas. An exception to this was the treatment of Lie groups and Lie algebras (especially in chapters 4–6), which did make use of diagrams and illustrations. The inclusion of illustration in this part of
732:
At the time of Bourbaki's founding, René de Possel and his wife Eveline were in the process of divorcing. Eveline remarried to André Weil in 1937, and de Possel left the Bourbaki collective some time later. This sequence of events has caused speculation that de Possel left the group because of the
4105:
of linguistics, not from Bourbaki. On the other hand, Aczel had already acknowledged the linguistic origins of the structuralism of the humanities. In 1997 David Aubin had pre-emptively moderated both extremes, observing that the two schools of thought had distinct origins, but also had certain
3634:
Bourbaki also influenced the New Math, a failed reform in Western mathematics education at the elementary and secondary levels, which stressed abstraction over concrete examples. During the mid-20th century, reform in basic math education was spurred by a perceived need to create a mathematically
1073:
The conferences have historically been held at quiet rural areas. These locations contrast with the lively, sometimes heated debates which have occurred. Laurent Schwartz reported an episode in which Weil slapped Cartan on the head with a draft. The hotel's proprietor saw the incident and assumed
3750:
Although multiple criticisms have pointed to shortcomings in the collective's project, one has also pointed to its strength: Bourbaki was a "victim of its own success" in the sense that it accomplished what it set out to do, achieving its original goal of presenting a thorough treatise on modern
3643:
and including some (then-current and former) Bourbaki members. Although Bourbaki members had previously (and individually) reformed math instruction at the university level, they had less direct involvement with implementation of the New Math at the primary and secondary levels. New Math reforms
1967:
After the first three generations there were roughly twenty later members, not including current participants. Bourbaki has a custom of keeping its current membership secret, a practice meant to ensure that its output is presented as a collective, unified effort under the Bourbaki pseudonym, not
1124:
mathematicians who were aware of the Bourbaki project; inspired by them, the Princeton mathematicians published an article on the "mathematics of lion hunting". After meeting Boas and Smithies, Weil composed the wedding announcement, which contained several mathematical puns. Bourbaki's internal
791:
Meanwhile, Jean Delsarte, a Catholic, was mobilized in 1939 as the captain of an audio reconnaissance battery. He was forced to lead the unit's retreat from the northeastern part of France toward the south. While passing near the Swiss border, Delsarte overheard a soldier say "We are the army of
3436:
While Bourbaki's structures were often mentioned in social science conferences and publications of the era, it seems that they didn't play a real role in the development of these disciplines. David Aubin, a science historian who analyzed Bourbaki's role in the structuralist movement in France,
3455:
and cited infrequently afterwards. Corry described the "structural" view of mathematics promoted by Bourbaki as an "image of knowledge"—a conception about a scientific discipline—as opposed to an item in the discipline's "body of knowledge", which refers to the actual scientific results in the
4100:
was harshly critical of the notion that Bourbaki's mathematical structures had anything to do with the structuralism of the humanities, rejecting the connections made by Aczel in 2006. Kantor observed that the two versions of structuralism had developed independently of one another, and that
3930:
Dieudonné immediately qualified the comparison as "a very poor analogy", continuing: "the mathematician does not work like a machine, nor as the workingman on a moving belt; we can not over-emphasize the fundamental role played in his research by a special intuition, which is not the popular
3524:
Our time is witnessing the creation of a monumental work: an exposition of the whole of present day mathematics. Moreover this exposition is done in such a way that the common bond between the various branches of mathematics become clearly visible, that the framework which supports the whole
902:
and advanced rapidly in the French mathematical community, despite poor education during the war. Grothendieck's teachers included Bourbaki's founders, and so he joined the group. During Grothendieck's membership, Bourbaki reached an impasse concerning its foundational approach. Grothendieck
3686:
begin with a note to the reader which says that the series "takes up mathematics at the beginning, and gives complete proofs" and that "the method of exposition we have chosen is axiomatic and abstract, and normally proceeds from the general to the particular." Despite the opening language,
1909:
As of 2000, Bourbaki has had "about forty" members. Historically the group has numbered about ten to twelve members at any given point, although it was briefly (and officially) limited to nine members at the time of founding. Bourbaki's membership has been described in terms of generations:
4078:
wrote that "the basic historical facts are well known and are set out in both the books under review". However Atiyah identified Mashaal's book as the better of the two and criticized Aczel's book, writing: "I was not convinced of the total reliability of its (Aczel's) sources, nor of its
3364:
participated in an interdisciplinary conference on mathematical and mental structures. Dieudonné described mathematical "mother structures" in terms of Bourbaki's project: composition, neighborhood, and order. Piaget then gave a talk on children's mental processes, and considered that the
3412:
criticized the "legitimation of knowledge", the process by which statements become accepted as valid. As an example, Lyotard cited Bourbaki as a group which produces knowledge within a given system of rules. Lyotard contrasted Bourbaki's hierarchical, "structuralist" mathematics with the
1258:
have had a complex publication history. Material has been revised for new editions, published chronologically out of order of its intended logical sequence, grouped together and partitioned differently in later volumes, and translated into English. For example, the second book on
4047:
Cartier and Aczel also described a fourth generation of Bourbaki members (as opposed to later members in general), former students of Grothendieck who joined during the 1960s. This may refer to those of Grothendieck's doctoral students who later became Bourbaki members, such as
1915:
ranks, so that some years later there were about twelve members, and that number remained roughly constant. Laurent Schwartz was the only mathematician to join Bourbaki during the war, so his is considered an intermediate generation. After the war, a number of members joined:
1107:
Humor has been an important aspect of the group's culture, beginning with Weil's memories of the student pranks involving "Bourbaki" and "Poldevia". For example, in 1939 the group released a wedding announcement for the marriage of "Betti Bourbaki" (daughter of Nicolas) to one
4018:
The collective's founding generation included a core group of five who led its activities and established its norms, remaining active for several years. Another six minor members participated on shorter-term bases during its earliest days, ranging from a few months to a few
908:
the collective have described Bourbaki's unwillingness to start over in terms of category theory as a missed opportunity. However, Bourbaki has in 2023 announced that a book on category theory is currently under preparation (see below the last paragraph of this section).
1968:
attributable to any one author (e.g. for purposes of copyright or royalty payment). This secrecy is also intended to deter unwanted attention which could disrupt normal operations. However, former members freely discuss Bourbaki's internal practices upon departure.
374:
and Weil; others participated briefly during the group's early years, and membership has changed gradually over time. Although former members openly discuss their past involvement with the group, Bourbaki has a custom of keeping its current membership secret.
1892:
not have significance to other members. On the other hand, the predominantly French, ENS background of the members, together with stories of the group's early period and successes, create a shared culture and mythology which is drawn upon for group identity.
773:, where he spent the remainder of his career. Although Weil remained in touch with the Bourbaki collective and visited Europe and the group periodically following the war, his level of involvement with Bourbaki never returned to that at the time of founding.
3648:
needs of younger students. The attempted reform was harshly criticized by Dieudonné and also by brief founding Bourbaki participant Jean Leray. Apart from French mathematicians, the French reforms also met with harsh criticism from Soviet-born mathematician
1020:
which was not his own, but which was used to craft material acceptable to the entire group. Dieudonné reserved his personal style for his own work; like all members of Bourbaki, Dieudonné also published material under his own name, including the nine-volume
745:, though the group survived and later flourished. Some members of Bourbaki were Jewish and therefore forced to flee from certain parts of Europe at certain times. Weil, who was Jewish, spent the summer of 1939 in Finland with his wife Eveline, as guests of
720:, repeatedly yelling "Bourbaki!" At the close of the first official conference, the group renamed itself "Bourbaki", in reference to the general and prank as recalled by Weil and others. During 1935, the group also resolved to establish the mathematical
3746:
as an example of topology which was done without dependence on Bourbaki's system. Bourbaki's influence has declined over time; this decline has been partly attributed to the absence of certain modern topics—such as category theory—from the treatise.
1350:(chapters 8–9) was published in 1983, and no other volumes were issued until the appearance of the same book's tenth chapter in 1998. During the 2010s, Bourbaki increased its productivity. A re-written and expanded version of the eighth chapter of
1315:: installments in a large work. Some volumes did not consist of the normal definitions, proofs, and exercises in a math textbook, but contained only summaries of results for a given topic, stated without proof. These volumes were referred to as
1185:
is a lecture series held regularly under the group's auspices, and the talks given are also published as lecture notes. Journal articles have been published with authorship attributed to Bourbaki, and the group publishes an internal newsletter
397:. Topics are assigned to subcommittees, drafts are debated, and unanimous agreement is required before a text is deemed fit for publication. Although slow and labor-intensive, the process results in a work which meets the group's standards for
1602:' for mathematics" in the sense that it could be used to solve problems efficiently. Such a procedure would entail identifying relevant structures and applying established knowledge about the given structure to the specific problem at hand.
879:. Weil and Delsarte felt that the institution of such a system would increase unconstructive pettiness and jealousy in the scientific community. Despite this, the Bourbaki group had previously successfully petitioned Perrin for a government
919:. Hermann was led by Enrique Freymann, a friend of the founders willing to publish the group's project, despite financial risk. During the 1970s, Bourbaki entered a protracted legal battle with Hermann over matters of copyright and
4037:
Most other members were born after the above three generations and were therefore active in the group at later dates. However, two were born contemporaries of the founding generation: Charles Pisot in 1909, and Claude Chabauty in
1086:
wife Sonia attended a conference, aware of the idea, and asked for proof. As Sonia arrived at a meeting, a member suggested that integration must appear before topological vector spaces, which triggered Dieudonné's usual reaction.
1896:
usually lists the members present at a conference, together with any visitors, family members or other friends in attendance. Humorous descriptions of location or local "props" (cars, bicycles, binoculars, etc.) can also serve as
3463:
was founded on 24 November 1960 under circumstances similar to Bourbaki's founding, with the members initially meeting in a restaurant. Although several members of Oulipo were mathematicians, the group's purpose was to create
1015:
at the cost of thorough presentation. During the project's early years, Dieudonné served as the group's scribe, authoring several final drafts which were ultimately published. For this purpose, Dieudonné adopted an impersonal
4079:
philosophical credentials." Atiyah also wrote that the collaboration between Weil and Lévi-Strauss was a "slightly tenuous link" which Aczel used to make "grand" claims on the scale of Bourbaki's interdisciplinary influence.
3875:, which describes a hedgehog named Bourbaki that eats voraciously. However Mashaal dismissed this connection as being unlikely since the founders never referred to the novel, but only to the general and the Husson anecdote.
1148:
with which Boas had been affiliated. The reason for targeting Boas was because he had known the group in its earlier days when they were less strict with secrecy, and he'd described them as a collective in an article for the
1141:
who understood the entity to be a collective, inviting them to re-apply for institutional membership. In response, Bourbaki floated a rumor that Ralph Boas was not a real person, but a collective pseudonym of the editors of
518:
A succeeding generation of mathematics students attended the ENS during the 1920s, including Weil and others, the future founders of Bourbaki. During his time as a student, Weil recalled a prank in which an upperclassman,
484:
In the early 20th century, the First World War affected Europeans of all professions and social classes, including mathematicians and male students who fought and died in the front. For example, the French mathematician
470:, under his command, retreated across the Swiss border and was disarmed. The general unsuccessfully attempted suicide. The dramatic story of his defeat was known in the French popular consciousness following his death.
3698:—treats established subjects, the second half deals with modern research areas like commutative algebra and spectral theory. This divide in the work is related to a historical change in the intent of the treatise. The
1296:, representing the first half of the work, are numbered sequentially and ordered logically, with a given statement being established only on the basis of earlier results. This first half of the work bore the subtitle
1578:, they were typically written by individual members and not crafted through the usual process of group consensus. Despite this, Jean Dieudonné's essay "The Architecture of Mathematics" has become known as Bourbaki's
506:
that France and Germany took different approaches with their intelligentsia during the war: while Germany protected its young students and scientists, France instead committed them to the front, owing to the French
3618:
Although Bourbaki had resolved to treat mathematics from its foundations, the group's eventual solution in terms of set theory was attended by several problems. Bourbaki's members were mathematicians as opposed to
867:
The later practice of accepting scientific awards contrasted with some of the founders' views. During the 1930s, Weil and Delsarte petitioned against a French national scientific "medal system" proposed by the
3687:
Bourbaki's intended audience are not absolute beginners in mathematics, but rather undergraduates, graduate students, and professors who are familiar with mathematical concepts. Claude Chevalley said that the
1875:
is Bourbaki's internal newsletter, distributed to current and former members. The newsletter usually documents recent conferences and activity in a humorous, informal way, sometimes including poetry. Member
733:
remarriage, however this suggestion has also been criticized as possibly historically inaccurate, since de Possel is supposed to have remained active in Bourbaki for years after André's marriage to Eveline.
653:
Jean Delsarte was particularly favorable to the collective aspect of the proposed project, observing that such a working style could insulate the group's work against potential later individual claims of
3988:
Bourbaki's secrecy and informality have made it difficult to establish members' dates of joining and leaving. For past members with uncertain dates, it has been suggested that the members' periods of
3557:
Bourbaki has also been criticized by several mathematicians—including its own former members—for a variety of reasons. Criticisms have included the choice of presentation of certain topics within the
362:
of the inadequacy of available course material, which prompted Weil to propose a meeting with others in Paris to collectively write a modern analysis textbook. The group's core founders were Cartan,
3365:
psychological concepts he had just described were very similar to the mathematical ones just described by Dieudonné. According to Piaget, the two were "impressed with each other". The psychoanalyst
3828:
Simone Weil was not a member of the group; she was a philosopher, not a mathematician. However she attended multiple early conferences to support her brother André, and also to learn mathematics.
964:(the first of which is an expanded and revised version of the edition of 1967 while the latter consist of three new chapters). Moreover, the text of the two latest volumes announces that books on
844:
during the 1950s and 1960s, and enjoyed its greatest influence during this period. Over time the founding members gradually left the group, slowly being replaced with younger newcomers including
1978:
Bourbaki conferences have also been attended by members' family, friends, visiting mathematicians, and other non-members of the group. Bourbaki is not known ever to have had any female members.
3884:"Bourbaki came to terms with Poincaré only after a long struggle. When I joined the group in the fifties it was not the fashion to value Poincaré at all. He was old-fashioned." —Pierre Cartier
3545:
expressed appreciation for the Séminaire Bourbaki, saying that he'd learned a large amount of material at its lectures, and referred to its printed lecture notes regularly. He also praised the
3447:
The impact of "structuralism" on mathematics itself was also criticized. The mathematical historian Leo Corry argued that Bourbaki's use of mathematical structures was unimportant within the
1112:" (H. "Firecrackers" or "Hector Pétard"), a "lion hunter". Hector Pétard was itself a pseudonym, but not one originally coined by the Bourbaki members. The Pétard moniker was originated by
424:, a trend in elementary math education during the 1960s. Although the group remains active, its influence is considered to have declined due to infrequent publication of new volumes of the
3846:
The Julia Seminar was held every other Monday, in the afternoon. Bourbaki's early lunch meetings during 1934–1935 were typically held on the same Mondays, immediately before the Seminar.
1059:, and Puritans are strongly opposed to pictorial representations of truths of their faith. The number of Protestants and Jews in the Bourbaki group was overwhelming. And you know that the
887:
reasons. Although Grothendieck was awarded the Fields Medal in 1966, he declined to attend the ceremony in Moscow, in protest of the Soviet government. In 1988, Grothendieck rejected the
8488:
1555:
June 1999 lecture given by Jean-Pierre Serre on the topic of Lie groups, the total lectures given in the series numbered 864, corresponding to roughly 10,000 pages of printed material.
1162:
Bourbaki's culture of humor has been described as an important factor in the group's social cohesion and capacity to survive, smoothing over tensions of heated debate. As of 2024, a
480:(right), who was not a member of Bourbaki, lost his nose during World War I. The war created a lost generation of mathematical knowledge, which the Bourbaki founders sought to fill.
3913:
Years refer to the date of publication of each book's first volume, which also contains its first proper chapter. There are two exceptions: the first published installment of the
3334:
which stresses the relationships between objects over the objects themselves, pursued in various fields by other French intellectuals. In 1943, André Weil met the anthropologist
405:, a regular series of lectures presented by members and non-members of the group, also published and disseminated as written documents. Bourbaki maintains an office at the ENS.
5305:
3311:
in the margins of its text to indicate an especially difficult piece of material. Bourbaki enjoyed its greatest influence during the 1950s and 1960s, when installments of the
1220:
applied this approach at the turn of the twentieth century, they famously filled over 700 pages with formal symbols before establishing the proposition usually abbreviated as
3338:
in New York, where the two undertook a brief collaboration. At Lévi-Strauss' request, Weil wrote a brief appendix describing marriage rules for four classes of people within
757:, who asked that Weil's sentence be commuted. However, the accuracy of this detail is dubious. Weil reached the United States in 1941, later taking another teaching stint in
3718:
the way it was written in the books. You can think of the first books of Bourbaki as an encyclopedia of mathematics... If you consider it as a textbook, it's a disaster."
3232:
4028:
Aczel described Schwartz as an inter-generational member, the only one to join during the Second World War. However Schwartz did not participate in the group's founding.
3940:
Examples of guinea pigs who attended conferences without necessarily joining include one "Mirlès", who attended the official founding conference in Besse-en-Chandesse,
3702:
content consists of theorems, proofs, exercises and related commentary, common material in math textbooks. Despite this presentation, the first half was not written as
674:). In all, the collective held ten preliminary biweekly meetings at A. Capoulade before its first official, founding conference in July 1935. During this early period,
7544:
Corry, Leo (2001). "Mathematical Structures from Hilbert to Bourbaki: The Evolution of an Image of Mathematics". In Bottazzini, Umberto; Dalmedico, Amy Dahan (eds.).
3432:
stressed Bourbaki's influence on other disciplines during the mid-20th century, Maurice Mashaal moderated the claims of Bourbaki's influence in the following terms:
3402:. The authors said of Bourbaki's axiomatics that "they do not form a Taylor system", inverting the phrase used by Dieudonné in "The Architecture of Mathematics". In
4998:
1653:
1327:
is translated as "Summary of Results" rather than "Installment of Results", referring to the content rather than a specific volume). The first volume of Bourbaki's
5250:
3691:
are "useless for a beginner", and Pierre Cartier clarified that "The misunderstanding was that it should be a textbook for everybody. That was the big disaster."
1099:, the group mentality in action, or Bourbaki "himself"—was part of an internal culture and mythology which the group used to form its identity and perform work.
350:
which caused the death of a generation of French mathematicians; as a result, young university instructors were forced to use dated texts. While teaching at the
6267:
4124:
This specific point has itself been criticized. It has been observed that it is unfair to criticize a work on a given topic for not dealing with other topics.
792:
Bourbaki"; the 19th-century general's retreat was known to the French. Delsarte had coincidentally led a retreat similar to that of the collective's namesake.
493:, lost his nose during the war and wore a leather strap over the affected part of his face for the rest of his life. The deaths of ENS students resulted in a
8191:
1993:
1939:. These people constituted the second generation of Bourbaki. In the 1950s, the third generation of mathematicians joined Bourbaki. These people included
1212:
Like those before him, Bourbaki insisted on setting mathematics in a “formalized language” with crystal-clear deductions based on strict formal rules. When
598:
The first, unofficial meeting of the Bourbaki collective took place at noon on Monday, 10 December 1934, at the Café Grill-Room A. Capoulade, Paris, in the
7652:
3483:
In 2016, an anonymous group of economists collaboratively wrote a note alleging academic misconduct by the authors and editor of a paper published in the
8498:
8493:
4115:
Similarly, Bourbaki created nicknames for its members. Jean Delsarte was referred to as "bishop", which may have been a reference to his Catholicism.
587:
During their time together at Strasbourg, Weil and Cartan regularly complained to each other regarding the inadequacy of available course material for
7629:
3152:
309:. Over time the project became much more ambitious, growing into a large series of textbooks published under the Bourbaki name, meant to treat modern
8338:"La "machine de Grothendieck" se fonde-t-elle seulement sur des vocables métamathématiques? Bourbaki et les catégories au cours des années cinquante"
1174:
Bourbaki's work includes a series of textbooks, a series of printed lecture notes, journal articles, and an internal newsletter. The textbook series
5254:
840:
Following the war, Bourbaki had solidified the plan of its work and settled into a productive routine. Bourbaki regularly published volumes of the
508:
4543:
4065:
Mandelbrot was the nephew of Bourbaki founder Szolem Mandelbrojt. Like early Bourbaki associate Gaston Julia, Mandelbrot also worked on fractals.
3425:, expressing preference for the latter "postmodern science" which problematized mathematics with "fracta, catastrophes, and pragmatic paradoxes".
725:
This allowed for the publication of a second article with material attributed to Bourbaki, this time under "his" own name. Henri Cartan's father
8473:
8468:
8068:"The Withering Immortality of Nicolas Bourbaki: A Cultural Connector at the Confluence of Mathematics, Structuralism, and the Oulipo in France"
1268:
consists of translations of the three volumes consisting of chapters 1–3, 4–7 and 8, with chapters 9 and 10 unavailable in English as of 2024.
292:
214:
1082:, and whenever anyone suggested that the order be reversed, he would loudly threaten his resignation. This became an in-joke among the group;
6585:
4419:
1620:
686:
joined and participated. Dubreil and Leray left the meetings before the following summer, and were respectively replaced by new participants
8107:
8503:
891:
outright, citing no personal need to accept prize money, lack of recent relevant output, and general distrust of the scientific community.
8508:
8478:
4930:
3561:
at the expense of others, dislike of the method of presentation for given topics, dislike of the group's working style, and a perceived
3369:
liked Bourbaki's collaborative working style and proposed a similar collective group in psychology, an idea which did not materialize.
8513:
8382:
8283:
8254:
8056:
7555:
7359:
7316:
5706:
5526:
5501:
5476:
4200:
4009:
a full member in 1955 and departing in 1983. Where sources make a distinction, the date of full membership is given or approximated.
3900:
also observed that the phrase "Summary of Results" is a misleading one for a distinct reason, instead referring to the content of the
3871:
3572:
resulted in the inclusion of some topics, while others were not treated. When asked in a 1997 interview about topics left out of the
3394:. The authors cited Bourbaki's use of the axiomatic method (with the purpose of establishing truth) as a distinct counter-example to
1574:
Several journal articles have appeared in the mathematical literature with material or authorship attributed to Bourbaki; unlike the
1292:. The unusual, singular "Mathematic" was meant to connote Bourbaki's belief in the unity of mathematics. The first six books of the
7150:
7076:
6199:
5281:
3565:
mentality around Bourbaki's project and its books, especially during the collective's most productive years in the 1950s and 1960s.
753:, and André was later arrested. According to an anecdote, Weil was to have been executed but for the passing mention of his case to
6527:
6484:
6444:
6397:
6350:
6303:
6255:
1371:
1205:
315:
4964:
940:
7733:
1841:
988:'s urging, Bourbaki's treatment of Lie groups and Lie algebras included uncharacteristic illustrations, such as graphs of finite
31:
4074:
Maurice Mashaal and Amir Aczel each wrote separate biographies on Bourbaki, both published in 2006. In a review of both books,
408:
Nicolas Bourbaki was influential in 20th-century mathematics, particularly during the middle of the century when volumes of the
7376:
7105:
2791:
412:
appeared frequently. The group is noted among mathematicians for its rigorous presentation and for introducing the notion of a
749:. Due to their travel near the border, the couple were suspected as Soviet spies by Finnish authorities near the onset of the
8483:
8112:
3751:
mathematics. These factors prompted biographer Maurice Mashaal to conclude his treatment of Bourbaki in the following terms:
3581:
3304:
3193:
2524:
1956:
1048:
555:
428:. However, since 2012 the group has published four new (or significantly revised) volumes, the most recent in 2023 (treating
7422:"Book Review: Bourbaki, A Secret Society of Mathematicians and The Artist and the Mathematician, Reviewed by Michael Atiyah"
3777:
1643:
Kosambi attributed material in the article to "D. Bourbaki", the first mention of the eponymous Bourbaki in the literature.
8374:
8206:
7304:
1801:
1275:, they originally conceived of it as a "treatise on analysis", the proposed work having a working title of the same name (
1134:
7955:
7387:
766:
7503:
5258:
3945:
3735:
1567:
1047:
was important to the Swiss national character. When asked about the dearth of illustration in the work, former member
547:
7212:
2795:
8082:
1280:
1151:
635:
6847:
3772:
1007:, one of Bourbaki's main priorities in the treatise. Bourbaki's emphasis on rigour was a reaction to the style of
390:
in which an upperclassman posed as a professor and presented a "theorem of Bourbaki"; the name was later adopted.
8463:
3644:
resulted in instructional material which was incomprehensible to both students and teachers, failing to meet the
2590:
1952:
1729:
1109:
1075:
543:
5029:
1582:. Dieudonné addressed the issue of overspecialization in mathematics, to which he opposed the inherent unity of
6091:
4102:
3484:
3404:
1365:
351:
8269:
8244:
3931:
sense-intuition, but rather a kind of direct divination... of the normal behavior... of mathematical beings."
3409:
729:, also a mathematician and supportive of the group, presented the article to the publishers, who accepted it.
697:
3714:
than a textbook series. As Cartier remarked, "The misunderstanding was that many people thought it should be
8275:
7545:
6346:
3542:
3465:
3391:
1714:
1339:, consisted only of two volumes of summaries of results, with no chapters of content having been published.
1224:. Bourbaki's formalism would dwarf even this, requiring some 4.5 trillion symbols just to define the number
1060:
8049:
The Artist and the Mathematician: the Story of Nicolas Bourbaki, the Genius Mathematician Who Never Existed
3255:
which satisfy certain properties. Bourbaki used simple language for certain geometric objects, naming them
7204:
3894:
3351:
3335:
3252:
3119:
2945:
2546:
2007:
1940:
1217:
872:
861:
849:
822:
647:
451:
444:
413:
379:
99:
3921:, only a two-volume summary of results was published in 1967 and 1971, with no proper chapters appearing.
3339:
1769:
931:, saying: "As usual in legal battles, both parties lost and the lawyer got rich." Later editions of the
883:
to support its normal operations. Like the founders, Grothendieck was also averse to awards, albeit for
770:
762:
572:
306:
191:
8297:
4097:
3640:
1549:
1182:
943:. From the 1980s through the 2000s, Bourbaki published very infrequently, with the result that in 1998
927:, the dispute slowed the group's productivity. Former member Pierre Cartier described the lawsuit as a
402:
3525:
structure is not apt to become obsolete in a very short time, and that it can easily absorb new ideas.
1254:, together with certain summaries of results, historical notes, and other details. The volumes of the
7354:. Theory and History of Literature. Vol. 10. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 43, 57–60.
3605:
1144:
1023:
467:
7653:"Andrew Gelman is not the plagiarism police because there is no such thing as the plagiarism police"
3203:
Bourbaki introduced several mathematical notations which have remained in use. Weil took the letter
1992:
1003:". Although the method is slow, it yields a final product which satisfies the group's standards for
972:
are currently under preparation (in addition to the latter part of the book on algebraic topology).
805:
7308:
6187:
3726:
is not settled or fully understood. Bourbaki's style has been described as a particular scientific
3672:
3469:
3399:
2659:
1591:
1587:
1004:
912:
463:
393:
The Bourbaki group holds regular private conferences for the purpose of drafting and expanding the
383:
6002:
4538:
3217:
1323:
may refer to a volume of Hermann's edition, or to one of the "summary" sections of the work (e.g.
784:. Moving from village to village, Schwartz planned his movements in order to evade capture by the
567:
520:
473:
8416:
8324:
8223:
8167:
8129:
8094:
7975:
7967:
7523:
6251:
6061:
5743:
4053:
3865:
The mathematician Sterling K. Berberian suggested another possible origin for the Bourbaki name:
3624:
3601:
3593:
3414:
3373:
3343:
3268:
3097:
2276:
1818:
1786:
1754:
1746:
1355:
1155:. In November 1968, a mock obituary of Nicolas Bourbaki was released during one of the seminars.
957:
936:
709:
702:
683:
180:
152:
35:
5723:
4626:
2967:
2903:
2502:
2029:
1944:
631:
627:
386:. The name was therefore familiar to early 20th-century French students. Weil remembered an ENS
3917:
was a summary of results in 1939, and its first proper chapter did not appear until 1954. For
2018:
542:. After graduating from the ENS and obtaining his doctorate, Weil took a teaching stint at the
8392:
8378:
8279:
8250:
8052:
7551:
7355:
7312:
7146:
7072:
6581:
6195:
6053:
5702:
5522:
5497:
5472:
5299:
4415:
4402:
Kosambi, Damodar Dharmananda (2016). "On a Generalization of the Second Theorem of Bourbaki".
4196:
4192:
3949:
3799:
3703:
3660:
3491:
3422:
3387:
3053:
2455:
2389:
2298:
2232:
2141:
1996:
1985:
1924:
1916:
1616:
1609:
Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, Allahabad, India
1159:"bourbakize" meant to take a poor existing text and to improve it through an editing process.
1138:
1095:("the spirit breathes"). Historian Liliane Beaulieu noted that the "spirit"—which might be an
1008:
845:
691:
619:
615:
371:
157:
147:
142:
83:
75:
7845:
4093:
2010:, third generation member, left Bourbaki largely over a disagreements about incorporation of
8408:
8357:
8349:
8316:
8215:
8159:
8150:
8121:
8086:
7959:
7515:
7455:
7296:
7216:
6573:
6546:
6523:
6503:
6463:
6420:
6393:
6373:
6326:
6276:
6045:
5735:
5698:
4407:
4184:
3656:
3075:
2681:
2637:
2433:
2345:
2097:
1936:
1850:
1810:
1778:
1738:
1634:
1595:
1213:
1040:
777:
742:
607:
382:, who had a career of successful military campaigns before suffering a dramatic loss in the
363:
328:
310:
202:
127:
8067:
5908:
5047:
4993:
4975:
1668:
1648:
1027:, a work explicitly focused on analysis and of a piece with Bourbaki's initial intentions.
8361:
4049:
3650:
3477:
3280:
3272:
2747:
2703:
2323:
2011:
1928:
1696:
1044:
989:
965:
961:
928:
920:
904:
826:
754:
494:
429:
347:
281:
239:
79:
30:
This article is about the group of mathematicians. For the family of French officers, see
7737:
7297:
5083:, Gazette des mathématiciens 52 (avril 1992), pp. 13–20. With an afterword by André Weil.
1362:
was issued in 2019 while the remaining three (completely new) chapters appeared in 2023.
1166:
account registered to "Betty_Bourbaki" provides regular updates on the group's activity.
7038:
3487:. The note was published under the name Nicolas Bearbaki in homage to Nicolas Bourbaki.
8298:"Nicholas Bourbaki, Collective Mathematician : an Interview with Claude Chevalley"
5690:
4075:
3866:
3804:
3782:
3731:
3500:
3383:
3182:
3011:
2367:
2003:
1932:
1358:
was published in 2016, and the first two chapters of a revised and expanded edition of
1117:
1083:
888:
726:
531:
512:
7609:"A Comment on "Family Ruptures, Stress, and the Mental Health of the Next Generation""
7421:
3706:
but rather as a reorganized presentation of established knowledge. In this sense, the
3682:
have concerned its target audience and the intent of its presentation. Volumes of the
53:
8457:
8420:
8397:"The Continuing Silence of Bourbaki: an Interview with Pierre Cartier, June 18, 1997"
8328:
8171:
8133:
8098:
7979:
7443:
4185:
4180:
3976:
3941:
3739:
3589:
3495:
3366:
3327:
3292:
3148:
2989:
2881:
2769:
2411:
2163:
2119:
1920:
1877:
1790:
1599:
1264:
through fifth volumes of that portion of the work. The English edition of Bourbaki's
1137:
received applications for individual membership from Bourbaki. They were rebuffed by
1113:
1017:
969:
880:
713:
659:
639:
623:
611:
599:
539:
499:
417:
387:
367:
359:
175:
162:
137:
87:
71:
67:
7527:
6551:
6508:
6468:
6425:
6378:
6331:
6281:
5747:
5724:"The Origins of Eternal Truth in Modern Mathematics: Hilbert to Bourbaki and Beyond"
1758:
923:. Although the Bourbaki group won the suit and retained collective copyright of the
8337:
8264:
Corry, Leo (2009). "Writing the Ultimate Mathematical Textbook: Nicolas Bourbaki's
8219:
8179:
6191:
6179:
5076:
3794:
3711:
3636:
3378:
3357:
3347:
3319:
3288:
3260:
2817:
2725:
2480:
2210:
2188:
2075:
2022:
1981:
1960:
1814:
1727:—— (1949). "Foundations of Mathematics for the Working Mathematician".
1036:
985:
857:
853:
781:
746:
687:
675:
643:
603:
486:
477:
455:
355:
132:
122:
7946:
Stewart, Ian (November 1995). "Bye-Bye Bourbaki: Paradigm Shifts in Mathematics".
3953:
3418:
1836:
1311:
published by Hermann were indexed by chronology of publication and referred to as
816:
758:
8396:
7800:
6567:
525:
17:
8312:
8293:
7547:
Changing Images in Mathematics: From the French Revolution to the New Millennium
6440:
4411:
3743:
3585:
3361:
3300:
3276:
2839:
1638:
876:
869:
459:
440:
340:
63:
8232:
Presumptive author: Jean Dieudonné. Authorized translation of the book chapter
8183:
8142:
5697:. By Sabelli, Héctor. Series on Knots and Everything. Vol. 35. Singapore:
3279:". Similarly in its treatment of topological vector spaces, Bourbaki defined a
3171:
1880:
wrote the newsletter's narrative sections for several years. Early editions of
1827:
Presumptive author: Jean Dieudonné. Authorized translation of the book chapter
1607:
Kosambi, D.D. (1931). "On a Generalization of the Second Theorem of Bourbaki".
8090:
8044:
7460:
6577:
6299:
6049:
5739:
5469:
Théories spectrales: Chapitres 1 et 2 — Seconde édition, refondue et augmentée
4683:
3809:
3513:
3429:
3395:
3331:
3323:
3296:
3284:
3244:
2615:
2568:
2254:
2033:
1972:
1948:
856:
during the postwar period, in 1954, 1966 and 1950 respectively. Later members
830:
750:
721:
679:
630:, which the group found to be badly outdated, and to improve its treatment of
324:
8445:
7630:"Economists go wild over overlooked citations in preprint on prenatal stress"
6057:
4612:
634:. The founders were also motivated by a desire to incorporate ideas from the
8240:
7499:
5974:"Compte twitter officiel de l'Association des collaborateurs de N. Bourbaki"
4994:"Sur un théorème de Carathéodory et la mesure dans les espaces topologiques"
3897:
3645:
3248:
3240:
3210:
3189:
1649:"Sur un théorème de Carathéodory et la mesure dans les espaces topologiques"
1579:
1284:
project's scope expanded far beyond its original purpose, the working title
1121:
1012:
980:
899:
895:
717:
655:
336:
286:
59:
6607:
3604:. Dieudonné himself was very vocal against logic. Anything connected with
3512:
Bourbaki's work has been praised by some mathematicians. In a book review,
956:
with a revised chapter 8 of algebra, the first 4 chapters of a new book on
3837:
The restaurant, which no longer exists, was at 63 Boulevard Saint-Michel.
3468:
by playing with language. Oulipo frequently employed mathematically-based
7608:
7377:"Benoit B. Mandelbrot, 1924–2010: A Biographical Memoir by Michael Frame"
3727:
3628:
3620:
3597:
3318:
Bourbaki had some interdisciplinary influence on other fields, including
3303:
typified the mathematical object's properties. Bourbaki also employed a "
3299:. The group were proud of this definition, believing that the shape of a
1898:
1691:
Presumptive author: Jean Dieudonné. Second in a series of three articles.
1079:
1000:
945:
884:
588:
576:
535:
421:
332:
302:
6065:
6033:
3639:. In France, this led to the Lichnerowicz Commission of 1967, headed by
3635:
literate workforce for the modern economy, and also to compete with the
1221:
8412:
8320:
8227:
8125:
7971:
7519:
3989:
3667:
Dieudonné later regretted that Bourbaki's success had contributed to a
3580:
There is essentially no analysis beyond the foundations: nothing about
3562:
1822:
1782:
1750:
1563:
1163:
1056:
490:
3459:
Bourbaki also had some influence in the arts. The literary collective
7055:
5973:
5442:
3473:
3460:
1884:
and related documents have been made publicly available by Bourbaki.
1096:
995:
Bourbaki holds periodic conferences for the purpose of expanding the
466:
however, Charles-Denis Bourbaki suffered a major defeat in which the
398:
8353:
7963:
1742:
1685:——; Dieudonné, Jean (1939). "Note de tératopologie II".
8163:
1855:
911:
During the founding period, the group chose the Parisian publisher
432:). Moreover, at least three further volumes are under preparation.
4613:"Archives de l'Association des Collaborateurs de Nicolas Bourbaki"
3655:
2028:
2017:
2002:
1991:
1980:
1562:
1364:
979:
696:
566:
472:
439:
323:), the group's central work. Topics treated in the series include
1354:
appeared in 2012, the first four chapters of a new book treating
825:
proposed that Bourbaki revise its foundational basis in terms of
780:
was also Jewish and found pickup work as a math teacher in rural
289:
of a group of mathematicians, predominantly French alumni of the
3668:
3235:. This notation first appeared in the Summary of Results on the
3205:
1039:. Borel was minority-Swiss in a majority-French collective, and
785:
864:
also received the Fields Medal, in 1982 and 1994 respectively.
416:, an idea related to the broader, interdisciplinary concept of
3694:
The work is divided into two halves. While the first half—the
1713:—— (1948). "L'architecture des mathématiques". In
1346:
appeared infrequently during the 1980s and 1990s. A volume of
378:
The group's name derives from the 19th century French general
8204:
Bourbaki, Nicolas (1950). "The Architecture of Mathematics".
8108:"A Parisian Café and Ten Proto-Bourbaki Meetings (1934–1935)"
1971:
Prospective members are invited to conferences and styled as
1570:
authored the first article attributing material to "Bourbaki"
7504:"Nicolas Bourbaki and the concept of Mathematical Structure"
7106:"Nicolas Bourbaki: The greatest mathematician who never was"
6683:
6681:
6679:
6677:
852:. Serre, Grothendieck and Laurent Schwartz were awarded the
6758:
6756:
5831:
5829:
4101:
Lévi-Strauss' conception of structure had derived from the
3350:. The result was published as an appendix in Lévi-Strauss'
1011:, who stressed the importance of free-flowing mathematical
8434:
5931:
5929:
4133:
Bourbaki has since published a book on algebraic topology.
1799:—— (1950). "The Architecture of Mathematics".
1631:
D.D. Kosambi: Selected Works in Mathematics and Statistics
250:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5353:
5351:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5119:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5111:
5109:
4568:
4566:
4537:
O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F. (December 2005).
3956:. Other guinea pigs and visitors have also been listed.
3623:, and therefore the collective had a limited interest in
1861:
Presumptive authors: Jean Dieudonné and Laurent Schwartz.
1279:). The opening part was to comprehensively deal with the
1225:
952:
However, in 2012 Bourbaki resumed the publication of the
6865:
6863:
6861:
5107:
5105:
5103:
5101:
5099:
5097:
5095:
5093:
5091:
5089:
903:
advocated for a reformulation of the group's work using
7330:
7328:
5402:
5400:
5398:
4909:
4907:
4313:
4311:
346:
Bourbaki was founded in response to the effects of the
8246:
Modern Algebra and the Rise of Mathematical Structures
8184:"Twenty-Five Years with Nicolas Bourbaki, (1949–1973)"
5471:. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. p. II.299.
1194:) which is distributed to current and former members.
401:
and generality. The group is also associated with the
7254:
7252:
7250:
7145:. Translated by Eggleston, H.G.; Madan, S. Springer.
6610:. Association des collaborateurs de Nicolas Bourbaki.
6092:"The Mathematical Pranksters behind Nicolas Bourbaki"
5496:. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. p. V.416.
4226:
4224:
3549:
for containing "some superb and very clever proofs".
3220:
708:
The group's official founding conference was held in
447:, 19th century general and namesake of the collective
111:
10–17 July 1935 (first official, founding conference)
8437:
L'Association des Collaborateurs de Nicolas Bourbaki
6126:
6124:
4785:
4783:
4781:
3904:
rather than the publication history of its volumes.
3721:
The strict, ordered presentation of material in the
3209:
of the Norwegian alphabet and used it to denote the
1335:, in 1939. Similarly one of the work's later books,
8268:". In Robson, Eleanor; Stedall, Jacqueline (eds.).
5558:
5556:
5554:
5552:
5550:
5385:
5383:
5381:
5368:
5366:
4817:
4815:
4813:
4520:
4518:
1795:
Presumptive author: Henri Cartan or Jean Dieudonné.
261:
245:
233:
223:
208:
197:
187:
171:
115:
105:
95:
8243:(2004). "Nicolas Bourbaki: Theory of Structures".
5596:
5594:
5592:
5590:
5577:
5575:
5573:
5571:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4800:
4798:
4642:
4640:
4469:
4467:
3671:for pure mathematics in France, at the expense of
3226:
2041:Former members of the Nicolas Bourbaki collective
1767:—— (1949). "Sur le théorème de Zorn".
1697:"Espaces minimaux et espaces complètement séparés"
1331:to be published was the Summary of Results in the
701:Sign marking the official founding of Bourbaki in
546:in India. While there, Weil met the mathematician
47:Association des collaborateurs de Nicolas Bourbaki
8271:The Oxford Handbook of the History of Mathematics
7056:Earliest Uses of Symbols of Set Theory and Logic.
1709:Presumptive author: Jean Dieudonné or André Weil.
6355:by N. Bourbaki. Book II, Algèbre. Chapter VIII,
5304:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
5251:"Sir Michael Atiyah shares memory of Fields win"
741:Bourbaki's work slowed significantly during the
42:Association of Collaborators of Nicolas Bourbaki
8489:Large-scale mathematical formalization projects
7352:The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge
5030:"The Bumpy Road to the First Bourbaki Congress"
3753:
3578:
3522:
3434:
3360:in human cultures. In 1952, Jean Dieudonné and
1912:
1210:
1053:
6400:Formes sesquilinéairies et formes quadratiques
5287:. Archived from the original on 6 January 2006
1837:"Sur certains espaces vectoriels topologiques"
1271:When Bourbaki's founders began working on the
183:, France (first official, founding conference)
7539:
7537:
6539:Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society
6530:Éléments de mathématique. Algèbre commutative
6496:Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society
6456:Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society
6413:Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society
6366:Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society
6319:Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society
6268:Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society
4677:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4667:
3356:, a work examining family structures and the
1719:Les grands courants de la pensée mathématique
662:were adopted: the group styled itself as the
8:
8371:Bourbaki: a Secret Society of Mathematicians
8236:, appearing in English as a journal article.
8192:Notices of the American Mathematical Society
5997:
5995:
5993:
5991:
5989:
5987:
5282:"Crafoord Prize letter, English translation"
1831:, appearing in English as a journal article.
1063:especially are very close to Jews in spirit.
290:
212:
41:
7941:
7939:
7345:
7343:
4607:
4605:
454:was a successful general during the era of
109:10 December 1934 (first unofficial meeting)
7415:
7413:
7411:
7409:
4924:
4922:
3600:. And Bourbaki never seriously considered
2039:
1378:
571:Bourbaki was founded to produce a text in
313:. The series is known collectively as the
178:, Paris, France (first unofficial meeting)
52:
40:
7459:
7444:"Bourbaki's Structures and Structuralism"
7295:Deleuze, Gilles; Guattari, Félix (1972).
7004:, pp. 6, 8, 12, 17–18, 60, 100, 105.
6687:
6668:
6550:
6507:
6467:
6424:
6377:
6330:
6294:
6292:
6280:
5519:Lie Groups and Lie Algebras, Chapters 4–6
4999:Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences
3219:
3153:Structuralism (philosophy of mathematics)
1854:
1701:Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences
1673:Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences
1654:Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences
1298:Les structures fondamentales de l’analyse
761:from 1945 to 1947 before settling at the
666:, and their proposed work was called the
7166:
6941:
6893:
6822:
6762:
6735:
6723:
6711:
5947:
5935:
5895:
5859:
5835:
5808:
5796:
5660:
5342:
5255:International Congress of Mathematicians
5189:
4833:
4772:
4724:
4658:
4572:
4557:
4509:
4377:
4215:
3789:Other collective mathematical pseudonyms
3576:, former member Pierre Cartier replied:
3480:attended a Bourbaki conference in 1962.
1043:as "the Swiss peasant", explaining that
7143:Topological Vector Spaces: Chapters 1-5
6194:(Second ed.). Wiley. p. 629.
4145:
3821:
3608:is totally absent from Bourbaki's text.
3326:. This influence was in the context of
3221:
1030:Most of the final drafts of Bourbaki's
939:, and modern editions are published by
559:his friend and colleague Henri Cartan.
7846:"V.I. Arnold, on teaching mathematics"
6965:
5297:
4992:Bourbaki, Nicolas (18 November 1935).
3188:Bourbaki introduced notations for the
2611:
1534:Elements of the History of Mathematics
664:Committee for the Treatise on Analysis
267:Committee for the Treatise on Analysis
27:Pseudonym of a group of mathematicians
7651:Andrew, Gelman (September 23, 2016).
7582:
7570:
6977:
6656:
6644:
6569:Topologie Algébrique, Chapitres 1 à 4
6226:
6214:
5760:
5357:
4187:The Apprenticeship of a Mathematician
3696:Structures fondamentales de l’analyse
2476:
2319:
1687:Revue scientifique (Or, "Revue rose")
1594:) structure. Dieudonné described the
898:parentage, Grothendieck survived the
301:originally intended to prepare a new
280:
7:
7209:The Elementary Structures of Kinship
7104:Gunderman, David (7 December 2019).
6034:"A Term of Length 4 523 659 424 929"
5494:Théories spectrales: Chapitres 3 à 5
5129:
4963:McCleary, John (December 10, 2004).
4929:Mainard, Robert (October 21, 2001).
4684:"The Many Faces of Nicolas Bourbaki"
4175:
4173:
3196:meant to indicate difficult material
1887:Historian Liliane Beaulieu examined
1629:Ramaswamy, Ramakrishna, ed. (2016).
638:school, particularly from exponents
575:, a branch of mathematics entailing
8028:
7906:
7882:
7858:
7832:
7820:
7799:Mathias, Adrian (August 22, 1990).
7786:
7774:
7762:
7750:
7720:
7708:
7672:
7258:
7205:"Chapter XIV: Appendix to Part One"
7178:
7128:
7001:
6953:
6929:
6917:
6869:
6834:
6798:
6786:
6747:
6699:
6620:
6532:, by N. Bourbaki, Chapitres 8 et 9"
6238:
6166:
6142:
6019:
5959:
5871:
5847:
5820:
5784:
5677:
5636:
5454:
5430:
5406:
5237:
5225:
5201:
5165:
5016:
4950:
4913:
4898:
4886:
4874:
4845:
4821:
4789:
4712:
4700:
4596:
4584:
4524:
4485:
4446:
4434:
4365:
4341:
4317:
4278:
4254:
4164:
3919:Differential and Analytic Manifolds
3442:Maurice Mashaal, citing David Aubin
1723:Presumptive author: Jean Dieudonné.
1681:Presumptive author: Jean Dieudonné.
1510:Differential and Analytic Manifolds
1337:Differential and Analytic Manifolds
602:. Six mathematicians were present:
8342:Revue d'histoire des mathématiques
7607:Nicolas, Bearbaki (June 4, 2016).
7550:. Routledge. pp. 1–3, 17–18.
3999:) is the best available estimate.
3678:Several related criticisms of the
3490:In 2018, the American musical duo
3376:philosophers. In their joint work
1302:Fundamental Structures of Analysis
949:pronounced the collective "dead".
776:Second-generation Bourbaki member
765:from 1947 to 1958 and finally the
34:. For the computer scientist, see
25:
8499:Organizations established in 1935
8494:Organizations established in 1934
8016:
8004:
7992:
7930:
7918:
7870:
7696:
7684:
7594:
7486:
7474:
7400:
7334:
7282:
7270:
7241:
7229:
7207:. In Lévi-Strauss, Claude (ed.).
7190:
7025:
7013:
6989:
6905:
6881:
6810:
6774:
6632:
6130:
6115:
6090:Barany, Michael (24 March 2021).
5883:
5772:
5648:
5624:
5612:
5600:
5581:
5562:
5541:
5418:
5389:
5372:
5330:
5318:
5213:
5177:
5153:
5141:
5081:L'affaire Weil à Helsinki en 1939
5064:
4965:"Bourbaki and Algebraic Topology"
4862:
4804:
4760:
4748:
4736:
4646:
4627:"Calendar for Year 1935 (France)"
4497:
4473:
4458:
4389:
4353:
4329:
4302:
4290:
4266:
4242:
4230:
4152:
1250:—individual, physical books, and
1181:is the group's central work. The
1130:mathematical proof, or process).
504:Apprenticeship of a Mathematician
297:(ENS). Founded in 1934–1935, the
8234:L'architecture des mathématiques
7632:. Retraction Watch. May 26, 2016
7431:. American Mathematical Society.
3568:Bourbaki's deliberations on the
3353:Elementary Structures of Kinship
3239:, and remains in use. The words
3181:
3170:
1829:L'architecture des mathématiques
815:
804:
462:and other conflicts. During the
32:Bourbaki family (disambiguation)
7350:Lyotard, Jean-François (1984).
6848:"Membres présents aux réunions"
6552:10.1090/s0273-0979-1985-15338-8
6509:10.1090/s0002-9904-1958-10176-7
6469:10.1090/S0002-9904-1953-09698-7
6426:10.1090/s0002-9904-1960-10461-2
6379:10.1090/S0002-9904-1960-10371-0
6357:Modules et anneaux semi-simples
6332:10.1090/s0002-9904-1953-09725-7
6282:10.1090/s0002-9904-1958-10248-7
5257:. 3 August 2018. Archived from
3730:which has been superseded in a
3710:first half was more akin to an
1763:Presumptive author: André Weil.
1663:Presumptive author: André Weil.
1078:must appear in the work before
420:. Bourbaki's work informed the
8249:. Springer. pp. 289–338.
8220:10.1080/00029890.1950.11999523
8113:The Mathematical Intelligencer
7734:Kutateladze, Semën Samsonovich
7071:. Springer. pp. 72, 349.
5521:. Springer. pp. 205–206.
4191:. Birkhäuser Verlag. pp.
3588:. There is also nothing about
3582:partial differential equations
1959:, and the Swiss mathematician
1815:10.1080/00029890.1950.11999523
833:; the proposal was not adopted
1:
8474:1935 establishments in France
8469:1934 establishments in France
8375:American Mathematical Society
8207:American Mathematical Monthly
7305:University of Minnesota Press
7043:Mathematics Genealogy Project
4539:"Bourbaki: the pre-war years"
3993:
3451:, having been established in
3398:processes which instead seek
3330:, a school of thought in the
1951:, the American mathematician
1842:Annales de l'Institut Fourier
1802:American Mathematical Monthly
1246:—major topics of discussion,
1135:American Mathematical Society
915:to issue installments of the
452:Charles-Denis Sauter Bourbaki
7956:The Mathematical Association
7442:Kantor, Jean-Michel (2011).
7388:National Academy of Sciences
6449:(Chap. I–IV) by N. Bourbaki"
3977:entrance into the university
3663:was among Bourbaki's critics
3251:were introduced to refer to
3227:{\displaystyle \varnothing }
1721:. Actes Sud. pp. 35–47.
1633:. Springer. pp. 55–57.
1438:Functions of a Real Variable
1133:During the 1940s–1950s, the
767:Institute for Advanced Study
489:, a pioneer in the study of
358:complained to his colleague
201:Publication of textbooks in
8504:Pseudonymous mathematicians
8446:Archives of the association
7801:"The Ignorance of Bourbaki"
6489:(Chapter V) by N. Bourbaki"
6308:, by N. Bourbaki, Book II,
6182:(20 March 1991). foreword.
5909:"According to Groth. IV.22"
5492:Bourbaki, Nicolas (2023b).
4412:10.1007/978-81-322-3676-4_6
3372:Bourbaki was also cited by
3315:were published frequently.
1669:"Sur les espaces de Banach"
1639:10.1007/978-81-322-3676-4_6
1474:Lie Groups and Lie Algebras
591:instruction. In his memoir
8530:
8509:Secret societies in France
8479:Academic shared pseudonyms
8401:Mathematical Intelligencer
8305:Mathematical Intelligencer
8143:"Bourbaki's Art of Memory"
8141:Beaulieu, Liliane (1999).
8106:Beaulieu, Liliane (1993).
8083:Cambridge University Press
7448:Mathematical Intelligencer
7141:Bourbaki, Nicolas (1987).
7067:Bourbaki, Nicolas (2004).
6566:Bourbaki, Nicolas (2016).
6032:Mathias, A. R. D. (2002).
6003:"Éléments de Mathématique"
5517:Bourbaki, Nicolas (2002).
5467:Bourbaki, Nicolas (2019).
4090:Mathematical Intelligencer
3872:The Diary of a Chambermaid
3856:which eventually emerged.
3520:in broad, positive terms:
3146:
2068:
1999:, second generation member
1647:Bourbaki, Nicolas (1935).
1547:
1342:Later installments of the
1281:foundations of mathematics
1203:
29:
8514:Collaborative non-fiction
8369:Mashaal, Maurice (2006).
8091:10.1017/S0269889700002660
8051:. Thunder's Mouth Press.
7461:10.1007/s00283-010-9173-4
6578:10.1007/978-3-662-49361-8
6353:Éléments de mathématiques
5740:10.1017/S0269889700002659
5695:BIOS: a Study of Creation
5280:Grothendieck, Alexander.
3778:Jacobson–Bourbaki theorem
3631:'s results into account.
3596:, nothing about concrete
3535:Among the volumes of the
2184:
2071:
2045:
2025:, third generation member
1730:Journal of Symbolic Logic
1450:Topological Vector Spaces
1179:(Elements of mathematics)
1076:topological vector spaces
796:Postwar until the present
544:Aligarh Muslim University
51:
46:
8266:Éléments de mathématique
7948:The Mathematical Gazette
7039:"Alexander Grothendieck"
6404:Éléments de mathématique
6306:Éléments de mathématique
6184:A History of Mathematics
4088:In a 2011 letter to the
3485:American Economic Review
3472:techniques, such as the
3405:The Postmodern Condition
1381:Éléments de mathématique
1372:Éléments de mathématique
1290:Éléments de mathématique
1288:was dropped in favor of
1206:Éléments de mathématique
1199:Éléments de mathématique
1176:Éléments de mathématique
352:University of Strasbourg
316:Éléments de mathématique
293:École normale supérieure
215:École Normale Supérieure
8276:Oxford University Press
7375:Frame, Michael (2014).
6837:, pp. 9, 109, 130.
6608:"Éditeurs du Séminaire"
6050:10.1023/A:1020827725055
5443:Elements of Mathematics
4931:"Le Mouvement Bourbaki"
4587:, pp. 6–7, 102–03.
3543:Jean-Pierre Bourguignon
3466:experimental literature
3392:criticism of capitalism
3143:Influence and criticism
1835:—— (1950).
1695:—— (1941).
1667:—— (1938).
1325:Fascicules de résultats
1319:, with the result that
1317:Fascicules de résultats
1152:Encyclopædia Britannica
563:The Bourbaki collective
502:remarked in his memoir
321:Elements of Mathematics
282:[nikɔlabuʁbaki]
6992:, pp. 87, 108–09.
6483:Munroe, M. E. (1958).
5823:, pp. 30, 113–14.
4938:academie-stanislas.org
3895:mathematical historian
3764:
3664:
3616:
3533:
3445:
3228:
3120:Jean-Christophe Yoccoz
2946:Louis Boutet de Monvel
2547:Alexander Grothendieck
2037:
2026:
2015:
2008:Alexander Grothendieck
2000:
1989:
1965:
1941:Alexandre Grothendieck
1590:, a specific kind of (
1571:
1376:
1230:
1218:Alfred North Whitehead
1071:
992:
862:Jean-Christophe Yoccoz
850:Alexander Grothendieck
823:Alexander Grothendieck
705:
579:
481:
448:
445:Charles-Denis Bourbaki
414:mathematical structure
380:Charles-Denis Bourbaki
291:
213:
100:Charles-Denis Bourbaki
8484:French mathematicians
8336:Krömer, Ralf (2006).
8066:Aubin, David (1997).
6258:Théorie des ensembles
3773:Bourbaki–Witt theorem
3659:
3410:Jean-François Lyotard
3340:Aboriginal Australian
3229:
3194:dangerous bend symbol
3158:mathematical topics.
2032:
2021:
2006:
1995:
1984:
1770:Archiv der Mathematik
1566:
1368:
983:
960:, and two volumes on
763:University of Chicago
700:
573:mathematical analysis
570:
476:
443:
192:Voluntary association
58:Bourbaki congress at
8435:Official Website of
7203:Weil, André (1971).
5913:neverendingbooks.org
5433:, pp. 7, 51–54.
5261:on 22 September 2019
5052:icmihistory.unito.it
5034:neverendingbooks.org
4981:on October 30, 2006.
4092:, the mathematician
3606:mathematical physics
3428:Although biographer
3421:and the fractals of
3218:
1145:Mathematical Reviews
1035:the work was due to
668:Treatise on Analysis
648:B.L. van der Waerden
285:) is the collective
62:in 1938. From left,
8311:(2). Translated by
8278:. pp. 565–87.
7933:, pp. 377–379.
7738:"Apology of Euclid"
7157:Chapter III, p. 24.
6980:, pp. 581–584.
6968:, pp. 149–150.
6252:Bagemihl, Frederick
5722:Corry, Leo (1997).
5421:, pp. 205–206.
3673:applied mathematics
3470:constrained writing
3456:discipline itself.
3400:economic efficiency
3336:Claude Lévi-Strauss
2042:
1486:Commutative Algebra
1383:
1348:Commutative Algebra
1307:The volumes of the
1238:The content of the
1005:mathematical rigour
464:Franco-Prussian war
384:Franco-Prussian War
43:
8413:10.1007/BF03024395
8393:Senechal, Marjorie
8321:10.1007/BF03024169
8126:10.1007/BF03025255
8075:Science in Context
7995:, pp. 204–05.
7861:, pp. 118–19.
7835:, pp. 134–45.
7789:, pp. 120–23.
7753:, pp. 116–18.
7597:, pp. 173–82.
7520:10.1007/BF00414286
7502:(September 1992).
7477:, pp. 149–59.
7337:, pp. 332–33.
7232:, pp. 161–64.
7193:, pp. 308–11.
7181:, pp. 107–08.
7028:, pp. 105–08.
7016:, pp. 373–75.
6956:, pp. 29, 33.
6932:, pp. 111–12.
6777:, pp. 108–09.
6738:, pp. 231–32.
6702:, pp. 108–11.
6671:, pp. 224–26.
6659:, pp. 303–05.
6647:, pp. 272–73.
6635:, pp. 305–08.
6118:, pp. 99–100.
6022:, pp. 108–09.
5898:, pp. 241–42.
5886:, pp. 121–23.
5850:, pp. 110–11.
5811:, pp. 239–40.
5728:Science in Context
5693:(2005). Foreword.
5691:Kauffman, Louis H.
5680:, pp. 112–13.
5663:, pp. 225–26.
5651:, pp. 111–12.
5445:series in Springer
5345:, pp. 236–37.
5036:. 22 October 2009.
4682:Michon, Gérard P.
4406:. pp. 55–57.
4233:, pp. 129–48.
4155:, pp. 123–25.
4094:Jean-Michel Kantor
4054:Jean-Louis Verdier
3665:
3641:André Lichnerowicz
3625:mathematical logic
3594:algebraic topology
3415:catastrophe theory
3374:post-structuralist
3344:mathematical model
3283:as a set which is
3224:
3098:Jean-Louis Verdier
2277:Szolem Mandelbrojt
2040:
2038:
2027:
2016:
2001:
1990:
1783:10.1007/BF02036949
1717:, François (ed.).
1572:
1550:Séminaire Bourbaki
1544:Séminaire Bourbaki
1522:Algebraic Topology
1379:
1377:
1369:First book of the
1356:Algebraic Topology
1183:Séminaire Bourbaki
1093:l'esprit a soufflé
1061:French Protestants
1055:The Bourbaki were
1024:Éléments d'analyse
993:
958:algebraic topology
935:were published by
710:Besse-en-Chandesse
706:
703:Besse-en-Chandesse
684:Szolem Mandelbrojt
580:
482:
449:
403:Séminaire Bourbaki
235:Official language
181:Besse-en-Chandesse
153:Szolem Mandelbrojt
36:Nikolaos Bourbakis
7723:, pp. 54–55.
7585:, pp. 25–31.
7420:Atiyah, Michael.
6872:, pp. 18–19.
6852:Archives Bourbaki
6623:, pp. 98–99.
6587:978-3-662-49360-1
6524:Nagata, Masayoshi
6394:Kaplansky, Irving
6078:whole expression.
6007:Archives Bourbaki
5874:, pp. 33–34.
5409:, pp. 81–84.
5360:, pp. 38–51.
5240:, pp. 14–16.
5168:, pp. 20–24.
5132:, pp. 22–28.
5067:, pp. 17–36.
5048:"Rolf Nevanlinna"
4916:, pp. 27–29.
4901:, pp. 25–26.
4739:, pp. 85–86.
4727:, pp. 28–29.
4715:, pp. 7, 14.
4703:, pp. 38–45.
4500:, pp. 82–83.
4461:, pp. 32–34.
4421:978-81-322-3674-0
4368:, pp. 35–37.
4356:, pp. 25–26.
4332:, pp. 63–65.
4320:, pp. 44–45.
4281:, pp. 22–25.
4269:, pp. 61–63.
4257:, pp. 70–85.
4099:
3979:, not graduation.
3950:Bernard Malgrange
3800:Blanche Descartes
3704:original research
3661:Benoit Mandelbrot
3492:Twenty One Pilots
3423:Benoit Mandelbrot
3342:society, using a
3271:) as opposed to "
3140:
3139:
3054:Georges Skandalis
2797:
2456:Jean-Pierre Serre
2390:Jean-Louis Koszul
2233:Charles Ehresmann
1997:Jean-Pierre Serre
1988:, founding member
1925:Jean-Louis Koszul
1917:Jean-Pierre Serre
1622:978-81-322-3674-0
1541:
1540:
846:Jean-Pierre Serre
692:Charles Ehresmann
534:, having learned
458:, serving in the
271:
270:
148:Charles Ehresmann
84:Charles Ehresmann
18:Nicholas Bourbaki
16:(Redirected from
8521:
8464:Nicolas Bourbaki
8450:
8442:
8424:
8388:
8365:
8332:
8302:
8289:
8260:
8231:
8200:
8188:
8175:
8147:
8137:
8102:
8072:
8062:
8032:
8026:
8020:
8014:
8008:
8002:
7996:
7990:
7984:
7983:
7943:
7934:
7928:
7922:
7916:
7910:
7904:
7898:
7892:
7886:
7880:
7874:
7868:
7862:
7856:
7850:
7849:
7842:
7836:
7830:
7824:
7818:
7812:
7811:
7805:
7796:
7790:
7784:
7778:
7772:
7766:
7760:
7754:
7748:
7742:
7741:
7730:
7724:
7718:
7712:
7706:
7700:
7694:
7688:
7682:
7676:
7670:
7664:
7663:
7661:
7659:
7648:
7642:
7641:
7639:
7637:
7626:
7620:
7619:
7617:
7615:
7604:
7598:
7592:
7586:
7580:
7574:
7568:
7562:
7561:
7541:
7532:
7531:
7496:
7490:
7484:
7478:
7472:
7466:
7465:
7463:
7439:
7433:
7432:
7426:
7417:
7404:
7398:
7392:
7391:
7381:
7372:
7366:
7365:
7347:
7338:
7332:
7323:
7322:
7302:
7292:
7286:
7280:
7274:
7268:
7262:
7256:
7245:
7239:
7233:
7227:
7221:
7220:
7217:Internet Archive
7200:
7194:
7188:
7182:
7176:
7170:
7164:
7158:
7156:
7138:
7132:
7126:
7120:
7119:
7117:
7116:
7110:The Conversation
7101:
7095:
7089:
7083:
7082:
7064:
7058:
7053:
7047:
7046:
7035:
7029:
7023:
7017:
7011:
7005:
6999:
6993:
6987:
6981:
6975:
6969:
6963:
6957:
6951:
6945:
6939:
6933:
6927:
6921:
6915:
6909:
6903:
6897:
6891:
6885:
6879:
6873:
6867:
6856:
6855:
6844:
6838:
6832:
6826:
6820:
6814:
6808:
6802:
6796:
6790:
6784:
6778:
6772:
6766:
6760:
6751:
6745:
6739:
6733:
6727:
6721:
6715:
6709:
6703:
6697:
6691:
6685:
6672:
6666:
6660:
6654:
6648:
6642:
6636:
6630:
6624:
6618:
6612:
6611:
6604:
6598:
6597:
6595:
6594:
6563:
6557:
6556:
6554:
6536:
6520:
6514:
6513:
6511:
6493:
6480:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6453:
6437:
6431:
6430:
6428:
6410:
6402:by N. Bourbaki,
6390:
6384:
6383:
6381:
6363:
6343:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6316:
6296:
6287:
6286:
6284:
6264:
6248:
6242:
6236:
6230:
6224:
6218:
6212:
6206:
6205:
6192:Merzbach, Uta C.
6176:
6170:
6164:
6158:
6152:
6146:
6140:
6134:
6128:
6119:
6113:
6107:
6106:
6104:
6102:
6087:
6081:
6080:
6074:
6072:
6029:
6023:
6017:
6011:
6010:
5999:
5982:
5981:
5972:Betty_Bourbaki.
5969:
5963:
5957:
5951:
5945:
5939:
5933:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5920:
5915:. 1 October 2016
5905:
5899:
5893:
5887:
5881:
5875:
5869:
5863:
5857:
5851:
5845:
5839:
5833:
5824:
5818:
5812:
5806:
5800:
5794:
5788:
5782:
5776:
5770:
5764:
5758:
5752:
5751:
5719:
5713:
5712:
5699:World Scientific
5687:
5681:
5675:
5664:
5658:
5652:
5646:
5640:
5634:
5628:
5622:
5616:
5610:
5604:
5598:
5585:
5579:
5566:
5560:
5545:
5539:
5533:
5532:
5514:
5508:
5507:
5489:
5483:
5482:
5464:
5458:
5452:
5446:
5440:
5434:
5428:
5422:
5416:
5410:
5404:
5393:
5387:
5376:
5370:
5361:
5355:
5346:
5340:
5334:
5328:
5322:
5321:, pp. 9–10.
5316:
5310:
5309:
5303:
5295:
5293:
5292:
5286:
5277:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5266:
5247:
5241:
5235:
5229:
5223:
5217:
5211:
5205:
5199:
5193:
5187:
5181:
5175:
5169:
5163:
5157:
5151:
5145:
5139:
5133:
5127:
5084:
5074:
5068:
5062:
5056:
5055:
5044:
5038:
5037:
5026:
5020:
5014:
5008:
5007:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4974:. Archived from
4969:
4960:
4954:
4948:
4942:
4941:
4935:
4926:
4917:
4911:
4902:
4896:
4890:
4884:
4878:
4872:
4866:
4860:
4849:
4843:
4837:
4831:
4825:
4819:
4808:
4802:
4793:
4787:
4776:
4770:
4764:
4758:
4752:
4746:
4740:
4734:
4728:
4722:
4716:
4710:
4704:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4679:
4662:
4656:
4650:
4644:
4635:
4634:
4623:
4617:
4616:
4609:
4600:
4594:
4588:
4582:
4576:
4570:
4561:
4555:
4549:
4548:
4534:
4528:
4522:
4513:
4507:
4501:
4495:
4489:
4483:
4477:
4471:
4462:
4456:
4450:
4444:
4438:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4399:
4393:
4387:
4381:
4375:
4369:
4363:
4357:
4351:
4345:
4339:
4333:
4327:
4321:
4315:
4306:
4300:
4294:
4288:
4282:
4276:
4270:
4264:
4258:
4252:
4246:
4240:
4234:
4228:
4219:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4190:
4177:
4168:
4162:
4156:
4150:
4134:
4131:
4125:
4122:
4116:
4113:
4107:
4096:
4086:
4080:
4072:
4066:
4063:
4057:
4045:
4039:
4035:
4029:
4026:
4020:
4016:
4010:
4006:
4000:
3998:
3997: age 25–50
3995:
3986:
3980:
3973:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3938:
3932:
3928:
3922:
3911:
3905:
3891:
3885:
3882:
3876:
3867:Octave Mirbeau's
3863:
3857:
3853:
3847:
3844:
3838:
3835:
3829:
3826:
3762:
3614:
3592:, nothing about
3584:, nothing about
3531:
3476:. Oulipo member
3443:
3310:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3208:
3185:
3174:
3076:Bernard Teissier
2925:Olivier Mathieu
2794:
2682:Daniel Bennequin
2660:Gérard Ben Arous
2638:Arnaud Beauville
2434:Laurent Schwartz
2346:Samuel Eilenberg
2098:Claude Chevalley
2043:
1860:
1858:
1826:
1794:
1762:
1722:
1708:
1690:
1680:
1662:
1642:
1626:
1596:axiomatic method
1426:General Topology
1384:
1286:Traité d'analyse
1277:Traité d'analyse
1242:is divided into
1234:
1214:Bertrand Russell
1084:Roger Godement's
1069:
819:
808:
778:Laurent Schwartz
743:Second World War
672:Traité d'analyse
608:Claude Chevalley
529:
364:Claude Chevalley
329:abstract algebra
311:pure mathematics
296:
284:
279:
274:Nicolas Bourbaki
257:
254:
252:
218:
203:pure mathematics
128:Claude Chevalley
56:
44:
21:
8529:
8528:
8524:
8523:
8522:
8520:
8519:
8518:
8454:
8453:
8448:
8440:
8431:
8391:
8385:
8368:
8354:10.24033/rhm.38
8335:
8300:
8292:
8286:
8263:
8257:
8239:
8203:
8186:
8178:
8145:
8140:
8105:
8070:
8065:
8059:
8043:
8040:
8035:
8027:
8023:
8015:
8011:
8003:
7999:
7991:
7987:
7964:10.2307/3618076
7945:
7944:
7937:
7929:
7925:
7917:
7913:
7905:
7901:
7893:
7889:
7881:
7877:
7869:
7865:
7857:
7853:
7844:
7843:
7839:
7831:
7827:
7819:
7815:
7808:dpmms.cam.ac.uk
7803:
7798:
7797:
7793:
7785:
7781:
7773:
7769:
7761:
7757:
7749:
7745:
7732:
7731:
7727:
7719:
7715:
7707:
7703:
7695:
7691:
7683:
7679:
7671:
7667:
7657:
7655:
7650:
7649:
7645:
7635:
7633:
7628:
7627:
7623:
7613:
7611:
7606:
7605:
7601:
7593:
7589:
7581:
7577:
7569:
7565:
7558:
7543:
7542:
7535:
7498:
7497:
7493:
7485:
7481:
7473:
7469:
7441:
7440:
7436:
7424:
7419:
7418:
7407:
7399:
7395:
7379:
7374:
7373:
7369:
7362:
7349:
7348:
7341:
7333:
7326:
7319:
7294:
7293:
7289:
7281:
7277:
7269:
7265:
7257:
7248:
7240:
7236:
7228:
7224:
7202:
7201:
7197:
7189:
7185:
7177:
7173:
7165:
7161:
7153:
7140:
7139:
7135:
7127:
7123:
7114:
7112:
7103:
7102:
7098:
7090:
7086:
7079:
7066:
7065:
7061:
7054:
7050:
7037:
7036:
7032:
7024:
7020:
7012:
7008:
7000:
6996:
6988:
6984:
6976:
6972:
6964:
6960:
6952:
6948:
6940:
6936:
6928:
6924:
6916:
6912:
6904:
6900:
6892:
6888:
6880:
6876:
6868:
6859:
6846:
6845:
6841:
6833:
6829:
6821:
6817:
6809:
6805:
6797:
6793:
6785:
6781:
6773:
6769:
6761:
6754:
6746:
6742:
6734:
6730:
6722:
6718:
6710:
6706:
6698:
6694:
6686:
6675:
6667:
6663:
6655:
6651:
6643:
6639:
6631:
6627:
6619:
6615:
6606:
6605:
6601:
6592:
6590:
6588:
6565:
6564:
6560:
6534:
6522:
6521:
6517:
6491:
6482:
6481:
6477:
6451:
6439:
6438:
6434:
6408:
6392:
6391:
6387:
6361:
6347:Rosenberg, Alex
6345:
6344:
6340:
6314:
6312:. Chaps. I–VII"
6298:
6297:
6290:
6262:
6250:
6249:
6245:
6237:
6233:
6225:
6221:
6213:
6209:
6202:
6178:
6177:
6173:
6165:
6161:
6153:
6149:
6141:
6137:
6129:
6122:
6114:
6110:
6100:
6098:
6089:
6088:
6084:
6070:
6068:
6031:
6030:
6026:
6018:
6014:
6001:
6000:
5985:
5971:
5970:
5966:
5958:
5954:
5946:
5942:
5934:
5927:
5918:
5916:
5907:
5906:
5902:
5894:
5890:
5882:
5878:
5870:
5866:
5858:
5854:
5846:
5842:
5834:
5827:
5819:
5815:
5807:
5803:
5795:
5791:
5783:
5779:
5771:
5767:
5759:
5755:
5721:
5720:
5716:
5709:
5701:. p. 423.
5689:
5688:
5684:
5676:
5667:
5659:
5655:
5647:
5643:
5635:
5631:
5623:
5619:
5611:
5607:
5599:
5588:
5580:
5569:
5561:
5548:
5540:
5536:
5529:
5516:
5515:
5511:
5504:
5491:
5490:
5486:
5479:
5466:
5465:
5461:
5453:
5449:
5441:
5437:
5429:
5425:
5417:
5413:
5405:
5396:
5388:
5379:
5371:
5364:
5356:
5349:
5341:
5337:
5329:
5325:
5317:
5313:
5296:
5290:
5288:
5284:
5279:
5278:
5274:
5264:
5262:
5249:
5248:
5244:
5236:
5232:
5224:
5220:
5212:
5208:
5200:
5196:
5188:
5184:
5176:
5172:
5164:
5160:
5152:
5148:
5140:
5136:
5128:
5087:
5075:
5071:
5063:
5059:
5046:
5045:
5041:
5028:
5027:
5023:
5015:
5011:
4991:
4990:
4986:
4978:
4972:math.vassar.edu
4967:
4962:
4961:
4957:
4949:
4945:
4933:
4928:
4927:
4920:
4912:
4905:
4897:
4893:
4885:
4881:
4873:
4869:
4861:
4852:
4848:, pp. 8–9.
4844:
4840:
4832:
4828:
4820:
4811:
4803:
4796:
4788:
4779:
4771:
4767:
4759:
4755:
4747:
4743:
4735:
4731:
4723:
4719:
4711:
4707:
4699:
4695:
4681:
4680:
4665:
4657:
4653:
4645:
4638:
4625:
4624:
4620:
4611:
4610:
4603:
4595:
4591:
4583:
4579:
4571:
4564:
4556:
4552:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4523:
4516:
4508:
4504:
4496:
4492:
4484:
4480:
4472:
4465:
4457:
4453:
4445:
4441:
4433:
4429:
4422:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4388:
4384:
4376:
4372:
4364:
4360:
4352:
4348:
4340:
4336:
4328:
4324:
4316:
4309:
4301:
4297:
4289:
4285:
4277:
4273:
4265:
4261:
4253:
4249:
4241:
4237:
4229:
4222:
4214:
4210:
4203:
4179:
4178:
4171:
4163:
4159:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4128:
4123:
4119:
4114:
4110:
4087:
4083:
4073:
4069:
4064:
4060:
4050:Michel Demazure
4046:
4042:
4036:
4032:
4027:
4023:
4017:
4013:
4007:
4003:
3996:
3987:
3983:
3975:Dates refer to
3974:
3970:
3964:
3960:
3939:
3935:
3929:
3925:
3912:
3908:
3892:
3888:
3883:
3879:
3864:
3860:
3854:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3836:
3832:
3827:
3823:
3818:
3769:
3763:
3761:Maurice Mashaal
3760:
3734:. For example,
3651:Vladimir Arnold
3615:
3612:
3555:
3532:
3529:
3510:
3478:Raymond Queneau
3444:
3441:
3308:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3192:, as well as a
3186:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3164:
3155:
3145:
2968:Joseph Oesterlé
2904:André Martineau
2748:Michel Demazure
2704:Claude Chabauty
2503:François Bruhat
2324:Jacques Dixmier
2014:in the treatise
2012:category theory
1945:François Bruhat
1937:Sammy Eilenberg
1929:Jacques Dixmier
1907:
1870:
1834:
1798:
1766:
1743:10.2307/2268971
1726:
1712:
1694:
1684:
1666:
1646:
1628:
1623:
1606:
1568:Damodar Kosambi
1561:
1552:
1546:
1498:Spectral Theory
1360:Spectral Theory
1236:
1232:
1208:
1202:
1172:
1105:
1070:
1067:
1045:visual learning
1041:self-deprecated
990:Coxeter systems
978:
966:category theory
962:spectral theory
929:pyrrhic victory
921:royalty payment
905:category theory
894:Born to Jewish
838:
837:
836:
835:
834:
827:category theory
820:
811:
810:
809:
798:
755:Rolf Nevanlinna
739:
632:Stokes' Theorem
628:Édouard Goursat
585:
565:
548:Damodar Kosambi
523:
495:lost generation
438:
430:spectral theory
348:First World War
277:
264:
263:Formerly called
249:
236:
226:
179:
167:
110:
91:
80:Claude Chabauty
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8527:
8525:
8517:
8516:
8511:
8506:
8501:
8496:
8491:
8486:
8481:
8476:
8471:
8466:
8456:
8455:
8452:
8451:
8443:
8430:
8429:External links
8427:
8426:
8425:
8389:
8384:978-0821839676
8383:
8366:
8333:
8290:
8285:978-0199213122
8284:
8261:
8256:978-3764370022
8255:
8237:
8201:
8182:(March 1998).
8176:
8164:10.1086/649309
8138:
8103:
8063:
8058:978-1560259312
8057:
8045:Aczel, Amir D.
8039:
8036:
8034:
8033:
8031:, p. 153.
8021:
8019:, p. 377.
8009:
8007:, p. 329.
7997:
7985:
7935:
7923:
7911:
7899:
7895:Theory of Sets
7887:
7885:, p. 130.
7875:
7873:, p. 313.
7863:
7851:
7837:
7825:
7823:, p. 135.
7813:
7791:
7779:
7777:, p. 120.
7767:
7765:, p. 121.
7755:
7743:
7725:
7713:
7711:, p. 102.
7701:
7699:, p. 111.
7689:
7687:, p. 379.
7677:
7675:, p. 111.
7665:
7643:
7621:
7599:
7587:
7575:
7573:, p. 338.
7563:
7557:978-0415868273
7556:
7533:
7491:
7489:, p. 311.
7479:
7467:
7434:
7405:
7403:, p. 297.
7393:
7367:
7361:978-0816611737
7360:
7339:
7324:
7318:978-0816612253
7317:
7287:
7285:, p. 169.
7275:
7273:, p. 318.
7263:
7246:
7244:, p. 162.
7234:
7222:
7195:
7183:
7171:
7169:, p. 228.
7159:
7151:
7133:
7131:, p. 105.
7121:
7096:
7092:Theory of Sets
7084:
7077:
7069:Theory of Sets
7059:
7048:
7030:
7018:
7006:
6994:
6982:
6970:
6958:
6946:
6944:, p. 236.
6934:
6922:
6910:
6908:, p. 304.
6898:
6896:, p. 248.
6886:
6884:, p. 298.
6874:
6857:
6839:
6827:
6825:, p. 242.
6815:
6813:, p. 330.
6803:
6791:
6779:
6767:
6765:, p. 220.
6752:
6740:
6728:
6726:, p. 224.
6716:
6714:, p. 234.
6704:
6692:
6690:, p. 227.
6673:
6661:
6649:
6637:
6625:
6613:
6599:
6586:
6558:
6541:. New Series.
6515:
6475:
6432:
6385:
6338:
6288:
6260:(Chapter III)"
6243:
6231:
6229:, p. 320.
6219:
6217:, p. 326.
6207:
6200:
6188:Boyer, Carl B.
6171:
6159:
6155:Theory of Sets
6147:
6135:
6133:, p. 374.
6120:
6108:
6082:
6044:(1/2): 75–86.
6024:
6012:
5983:
5964:
5962:, p. 115.
5952:
5950:, p. 227.
5940:
5925:
5900:
5888:
5876:
5864:
5862:, p. 241.
5852:
5840:
5838:, p. 226.
5825:
5813:
5801:
5799:, p. 245.
5789:
5787:, p. 112.
5777:
5775:, p. 115.
5765:
5763:, p. 309.
5753:
5714:
5708:978-9812561039
5707:
5682:
5665:
5653:
5641:
5629:
5627:, p. 376.
5617:
5615:, p. 116.
5605:
5586:
5567:
5565:, p. 375.
5546:
5534:
5528:978-3540691716
5527:
5509:
5503:978-3031195044
5502:
5484:
5478:978-3030140632
5477:
5459:
5457:, p. 146.
5447:
5435:
5423:
5411:
5394:
5392:, p. 205.
5377:
5375:, p. 119.
5362:
5347:
5335:
5333:, p. 328.
5323:
5311:
5272:
5242:
5230:
5218:
5206:
5194:
5192:, p. 237.
5182:
5180:, p. 117.
5170:
5158:
5146:
5134:
5085:
5069:
5057:
5039:
5021:
5009:
4984:
4955:
4943:
4918:
4903:
4891:
4879:
4867:
4850:
4838:
4826:
4809:
4794:
4777:
4765:
4753:
4751:, p. 303.
4741:
4729:
4717:
4705:
4693:
4663:
4661:, p. 233.
4651:
4636:
4618:
4601:
4599:, p. 103.
4589:
4577:
4562:
4550:
4529:
4514:
4502:
4490:
4478:
4463:
4451:
4439:
4427:
4420:
4394:
4382:
4380:, p. 239.
4370:
4358:
4346:
4334:
4322:
4307:
4295:
4293:, p. 373.
4283:
4271:
4259:
4247:
4245:, p. 314.
4235:
4220:
4218:, p. 221.
4208:
4202:978-3764326500
4201:
4169:
4157:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4126:
4117:
4108:
4081:
4076:Michael Atiyah
4067:
4058:
4040:
4030:
4021:
4011:
4001:
3981:
3968:
3958:
3933:
3923:
3915:Theory of Sets
3906:
3886:
3877:
3858:
3848:
3839:
3830:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3805:John Rainwater
3802:
3797:
3786:
3785:
3783:Secret society
3780:
3775:
3768:
3765:
3758:
3742:novel work in
3740:Vaughan Jones'
3732:paradigm shift
3613:Pierre Cartier
3610:
3554:
3551:
3527:
3516:described the
3509:
3506:
3453:Theory of Sets
3439:
3388:Félix Guattari
3384:Gilles Deleuze
3305:dangerous bend
3277:hyperspheroids
3273:parallelotopes
3237:Theory of Sets
3223:
3187:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3012:Michel Raynaud
3008:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2792:Patrick Gérard
2788:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2613:
2612:Later members
2609:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2525:Pierre Cartier
2521:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2368:Roger Godement
2364:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2299:René de Possel
2295:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2186:
2185:Minor members
2182:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2142:Jean Dieudonné
2138:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2036:, later member
1986:Jean Dieudonné
1957:Pierre Cartier
1933:Roger Godement
1906:
1903:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1856:10.5802/aif.16
1832:
1796:
1764:
1724:
1710:
1692:
1682:
1664:
1644:
1621:
1560:
1557:
1548:Main article:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:Theory of Sets
1399:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1375:, 1970 edition
1333:Theory of Sets
1233:Michael Barany
1209:
1204:Main article:
1201:
1196:
1171:
1168:
1118:Frank Smithies
1104:
1101:
1068:Pierre Cartier
1065:
1049:Pierre Cartier
1009:Henri Poincaré
977:
976:Working method
974:
889:Crafoord Prize
829:as opposed to
821:
814:
813:
812:
803:
802:
801:
800:
799:
797:
794:
738:
735:
716:in the nearby
660:Working titles
620:René de Possel
616:Jean Dieudonné
593:Apprenticeship
584:
581:
564:
561:
556:Vijayaraghavan
532:Indian culture
513:egalitarianism
468:Armée de l'Est
437:
434:
372:Jean Dieudonné
299:Bourbaki group
269:
268:
265:
262:
259:
258:
247:
243:
242:
237:
234:
231:
230:
227:
224:
221:
220:
210:
206:
205:
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
173:
169:
168:
166:
165:
160:
158:René de Possel
155:
150:
145:
143:Jean Dieudonné
140:
135:
130:
125:
119:
117:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
76:Jean Dieudonné
57:
49:
48:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8526:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8502:
8500:
8497:
8495:
8492:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8475:
8472:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8462:
8461:
8459:
8447:
8444:
8439:
8438:
8433:
8432:
8428:
8422:
8418:
8414:
8410:
8406:
8402:
8398:
8394:
8390:
8386:
8380:
8376:
8372:
8367:
8363:
8359:
8355:
8351:
8347:
8343:
8339:
8334:
8330:
8326:
8322:
8318:
8314:
8310:
8306:
8299:
8295:
8291:
8287:
8281:
8277:
8273:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8258:
8252:
8248:
8247:
8242:
8238:
8235:
8229:
8225:
8221:
8217:
8214:(4): 221–32.
8213:
8209:
8208:
8202:
8198:
8194:
8193:
8185:
8181:
8180:Borel, Armand
8177:
8173:
8169:
8165:
8161:
8157:
8153:
8152:
8144:
8139:
8135:
8131:
8127:
8123:
8119:
8115:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8100:
8096:
8092:
8088:
8084:
8080:
8076:
8069:
8064:
8060:
8054:
8050:
8046:
8042:
8041:
8037:
8030:
8025:
8022:
8018:
8013:
8010:
8006:
8001:
7998:
7994:
7989:
7986:
7981:
7977:
7973:
7969:
7965:
7961:
7957:
7953:
7949:
7942:
7940:
7936:
7932:
7927:
7924:
7921:, p. 22.
7920:
7915:
7912:
7909:, p. 54.
7908:
7903:
7900:
7896:
7891:
7888:
7884:
7879:
7876:
7872:
7867:
7864:
7860:
7855:
7852:
7847:
7841:
7838:
7834:
7829:
7826:
7822:
7817:
7814:
7809:
7802:
7795:
7792:
7788:
7783:
7780:
7776:
7771:
7768:
7764:
7759:
7756:
7752:
7747:
7744:
7739:
7735:
7729:
7726:
7722:
7717:
7714:
7710:
7705:
7702:
7698:
7693:
7690:
7686:
7681:
7678:
7674:
7669:
7666:
7654:
7647:
7644:
7631:
7625:
7622:
7610:
7603:
7600:
7596:
7591:
7588:
7584:
7579:
7576:
7572:
7567:
7564:
7559:
7553:
7549:
7548:
7540:
7538:
7534:
7529:
7525:
7521:
7517:
7514:(3): 328–32.
7513:
7509:
7505:
7501:
7495:
7492:
7488:
7483:
7480:
7476:
7471:
7468:
7462:
7457:
7453:
7449:
7445:
7438:
7435:
7430:
7423:
7416:
7414:
7412:
7410:
7406:
7402:
7397:
7394:
7389:
7385:
7384:nasonline.org
7378:
7371:
7368:
7363:
7357:
7353:
7346:
7344:
7340:
7336:
7331:
7329:
7325:
7320:
7314:
7310:
7306:
7301:
7300:
7291:
7288:
7284:
7279:
7276:
7272:
7267:
7264:
7261:, p. 73.
7260:
7255:
7253:
7251:
7247:
7243:
7238:
7235:
7231:
7226:
7223:
7218:
7214:
7210:
7206:
7199:
7196:
7192:
7187:
7184:
7180:
7175:
7172:
7168:
7167:Beaulieu 1999
7163:
7160:
7154:
7152:9783540423386
7148:
7144:
7137:
7134:
7130:
7125:
7122:
7111:
7107:
7100:
7097:
7093:
7088:
7085:
7080:
7078:9783540225256
7074:
7070:
7063:
7060:
7057:
7052:
7049:
7044:
7040:
7034:
7031:
7027:
7022:
7019:
7015:
7010:
7007:
7003:
6998:
6995:
6991:
6986:
6983:
6979:
6974:
6971:
6967:
6962:
6959:
6955:
6950:
6947:
6943:
6942:Beaulieu 1999
6938:
6935:
6931:
6926:
6923:
6920:, p. 12.
6919:
6914:
6911:
6907:
6902:
6899:
6895:
6894:Beaulieu 1999
6890:
6887:
6883:
6878:
6875:
6871:
6866:
6864:
6862:
6858:
6853:
6849:
6843:
6840:
6836:
6831:
6828:
6824:
6823:Beaulieu 1999
6819:
6816:
6812:
6807:
6804:
6801:, p. 16.
6800:
6795:
6792:
6789:, p. 14.
6788:
6783:
6780:
6776:
6771:
6768:
6764:
6763:Beaulieu 1999
6759:
6757:
6753:
6750:, p. 18.
6749:
6744:
6741:
6737:
6736:Beaulieu 1999
6732:
6729:
6725:
6724:Beaulieu 1999
6720:
6717:
6713:
6712:Beaulieu 1999
6708:
6705:
6701:
6696:
6693:
6689:
6688:Bourbaki 1950
6684:
6682:
6680:
6678:
6674:
6670:
6669:Bourbaki 1950
6665:
6662:
6658:
6653:
6650:
6646:
6641:
6638:
6634:
6629:
6626:
6622:
6617:
6614:
6609:
6603:
6600:
6589:
6583:
6579:
6575:
6571:
6570:
6562:
6559:
6553:
6548:
6545:(1): 175–77.
6544:
6540:
6533:
6531:
6525:
6519:
6516:
6510:
6505:
6502:(3): 105–06.
6501:
6497:
6490:
6488:
6479:
6476:
6470:
6465:
6462:(3): 249–55.
6461:
6457:
6450:
6448:
6442:
6436:
6433:
6427:
6422:
6419:(4): 266–67.
6418:
6414:
6407:
6405:
6401:
6395:
6389:
6386:
6380:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6360:
6358:
6354:
6348:
6342:
6339:
6333:
6328:
6325:(5): 474–79.
6324:
6320:
6313:
6311:
6307:
6301:
6295:
6293:
6289:
6283:
6278:
6275:(6): 390–91.
6274:
6270:
6269:
6261:
6259:
6253:
6247:
6244:
6241:, p. 52.
6240:
6235:
6232:
6228:
6223:
6220:
6216:
6211:
6208:
6203:
6201:9780471543978
6197:
6193:
6189:
6185:
6181:
6180:Asimov, Isaac
6175:
6172:
6169:, p. 83.
6168:
6163:
6160:
6156:
6151:
6148:
6145:, p. 55.
6144:
6139:
6136:
6132:
6127:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6112:
6109:
6097:
6093:
6086:
6083:
6079:
6067:
6063:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6043:
6039:
6035:
6028:
6025:
6021:
6016:
6013:
6008:
6004:
5998:
5996:
5994:
5992:
5990:
5988:
5984:
5979:
5975:
5968:
5965:
5961:
5956:
5953:
5949:
5948:Beaulieu 1999
5944:
5941:
5938:, p. 31.
5937:
5936:Beaulieu 1993
5932:
5930:
5926:
5914:
5910:
5904:
5901:
5897:
5896:Beaulieu 1999
5892:
5889:
5885:
5880:
5877:
5873:
5868:
5865:
5861:
5860:Beaulieu 1999
5856:
5853:
5849:
5844:
5841:
5837:
5836:Beaulieu 1999
5832:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5817:
5814:
5810:
5809:Beaulieu 1999
5805:
5802:
5798:
5797:Beaulieu 1999
5793:
5790:
5786:
5781:
5778:
5774:
5769:
5766:
5762:
5757:
5754:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5718:
5715:
5710:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5686:
5683:
5679:
5674:
5672:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5661:Beaulieu 1999
5657:
5654:
5650:
5645:
5642:
5639:, p. 69.
5638:
5633:
5630:
5626:
5621:
5618:
5614:
5609:
5606:
5603:, p. 20.
5602:
5597:
5595:
5593:
5591:
5587:
5584:, p. 18.
5583:
5578:
5576:
5574:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5559:
5557:
5555:
5553:
5551:
5547:
5544:, p. 92.
5543:
5538:
5535:
5530:
5524:
5520:
5513:
5510:
5505:
5499:
5495:
5488:
5485:
5480:
5474:
5470:
5463:
5460:
5456:
5451:
5448:
5444:
5439:
5436:
5432:
5427:
5424:
5420:
5415:
5412:
5408:
5403:
5401:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5386:
5384:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5369:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5354:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5343:Beaulieu 1999
5339:
5336:
5332:
5327:
5324:
5320:
5315:
5312:
5307:
5301:
5283:
5276:
5273:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5246:
5243:
5239:
5234:
5231:
5228:, p. 49.
5227:
5222:
5219:
5216:, p. 19.
5215:
5210:
5207:
5204:, p. 19.
5203:
5198:
5195:
5191:
5190:Beaulieu 1999
5186:
5183:
5179:
5174:
5171:
5167:
5162:
5159:
5156:, p. 98.
5155:
5150:
5147:
5144:, p. 40.
5143:
5138:
5135:
5131:
5126:
5124:
5122:
5120:
5118:
5116:
5114:
5112:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5073:
5070:
5066:
5061:
5058:
5053:
5049:
5043:
5040:
5035:
5031:
5025:
5022:
5019:, p. 17.
5018:
5013:
5010:
5005:
5001:
5000:
4995:
4988:
4985:
4977:
4973:
4966:
4959:
4956:
4953:, p. 27.
4952:
4947:
4944:
4939:
4932:
4925:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4910:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4895:
4892:
4889:, p. 22.
4888:
4883:
4880:
4877:, p. 10.
4876:
4871:
4868:
4865:, p. 90.
4864:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4842:
4839:
4836:, p. 33.
4835:
4834:Beaulieu 1993
4830:
4827:
4823:
4818:
4816:
4814:
4810:
4807:, p. 87.
4806:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4792:, p. 11.
4791:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4775:, p. 30.
4774:
4773:Beaulieu 1993
4769:
4766:
4763:, p. 86.
4762:
4757:
4754:
4750:
4745:
4742:
4738:
4733:
4730:
4726:
4725:Beaulieu 1993
4721:
4718:
4714:
4709:
4706:
4702:
4697:
4694:
4689:
4685:
4678:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4659:Beaulieu 1999
4655:
4652:
4649:, p. 84.
4648:
4643:
4641:
4637:
4632:
4631:Time and Date
4628:
4622:
4619:
4614:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4593:
4590:
4586:
4581:
4578:
4575:, p. 32.
4574:
4573:Beaulieu 1993
4569:
4567:
4563:
4560:, p. 29.
4559:
4558:Beaulieu 1993
4554:
4551:
4546:
4545:
4540:
4533:
4530:
4526:
4521:
4519:
4515:
4512:, p. 28.
4511:
4510:Beaulieu 1993
4506:
4503:
4499:
4494:
4491:
4487:
4482:
4479:
4476:, p. 81.
4475:
4470:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4455:
4452:
4449:, p. 35.
4448:
4443:
4440:
4437:, p. 26.
4436:
4431:
4428:
4423:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4398:
4395:
4392:, p. 65.
4391:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4378:Beaulieu 1999
4374:
4371:
4367:
4362:
4359:
4355:
4350:
4347:
4344:, p. 23.
4343:
4338:
4335:
4331:
4326:
4323:
4319:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4305:, p. 82.
4304:
4299:
4296:
4292:
4287:
4284:
4280:
4275:
4272:
4268:
4263:
4260:
4256:
4251:
4248:
4244:
4239:
4236:
4232:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4216:Beaulieu 1999
4212:
4209:
4204:
4198:
4194:
4189:
4188:
4182:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4167:, p. 31.
4166:
4161:
4158:
4154:
4149:
4146:
4140:
4130:
4127:
4121:
4118:
4112:
4109:
4104:
4103:Prague circle
4098:
4095:
4091:
4085:
4082:
4077:
4071:
4068:
4062:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4044:
4041:
4034:
4031:
4025:
4022:
4015:
4012:
4005:
4002:
3991:
3985:
3982:
3978:
3972:
3969:
3962:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3942:Marcel Berger
3937:
3934:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3896:
3890:
3887:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3862:
3859:
3852:
3849:
3843:
3840:
3834:
3831:
3825:
3822:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3757:
3756:small virtue.
3752:
3748:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3692:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3590:combinatorics
3587:
3583:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3538:
3526:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3496:concept album
3493:
3488:
3486:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3438:
3433:
3431:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3368:
3367:Jacques Lacan
3363:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3328:structuralism
3325:
3321:
3316:
3314:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3261:paving stones
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3212:
3207:
3195:
3191:
3184:
3173:
3161:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3149:Structuralism
3142:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2990:Charles Pisot
2988:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2882:Gilles Lebeau
2880:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2770:Adrien Douady
2768:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2412:Pierre Samuel
2410:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2120:Jean Delsarte
2118:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:Core members
2067:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1921:Pierre Samuel
1918:
1911:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1878:Pierre Samuel
1874:
1868:
1865:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1830:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1809:(4): 221–32.
1808:
1804:
1803:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1777:(6): 433–37.
1776:
1772:
1771:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1627:Reprinted in
1624:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:Taylor system
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1556:
1551:
1543:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1475:
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1169:
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1147:
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1140:
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1131:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1114:Ralph P. Boas
1111:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1019:
1018:writing style
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
991:
987:
982:
975:
973:
971:
970:modular forms
967:
963:
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955:
950:
948:
947:
942:
938:
934:
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926:
922:
918:
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897:
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890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
871:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
832:
828:
824:
818:
807:
795:
793:
789:
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768:
764:
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756:
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748:
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736:
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723:
719:
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695:
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669:
665:
661:
657:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
612:Jean Delsarte
609:
605:
601:
600:Latin Quarter
596:
594:
590:
582:
578:
574:
569:
562:
560:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
540:Bhagavad Gita
538:and read the
537:
533:
527:
522:
516:
514:
510:
505:
501:
496:
492:
488:
479:
475:
471:
469:
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435:
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431:
427:
423:
419:
418:structuralism
415:
411:
406:
404:
400:
396:
391:
389:
388:student prank
385:
381:
376:
373:
369:
368:Jean Delsarte
365:
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349:
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338:
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196:
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186:
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177:
176:Latin Quarter
174:
170:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
138:Jean Delsarte
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
120:
118:
114:
108:
104:
101:
98:
94:
89:
88:Jean Delsarte
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
68:Charles Pisot
65:
61:
55:
50:
45:
37:
33:
19:
8436:
8404:
8400:
8370:
8345:
8341:
8313:Gray, Jeremy
8308:
8304:
8294:Guedj, Denis
8270:
8265:
8245:
8233:
8211:
8205:
8199:(3): 373–80.
8196:
8190:
8155:
8149:
8120:(1): 27–35.
8117:
8111:
8078:
8074:
8048:
8038:Bibliography
8024:
8012:
8000:
7988:
7951:
7947:
7926:
7914:
7902:
7894:
7890:
7878:
7866:
7854:
7840:
7828:
7816:
7807:
7794:
7782:
7770:
7758:
7746:
7728:
7716:
7704:
7692:
7680:
7668:
7656:. Retrieved
7646:
7634:. Retrieved
7624:
7612:. Retrieved
7602:
7590:
7578:
7566:
7546:
7511:
7507:
7494:
7482:
7470:
7451:
7447:
7437:
7428:
7396:
7390:. p. 2.
7383:
7370:
7351:
7299:Anti-Oedipus
7298:
7290:
7278:
7266:
7237:
7225:
7215:– via
7208:
7198:
7186:
7174:
7162:
7142:
7136:
7124:
7113:. Retrieved
7109:
7099:
7091:
7087:
7068:
7062:
7051:
7042:
7033:
7021:
7009:
6997:
6985:
6973:
6961:
6949:
6937:
6925:
6913:
6901:
6889:
6877:
6851:
6842:
6830:
6818:
6806:
6794:
6782:
6770:
6743:
6731:
6719:
6707:
6695:
6664:
6652:
6640:
6628:
6616:
6602:
6591:. Retrieved
6572:. Springer.
6568:
6561:
6542:
6538:
6529:
6518:
6499:
6495:
6486:
6478:
6459:
6455:
6446:
6441:Halmos, Paul
6435:
6416:
6412:
6406:I, Livre II"
6403:
6399:
6388:
6372:(1): 16–19.
6369:
6365:
6356:
6352:
6341:
6322:
6318:
6309:
6305:
6272:
6266:
6257:
6246:
6234:
6222:
6210:
6183:
6174:
6162:
6154:
6150:
6138:
6111:
6099:. Retrieved
6095:
6085:
6076:
6069:. Retrieved
6041:
6037:
6027:
6015:
6006:
5977:
5967:
5955:
5943:
5917:. Retrieved
5912:
5903:
5891:
5879:
5867:
5855:
5843:
5816:
5804:
5792:
5780:
5768:
5756:
5731:
5727:
5717:
5694:
5685:
5656:
5644:
5632:
5620:
5608:
5537:
5518:
5512:
5493:
5487:
5468:
5462:
5450:
5438:
5426:
5414:
5338:
5326:
5314:
5289:. Retrieved
5275:
5263:. Retrieved
5259:the original
5245:
5233:
5221:
5209:
5197:
5185:
5173:
5161:
5149:
5137:
5080:
5077:Osmo Pekonen
5072:
5060:
5051:
5042:
5033:
5024:
5012:
5003:
4997:
4987:
4976:the original
4971:
4958:
4946:
4937:
4894:
4882:
4870:
4841:
4829:
4824:, p. 8.
4768:
4756:
4744:
4732:
4720:
4708:
4696:
4687:
4654:
4630:
4621:
4592:
4580:
4553:
4542:
4532:
4527:, p. 6.
4505:
4493:
4488:, p. 4.
4481:
4454:
4442:
4430:
4404:D.D. Kosambi
4403:
4397:
4385:
4373:
4361:
4349:
4337:
4325:
4298:
4286:
4274:
4262:
4250:
4238:
4211:
4186:
4160:
4148:
4129:
4120:
4111:
4089:
4084:
4070:
4061:
4043:
4033:
4024:
4014:
4004:
3984:
3971:
3961:
3936:
3926:
3918:
3914:
3909:
3901:
3889:
3880:
3870:
3861:
3851:
3842:
3833:
3824:
3795:Arthur Besse
3788:
3787:
3754:
3749:
3722:
3720:
3715:
3712:encyclopedia
3707:
3699:
3695:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3679:
3677:
3666:
3637:Soviet Union
3633:
3617:
3579:
3573:
3569:
3567:
3558:
3556:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3534:
3523:
3517:
3511:
3499:
3489:
3482:
3458:
3452:
3448:
3446:
3435:
3427:
3403:
3390:presented a
3379:Anti-Oedipus
3377:
3371:
3358:incest taboo
3352:
3348:group theory
3320:anthropology
3317:
3312:
3264:
3256:
3236:
3202:
3156:
2861:Pierre Julg
2818:Guy Henniart
2726:Alain Connes
2481:Armand Borel
2211:Paul Dubreil
2189:Jean Coulomb
2076:Henri Cartan
2023:Armand Borel
1977:
1970:
1966:
1961:Armand Borel
1913:
1908:
1893:
1888:
1886:
1881:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1846:
1840:
1828:
1806:
1800:
1774:
1768:
1734:
1728:
1718:
1704:
1700:
1686:
1676:
1672:
1658:
1652:
1630:
1612:
1608:
1583:
1575:
1573:
1553:
1533:
1521:
1509:
1497:
1485:
1473:
1461:
1449:
1437:
1425:
1413:
1401:
1380:
1370:
1359:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1276:
1272:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1237:
1231:
1211:
1198:
1191:
1187:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1143:
1132:
1126:
1106:
1092:
1089:
1072:
1054:
1037:Armand Borel
1031:
1029:
1022:
996:
994:
986:Armand Borel
953:
951:
944:
932:
924:
916:
910:
893:
866:
858:Alain Connes
854:Fields Medal
841:
839:
790:
782:Vichy France
775:
747:Lars Ahlfors
740:
737:World War II
731:
707:
688:Jean Coulomb
676:Paul Dubreil
671:
667:
663:
652:
604:Henri Cartan
597:
592:
586:
551:
521:Raoul Husson
517:
503:
487:Gaston Julia
483:
478:Gaston Julia
456:Napoleon III
450:
425:
409:
407:
394:
392:
377:
356:Henri Cartan
345:
341:Lie algebras
335:, analysis,
320:
314:
298:
273:
272:
229:Confidential
225:Membership
209:Headquarters
133:Jean Coulomb
123:Henri Cartan
8449:(in French)
8441:(in French)
8348:: 119–162.
8085:: 297–342.
7658:February 1,
7636:February 1,
7614:February 1,
7211:. pp.
6966:Krömer 2006
6487:Intégration
6447:Intégration
6300:Artin, Emil
6157:, pp. v-vi.
6096:JSTOR Daily
5265:15 February
4181:Weil, André
3990:flourishing
3946:Jean Giraud
3869:1900 novel
3744:knot theory
3736:Ian Stewart
3586:probability
3494:released a
3362:Jean Piaget
3301:wine barrel
3033:Marc Rosso
2840:Luc Illusie
2177:c. 1956–58
2155:c. 1956–58
2133:c. 1956–58
2111:c. 1956–58
2089:c. 1956–58
2046:Generation
1973:guinea pigs
1715:Le Lionnais
1462:Integration
1393:References
1125:newsletter
1080:integration
877:Jean Perrin
727:Élie Cartan
552:D. Bourbaki
524: [
460:Crimean War
96:Named after
78:(sitting),
64:Simone Weil
8458:Categories
8362:1177.01034
8241:Corry, Leo
8158:: 219–51.
7958:: 496–98.
7583:Corry 2009
7571:Corry 2004
7500:Corry, Leo
7307:. p.
7115:2019-12-14
6978:Corry 2009
6657:Corry 2004
6645:Corry 1997
6593:2016-02-08
6227:Corry 2004
6215:Corry 1992
5919:2018-10-24
5761:Corry 2004
5734:(2): 279.
5358:Corry 2009
5291:2005-06-17
5006:: 1309–11.
4688:Numericana
4141:References
3810:G. W. Peck
3530:Emil Artin
3514:Emil Artin
3474:S+7 method
3430:Amir Aczel
3396:management
3332:humanities
3324:psychology
3245:surjective
3147:See also:
2616:Hyman Bass
2569:Serge Lang
2255:Jean Leray
2164:André Weil
2034:Hyman Bass
1949:Serge Lang
1905:Membership
1737:(1): 1–8.
1679:: 1701–04.
1661:: 1309–11.
1615:: 145–47.
1584:mathematic
1313:fascicules
1139:J.R. Kline
1120:and other
831:set theory
751:Winter War
722:personhood
714:skinny-dip
680:Jean Leray
624:André Weil
500:André Weil
436:Background
360:André Weil
337:Lie groups
325:set theory
172:Founded at
163:André Weil
72:André Weil
8421:124159858
8407:: 22–28.
8329:123548747
8315:: 18–22.
8172:143559711
8134:189888171
8099:170683589
7980:125418650
6485:"Review:
6445:"Review:
6398:"Review:
6351:"Review:
6304:"Review:
6256:"Review:
6101:5 January
6071:5 January
6058:0039-7857
3954:René Thom
3898:Leo Corry
3723:Éléments'
3708:Éléments'
3700:Éléments'
3646:cognitive
3621:logicians
3553:Criticism
3419:René Thom
3346:based on
3307:" symbol
3293:absorbing
3253:functions
3249:bijective
3241:injective
3222:∅
3211:empty set
3190:empty set
3162:Influence
2591:John Tate
1953:John Tate
1901:devices.
1791:117826806
1707:: 215–18.
1689:: 180–81.
1598:as "the '
1592:algebraic
1580:manifesto
1321:fascicule
1192:The Tribe
1122:Princeton
1110:H. Pétard
1051:replied:
1013:intuition
1001:Sisyphean
900:Holocaust
896:anarchist
875:laureate
771:Princeton
759:São Paulo
718:Lac Pavin
656:copyright
636:Göttingen
287:pseudonym
253:.bourbaki
106:Formation
60:Dieulefit
8395:(1998).
8296:(1985).
8047:(2006).
7528:16981077
7508:Synthese
7454:(1): 1.
7094:, p. 84.
6526:(1985).
6443:(1953).
6396:(1960).
6349:(1960).
6302:(1953).
6254:(1958).
6066:20117295
6038:Synthese
5748:54803469
5300:cite web
5130:Senechal
4544:Mactutor
4183:(1992).
3902:Éléments
3767:See also
3759:—
3728:paradigm
3689:Éléments
3684:Éléments
3680:Éléments
3669:snobbery
3611:—
3598:geometry
3574:Éléments
3570:Éléments
3559:Éléments
3547:Éléments
3537:Éléments
3528:—
3518:Éléments
3449:Éléments
3440:—
3313:Éléments
3289:balanced
3133:c. 1995
3130:c. 1995
2937:c. 2010
2761:c. 1985
2491:c. 1953
2356:c. 1951
1899:mnemonic
1894:La Tribu
1889:La Tribu
1882:La Tribu
1873:La Tribu
1867:La Tribu
1849:: 5–16.
1759:26516355
1576:Éléments
1559:Articles
1344:Éléments
1329:Éléments
1309:Éléments
1294:Éléments
1273:Éléments
1256:Éléments
1252:chapters
1240:Éléments
1188:La Tribu
1127:La Tribu
1066:—
1057:Puritans
1032:Éléments
997:Éléments
954:Éléments
946:Le Monde
941:Springer
933:Éléments
925:Éléments
917:Éléments
885:pacifist
842:Éléments
589:calculus
583:Founding
577:calculus
536:Sanskrit
498:founder
491:fractals
426:Éléments
422:New Math
410:Éléments
395:Éléments
333:topology
307:analysis
303:textbook
116:Founders
8228:2305937
8029:Mashaal
7972:3618076
7954:(486).
7907:Mashaal
7897:, p. v.
7883:Mashaal
7859:Mashaal
7833:Mashaal
7821:Mashaal
7787:Mashaal
7775:Mashaal
7763:Mashaal
7751:Mashaal
7721:Mashaal
7709:Mashaal
7673:Mashaal
7429:ams.org
7259:Mashaal
7179:Mashaal
7129:Mashaal
7002:Mashaal
6954:Mashaal
6930:Mashaal
6918:Mashaal
6870:Mashaal
6835:Mashaal
6799:Mashaal
6787:Mashaal
6748:Mashaal
6700:Mashaal
6621:Mashaal
6310:Algebra
6239:Mashaal
6167:Mashaal
6143:Mashaal
6020:Mashaal
5978:Twitter
5960:Mashaal
5872:Mashaal
5848:Mashaal
5821:Mashaal
5785:Mashaal
5678:Mashaal
5637:Mashaal
5455:Mashaal
5431:Mashaal
5407:Mashaal
5238:Mashaal
5226:Mashaal
5202:Mashaal
5166:Mashaal
5017:Mashaal
4951:Mashaal
4914:Mashaal
4899:Mashaal
4887:Mashaal
4875:Mashaal
4846:Mashaal
4822:Mashaal
4790:Mashaal
4713:Mashaal
4701:Mashaal
4597:Mashaal
4585:Mashaal
4525:Mashaal
4486:Mashaal
4447:Mashaal
4435:Mashaal
4366:Mashaal
4342:Mashaal
4318:Mashaal
4279:Mashaal
4255:Mashaal
4165:Mashaal
3563:elitist
2320:Second
2058:Joined
1823:2305937
1751:2268971
1414:Algebra
1352:Algebra
1266:Algebra
1261:Algebra
1248:volumes
1164:Twitter
913:Hermann
873:physics
644:Noether
640:Hilbert
509:culture
278:French:
246:Website
219:, Paris
198:Purpose
8419:
8381:
8360:
8327:
8282:
8253:
8226:
8170:
8151:Osiris
8132:
8097:
8055:
7978:
7970:
7554:
7526:
7358:
7315:
7213:221–29
7149:
7075:
6584:
6198:
6064:
6056:
5746:
5705:
5525:
5500:
5475:
4418:
4199:
4193:93–122
4019:years.
3952:, and
3738:cited
3716:taught
3508:Praise
3501:Trench
3498:named
3461:Oulipo
3297:closed
3295:, and
3285:convex
3281:barrel
3275:" or "
3265:boules
3263:) and
2477:Third
2069:First
1935:, and
1821:
1789:
1757:
1749:
1619:
1097:avatar
937:Masson
622:, and
399:rigour
240:French
86:, and
8417:S2CID
8325:S2CID
8301:(PDF)
8224:JSTOR
8187:(PDF)
8168:S2CID
8146:(PDF)
8130:S2CID
8095:S2CID
8081:(2).
8071:(PDF)
8017:Borel
8005:Aubin
7993:Aczel
7976:S2CID
7968:JSTOR
7931:Borel
7919:Guedj
7871:Aubin
7804:(PDF)
7697:Aczel
7685:Borel
7595:Aczel
7524:S2CID
7487:Aubin
7475:Aczel
7425:(PDF)
7401:Aubin
7380:(PDF)
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