19:
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In
January 2014, the Indonesian government announced a ban on the export of a range of mineral ores, including nickel, in an attempt to develop local smelter industries. The ban was rolled back in 2017, with the Indonesian government initially noting that mining companies would be permitted to export
116:
In April 2020, a regulation to set a minimum price of nickel was issued, effective in 13 May. The regulation was requested by the
Indonesian Nickel Miners Association (APNI) to protect small miners. It was criticized by a representative of the Processing and Smelting Companies Association (AP3I) for
203:
of
Central Sulawesi. It has been equipped to process 13 million tons of nickel ore annually. Indonesian President Joko Widodo said that the new ferronickel-producing smelter is expected to increase the nickel ore’s value by 1400%. The largest concentrations of nickel processing in the country are
132:
Indonesia is the largest nickel producer in the world, with around 1.6 million tonnes of nickel produced in 2022, up from 1.04 million tonnes in 2021. In comparison, total global production of nickel in 2022 was around 3.3 million tonnes. Nickel production in
Indonesia is primarily conducted by
72:
attempted to establish operations, but failed due to security concerns. NV Perto, a local company, took over operations then until it was taken over by the
Indonesian government. Following the takeover, the company was restructured by the government as
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ores, it is more extractable due to its location on the surface. In 2019, it was reported that
Indonesia possessed proven reserves of 698 million tonnes of nickel ore, with a potential 2.8 billion tonnes when accounting for unproven reserves. The
249:
reported
Indonesia's nickel reserves to be 21 million tonnes, compared to the global reserve of ~100 million tonnes in 2023. Indonesia's laterite deposits are estimated to comprise 15 percent of the global reserves.
515:
van der Ent, A.; Baker, A.J.M.; van
Balgooy, M.M.J.; Tjoa, A. (May 2013). "Ultramafic nickel laterites in Indonesia (Sulawesi, Halmahera): Mining, nickel hyperaccumulators and opportunities for phytomining".
137:'s PT Vale Indonesia and Aneka Tambang, whose combined employment was 5,820 people in 2017, not accounting for jobs related to processing and in metallurgical industries such as the 43,000 employees at
64:
further prospected the existing deposits and in 1934 exploration efforts from a Dutch mining firm began. Initial production began in 1936 to 1941, with operations being expanded during the
738:
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as a byproduct of nickel mining, with 9,500 tonnes of cobalt or 5 percent of global production in 2022, making the country the world's second largest cobalt producer behind the
911:
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limiting the ability to adjust for fluctuations in price. In June 2020, 20% of Vale
Indonesia was acquired by Mind Id, a state-owned mining holding company, for $ 390 million.
888:
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101:- which utilizes nickel in its production. The ban's announcement resulted in the world nickel price jumping by 8.8% to its highest in five years.
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also began establishing metallurgical operations in the 1970s, with commercial nickel production commencing in 1978.
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56:) in 1901 in the Verbeek Mountains of Sulawesi by a Dutch mineralogist, with further discoveries in what is today
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36:
era and began to expand in the 1960s. Most of
Indonesia's proven nickel reserves are located in the islands of
687:
90:
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953:
767:
Wulandari, Winny; Soerawidjaja, Tatang Hernas; Joshua, Stephen; Isradi, Hashfi Rijal (20 January 2017).
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141:. In 2020, production is expected to drop due to the export ban. Additionally, Indonesia also produces
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ore until 2022, but in 2019, the deadline was moved back to January 2020. Government minister
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44:, and the country has the largest annual production and reserves of nickel in the world.
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713:"Justin Werner Sebut di Indonesia Ada Dua Kawasan Produksi Nikel Terbesar di Dunia"
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outcrops. While the lateritic nickel ores are more difficult to smelt compared to
769:"Extraction of nickel from nickel limonite ore using dissolved gaseous SO2 – air"
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268:
168:. Outside of the mentioned provinces, there are also nickel mines operating in
802:
233:
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41:
449:"Indonesia's massive metals build-out is felling the forest for batteries"
333:"Indonesia nickel-ore export U-turn throws up investor red flag: Analysts"
582:"Philippines to dethrone Indonesia as largest global nickel ore producer"
229:
37:
23:
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The largest production sites for nickel are located in the provinces of
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stated that the government intended for Indonesian firms to enter the
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142:
399:"Indonesia export ban leaves mining in turmoil, nickel prices rally"
307:"Indonesia export ban leaves mining in turmoil, nickel prices rally"
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In 2024, nickel mining and processing was one of the main causes of
739:"Indonesia to tap nickel laterite, make batteries to become EV hub"
17:
556:"Thousands on virus lockdown at China-backed plant in Indonesia"
199:
On 28 December 2021, Indonesia unveiled a new nickel smelter in
32:
began with small-scale exploratory mining operations during the
870:
688:"Indonesia launches $ 2.7bn China-invested ferronickel smelter"
608:"Indonesia emerges as world's second-largest cobalt producer"
52:
Nickel ore was first prospected in Indonesia (then known as
360:"Nickel Prices Soar as Indonesia Brings Forward Export Ban"
425:"Indonesia state company to acquire stake in nickel miner"
81:, which began exporting nickel ore to Japan by 1969. The
273:(in Indonesian). Gramedia Pustaka Utama. pp. 4–5.
662:"Karyawan Lokal Mogok, PT GAG Nikel Raja Ampat Lumpuh"
485:"Nickel Data Sheet - Mineral Commodity Summaries 2020"
68:. After the independence of Indonesia, the American
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921:
817:"Indonesia to ban nickel exports from January 2020"
224:The most important Indonesian nickel ores are
882:
467:"EU faces green dilemma in Indonesian nickel"
8:
762:
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660:Suripatty, Chanry Andrew (8 February 2019).
66:Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies
843:"Mineral Commodity Summaries 2023 - Nickel"
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875:
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385:"Batteries and secure energy transitions"
912:Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
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635:"Mineral Strategis di Kabupaten/Kota"
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236:with mining operations centered at
60:in 1909. A Canadian geologist from
518:Journal of Geochemical Exploration
77:in 1961. It was later merged into
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108:Geographical distribution of the
850:United States Geological Service
247:United States Geological Service
147:Democratic Republic of the Congo
719:(in Indonesian). 24 August 2022
358:Wallace, Joe (30 August 2019).
75:PN Pertambangan Nikel Indonesia
606:Dempsey, Harry (10 May 2023).
1:
530:10.1016/j.gexplo.2013.01.009
83:International Nickel Company
110:global battery supply chain
1017:
1001:Nickel mining in Indonesia
773:AIP Conference Proceedings
208:in North Morowali and the
122:deforestation in Indonesia
30:Nickel mining in Indonesia
906:
210:Weda Bay Industrial Park
206:Morowali Industrial Park
196:has also been explored.
139:Morowali Industrial Park
70:Freeport Sulphur Company
228:, primarily located in
192:). Further reserves in
91:Luhut Binsar Pandjaitan
267:Arif, Irwandy (2018).
201:North Morowali Regency
113:
26:
954:Newmont Nusa Tenggara
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492:US Geological Survey
899:Mining in Indonesia
785:2017AIPC.1805g0004W
429:Nikkei Asian Review
387:. Paris: IEA. 2024.
364:Wall Street Journal
823:. 2 September 2019
745:. 22 February 2019
639:geologi.esdm.go.id
339:. 8 September 2019
186:West Seram Regency
178:Raja Ampat Regency
158:Southeast Sulawesi
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939:Berau Coal Energy
794:10.1063/1.4974445
692:Mining Technology
562:. 31 January 2020
313:. 13 January 2014
99:lithium batteries
54:Dutch East Indies
34:Dutch East Indies
22:Nickel mining in
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473:. 16 July 2024.
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58:Kolaka Regency
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853:. Retrieved
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694:. 2021-12-28
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588:. 2020-03-13
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566:27 September
564:. Retrieved
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296:, p. 6.
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166:North Maluku
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95:supply chain
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963:Commodities
827:8 September
749:8 September
717:nikel.co.id
672:9 September
645:9 September
409:1 September
369:9 September
343:8 September
317:8 September
698:2022-08-02
592:2020-09-23
586:MINING.COM
434:2020-08-31
254:References
182:West Papua
128:Production
922:Companies
803:0094-243X
560:France 24
543:Arif 2018
524:: 72–79.
294:Arif 2018
234:Halmahera
226:lateritic
214:Halmahera
184:) and in
42:Halmahera
995:Category
497:6 August
230:Sulawesi
220:Reserves
38:Sulawesi
24:Sulawesi
970:Bauxite
855:6 March
781:Bibcode
743:Reuters
723:6 March
453:AP News
311:Reuters
112:in 2024
48:History
980:Nickel
949:Inalum
801:
619:10 May
277:
190:Maluku
143:cobalt
846:(PDF)
488:(PDF)
194:Papua
975:Coal
857:2024
829:2019
799:ISSN
777:1805
751:2019
725:2023
674:2019
647:2019
621:2023
568:2021
499:2020
411:2020
371:2019
345:2019
319:2019
275:ISBN
232:and
164:and
135:Vale
97:for
62:Inco
40:and
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526:doi
522:128
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