1074:
fraud scam, after an email told her she had inherited money from her long-lost grandfather. Her curiosity was piqued because she actually had a grandfather with whom her family had lost touch, and whose initials matched those given in the email. She sent hundreds of thousands of dollars over a period of more than two years, despite her family, bank staff and law enforcement officials all urging her to stop. The elderly are particularly susceptible to online scams such as this, as they typically come from a generation that was more trusting, and are often too proud to report the fraud. They also may be concerned that relatives might see it as a sign of declining mental capacity, and they are afraid to lose their independence.
440:. The reason given by the scammer usually relates to the speed at which the payment can be received and processed, allowing quick release of the supposed payoff. The real reason for using such money-sending services is that such wire transfers are irreversible and often untraceable. Further, these services are ideal because identification beyond knowledge of the details of the transaction is often not required, making receipt of such funds almost or entirely completely anonymous. However, bank account information obtained by scammers is sometimes sold in bulk to other fraudsters who wait a few months for the victim to repair the damage caused by the initial scam before raiding any accounts that the victim did not close.
1030:", is persuaded to give up a sum of money in order to secure the rights to a larger sum of money, or more valuable object. In reality, the scammers make off with the money and the mark is left with nothing. In the process, the stranger (actually a confidence trickster) puts his money with the mark's money (in an envelope, briefcase, or bag) which the mark is then apparently entrusted with; it is actually switched for a bag full of newspaper or other worthless material. Through various theatrics, the mark is given the opportunity to leave with the money without the stranger realizing. In reality, the mark would be fleeing from his own money, which the con man still has (or has handed off to an
796:
similar manner to the catalog merchant business model, as a hiring requisite. Quite often, the company lacks any form of the physical catalog to help them sell products (e.g. jewelry). When "given" the job, the individual is then asked to promote the scam job offer on their own. They are also made to work the company unpaid as a form of "training". Similar scams involve making alleged job candidates pay money upfront in person for training materials or services, with the claim that upon successful completion, they will be offered a guaranteed job, which never materializes.
788:
they are instructed to send money for their work visa or travel costs to the agent, or to a bogus travel agent who works on the scammer's behalf. No matter what the variation, they always involve the job seeker sending them or their agent money, credit card or bank account details. A newer form of employment scam has arisen in which users are sent a bogus job offer, but are not asked to give financial information. Instead, their personal information is harvested during the application process and then sold to third parties for a profit, or used for
135:
779:, the victim deposits it—banks will often credit an account with the value of a cheque not obviously false— and sends the money to the scammer via wire transfer. Later the cheque is not honoured ("bounces") and the bank debits the victim's account. Schemes based solely on cheque cashing usually offer only a small part of the cheque's total amount, with the assurance that many more cheques will follow; if the victim buys into the scam and cashes all the cheques, the scammer can steal a lot in a very short time.
894:, and JunkMail. The pet may either be advertised as being for-sale or up for adoption. Typically the pet is advertised on online advertising pages complete with photographs taken from various sources such as real advertisements, blogs or wherever else an image can be stolen. Upon the potential victim contacting the scammer, the scammer responds by asking for details pertaining to the potential victim's circumstances and location under the pretense of ensuring that the pet would have a suitable home.
1324:", the band's manager, Murray, uses the band's emergency funds for what appears to be a 419 scam—an investment offer made by a Mr. Nigel Soladu, who had e-mailed him from Nigeria. However, it turns out that Nigel Soladu is a real Nigerian businessman and the investment offer is legitimate, although Murray notes that, despite Mr. Soladu having e-mailed many people for an investment, only he had taken him up on it. The band receives a 1000% profit, which they use to get bailed out of jail.
944:
assistance to return, to escape imprisonment by corrupt local officials, to pay for medical expenses due to an illness contracted abroad, and so on. The scammer may also use the confidence gained by the romance angle to introduce some variant of the original
Nigerian Letter scheme, such as saying they need to get money or valuables out of the country and offer to share the wealth, making the request for help in leaving the country even more attractive to the victim.
390:, a series of cheques or bank drafts, so on and so forth. The sums involved are usually in the millions of dollars, and the investor is promised a large share, typically ten to fifty percent, in return for assisting the fraudster to retrieve or expatriate the money. Although the vast majority of recipients do not respond to these emails, a small percentage do, enough to make the scam worthwhile as many millions of messages can be sent daily.
1041:. For example, they may contact a victim saying they can track and apprehend the scammer and recover the money lost by the victim, for a price. Or they may say a fund has been set up by the Nigerian government to compensate victims of 419 fraud, and all that is required is proof of the loss, personal information, and a processing and handling fee. The recovery scammers obtain lists of victims by buying them from the original scammers.
638:, scammers subscribe to these services using fraudulent registration details and paying either via cash or with stolen credit card details. They then send out masses of unsolicited SMS messages to victims stating they have won a competition, lottery, reward, or an event and that they have to contact somebody to claim their prize. Typically the details of the party to be contacted will be an equally untraceable email address or a
502:
6751:
38:
425:
transactions or conversation and recognized the scam), the victim may have sent thousands of dollars of their own money. Sometimes thousands more that has been borrowed or stolen to the scammer via an untraceable and/or irreversible means such as wire transfer. The scammer disappears, and the victim is left on the hook for the money sent to the scammer.
975:
to appear legitimate. The victims part with their money in pieces to the fraudster on account of the
Government Service Tax, government clearance charges, bank charges, transportation charges, survey fee etc. The Indian government is issuing public notices in media to spread awareness among the public and warn them against mobile tower fraudsters.
1003:), this property is administered by the Bona Vacantia Division of the Treasury Solicitor's Department. Fraudulent emails and letters claiming to be from this department have been reported, informing the recipient they are the beneficiary of a legacy but requiring the payment of a fee before sending more information or releasing the money. In the
710:, or murdered. According to a 1995 U.S. State Department report, over fifteen persons were murdered between 1992 and 1995 in Nigeria after following through on advance-fee frauds. In 1999 Norwegian millionaire Kjetil Moe was lured to South Africa by scammers and was murdered. George Makronalli was lured to South Africa and was killed in 2004.
763:(fake) "government official" to contact. The "government official" then proceeds to fleece the victim by extracting fees from the unsuspecting user for the work permit and other fees. A variant of the job scam recruits freelancers seeking work, such as editing or translation, then requires some advance payment before assignments are offered.
255:. Another variant of the scam, dating back to ca. 1830, appears very similar to emails today: "Sir, you will doubtlessly be astonished to be receiving a letter from a person unknown to you, who is about to ask a favour from you..." and goes on to talk of a casket containing 16,000 francs in gold and the diamonds of a late marchioness.
940:, or a social networking site. The scammer claims an interest in the victim, and posts pictures of an attractive person. The scammer uses this communication to gain confidence, then asks for money. A very common example of romance scams is depicted in the fraudulent activities of these boys, popularly known as Yahoo boys in Nigeria.
650:
the message, there will be frequent instructions to 'ring back in the event of problems'. The call is always 'cut off' just before the victim has the chance to note all the details. Some victims call back multiple times in an effort to collect all the details. The scammer thus makes their money out of the fees charged for the calls.
157:. The scam typically involves promising the victim a significant share of a large sum of money, in return for a small up-front payment, which the fraudster claims will be used to obtain the large sum. If a victim makes the payment, the fraudster either invents a series of further fees for the victim to pay or simply disappears.
1137:, South Africa, who demanded a ransom of £20,000. The captors released Raca after they became nervous. One 419 scam that ended in murder occurred in February 2003, when Jiřà Pasovský, a 72-year-old scam victim from the Czech Republic, shot and killed 50-year-old Michael Lekara Wayid, an official at the Nigerian embassy in
413:
be used for white-collar crime, such as bribery, and even that the money they are being promised is being stolen from a government or royal/wealthy family, often prevents the victim from telling others about the "transaction", as it would involve admitting that they intended to be complicit in an international crime.
371:, could include, for example, the wife or son of a deposed African leader who has amassed a stolen fortune, a bank employee who knows of a terminally ill wealthy person with no relatives or a wealthy foreigner who deposited money in the bank just before dying in a traffic accident or a plane crash (leaving no
1049:
Estimates of the total losses due to the scam are uncertain and vary widely, since many people may be too embarrassed to admit that they were gullible enough to be scammed to report the crime. A United States government report in 2006 indicated that
Americans lost $ 198.4 million to Internet fraud in
943:
The con artist may claim to be interested in meeting the victim but needs cash to book a plane, buy a bus ticket, rent a hotel room, pay for personal-travel costs such as gasoline or a vehicle rental, or to cover other expenses. In other cases, they claim they're trapped in a foreign country and need
787:
More sophisticated scams advertise jobs with real companies and offer lucrative salaries and conditions with the fraudsters pretending to be recruitment agents. A bogus telephone or online interview may take place and after some time the applicant is informed that the job is theirs. To secure the job
766:
Many legitimate (or at least fully registered) companies work on a similar basis, using this method as their primary source of earnings. Some modelling and escort agencies tell applicants that they have a number of clients lined up, but that they require some sort of prior "registration fee", usually
649:
A contemporary (mid-2011) innovation is the use of a
Premium Rate 'call back' number (instead of a website or email) in the SMS. On calling the number, the victim is first reassured that 'they are a winner' and then subjected to a long series of instructions on how to collect their 'winnings'. During
412:
Often but not always, delays and additional costs are added by the fraudster, always keeping the promise of an imminent large transfer alive, convincing the victim that the money the victim is currently paying would be covered several times over by the payoff. The implication that these payments will
258:
The modern-day transnational scam can be traced back to
Germany in 1922 and became popular during the 1980s. There are many variants of the template letter. One of these, sent via postal mail, was addressed to a woman's husband to inquire about his health. It then asked what to do with profits from a
897:
By determining the location of the victim, the scammer ensures he is far enough from the victim so as to not allow the buyer to physically view the pet. Should the scammer be questioned, as the advertisement claimed a location initially, the scammer will claim work circumstances having forced him to
762:
This scam targets people who have posted their résumés on job sites. The scammer sends a letter with a falsified company logo. The job offer usually indicates exceptional salary and benefits, and requests that the victim needs a "work permit" for working in the country, and includes the address of a
645:
These messages may be sent over a weekend when the staff at the service providers are not working, enabling the scammer to be able to abuse the services for a whole weekend. Even when traceable, they give out long and winding procedures for procuring the reward (real or unreal) and that too with the
549:
A central element of advance-fee fraud is that the transaction from the victim to the scammer must be untraceable and irreversible. Otherwise, the victim, once they become aware of the scam, could successfully retrieve their money and alert officials who could track the accounts used by the scammer.
243:
scam that dates back to the late 18th century. In that con, businessmen were contacted by an individual allegedly trying to smuggle someone who is connected to a wealthy family out of a prison in Spain. In exchange for assistance, the scammer promised to share money with the victim in exchange for a
1073:
Other victims lose wealth and friends, become estranged from family members, deceive partners, get divorced, or commit criminal offenses in the process of either fulfilling their "obligations" to the scammers or obtaining more money. In 2008, an Oregon woman lost $ 400,000 to a
Nigerian advance-fee
974:
This variant of advance-fee fraud is widespread in India and
Pakistan. The fraudster uses Internet classified websites and print media to lure the public for the installation of a mobile phone tower on their property, with the promise of huge rental returns. The fraudster also creates fake websites
959:
An extreme example of this is the case of 67-year old
Australian woman Jette Jacobs. In 2013 she traveled to South Africa to supposedly marry her scammer, Jesse Orowo Omokoh, 28, after having sent more than $ 90,000 to him over a three-year period. Her body was discovered on February 9, 2013, under
877:
finds a property, pretends to be the owner, lists it online, and communicates with the would-be renter to make a cash deposit. The scammer may also be the renter as well, in which case they pretend to be a foreign student and contact a landlord seeking accommodation. They usually state they are not
658:
Many scams use telephone calls to convince the victim that the person on the other end of the deal is a real, truthful person. The scammer, possibly impersonating a person of a nationality or gender other than their own, would arouse suspicion by telephoning the victim. In these cases, scammers use
561:
are ideal for this purpose. International wire transfers cannot be cancelled or reversed, and the person receiving the money cannot be tracked. Other non-cancellable forms of payment include postal money orders and cashier's cheques, but wire transfer via
Western Union or MoneyGram is more common.
363:
using a fake email address or a fake social media account. The fraudster then makes an offer that would allegedly result in a large payoff for the victim. An email subject line may say something like "From the desk of barrister ", "Your assistance is needed", "Important", "Dear Sir or Madam" and so
770:
The scammer contacts the victim to interest them in a "work-from-home" opportunity, or asks them to cash a cheque or money order that for some reason cannot be redeemed locally. In one cover story, the perpetrator of the scam wishes the victim to work as a "mystery shopper", evaluating the service
570:
Since the scammer's operations must be untraceable to avoid identification, and because the scammer is often impersonating someone else, any communication between the scammer and his victim must be done through channels that hide the scammer's true identity. The following options in particular are
485:
The "success rate" of the scammers is also hard to gauge, since they are operating illegally and do not keep track of specific numbers. One individual estimated he sent 500 emails per day and received about seven replies, citing that when he received a reply, he was 70 percent certain he would get
404:
Once the victim's confidence has been gained, the scammer then introduces a delay or monetary hurdle that prevents the deal from occurring as planned, such as "To transmit the money, we need to bribe a bank official. Could you help us with a loan?" or "For you to be a party to the transaction, you
339:
Many scammers tend to come from poorer and more-educated backgrounds, where
Internet access and better education, along with inability to afford basic necessities, drive people into committing online fraud. They were also influenced by social media celebrities and artists who promote scamming as a
909:
Additionally, the victim may be asked to pay for a health certificate needed to transport the pet, and for kennel fees during the recuperation period. The further the scam progresses, the more similar are the fictitious fees to those of typical 419 scams. It is not uncommon to see customs or like
905:
Numerous problems are encountered in the courier phase of the scam. The crate is too small and the victim has the option of either purchasing a crate with air conditioning or renting one while also paying a deposit, typically called a caution or cautionary fee. The victim may also have to pay for
869:
Some scammers advertise phony academic conferences in exotic or international locations, complete with fake websites, scheduled agendas and advertising experts in a particular field that will be presenting there. They offer to pay the airfare of the participants, but not the hotel accommodations.
674:
FCC regulations and confidentiality laws require operators to relay calls verbatim and adhere to a strict code of confidentiality and ethics. Thus, no relay operator may judge the legality and legitimacy of a relay call and must relay it without interference. This means the relay operator may not
795:
Another form of employment scam involves making people receive a fake "interview" where they are told the benefits of the company. The attendees are then made to assist to a conference where a scammer will use elaborate manipulation techniques to convince the attendees to purchase products, in a
584:
being a common choice), making the scammer's country of origin more difficult to trace. While Gmail does indeed strip headers from emails, it is possible to trace an IP address from such an email. Scammers can create as many accounts as they wish and often have several at a time. In addition, if
424:
The essential fact in all advance-fee fraud operations is the promised money transfer to the victim never happens because the money does not exist. The perpetrators rely on the fact that, by the time the victim realizes this (often only after being confronted by a third party who has noticed the
901:
Upon the victim deciding to adopt or purchase the pet, a courier has to be used which is in reality part of the scam. If this is for an adopted pet, typically the victim is expected to pay some fee such as insurance, food or shipping. Payment is via MoneyGram, Western Union or money mules' bank
617:
are commonly used tools of business whenever a client requires a hard copy of a document. They can also be simulated using web services and made untraceable by the use of prepaid phones connected to mobile fax machines or by use of a public fax machine such as one owned by a document processing
420:
a house or by comparing the salary scale and living conditions in their country to those in the West. Much of the time, however, the needed psychological pressure is self-applied: once the victims have provided money toward the payoff, they feel they have a vested interest in seeing the "deal"
313:
researcher, "By sending an email that repels all but the most gullible, the scammer gets the most promising marks to self-select." Responding to Herley, a director at Nigeria's National Security Adviser said that there are more non-Nigerian scammers claiming to be Nigerian, and suggested that
1144:
The international nature of the crime, combined with the fact that many victims do not want to admit that they bought into an illegal activity, has made tracking down and apprehending these criminals difficult. Furthermore, the government of Nigeria has been slow to take action, leading some
810:
The lottery scam involves fake notices of lottery wins, although the intended victim has not entered the lottery. The "winner" is usually asked to send sensitive information such as name, residential address, occupation/position, lottery number etc. to a free email account which is at times
593:
Some fraudsters hijack existing email accounts and use them for advance-fee fraud purposes. For instance, with social engineering, the fraudster impersonates associates, friends, or family members of the legitimate account owner in an attempt to defraud them. A variety of techniques such as
401:. 419 scammers also often utilize fake websites and addresses to present themselves as more legitimate. Multiple "people" may write or be involved in schemes as they continue, but they are often fictitious; in many cases, one person controls all the fictitious personae used in scams.
164:(FBI) states that "An advance fee scheme occurs when the victim pays money to someone in anticipation of receiving something of greater value – such as a loan, contract, investment, or gift - and then receives little or nothing in return." There are many variations of this type of
3159:
579:
Because many free email services do not require valid identifying information and also allow communication with many victims in a short span of time, they are the preferred method of communication for scammers. Some services go so far as to mask the sender's source IP address
811:
untraceable or without any link. In addition to harvesting this information, the scammer then notifies the victim that releasing the funds requires some small fee (insurance, registration, or shipping). Once the victim sends the fee, the scammer invents another fee.
818:
technique described above is also used. Fake or stolen cheque, representing a part payment of the winnings, being sent; then a fee, smaller than the amount received, is requested. The bank receiving the bad cheque eventually reclaims the funds from the victim.
285:
software significantly lowered the cost of sending scam letters by using the Internet in lieu of international post. Nigeria is most often the nation referred to in these scams, they may originate in other nations as well. For example, in 2007, the head of the
622:/Kinko's. Thus, scammers posing as business entities often use fax transmissions as an anonymous form of communication. This is more expensive, as the prepaid phone and fax equipment cost more than email, but to a skeptical victim, it can be more believable.
3971:
432:; the bank account information is not used directly by the scammer, because a fraudulent withdrawal from the account is more easily detected, reversed, and traced. Scammers instead usually request that payments be made using a wire transfer service like
960:
mysterious circumstances, two days after meeting up with Omokoh, who then fled to Nigeria, where he was arrested. He was found to have had 32 fake online identities. Due to lack of evidence he was not charged with murder, but was charged with fraud.
324:
A 2018 study of Nigerian hip-hop culture found that glamorization of cyber-fraud is prevalent in such music. Some scammers have accomplices in the United States and abroad who move in to finish the deal once the initial contact has been made.
947:
Scams often involve meeting someone on an online match-making service. The scammer initiates contact with their target who is out of the area and requests money for transportation fare. Scammers will typically ask for money to be sent via a
878:
yet in the country and wish to secure accommodations prior to arriving. Once the terms are negotiated, a forged cheque is forwarded for a greater amount than negotiated, and the fraudster asks the landlord to wire some of the money back.
270:, the recipient would keep 30% of the total. To get the process started, the scammer asked for a few sheets of the company's letterhead, bank account numbers, and other personal information. Yet other variants have involved mention of a
3148:
698:
Sometimes, victims are invited to a country to meet government officials, an associate of the scammer, or the scammer themselves. Some victims who travel are instead held for ransom. Scammers may tell a victim that they do not need a
822:
In 2004, a variant of the lottery scam appeared in the United States: a scammer phones a victim purporting to be speaking on behalf of the government about a grant they qualify for, subject to an advance fee of typically US$ 250.
451:, a scammer may purchase an inexpensive mobile phone and a pre-paid SIM card without submitting any identifying information. If the scammers believe they are being traced, they discard their mobile phones and purchase new ones.
379:), a US soldier who has stumbled upon a hidden cache of gold in Iraq, a business being audited by the government, a disgruntled worker or corrupt government official who has embezzled funds, a refugee, and similar characters.
364:
on. The details vary, but the usual story is that a person, often a government or bank employee, knows of a large amount of unclaimed money or gold that they cannot access directly, usually because they have no right to it.
1077:
Victims can be enticed to borrow or embezzle money to pay the advance fees, believing that they will shortly be paid a much larger sum and be able to refund what they misappropriated. Crimes committed by victims include
689:
TRS is sometimes used to relay credit card information to make a fraudulent purchase with a stolen credit card. In many cases however, it is simply a means for the con artist to further lure the victim into the scam.
1014:
writes to someone explaining he has been targeted to kill them. He tells them he knows the allegations against them are false, and asks for money so the target can receive evidence of the person who ordered the hit.
405:
must have holdings at a Nigerian bank of $ 100,000 or more" or similar. This is the money being stolen from the victim; the victim willingly transfers the money, usually through some irreversible channel such as a
3975:
3177:
1054:
150 million per year, with the average victim losing ÂŁ31,000. As of 2019, Nigerian letter scams still annually collect $ 700,000 ($ 834,205 in 2023 dollars) or $ 2,133 ($ 2,542 in 2023 dollars) per person.
913:
Numerous scam websites may be used for this scam. This scam has been linked to the classical 419 scams in that the fictitious couriers used, as are also used in other types of 419 scams such as lotto scams.
1389:, Nef Anyo ran an advance-fee fraud during Operation False Profit, where players attempted to reverse the scam and steal credits from him in order to bankrupt him and prevent his creation of a robotic army.
458:
equipped with satellite internet connection. Recipient addresses and email content are copied and pasted into a webmail interface using a stand-alone storage medium, such as a memory card. Certain areas of
2780:
Lazarus, S., & Okolorie, G. U. (2019). The bifurcation of the Nigerian cybercriminals: Narratives of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) agents. Telematics and Informatics, 40, 14-26.
1164:, the self-proclaimed head of Australian 419ers who later boasted that he had "220 African brothers worldwide" and that he was "the Australian headquarters for those scams". In 2008 US authorities in
513:
In recent years, efforts have been made by governments, internet companies, and individuals to combat scammers involved in advance-fee fraud and 419 scams. In 2004, the Nigerian government formed the
1188:
Research suggests that some Nigerian hip-hop musicians have strong connections with some Yahoo Boys (cybercriminals). Due to the increased use of the 419 scams on the Internet, it has been used as a
2585:
748:, or property rental. This article cannot list every known and future type of advanced fee fraud or 419 scheme; only some major types are described. Additional examples may be available in the
1364:
is the story of a daughter looking for the persons she believes responsible for her father's death due to suicide following a 419 scam. A follow-up to earlier novels about con men and frauds (
528:, in which they pose as potential targets and engage the scammers in lengthy dialogue so as to waste the scammer's time and decrease the time they have available for actual victims. Likewise,
906:
insurance if such fees have not been paid yet. If the victim pays these fees, the pet may become sick and a veterinarian's assistance is sought for which the victim has to repay the courier.
873:
Sometimes, an inexpensive rental property is advertised by a fake landlord, who is typically out of state (or the country) and asking for the rent and/or deposit to be wired to them. Or the
671:
device. The scammer may claim they are deaf, and that they must use a relay service. The victim, possibly drawn in by sympathy for a disabled caller, might be more susceptible to the fraud.
343:
In the case of Nigeria, the rise in scamming cases was due to a boom in cybercafes, a series of economic crashes from the 1980s, and the resulting joblessness among young people in Nigeria.
3659:
1007:, messages are falsely claimed to be from the National Association of Unclaimed Property Administrators (NAUPA), a real organization, but one that does not and cannot itself make payments.
854:. These typically involve the scammer contacting the seller of a particular good or service via telephone or email expressing interest in the item. They will typically then send a fake
663:, a US federally funded relay service where an operator or a text/speech translation program acts as an intermediary between someone using an ordinary telephone and a deaf caller using
5190:
2911:
Lazarus, S. (2018). Birds of a feather flock together: the Nigerian cyber fraudsters (Yahoo Boys) and hip hop artists. Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society, 19(2), 63–80.
493:
recently reported that in 2019 there were 14,607 US citizens that were victims of advance fee scams. The complaints that they received totaled in losses of more than $ 3.5 billion.
5413:
686:. In a common strategy, they bind their overseas IP address to a router or server located on US soil, allowing them to use US-based relay service providers without interference.
321:” schemes, some of which involve advance-fee scamming, and money flipping, whereby the mark is promised a large amount of money in exchange for sending a small amount of money.
2059:
1923:
6164:
3923:
2896:
Ibrahim, S. (2016). Social and contextual taxonomy of cybercrime: Socioeconomic theory of Nigerian cybercriminals. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 47, 44-57.
467:, contain many cyber cafés that serve scammers; cyber cafés often lock their doors during e.g. 10:30pm to 7:00am, so that scammers inside may work without fear of discovery.
5285:
Lazarus, Suleman; Okolorie, Geoffrey U. (2019). "The bifurcation of the Nigerian cybercriminals: Narratives of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) agents".
4972:
Lazarus, Suleman; Okolorie, Geoffrey U. (2019). "The bifurcation of the Nigerian cybercriminals: Narratives of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) agents".
886:
This is a variation of the online sales scam where high-value, scarce pets are advertised as bait on online advertising websites using little real seller verification like
732:
There are many variations on the most common stories, and also many variations on the way the scam works. Some of the more commonly seen variants involve employment scams,
585:
email providers are alerted to the scammer's activities and suspend the account, it is a trivial matter for the scammer to simply create a new account to resume scamming.
474:
in summer 2005, Nigerian authorities raided a market in the Oluwole section of Lagos. There, police seized thousands of Nigerian and non-Nigerian passports, 10,000 blank
247:
One variant of the scam may date back to the 18th or 19th century, as a very similar letter, entitled "The Letter from Jerusalem". This is illustrated in the memoirs of
266:. He said he wanted to transfer $ 20 million to the recipient's bank account—money that was budgeted but was never spent. In exchange for transferring the funds out of
207:
is most often the nation referred to in these scams, they mainly originate in other nations. Other nations known to have a high incidence of advance-fee fraud include
767:
paid in by an untraceable method, e.g. by Western Union transfer; once the fee is paid, the applicant is informed the client has cancelled, and not contacted again.
314:
Nigeria's reputation for corruption is part of the allure that makes scams seem more plausible. Nigeria has a reputation for being at the center of email scammers.
517:(EFCC) to combat economic and financial crimes, such as advanced-fee fraud. In 2009, Nigeria's EFCC announced that they have adopted smart technology developed by
5167:
1058:
In addition to the financial cost, many victims also suffer a severe emotional and psychological cost, such as losing their ability to trust people. One man from
428:
During the course of many schemes, scammers ask victims to supply bank account information. Usually this is a "test" devised by the scammer to gauge the victim's
521:
to track down fraudulent emails. They hoped to have the service, dubbed "Eagle Claw", running at full capacity to warn a quarter of a million potential victims.
1771:
1554:
1129:, south of Johannesburg, and demanded a $ 5 million ransom from his family. Seven people were ultimately arrested. In July 2001, Joseph Raca, a former mayor of
3946:
309:
The emails sent invariably feature a large number of implausible claims, as well as numerous spelling and grammatical mistakes. According to Cormac Herley, a
274:
or other member of a royal family seeking to transfer large sums of money out of the country—thus, these scams are sometimes called "Nigerian Prince emails".
6222:
4579:
2306:
1229:
by L. Toshua Parker follows the true story of a U.S. college student and hacker in 2000 who targeted Nigerian 419 scammers and stole millions back from them.
1102:) were directly or indirectly involved, and that Nigerian government officials could be sued in U.S. courts under the "commercial activity" exception to the
866:. A seller eager to sell a particular product may not wait for the cheque to clear, and when the bad cheque bounces, the funds wired have already been lost.
1949:
1510:
1095:
3470:
1141:, and injured another person, after the Nigerian Consul General explained he could not return the $ 600,000 that PasovskĂ˝ had lost to a Nigerian scammer.
4294:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
1294:
falls for a "sweepstakes" letter by the same scammers, while Zoidberg is taken by an advance-fee fraud, thinking he is next of kin to a Nigerian Prince.
3087:
2978:
2952:
2593:
2518:
1680:
421:
through. Some victims even believe they can cheat the other party, and walk away with all the money instead of just the percentage they were promised.
5406:
486:
the money. If tens of thousands of emails are sent every day by thousands of individuals, it does not take a very high success rate to be worthwhile.
3263:
2356:
6177:
1146:
1145:
investigators to believe that some Nigerian government officials are involved in some of these scams. The Nigeria government's establishment of the
514:
287:
3862:
1829:
3669:
1152:
Despite this, there have been some recent successes in apprehending and prosecuting these criminals. In 2004, fifty-two suspects were arrested in
470:
Nigeria also contains many businesses that provide false documents used in scams. After a scam involving a forged signature of Nigerian President
263:
4666:
4639:
7185:
664:
6959:
5200:
4432:
5091:
5052:
4761:
4033:
3046:
3019:
2636:
1744:
635:
4518:
1222:
follows a Nigerian-American teenager sent to Nigeria by his mother, where he connects with his cousin Pius, who runs 419 scams for a living.
1066:
with petrol after realizing that the $ 1.2 million "internet lottery" that he had won was actually a scam. In 2007 a Chinese student at the
5399:
4123:
3626:
4329:
2259:
3239:
1212:
for 419 scammers using the phrases "419 is just a game, I am the winner, you are the loser". Other appearances in popular media include:
1050:
2006, averaging a loss of $ 5,100 per incident. That same year, a report in the United Kingdom claimed that these scams cost the economy
6999:
6604:
6053:
4546:
3997:
3120:
1978:
1650:
1316:
2067:
830:. This is a red flag as if someone entered an actual lottery and won, the organization would know their name, and not simply call them
6974:
6787:
6277:
4351:
3543:
1711:
646:
impending huge cost of transportation and tax or duty charges. The origin of such SMS messages is often from fake websites/addresses.
3368:
3317:
2037:
1915:
1802:
1715:
1654:
1624:
393:
To help persuade the victim to agree to the deal, the scammer often sends one or more false documents that bear official government
121:
55:
1287:
898:
relocate. This forces a situation whereby all communication is either via email, telephone (normally untraceable numbers) and SMS.
4314:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States
4011:
858:
written for an amount greater than the asking price, asking the seller to send the difference to an alternate address, usually by
682:
Tracking phone-based relay services is relatively easy, so scammers tend to prefer Internet Protocol–based relay services such as
6215:
4944:
1103:
660:
1591:
6310:
6182:
6118:
6043:
5375:
4495:
3005:
1274:
490:
416:
Sometimes psychological pressure is added by claiming that the scammers' side, to pay certain fees, had to sell belongings and
161:
102:
6383:
5622:
4150:
1245:
703:
or that the scammers will provide one. If the victim does this, the scammers have the power to extort money from the victim.
74:
59:
5108:
3799:
1898:
1620:
532:, was set-up by volunteers and offers a public database with information on scam websites. They work closely together with
7175:
6247:
6063:
5858:
5472:
1437:"The bifurcation of the Nigerian cybercriminals: Narratives of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) agents"
1347:
5385:
6954:
6836:
5747:
5562:
4321:
4301:
3418:
2705:
81:
2143:
248:
6208:
5612:
4059:
3036:
533:
334:
271:
3496:
2382:
1558:
5157:
4461:
3200:
870:
They will extract money from the victims when they attempt to reserve their accommodations in a non-existent hotel.
7155:
6994:
6108:
6098:
6068:
5823:
5707:
4949:
2316:
1157:
4589:
88:
7170:
6159:
6138:
6083:
5577:
2006:
1830:"An old swindle revived; The "Spanish Prisoner" and Buried Treasure Bait Again Being Offered to Unwary Americans"
1514:
3721:
3295:
7180:
6969:
6866:
6831:
6133:
5938:
5727:
4523:
4155:
3832:
3575:
2433:
1411:
1067:
639:
5366:
3444:
2218:
842:
Many scams involve the purchase of goods and services via classified advertisements, especially on sites like
4612:
3343:
2956:
1240:, a young woman is swindled out of her savings under the pretense of fees required to inherit a large estate.
367:
Such people, who may be real people being impersonated by the scammer or fictitious characters played by the
70:
6103:
5958:
5787:
4671:
4617:
4204:
3094:
2982:
2223:
2033:
1684:
1291:
1099:
134:
48:
4698:
3598:
6804:
6780:
6744:
6548:
6445:
6033:
5797:
5762:
5737:
5617:
5582:
5517:
2338:
2284:
2063:
1954:
1250:
1218:
177:
4404:
2492:
1307:, the hustlers demonstrated the 419 scam to the hidden cameras in the "High Stakes" episodes of the show.
6716:
6692:
6189:
6000:
5597:
5587:
5380:
4437:
4376:
3894:> "Birds of a Feather Flock Together: The Nigerian Cyber Fraudsters (Yahoo Boys) and Hip Hop Artists"
3870:
2802:
2683:
933:
631:
383:
5214:
4676:
7009:
6979:
6946:
6353:
6267:
6073:
5893:
5883:
5752:
4839:
4834:
3972:"Jette Jacobs' son visits the scene of his mother's alleged murder by a love scammer in South Africa"
3755:"Understanding pet scams: A case study of advance fee and non-delivery fraud using victims' accounts"
3395:
2311:
1856:
Old Spanish Swindle Still Brings In New U.S. Dollars, Sarasota Herald-Tribune, October 2, 1960, pg 14
1279:
1130:
262:
Other official-looking letters were sent from a writer who said he was a director of the state-owned
252:
6984:
6826:
6687:
6455:
6303:
6154:
5828:
5802:
5767:
5692:
5627:
5552:
2409:"Birds of a Feather Flock Together: The Nigerian Cyber Fraudsters (Yahoo Boys) and Hip Hop Artists"
1776:
1165:
723:
529:
4352:"'Nigerian prince' email scams still rake in over $ 700,000 a year—here's how to protect yourself"
1748:
7160:
6731:
6450:
6231:
6128:
6023:
5963:
5542:
5537:
5310:
5273:
4997:
4889:
3905:
3776:
3636:
2820:
2730:
2658:
2566:
2196:
2011:
1834:
1798:
1456:
996:
969:
180:
dealing with fraud and the charges and penalties for such offenders. The scam has been used with
4917:
4127:
4091:"Mass Marketing Frauds in the garb of Mobile Towers in India: Evolving a Framework to handle it"
3471:"Upstate company posts salaried job ads, but isn't hiring for real positions say fmr. employees"
1094:–based businessman James Adler lost over $ 5 million in a Nigeria-based advance-fee scam. While
501:
5244:"Social and contextual taxonomy of cybercrime: Socioeconomic theory of Nigerian cybercriminals"
4312:
4292:
2684:"Latest e-mail uses Alaska Airlines crash victims to scam | Consumer News – seattlepi.com"
2628:
2545:"Social and contextual taxonomy of cybercrime: Socioeconomic theory of Nigerian cybercriminals"
2437:
2246:
2175:"Social and contextual taxonomy of cybercrime: Socioeconomic theory of Nigerian cybercriminals"
7150:
6964:
6907:
6773:
6539:
6413:
6169:
5878:
5777:
5642:
5345:
5302:
5265:
5087:
5048:
5016:
4989:
4757:
4551:
4060:"Measures to Protect Consumer Interest – Consumer Info: Telecom Regulatory Authority of India"
3603:
3232:
3042:
3015:
2632:
2616:
2586:"Toronto woman loses $ 450,000 from life savings, sale of condo to online dating scam: police"
2442:
1658:
1233:
1149:(EFCC) in 2004 helped with the issue to some degree, although issues with corruption remain.
1126:
1079:
1000:
992:
937:
599:
471:
356:
154:
95:
5324:"Where Is the Money? The Intersectionality of the Spirit World and the Acquisition of Wealth"
4806:
3062:
1530:"advance fee fraud | Definition, Solicitation, & 419 Fraud Definition | Britannica Money"
1476:"Where is the Money? The Intersectionality of the Spirit World and the Acquisition of Wealth"
7052:
6578:
6573:
6529:
6524:
6363:
6344:
6339:
6028:
5990:
5918:
5853:
5782:
5772:
5732:
5662:
5602:
5502:
5487:
5477:
5335:
5294:
5255:
4981:
4811:
4308:
4288:
4209:
4098:
3766:
2624:
2556:
2186:
2120:
1719:
1487:
1448:
1342:
1156:
after an extensive raid, after which almost no 419 emails were reported being sent by local
1019:
482:, customs documents, false university certificates, 500 printing plates, and 500 computers.
455:
282:
240:
197:
193:
3547:
7117:
7087:
6821:
6609:
6553:
6543:
6491:
6481:
6418:
6398:
6088:
6058:
5985:
5968:
5833:
5637:
5497:
5370:
1807:
1303:
1269:
1237:
1197:
1121:. One such case, in 2008, involves Osamai Hitomi, a Japanese businessman who was lured to
1063:
700:
475:
3419:"Taking the Bait On a Phish Scam, Job Seekers Are Targets, Victims of Sophisticated Ploy"
3372:
3321:
3276:
2089:
489:
The success of advance fee crimes is based on the initial persuading of the victim. The
7165:
7127:
7097:
7047:
6989:
6912:
6902:
6846:
6754:
6682:
6640:
6614:
6568:
6435:
6403:
6388:
6378:
6296:
6010:
5995:
5812:
5717:
5697:
5632:
5068:
4556:
3570:
2924:
1059:
1038:
988:
789:
719:
603:
295:
291:
2115:
7144:
7062:
7027:
6927:
6861:
6672:
6645:
6624:
6558:
6486:
6423:
6334:
6123:
6093:
5923:
5722:
5687:
5672:
5527:
5507:
5439:
5314:
5277:
5162:
5001:
4866:
4090:
3909:
3780:
3011:
2570:
2200:
1583:
1529:
1460:
1361:
1332:
1327:
1107:
1051:
1023:
1004:
984:
953:
863:
554:
444:
433:
417:
406:
398:
394:
387:
6765:
4232:
3696:
1351:, the group uses the reputation of the Nigerian scam to con a deceitful businessman.
1172:
for her involvement in a $ 1 million Nigerian cheque scam. She had an accomplice in
1070:
killed herself after she discovered that she had fallen for a similar lottery scam.
7110:
7067:
7037:
6887:
6704:
6534:
6512:
6460:
6440:
6373:
6257:
6252:
6113:
6078:
6015:
5953:
5948:
5933:
5903:
5848:
5792:
5702:
5652:
5547:
5512:
5195:
5021:
4922:
4894:
3125:
1392:
1377:
1283:
1134:
1122:
1087:
1083:
923:
805:
737:
733:
619:
525:
360:
216:
139:
4256:
3893:
1286:, giving away his personal details on the Internet after believing he has won the
340:"cool" trend to quickly gain access to luxury items like sports cars and fashion.
4862:
4724:
4491:
3521:
2871:
2466:
1772:"William Webster, ex-FBI and CIA director, helps feds nab Jamaican phone scammer"
1628:
1098:
affirmed that various Nigerian government officials (including a governor of the
17:
7072:
6882:
6726:
6662:
6655:
6650:
6588:
6408:
6358:
6262:
6038:
5980:
5898:
5888:
5868:
5843:
5757:
5682:
5677:
5667:
5657:
5567:
5492:
5454:
5260:
5243:
5112:
3803:
3149:"Guarding Against Email Social Engineering Fraud: Re-examining a Global Problem"
2845:
2806:
2755:
2561:
2544:
2191:
2174:
1983:
1870:
1416:
1356:
1330:
included a song called "My Nigerian Friend" in their 2008 multimedia production
1321:
1189:
1177:
949:
859:
771:
provided by MoneyGram or Western Union locations within major retailers such as
740:. Many scams involve online sales, such as those advertised on websites such as
668:
479:
464:
448:
429:
376:
299:
220:
208:
37:
5298:
4985:
4178:
2912:
2408:
1452:
1125:, South Africa and kidnapped on September 26, 2008. The kidnappers took him to
7042:
7019:
6892:
6851:
6813:
6709:
6619:
6563:
6519:
6465:
6368:
6349:
5975:
5928:
5873:
5863:
5838:
5712:
5647:
5572:
5532:
5522:
5391:
4547:"Former Alcona County Treasurer Sentenced to 9-14 Years in Nigerian Scam Case"
4102:
3277:"The 419 Scam, or Why a Nigerian Prince Wants to Give You Two Million Dollars"
2897:
1935:
1168:, sentenced Edna Fiedler to two years in prison with five years of supervised
1114:
1031:
887:
874:
843:
741:
372:
368:
318:
290:
stated that scam emails more frequently originated in African countries or in
5349:
5306:
5269:
4993:
3771:
3754:
3238:. State Dept. Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs.
2781:
1436:
536:
to share their data with financial institutions and cybersecurity companies.
7077:
7057:
6932:
6393:
6272:
5557:
5134:
2519:"Young, qualified and barely scraping by – inside Nigeria's economic crisis"
2254:
2151:
1205:
1169:
1153:
1091:
558:
518:
437:
310:
4067:
1018:
Another variant of advanced fee fraud is known as a pigeon drop. This is a
1160:. In November 2004, Australian authorities apprehended Nick Marinellis of
7122:
7032:
6917:
6897:
6796:
6428:
5943:
5913:
5742:
5607:
5592:
4783:
4778:
4729:
4469:
4409:
4381:
4261:
3726:
3697:"AKC and Better Business Bureau Warn Consumers to Be Wary of Puppy Scams"
3204:
1385:
1265:
772:
727:
683:
676:
595:
5340:
5323:
3004:
Grinker, Roy R.; Lubkemann, Stephen C.; Steiner, Christopher B. (2010).
1492:
1475:
932:, a money-for-romance angle. The con artist approaches the victim on an
902:
accounts where other victims have been duped into work from home scams.
775:. The scammer sends the victim a forged or stolen cheque or money order
351:
This scam usually begins with the perpetrator contacting the victim via
7004:
6922:
6856:
6721:
6667:
5449:
3660:"Room rental internet scam takes Eugene college students for thousands"
3500:
3474:
3007:
Perspectives on Africa: A Reader in Culture, History and Representation
891:
851:
506:
267:
228:
204:
3731:
3088:"Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (Establishment) Act of 2004"
1037:
Some scammers will go after the victims of previous scams; known as a
6200:
6048:
5908:
4235:
4182:
3840:
3147:
Arehart, Christopher; Schmookler, Scott; Nemeth, Taylor (June 2021).
1875:
1405:
1209:
1161:
1138:
1118:
1027:
1011:
855:
707:
278:
189:
3800:"Online Romance Scams Continue To Grow – Project Economy News Story"
3233:"Nigerian Advance Fee Fraud (DEPARTMENT OF STATE PUBLICATION 10465)"
3093:. Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (Nigeria). Archived from
5363:
1555:"Nigeria Laws: Part 6: Offences Relating to property and contracts"
1110:
because he had knowingly entered into a contract that was illegal.
679:
said about one percent of their IP Relay calls in 2004 were scams.
7082:
6841:
6583:
6320:
5444:
4584:
2467:"Hushpuppi - the Instagram influencer and international fraudster"
1916:"Nigerian email scams royally obvious for good reason, study says"
1900:
Memoirs of Vidocq: Principal Agent of the French Police until 1827
1180:
cheques and money orders with instructions on where to ship them.
1173:
581:
500:
460:
352:
303:
224:
150:
133:
6288:
6699:
6677:
5434:
4465:
3664:
2793:
Longmore-Etheridge, Ann (August 1996). "Nigerian scam goes on".
2144:"As It Stands: Why Nigeria became the scam capital of the world"
1201:
1193:
1106:, Adler was unable to get his money back due to the doctrine of
847:
745:
212:
185:
165:
6769:
6292:
6204:
5395:
4012:"Fraud of the Year: Minting Money by Acquiring Land for Towers"
3445:"Sleeping on the job? Security at work-applicant sites faulted"
3924:"Attorney general: Beware of romance scams on Valentine's Day"
3631:
1311:
1298:
826:
Typical lottery scams address the person as some variation of
614:
181:
31:
3396:"Columbus woman warns others to beware of job phishing scams"
2872:"Nigerian Prince scam: what is it and how it works | NordVPN"
2617:"Department of Internal Affairs: England and the Countryside"
1903:. Baltimore, Maryland: E. L. Carey & A. Hart. p. 58.
956:
due to the need to travel, or for medical or business costs.
259:$ 24.6 million investment and ended with a telephone number.
3121:"Baiting Nigerian scammers for fun (not so much for profit)"
4863:"Nigeria: Police Force Is Corrupt, EFCC Not Sincere – U.S."
4034:"Villagers fall prey to mobile tower scam – Times of India"
910:
fees being claimed if such charges fit into the scam plot.
5045:
The Nigerian Prince – When The Scammer Becomes The Scammed
3998:"EFCC Arraigns Suspected Conman for $ 90,000 Romance Scam"
2907:
2905:
2357:"More 'sugar daddy' and 'sugar baby' sign-ups – and scams"
1227:
The Nigerian Prince – When The Scammer Becomes The Scammed
606:
are used to gain login information for the email address.
1260:
features an instance of this scam as its central premise.
1113:
Some 419 scams involve even more serious crimes, such as
675:
warn victims, even when they suspect the call is a scam.
1176:, Nigeria, who shipped her up to $ 1.1 million worth of
454:
The spam emails used in these scams are often sent from
298:, there is a high incidence of advance-fee fraud in the
3691:
3689:
3687:
2465:
Clinton, Helen; Abumere, Princess (14 September 2021).
4640:"Adler v. Federal Republic of Nigeria | Ninth Circuit"
4613:"Navy officer gets prison for stealing from ship safe"
3863:"8 Signs Of A Yahoo Boy Every Lady Must Watch Out For"
2925:"Advance Fee Loan Scams | DirectLendingSolutions.com®"
188:
and is now prevalent in online communications such as
3599:"Rental scams can target either landlords or tenants"
2307:"Nigeria's anti graft police shuts 800 scam websites"
2247:"Why do Nigerian Scammers Say They are from Nigeria?"
1864:
1862:
983:
Other scams involve unclaimed property, also called "
443:
Telephone numbers used by scammers tend to come from
3947:"Nigerian arrested over WA woman Jette Jacobs death"
3753:
Whittaker, Jack M; Button, Mark (28 December 2020).
3226:
3224:
3222:
524:
Some individuals participate in a practice known as
7096:
7018:
6945:
6875:
6812:
6803:
6633:
6597:
6500:
6474:
6327:
6147:
6009:
5811:
5463:
5427:
5386:
Why do Nigerian Scammers Say They are from Nigeria?
3759:
Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4519:"Protect Elderly Relatives from Credit Card Fraud"
3320:. Freebies.about.com. 17 June 2010. Archived from
5158:"Truth of 419 Internet scam really 'a sad story'"
4462:"Woman out $ 400K to 'Nigerian scam' con artists"
3497:"Online employment scams target college students"
2212:
2210:
1408:, fraud in Ghana with African traditional rituals
5191:"Will Ferguson takes Giller Prize for novel 419"
4282:
4280:
3898:Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society
3715:
3713:
3369:"Denton Woman Says Mystery Shopper Job Was Scam"
3231:United States Department of State (April 1997).
2413:Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society
1435:Lazarus, Suleman; Okolorie, Geoffrey U. (2019).
1204:. A song, "I Go Chop Your Dollar", performed by
176:. The number "419" refers to the section of the
5248:International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice
2549:International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice
2493:"The Long Shadow of the 'Nigerian Prince' Scam"
2179:International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice
505:Screenshot of a suspicious site warning in the
4545:Hills, Rusty; Frendewey, Matt (12 June 2007).
3627:"Renters: Beware of new twists on an old scam"
2686:. Blog.seattlepi.nwsource.com. 9 November 2007
2428:
2426:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1395:'s song "Message No. 419" is about a 419 scam.
244:small amount of money to bribe prison guards.
6781:
6304:
6216:
5407:
4918:"Aussie 419 ringleader jailed for four years"
3318:"Scam Bait – Don't let greed get you scammed"
3035:Hummer, Don; Byrne, James M. (2 March 2023).
1803:"Jamaica Comes Down Tough on 'Lottery Scams'"
1380:, Canada's most distinguished literary award.
1232:In "A Thief in Ni-Moya", a 1981 novella from
478:boarding passes, 10,000 United States Postal
8:
3371:. Nbc5i.com. 6 November 2007. Archived from
3178:"E-Mail Scammers Ask Your Friends for Money"
2913:https://ccjls.scholasticahq.com/article/3792
3722:"Hound hoax: Con artists target dog lovers"
3014:: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 618–621.
2898:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2016.07.002
2300:
2298:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
409:, and the scammer receives and pockets it.
6809:
6788:
6774:
6766:
6311:
6297:
6289:
6223:
6209:
6201:
6165:Criminal enterprises, gangs and syndicates
5414:
5400:
5392:
4433:"Nigerian scam victims maintain the faith"
3827:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3201:"Con artists target phone system for deaf"
2782:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2019.04.009
2383:"Flipping Money Scams on Social Networks!"
2060:"The Nigerian Prince: Old Scam, New Twist"
1208:, also became internationally known as an
5339:
5259:
4890:"Cableco 'inside job' aided Dutch 419ers"
3770:
2979:"'I Will Eat Your Dollars' – Yahoo! News"
2560:
2190:
1491:
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
5215:"MC Frontalot | Lyric | Message No. 419"
5135:"Episode 3 of 10, Series 6: High Stakes"
2629:10.3366/edinburgh/9780748635061.003.0006
1683:. Hampshire Constabulary. Archived from
1147:Economic and Financial Crimes Commission
1010:In one variant of 419 fraud, an alleged
515:Economic and Financial Crimes Commission
288:Economic and Financial Crimes Commission
5017:"'I Go Chop Your Dollar' star arrested"
4945:"Woman gets prison for 'Nigerian' scam"
4330:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"
3802:. Kmbc.com. 19 May 2006. Archived from
3794:
3792:
3790:
3176:Gallagher, David F. (9 November 2007).
3082:
3080:
1427:
264:Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation
153:and is one of the most common types of
5388:by Cormac Herley of Microsoft Research
5364:US FBI Internet Crime Complaint Center
4580:"A "Perfect" Life: Mary Winkler Story"
4177:Mikkelson, Barbara (14 January 2007).
2947:
2945:
2219:"U.S. Internet fraud at all-time high"
1950:"Danielson And Putnam News: Danielson"
1739:
1737:
386:, gold dust, money in a bank account,
5322:Lazarus, Suleman (27 February 2019).
4517:Harzog, Beverly Blair (25 May 2012).
4328:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
1505:
1503:
7:
6064:High-yield investment program (HYIP)
4861:Oluwarotimi, Abiodun (26 May 2012).
4805:Delio, Michelle (21 February 2003).
3926:. Sentinel-Tribune. 11 February 2017
3294:Philip de Braun (31 December 2004).
2543:Ibrahim, Suleman (1 December 2016).
2142:Stancliff, Dave (12 February 2012).
1869:Mikkelson, David (1 February 2010).
1651:"Togo: Country Specific Information"
1578:
1576:
754:section at the end of this article.
60:adding citations to reliable sources
6054:Foundation for New Era Philanthropy
4779:"Nigerian scam continues to thrive"
4756:. Vintage Books. pp. 138–141.
4405:"Web scam drove student to suicide"
4231:Mikkelson, David (11 August 2004).
4149:Leamy, Elisabeth (16 August 2011).
3833:"Singles seduced into scams online"
2846:"What is Social Engineering? | IBM"
2756:"What is Social Engineering? | IBM"
2710:Department of Commerce – WA ScamNet
2517:Akinwotu, Emmanuel (14 June 2021).
1926:from the original on 4 January 2019
1133:, UK, was kidnapped by scammers in
750:
6975:Distributed Checksum Clearinghouse
6278:Shared Check Authorization Network
4916:Haines, Lester (8 November 2012).
4725:"Kidnapped Briton tells of terror"
4350:Leonhardt, Megan (18 April 2019).
4257:"Nigeria scams 'cost UK billions'"
3892:Lazarus, Suleman (1 August 2018).
3245:from the original on 8 August 2019
3165:from the original on 30 June 2021.
2615:Wild, Jonathan (1 February 2017),
2584:Loriggio, Paola (March 17, 2017).
2173:Ibrahim, Suleman (December 2016).
1979:"Africa's City of Cyber Gangsters"
382:The money could be in the form of
239:The modern scam is similar to the
25:
6960:Challenge–response spam filtering
6797:Unsolicited digital communication
5170:from the original on 20 June 2016
5156:Sherlock, Tracy (20 April 2012).
4807:"Nigerian Slain Over E-Mail Scam"
4665:Soto, Onell R. (15 August 2004).
4377:"Suicide of internet scam victim"
4233:"Scam Me Twice, Shame On Me, ..."
4203:Zak, Paul J. (13 November 2008).
4151:"Beware of Unclaimed Money Scams"
3546:. fraudguides.com. Archived from
3495:Kliot, Hannah (31 January 2017).
2981:. 29 October 2005. Archived from
2955:. 29 October 2005. Archived from
2339:"Nigeria shuts 800 scam websites"
2265:from the original on 22 June 2012
2217:Rosenberg, Eric (31 March 2007).
2116:"Baiters Teach Scammers a Lesson"
2114:Andrews, Robert (4 August 2006).
2038:United States Department of State
2007:"'Nigerian Scam' Lures Companies"
1770:Jackman, Tom (12 February 2019).
1716:United States Department of State
1655:United States Department of State
1625:United States Department of State
1594:from the original on 27 May 2023.
1256:The 2006 direct-to-DVD kid flick
654:Telecommunications relay services
6750:
6749:
5082:Nwaubani, Adaobi Tricia (2009).
4667:"Fight to get money back a loss"
3597:Sichelman, Lew (25 March 2012).
3443:Menn, Joseph (9 November 2007).
3296:"SA cops, Interpol probe murder"
3038:Handbook on Crime and Technology
2407:Lazarus, Suleman (August 2018).
2305:Staff Writer (22 October 2009).
1897:Vidocq, Eugène François (1834).
1621:"West African Advance Fee Scams"
1104:Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act
815:
776:
736:, online sales and rentals, and
706:Sometimes victims are ransomed,
36:
6119:Saradha Group financial scandal
5189:Quill, Greg (30 October 2012).
5107:Carter, R.J. (26 August 2006).
4699:"Seven in court for 419 kidnap"
4496:Federal Bureau of Investigation
4460:Song, Anna (11 November 2008).
4126:. Bona Vacantia. Archived from
3569:Grant, Bob (24 November 2009).
3469:Lee, Diane (23 February 2017).
3199:Sullivan, Bob (20 April 2004).
2034:"International Financial Scams"
964:Mobile tower installation fraud
694:Invitation to visit the country
251:, a former French criminal and
192:. Other variations include the
162:Federal Bureau of Investigation
47:needs additional citations for
5084:I Do Not Come to You by Chance
5069:"Asimov's v05n13 (1981 12 21)"
4833:Sine, Richard (2–8 May 1996).
4777:Sullivan, Bob (5 March 2003).
3839:. 28 July 2005. Archived from
3658:McKee, Chris (27 March 2011).
3524:. snopes.com. 11 December 2004
3417:Shin, Annys (2 October 2007).
2929:www.directlendingsolutions.com
2623:, Edinburgh University Press,
1914:Harris, Misty (21 June 2012).
1297:In series 6, episode 3 of the
1246:I Do Not Come To You By Chance
27:Type of confidence trick fraud
1:
7186:Social engineering (security)
6248:Bad check restitution program
5473:1992 Indian stock market scam
5071:– via Internet Archive.
5015:Libbenga, Jan (2 July 2007).
4888:Libbenga, Jan (5 July 2004).
4611:Liewer, Steve (5 July 2007).
3119:Cheng, Jacqui (11 May 2009).
2731:"What is Advanced Fee Fraud?"
2659:"What is Advanced Fee Fraud?"
2491:Lin, Sharon (18 April 2022).
1977:Buse, Uwe (7 November 2005).
1958:. 16 November 1922. p. 6
1557:. Nigeria Law. Archived from
5748:Strip search phone call scam
5563:Extraterrestrial real estate
4322:American Antiquarian Society
4302:American Antiquarian Society
3394:Adams, Tony (6 March 2017).
2090:"Get smart on cybersecurity"
2040:, Bureau of Consular Affairs
589:Email hijacking/friend scams
545:Irreversible money transfers
5623:Intellectual property scams
5613:Indian coal allocation scam
5422:Scams and confidence tricks
5261:10.1016/j.ijlcj.2016.07.002
4835:"Just Deposit $ 28 Million"
3041:. Edward Elgar Publishing.
2562:10.1016/j.ijlcj.2016.07.002
2438:""I Will Eat Your Dollars""
2192:10.1016/j.ijlcj.2016.07.002
2005:Lohr, Steve (21 May 1992).
1838:. 20 March 1898. p. 12
928:One of the variants is the
335:Economic history of Nigeria
317:Modern variations include “
7202:
6995:Naive Bayes spam filtering
6109:Pyramid schemes in Albania
6069:Investors Overseas Service
6001:Website reputation ratings
5299:10.1016/j.tele.2019.04.009
5287:Telematics and Informatics
5043:Parker, L. Toshua (2016).
4986:10.1016/j.tele.2019.04.009
4974:Telematics and Informatics
4950:United Press International
3571:"Another fake conference?"
1712:"Fraud Scheme Information"
1453:10.1016/j.tele.2019.04.009
1441:Telematics and Informatics
1158:internet service providers
967:
921:
803:
717:
332:
138:Scam letter posted within
6740:
6238:
6139:Welsh Thrasher faith scam
6084:Madoff investment scandal
5578:Foreclosure rescue scheme
5242:Ibrahim, Suleman (2016).
4103:10.13140/RG.2.1.4630.2480
2953:"I Will Eat Your Dollars"
1474:Lazarus, Suleman (2019).
6970:Disposable email address
6832:Directory harvest attack
6134:Stanford Financial Group
5939:Russian Business Network
5728:Slavery reparations scam
3772:10.1177/0004865820957077
3180:. Bits.blogs.nytimes.com
2361:South China Morning Post
1412:Nigerian organized crime
1288:Spanish national lottery
1253:explores the phenomenon.
1068:University of Nottingham
838:Online sales and rentals
640:virtual telephone number
6104:Petters Group Worldwide
4672:San Diego Union Tribune
4618:San Diego Union Tribune
3945:AFP (3 February 2014).
3522:"Government Grant Scam"
3203:. MSNBC. Archived from
3063:"Firefox Release Notes"
2621:Literature of the 1900s
2245:Herley, Cormac (2012).
2224:San Francisco Chronicle
1588:Encyclopædia Britannica
1341:In the pilot episode, "
1317:Flight of the Conchords
1100:Central Bank of Nigeria
566:Anonymous communication
319:sugar daddy/sugar momma
5798:White van speaker scam
5763:Technical support scam
5738:SSA impersonation scam
5693:Redemption/A4V schemes
5618:IRS impersonation scam
5583:Foreign exchange fraud
5293:. Elsevier BV: 14–26.
5254:. Elsevier BV: 44–57.
5109:"DVD Review: EZ Money"
4980:. Elsevier BV: 14–26.
4089:Kumar, Harish (2016).
3867:Dating Reporter's Blog
2285:"Blatancy and latency"
2064:Better Business Bureau
1251:Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani
1064:burnt himself to death
510:
249:Eugène François Vidocq
178:Nigerian Criminal Code
142:
6384:Intellectual property
5598:Get-rich-quick scheme
5588:Fortune telling fraud
4752:Misha Glenny (2009).
4438:Sydney Morning Herald
4124:"Scam Email Warnings"
3264:Kjetil Moe found dead
2735:Veridian Credit Union
2663:Veridian Credit Union
1747:. BBA. Archived from
1225:The 2016 short story
934:online dating service
634:bulk senders such as
504:
137:
7176:Non-sufficient funds
6980:Email authentication
6268:Non-sufficient funds
6074:Kapa investment scam
5894:Internet vigilantism
5884:Email authentication
5859:Cryptocurrency scams
5753:Swampland in Florida
5203:on 5 September 2017.
3375:on 27 September 2008
3344:"Beware of scammers"
2312:Agence France-Presse
1280:Professor Farnsworth
253:private investigator
170:Nigerian prince scam
56:improve this article
6827:Bulk email software
6178:Film and television
5899:Lenny anti-scam bot
5803:Work-at-home scheme
5768:Telemarketing fraud
5628:Kansas City Shuffle
5553:Embarrassing cheque
5376:Canadian Cybercrime
5341:10.3390/rel10030146
5334:(3). MDPI AG: 146.
4705:. 30 September 2008
4592:on 25 November 2012
4559:on 14 February 2012
4070:on 12 February 2016
3843:on 17 February 2013
3672:on 20 November 2012
3324:on 13 February 2012
2825:FightCybercrime.org
2821:"Advance Fee Scams"
2795:Security Management
2436:(20 October 2005).
2387:www.foolproofme.org
2154:on 16 February 2012
2070:on 26 February 2015
1799:Vasciannie, Stephen
1777:The Washington Post
1745:"Advance Fee Fraud"
1722:on 13 February 2012
1681:"Advance Fee Fraud"
1584:"advance fee fraud"
1517:on 1 November 2019.
1511:"Advance Fee Scams"
1493:10.3390/rel10030146
1249:by Nigerian author
1166:Olympia, Washington
724:List of email scams
553:Wire transfers via
530:Artists Against 419
6732:White-collar crime
6598:Government-related
6232:Dishonoured cheque
6129:Scott W. Rothstein
6024:Aman Futures Group
5543:Coin rolling scams
5538:Coin-matching game
5381:Europol Cybercrime
5369:2020-12-05 at the
5115:on 5 February 2013
4679:on 2 December 2013
4265:. 20 November 2006
4205:"How to Run a Con"
4038:The Times of India
3544:"Craigslist Scams"
3283:. 8 February 2002.
3207:on 30 October 2020
2985:on 29 October 2005
2959:on 29 October 2005
2363:. 2 September 2020
2345:. 23 October 2009.
2012:The New York Times
1835:The New York Times
1687:on 9 February 2012
1534:www.britannica.com
1383:In the video game
1301:television series
1275:Bender's Big Score
1184:In popular culture
997:Duchy of Lancaster
970:Mobile tower fraud
777:as described above
615:Facsimile machines
511:
172:, also known as a
143:
71:"Advance-fee scam"
7156:Confidence tricks
7138:
7137:
6965:Context filtering
6941:
6940:
6763:
6762:
6501:Financial-related
6286:
6285:
6198:
6197:
6160:Confidence tricks
5879:Domain name scams
5778:Thai zig zag scam
5643:Miracle cars scam
5466:confidence tricks
5464:Notable scams and
5093:978-0-297-85872-0
5054:978-1-68489-233-4
4763:978-0-09-948125-6
4578:Krajicek, David.
4552:State of Michigan
4385:. 30 January 2004
3734:on 14 August 2020
3604:Los Angeles Times
3449:Los Angeles Times
3398:. Ledger-Enquirer
3048:978-1-80088-664-3
3021:978-1-4443-3522-4
2706:"Zimbabwe appeal"
2638:978-0-7486-3506-1
2596:on March 24, 2017
2443:Los Angeles Times
1801:(14 March 2013).
1234:Robert Silverberg
1080:credit-card fraud
1001:Duchy of Cornwall
993:England and Wales
938:instant messenger
610:Fax transmissions
472:Olusegun Obasanjo
357:instant messaging
155:confidence tricks
132:
131:
124:
106:
18:Nigerian princess
16:(Redirected from
7193:
7171:Fraud in Nigeria
7106:Advance-fee scam
7053:Keyword stuffing
6810:
6790:
6783:
6776:
6767:
6753:
6752:
6328:Business-related
6313:
6306:
6299:
6290:
6243:Advance-fee scam
6225:
6218:
6211:
6202:
6029:Bernard Cornfeld
5991:Stock Generation
5919:Referer spoofing
5783:Three-card monte
5773:Thai tailor scam
5733:Spanish Prisoner
5663:Overpayment scam
5603:Green goods scam
5503:Black money scam
5488:Art student scam
5483:Advance-fee scam
5478:2G spectrum case
5416:
5409:
5402:
5393:
5353:
5343:
5318:
5281:
5263:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5211:
5205:
5204:
5199:. Archived from
5186:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5175:
5153:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5131:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5120:
5111:. Archived from
5104:
5098:
5097:
5079:
5073:
5072:
5065:
5059:
5058:
5040:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5029:
5012:
5006:
5005:
4969:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4913:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4885:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4874:
4858:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4802:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4749:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4695:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4684:
4675:. Archived from
4662:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4636:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4608:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4597:
4588:. Archived from
4575:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4555:. Archived from
4542:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4468:. Archived from
4457:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4373:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4325:
4319:
4305:
4299:
4284:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4210:Psychology Today
4200:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4066:. Archived from
4056:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4030:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4014:. 9 October 2010
4008:
4002:
4001:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3974:. Archived from
3968:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3873:on 10 April 2021
3869:. Archived from
3859:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3829:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3796:
3785:
3784:
3774:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3730:. Archived from
3720:Weisbaum, Herb.
3717:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3693:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3668:. Archived from
3655:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3635:. Archived from
3622:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3348:www.linkedin.com
3340:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3273:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3244:
3237:
3228:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3153:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3099:
3092:
3084:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2949:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2592:. Archived from
2590:Edmonton Journal
2581:
2575:
2574:
2564:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2430:
2421:
2420:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2319:on 17 April 2010
2315:. Archived from
2302:
2293:
2292:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2264:
2251:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2214:
2205:
2204:
2194:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2150:. Archived from
2139:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2066:. Archived from
2056:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1955:Norwich Bulletin
1946:
1940:
1939:
1933:
1931:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1866:
1857:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1741:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1718:. Archived from
1708:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1657:. Archived from
1647:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1627:. Archived from
1617:
1596:
1595:
1580:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1526:
1520:
1518:
1513:. Archived from
1507:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1432:
1343:The Nigerian Job
1198:television shows
1020:confidence trick
995:(other than the
783:Bogus job offers
758:Employment scams
604:computer viruses
283:email harvesting
241:Spanish Prisoner
198:black money scam
194:Spanish Prisoner
184:and traditional
168:, including the
147:advance-fee scam
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
105:
64:
40:
32:
21:
7201:
7200:
7196:
7195:
7194:
7192:
7191:
7190:
7181:Property crimes
7141:
7140:
7139:
7134:
7118:Make Money Fast
7092:
7088:URL redirection
7014:
6937:
6871:
6822:Address munging
6799:
6794:
6764:
6759:
6736:
6693:honest services
6629:
6593:
6496:
6470:
6323:
6317:
6287:
6282:
6234:
6229:
6199:
6194:
6143:
6089:Make Money Fast
6059:Franchise fraud
6014:
6005:
5986:Spoofing attack
5969:Scammer Payback
5817:countermeasures
5816:
5807:
5498:Bait-and-switch
5465:
5459:
5423:
5420:
5371:Wayback Machine
5360:
5321:
5284:
5241:
5238:
5236:Further reading
5233:
5223:
5221:
5213:
5212:
5208:
5188:
5187:
5183:
5173:
5171:
5155:
5154:
5150:
5140:
5138:
5133:
5132:
5128:
5118:
5116:
5106:
5105:
5101:
5094:
5086:. Hachette UK.
5081:
5080:
5076:
5067:
5066:
5062:
5055:
5042:
5041:
5037:
5027:
5025:
5014:
5013:
5009:
4971:
4970:
4966:
4956:
4954:
4943:
4942:
4938:
4928:
4926:
4915:
4914:
4910:
4900:
4898:
4887:
4886:
4882:
4872:
4870:
4860:
4859:
4855:
4845:
4843:
4832:
4831:
4827:
4817:
4815:
4804:
4803:
4799:
4789:
4787:
4776:
4775:
4771:
4764:
4751:
4750:
4746:
4736:
4734:
4723:
4722:
4718:
4708:
4706:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4682:
4680:
4664:
4663:
4659:
4649:
4647:
4638:
4637:
4633:
4623:
4621:
4610:
4609:
4605:
4595:
4593:
4577:
4576:
4572:
4562:
4560:
4544:
4543:
4539:
4529:
4527:
4516:
4515:
4511:
4501:
4499:
4498:. 22 March 2016
4492:"FBI — Seniors"
4490:
4489:
4485:
4475:
4473:
4472:on 18 June 2012
4459:
4458:
4454:
4444:
4442:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4416:
4414:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4388:
4386:
4375:
4374:
4370:
4360:
4358:
4349:
4348:
4344:
4334:
4332:
4327:
4317:
4309:McCusker, J. J.
4307:
4297:
4289:McCusker, J. J.
4287:
4285:
4278:
4268:
4266:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4240:
4238:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4215:
4213:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4187:
4185:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4161:
4159:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4133:
4131:
4130:on 12 July 2012
4122:
4121:
4117:
4107:
4105:
4088:
4087:
4083:
4073:
4071:
4064:www.trai.gov.in
4058:
4057:
4053:
4043:
4041:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4017:
4015:
4010:
4009:
4005:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3981:
3979:
3978:on 21 June 2014
3970:
3969:
3965:
3955:
3953:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3929:
3927:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3876:
3874:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3846:
3844:
3831:
3830:
3819:
3809:
3807:
3806:on 19 July 2011
3798:
3797:
3788:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3737:
3735:
3719:
3718:
3711:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3694:
3685:
3675:
3673:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3642:
3640:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3609:
3607:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3581:
3579:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3553:
3551:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3527:
3525:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3505:
3503:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3479:
3477:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3453:
3451:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3427:
3425:
3423:Washington Post
3416:
3415:
3411:
3401:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3378:
3376:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3352:
3350:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3327:
3325:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3301:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3262:
3258:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3235:
3230:
3229:
3220:
3210:
3208:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3183:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3162:
3151:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3131:
3129:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3103:
3101:
3100:on 28 June 2012
3097:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3078:
3068:
3066:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3022:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2988:
2986:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2962:
2960:
2951:
2950:
2943:
2933:
2931:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2910:
2903:
2895:
2891:
2881:
2879:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2855:
2853:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2779:
2775:
2765:
2763:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2739:
2737:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2714:
2712:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2689:
2687:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2667:
2665:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2599:
2597:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2527:
2525:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2499:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2475:
2473:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2449:
2447:
2432:
2431:
2424:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2391:
2389:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2366:
2364:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2322:
2320:
2304:
2303:
2296:
2291:. 30 June 2012.
2283:
2282:
2278:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2229:
2227:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2155:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2126:
2124:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2098:
2096:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2071:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2043:
2041:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2017:
2015:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1959:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1929:
1927:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1871:"Nigerian Scam"
1868:
1867:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1839:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1811:
1808:Huffington Post
1797:
1796:
1792:
1782:
1780:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1754:
1752:
1751:on 28 June 2012
1743:
1742:
1735:
1725:
1723:
1710:
1709:
1700:
1690:
1688:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1664:
1662:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1634:
1632:
1631:on 14 June 2012
1619:
1618:
1599:
1582:
1581:
1574:
1564:
1562:
1561:on 8 March 2005
1553:
1552:
1548:
1538:
1536:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1509:
1508:
1501:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1402:
1354:The 2012 novel
1304:The Real Hustle
1270:straight-to-DVD
1238:Majipoor series
1219:Nigerian Prince
1186:
1047:
981:
972:
966:
926:
920:
884:
840:
808:
802:
785:
760:
730:
716:
696:
656:
628:
612:
591:
577:
575:Web-based email
568:
547:
542:
540:Common elements
499:
497:Countermeasures
476:British Airways
349:
337:
331:
272:Nigerian prince
237:
128:
117:
111:
108:
65:
63:
53:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7199:
7197:
7189:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7143:
7142:
7136:
7135:
7133:
7132:
7131:
7130:
7120:
7115:
7114:
7113:
7102:
7100:
7098:Internet fraud
7094:
7093:
7091:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7048:Google bombing
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7024:
7022:
7016:
7015:
7013:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6990:List poisoning
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6951:
6949:
6943:
6942:
6939:
6938:
6936:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6879:
6877:
6873:
6872:
6870:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6847:Email spoofing
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6818:
6816:
6807:
6801:
6800:
6795:
6793:
6792:
6785:
6778:
6770:
6761:
6760:
6758:
6757:
6747:
6741:
6738:
6737:
6735:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6713:
6712:
6707:
6697:
6696:
6695:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6659:
6658:
6651:Counterfeiting
6648:
6643:
6637:
6635:
6631:
6630:
6628:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6601:
6599:
6595:
6594:
6592:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6516:
6515:
6504:
6502:
6498:
6497:
6495:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6478:
6476:
6475:Family-related
6472:
6471:
6469:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6432:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6354:Pharmaceutical
6347:
6342:
6337:
6331:
6329:
6325:
6324:
6318:
6316:
6315:
6308:
6301:
6293:
6284:
6283:
6281:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6239:
6236:
6235:
6230:
6228:
6227:
6220:
6213:
6205:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6192:
6187:
6186:
6185:
6180:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6151:
6149:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6020:
6018:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5998:
5996:Voice phishing
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5829:Pig Butchering
5826:
5820:
5818:
5813:Internet scams
5809:
5808:
5806:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5718:Sick baby hoax
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5698:Reloading scam
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5633:Locksmith scam
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5469:
5467:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5431:
5429:
5425:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5418:
5411:
5404:
5396:
5390:
5389:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5359:
5358:External links
5356:
5355:
5354:
5319:
5282:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5206:
5181:
5148:
5126:
5099:
5092:
5074:
5060:
5053:
5035:
5007:
4964:
4953:. 26 June 2008
4936:
4908:
4880:
4853:
4825:
4797:
4769:
4762:
4744:
4733:. 14 July 2001
4716:
4690:
4657:
4631:
4603:
4570:
4537:
4509:
4483:
4452:
4424:
4396:
4368:
4342:
4326:1800–present:
4276:
4248:
4223:
4195:
4169:
4141:
4115:
4081:
4051:
4040:. 17 June 2015
4025:
4003:
3989:
3963:
3937:
3915:
3884:
3854:
3817:
3786:
3765:(4): 497–514.
3745:
3709:
3683:
3650:
3639:on 12 May 2012
3617:
3589:
3561:
3550:on 5 July 2012
3535:
3513:
3487:
3461:
3435:
3409:
3386:
3360:
3335:
3309:
3286:
3268:
3256:
3218:
3191:
3168:
3139:
3111:
3076:
3054:
3047:
3027:
3020:
2996:
2970:
2941:
2916:
2901:
2889:
2863:
2852:. 14 June 2022
2837:
2812:
2785:
2773:
2762:. 14 June 2022
2747:
2722:
2697:
2675:
2650:
2637:
2607:
2576:
2535:
2509:
2483:
2457:
2422:
2399:
2374:
2348:
2330:
2294:
2276:
2237:
2206:
2165:
2148:Times-Standard
2134:
2106:
2081:
2051:
2025:
1997:
1969:
1941:
1906:
1889:
1858:
1849:
1821:
1790:
1762:
1733:
1698:
1672:
1661:on 2 July 2012
1642:
1597:
1572:
1546:
1521:
1499:
1466:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1390:
1381:
1352:
1339:
1337:
1325:
1314:comedy series
1308:
1295:
1261:
1254:
1241:
1230:
1223:
1216:The 2018 film
1185:
1182:
1060:Cambridgeshire
1046:
1043:
1039:reloading scam
989:United Kingdom
980:
977:
968:Main article:
965:
962:
922:Main article:
919:
916:
883:
880:
839:
836:
804:Main article:
801:
798:
790:identity theft
784:
781:
759:
756:
751:external links
720:Internet fraud
715:
712:
695:
692:
655:
652:
627:
624:
618:business like
611:
608:
590:
587:
576:
573:
567:
564:
546:
543:
541:
538:
498:
495:
456:Internet cafés
388:blood diamonds
348:
347:Implementation
345:
330:
327:
296:European Union
292:Eastern Europe
277:The spread of
236:
233:
130:
129:
44:
42:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7198:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7148:
7146:
7129:
7126:
7125:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7112:
7109:
7108:
7107:
7104:
7103:
7101:
7099:
7095:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7063:Referrer spam
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7025:
7023:
7021:
7017:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6952:
6950:
6948:
6944:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6928:Telemarketing
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6880:
6878:
6874:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6862:Pink contract
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6819:
6817:
6815:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6802:
6798:
6791:
6786:
6784:
6779:
6777:
6772:
6771:
6768:
6756:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6742:
6739:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6702:
6701:
6698:
6694:
6691:
6690:
6689:
6688:Mail and wire
6686:
6684:
6683:Impersonation
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6673:Fraud factory
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6657:
6654:
6653:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6638:
6636:
6632:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6596:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6584:Shill bidding
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6514:
6511:
6510:
6509:
6506:
6505:
6503:
6499:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6479:
6477:
6473:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6456:Telemarketing
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6424:Ghost network
6422:
6420:
6417:
6416:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6379:Impersonation
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6332:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6314:
6309:
6307:
6302:
6300:
6295:
6294:
6291:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6240:
6237:
6233:
6226:
6221:
6219:
6214:
6212:
6207:
6206:
6203:
6191:
6190:Ponzi schemes
6188:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6174:In the media
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6146:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6124:Secret Sister
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6094:Matrix scheme
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6017:
6016:Ponzi schemes
6012:
6008:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5951:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5924:Ripoff Report
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5814:
5810:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5723:SIM swap scam
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5688:Pump and dump
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5673:Pig in a poke
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5528:Charity fraud
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5508:Blessing scam
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5462:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5440:Error account
5438:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5430:
5426:
5417:
5412:
5410:
5405:
5403:
5398:
5397:
5394:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5368:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5357:
5351:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5240:
5239:
5235:
5220:
5219:frontalot.com
5216:
5210:
5207:
5202:
5198:
5197:
5192:
5185:
5182:
5169:
5165:
5164:
5163:Vancouver Sun
5159:
5152:
5149:
5136:
5130:
5127:
5114:
5110:
5103:
5100:
5095:
5089:
5085:
5078:
5075:
5070:
5064:
5061:
5056:
5050:
5047:. Greyscale.
5046:
5039:
5036:
5024:
5023:
5018:
5011:
5008:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4968:
4965:
4952:
4951:
4946:
4940:
4937:
4925:
4924:
4919:
4912:
4909:
4897:
4896:
4891:
4884:
4881:
4869:
4868:
4867:AllAfrica.com
4864:
4857:
4854:
4842:
4841:
4836:
4829:
4826:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4801:
4798:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4773:
4770:
4765:
4759:
4755:
4748:
4745:
4732:
4731:
4726:
4720:
4717:
4704:
4700:
4694:
4691:
4678:
4674:
4673:
4668:
4661:
4658:
4646:. 17 May 2000
4645:
4641:
4635:
4632:
4620:
4619:
4614:
4607:
4604:
4591:
4587:
4586:
4581:
4574:
4571:
4558:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4541:
4538:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4513:
4510:
4497:
4493:
4487:
4484:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4456:
4453:
4441:. 14 May 2007
4440:
4439:
4434:
4428:
4425:
4412:
4411:
4406:
4400:
4397:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4372:
4369:
4357:
4353:
4346:
4343:
4331:
4323:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4252:
4249:
4237:
4234:
4227:
4224:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4199:
4196:
4184:
4180:
4179:"Hitman Scam"
4173:
4170:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4145:
4142:
4129:
4125:
4119:
4116:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4085:
4082:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4055:
4052:
4039:
4035:
4029:
4026:
4013:
4007:
4004:
3999:
3993:
3990:
3977:
3973:
3967:
3964:
3952:
3948:
3941:
3938:
3925:
3919:
3916:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3888:
3885:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3858:
3855:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3805:
3801:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3782:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3749:
3746:
3733:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3698:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3671:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3654:
3651:
3638:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3621:
3618:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3593:
3590:
3578:
3577:
3576:The Scientist
3572:
3565:
3562:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3536:
3523:
3517:
3514:
3502:
3498:
3491:
3488:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3462:
3450:
3446:
3439:
3436:
3424:
3420:
3413:
3410:
3397:
3390:
3387:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3361:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3336:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3297:
3290:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3257:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3206:
3202:
3195:
3192:
3179:
3172:
3169:
3161:
3157:
3150:
3143:
3140:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3115:
3112:
3096:
3089:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3064:
3058:
3055:
3050:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3031:
3028:
3023:
3017:
3013:
3012:New York City
3009:
3008:
3000:
2997:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2893:
2890:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2651:
2640:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2608:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2577:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2539:
2536:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2510:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2484:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2458:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2400:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2331:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2289:The Economist
2286:
2280:
2277:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2248:
2241:
2238:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2166:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2135:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2110:
2107:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2001:
1998:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1973:
1970:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1945:
1942:
1937:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1907:
1902:
1901:
1893:
1890:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1766:
1763:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1428:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1379:
1376:won the 2012
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1362:Will Ferguson
1359:
1358:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1333:The Bunny Boy
1329:
1328:The Residents
1326:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1108:unclean hands
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1053:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1022:in which the
1021:
1016:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1005:United States
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
985:bona vacantia
978:
976:
971:
963:
961:
957:
955:
954:wire transfer
951:
945:
941:
939:
935:
931:
925:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
893:
889:
881:
879:
876:
871:
867:
865:
864:Western Union
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
837:
835:
833:
829:
824:
820:
817:
812:
807:
799:
797:
793:
791:
782:
780:
778:
774:
768:
764:
757:
755:
753:
752:
747:
743:
739:
738:romance scams
735:
734:lottery scams
729:
725:
721:
713:
711:
709:
704:
702:
693:
691:
687:
685:
680:
678:
672:
670:
666:
662:
653:
651:
647:
643:
641:
637:
633:
625:
623:
621:
616:
609:
607:
605:
601:
597:
588:
586:
583:
574:
572:
571:widely used.
565:
563:
560:
556:
555:Western Union
551:
544:
539:
537:
535:
531:
527:
522:
520:
516:
508:
503:
496:
494:
492:
487:
483:
481:
477:
473:
468:
466:
462:
457:
452:
450:
446:
445:burner phones
441:
439:
435:
434:Western Union
431:
426:
422:
419:
414:
410:
408:
407:wire transfer
402:
400:
396:
391:
389:
385:
380:
378:
374:
370:
365:
362:
358:
354:
346:
344:
341:
336:
328:
326:
322:
320:
315:
312:
307:
305:
301:
297:
294:. Within the
293:
289:
284:
280:
275:
273:
269:
265:
260:
256:
254:
250:
245:
242:
234:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
201:
199:
196:scam and the
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
158:
156:
152:
149:is a form of
148:
141:
136:
126:
123:
115:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
7111:Lottery scam
7105:
7068:Scraper site
7038:Doorway page
6908:Mobile phone
6888:Cold calling
6513:lottery scam
6507:
6446:Tech support
6436:Racketeering
6258:Check kiting
6253:Cheque fraud
6242:
6114:Reed Slatkin
6079:Kubus scheme
5959:Jim Browning
5954:419eater.com
5949:Scam baiting
5934:Romance scam
5904:Lottery scam
5849:Clickjacking
5793:Wash trading
5788:Trojan horse
5703:Return fraud
5653:Mock auction
5548:Drop swindle
5513:Bogus escrow
5482:
5331:
5327:
5290:
5286:
5251:
5247:
5222:. Retrieved
5218:
5209:
5201:the original
5196:Toronto Star
5194:
5184:
5172:. Retrieved
5161:
5151:
5139:. Retrieved
5129:
5117:. Retrieved
5113:the original
5102:
5083:
5077:
5063:
5044:
5038:
5026:. Retrieved
5022:The Register
5020:
5010:
4977:
4973:
4967:
4955:. Retrieved
4948:
4939:
4927:. Retrieved
4923:The Register
4921:
4911:
4899:. Retrieved
4895:The Register
4893:
4883:
4871:. Retrieved
4865:
4856:
4844:. Retrieved
4838:
4828:
4816:. Retrieved
4810:
4800:
4788:. Retrieved
4782:
4772:
4753:
4747:
4735:. Retrieved
4728:
4719:
4707:. Retrieved
4702:
4693:
4681:. Retrieved
4677:the original
4670:
4660:
4648:. Retrieved
4643:
4634:
4622:. Retrieved
4616:
4606:
4594:. Retrieved
4590:the original
4583:
4573:
4561:. Retrieved
4557:the original
4550:
4540:
4528:. Retrieved
4522:
4512:
4500:. Retrieved
4486:
4474:. Retrieved
4470:the original
4455:
4443:. Retrieved
4436:
4427:
4415:. Retrieved
4413:. 2 May 2008
4408:
4399:
4387:. Retrieved
4380:
4371:
4359:. Retrieved
4355:
4345:
4333:. Retrieved
4313:
4293:
4267:. Retrieved
4260:
4251:
4239:. Retrieved
4226:
4214:. Retrieved
4208:
4198:
4186:. Retrieved
4172:
4160:. Retrieved
4154:
4144:
4132:. Retrieved
4128:the original
4118:
4106:. Retrieved
4095:ResearchGate
4094:
4084:
4072:. Retrieved
4068:the original
4063:
4054:
4042:. Retrieved
4037:
4028:
4016:. Retrieved
4006:
3992:
3980:. Retrieved
3976:the original
3966:
3954:. Retrieved
3950:
3940:
3928:. Retrieved
3918:
3901:
3897:
3887:
3875:. Retrieved
3871:the original
3866:
3857:
3845:. Retrieved
3841:the original
3836:
3808:. Retrieved
3804:the original
3762:
3758:
3748:
3736:. Retrieved
3732:the original
3725:
3700:. Retrieved
3674:. Retrieved
3670:the original
3663:
3653:
3641:. Retrieved
3637:the original
3630:
3625:Aho, Karen.
3620:
3608:. Retrieved
3602:
3592:
3580:. Retrieved
3574:
3564:
3552:. Retrieved
3548:the original
3538:
3526:. Retrieved
3516:
3504:. Retrieved
3490:
3478:. Retrieved
3464:
3452:. Retrieved
3448:
3438:
3426:. Retrieved
3422:
3412:
3400:. Retrieved
3389:
3377:. Retrieved
3373:the original
3363:
3351:. Retrieved
3347:
3338:
3326:. Retrieved
3322:the original
3312:
3300:. Retrieved
3289:
3281:informit.com
3280:
3271:
3259:
3247:. Retrieved
3209:. Retrieved
3205:the original
3194:
3182:. Retrieved
3171:
3155:
3142:
3130:. Retrieved
3126:Ars Technica
3124:
3114:
3102:. Retrieved
3095:the original
3069:14 September
3067:. Retrieved
3057:
3037:
3030:
3006:
2999:
2987:. Retrieved
2983:the original
2973:
2961:. Retrieved
2957:the original
2934:24 September
2932:. Retrieved
2928:
2919:
2892:
2880:. Retrieved
2878:. 5 May 2023
2875:
2866:
2854:. Retrieved
2849:
2840:
2828:. Retrieved
2824:
2815:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2776:
2764:. Retrieved
2759:
2750:
2738:. Retrieved
2734:
2725:
2713:. Retrieved
2709:
2700:
2688:. Retrieved
2678:
2666:. Retrieved
2662:
2653:
2642:, retrieved
2620:
2610:
2598:. Retrieved
2594:the original
2589:
2579:
2552:
2548:
2538:
2526:. Retrieved
2523:The Guardian
2522:
2512:
2500:. Retrieved
2496:
2486:
2474:. Retrieved
2470:
2460:
2448:. Retrieved
2441:
2434:Dixon, Robyn
2416:
2412:
2402:
2390:. Retrieved
2386:
2377:
2365:. Retrieved
2360:
2351:
2342:
2333:
2321:. Retrieved
2317:the original
2310:
2288:
2279:
2267:. Retrieved
2253:
2240:
2228:. Retrieved
2222:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2156:. Retrieved
2152:the original
2147:
2137:
2125:. Retrieved
2119:
2109:
2097:. Retrieved
2093:
2084:
2072:. Retrieved
2068:the original
2054:
2042:. Retrieved
2028:
2016:. Retrieved
2010:
2000:
1988:. Retrieved
1982:
1972:
1960:. Retrieved
1953:
1944:
1934:– via
1928:. Retrieved
1920:The Province
1919:
1909:
1899:
1892:
1880:. Retrieved
1874:
1852:
1840:. Retrieved
1833:
1824:
1812:. Retrieved
1806:
1793:
1781:. Retrieved
1775:
1765:
1753:. Retrieved
1749:the original
1724:. Retrieved
1720:the original
1689:. Retrieved
1685:the original
1675:
1663:. Retrieved
1659:the original
1645:
1633:. Retrieved
1629:the original
1587:
1563:. Retrieved
1559:the original
1549:
1537:. Retrieved
1533:
1524:
1515:the original
1483:
1479:
1469:
1444:
1440:
1430:
1393:MC Frontalot
1384:
1378:Giller Prize
1373:
1369:
1365:
1355:
1346:
1331:
1315:
1302:
1292:Nixon's Head
1284:lottery scam
1282:falls for a
1273:
1264:
1263:In the 2007
1257:
1244:
1226:
1217:
1187:
1151:
1143:
1135:Johannesburg
1123:Johannesburg
1112:
1088:embezzlement
1084:check kiting
1076:
1072:
1057:
1048:
1045:Consequences
1036:
1017:
1009:
982:
973:
958:
946:
942:
930:Romance Scam
929:
927:
924:Romance scam
918:Romance scam
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
885:
872:
868:
841:
832:Lucky Winner
831:
828:Lucky Winner
827:
825:
821:
813:
809:
806:Lottery scam
800:Lottery scam
794:
786:
769:
765:
761:
749:
731:
705:
697:
688:
681:
673:
657:
648:
644:
629:
626:SMS messages
620:FedEx Office
613:
592:
578:
569:
552:
548:
526:scam baiting
523:
512:
488:
484:
480:money orders
469:
453:
442:
427:
423:
415:
411:
403:
392:
384:gold bullion
381:
366:
361:social media
350:
342:
338:
323:
316:
308:
276:
261:
257:
246:
238:
217:South Africa
202:
173:
169:
159:
146:
144:
140:South Africa
118:
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
7073:Social spam
6985:Greylisting
6955:Client-side
6883:Auto dialer
6663:Faked death
6656:Superdollar
6634:Other types
6574:Overpayment
6540:Credit card
6508:Advance-fee
6414:Health care
6263:ChexSystems
6155:Con artists
6039:Dona Branca
5981:Spoofed URL
5889:Email fraud
5869:CyberThrill
5844:Click fraud
5758:Tarmac scam
5683:Pork barrel
5678:Pigeon drop
5668:Patent safe
5658:Moving scam
5568:Fiddle game
5518:Boiler room
5493:Badger game
5455:Sucker list
5428:Terminology
4840:Metroactive
4335:29 February
4306:1700–1799:
4286:1634–1699:
4108:20 February
4074:20 February
3956:22 February
3847:22 February
3810:22 February
3528:22 February
3328:22 February
3302:27 November
3211:22 February
3184:22 February
2989:20 November
2963:22 February
2876:nordvpn.com
2850:www.ibm.com
2760:www.ibm.com
2690:22 February
2644:15 November
2074:26 February
1984:Der Spiegel
1814:12 February
1783:12 February
1417:Pigeon drop
1370:Spanish Fly
1322:The New Cup
1190:plot device
1178:counterfeit
1131:Northampton
979:Other scams
950:money order
860:money order
816:fake cheque
669:teleprinter
465:Festac Town
449:Ivory Coast
430:gullibility
377:next of kin
300:Netherlands
221:Netherlands
209:Ivory Coast
7145:Categories
7078:Spam blogs
7043:Forum spam
7020:Spamdexing
6893:Flyposting
6852:Image spam
6814:Email spam
6717:Scientific
6579:Securities
6564:Mismarking
6530:Chargeback
6525:Bankruptcy
6364:Employment
6345:Disability
6183:Literature
6044:Earl Jones
5976:ShadowCrew
5929:Rock Phish
5874:DarkMarket
5864:Cybercrime
5839:Catfishing
5713:Shell game
5648:Mismarking
5573:Fine print
5533:Clip joint
5523:Bride scam
5119:7 December
4644:anylaw.com
3982:8 February
2830:2 November
2801:(8): 109.
2740:2 November
2715:9 November
2668:2 November
2099:9 February
2044:12 January
1936:Canada.com
1539:2 November
1486:(3): 146.
1423:References
1243:The novel
1115:kidnapping
1032:accomplice
888:Craigslist
875:con artist
844:Craigslist
742:Craigslist
718:See also:
600:keyloggers
463:, such as
369:con artist
333:See also:
82:newspapers
7161:Deception
7058:Link farm
7028:Blog spam
6947:Anti-spam
6913:Newsgroup
6903:Messaging
6805:Protocols
6610:Electoral
6554:Insurance
6492:Paternity
6482:Fertility
6419:fertility
6399:Long firm
6319:Types of
6273:Overdraft
6170:Impostors
5824:Avalanche
5638:Long firm
5558:Exit scam
5350:2077-1444
5328:Religions
5315:150113120
5307:0736-5853
5278:152002608
5270:1756-0616
5224:4 October
5174:4 January
5002:150113120
4994:0736-5853
3910:150040643
3781:224966263
3249:4 January
3156:Chubb.com
3065:. Mozilla
2807:231127826
2600:March 23,
2571:152002608
2555:: 44–57.
2255:Microsoft
2201:152002608
2185:: 44–57.
1930:4 January
1480:Religions
1461:150113120
1447:: 14–26.
1320:episode "
1290:. Later,
1206:Nkem Owoh
1170:probation
1154:Amsterdam
1092:San Diego
987:" in the
882:Pet scams
708:kidnapped
667:or other
559:MoneyGram
519:Microsoft
438:MoneyGram
375:or known
311:Microsoft
203:Although
112:June 2023
7151:Spamming
7123:Phishing
7033:Cloaking
7010:Spamhaus
6918:Robocall
6898:Junk fax
6755:Category
6641:Affinity
6615:Medicare
6569:Mortgage
6487:Marriage
6451:Slamming
6429:quackery
6404:Odometer
6389:Internet
6340:Cramming
5944:SaferNet
5914:Phishing
5854:Cramming
5743:SSC Scam
5608:Hustling
5593:Gem scam
5367:Archived
5168:Archived
4784:NBC News
4730:BBC News
4524:ABC News
4410:BBC News
4382:BBC News
4311:(1992).
4291:(1997).
4262:BBC News
4156:ABC News
4044:18 March
4018:18 March
3930:23 March
3837:NBC News
3727:NBC News
3506:23 March
3480:23 March
3454:30 March
3428:30 March
3402:23 March
3298:. News24
3240:Archived
3160:Archived
2882:9 August
2856:9 August
2803:ProQuest
2766:9 August
2471:BBC News
2446:. Festac
2260:Archived
1924:Archived
1592:Archived
1400:See also
1386:Warframe
1366:Generica
1348:Leverage
1266:Futurama
1258:EZ Money
1192:in many
1127:Alberton
999:and the
773:Wal-Mart
728:phishing
714:Variants
684:IP Relay
630:Abusing
596:phishing
418:mortgage
174:419 scam
7005:SpamCop
6923:Spambot
6867:Spambot
6857:Joe job
6722:Spyware
6705:Romance
6668:Forgery
6646:Charity
6625:Welfare
6605:Benefit
6559:Lottery
6544:carding
6335:Billing
6034:Caritas
6011:Pyramid
5964:Kitboga
5834:Carding
5708:Salting
5450:Shyster
5141:22 June
5028:23 June
4957:23 June
4929:23 June
4901:23 June
4873:23 June
4846:23 June
4818:22 June
4790:22 June
4754:McMafia
4737:22 June
4709:22 June
4703:News 24
4683:22 June
4650:6 March
4624:23 June
4596:23 June
4563:23 June
4530:23 June
4476:22 June
4445:22 June
4417:22 June
4389:22 June
4361:22 July
4269:22 June
4241:24 June
4216:23 June
4188:23 June
4162:23 June
4134:24 June
3951:WAtoday
3877:5 April
3738:18 June
3676:24 June
3643:24 June
3610:23 June
3582:24 June
3554:24 June
3501:KSAT-TV
3475:WSPA-TV
3379:10 June
3353:24 June
3132:22 June
3104:22 June
2450:22 June
2392:15 June
2367:15 June
2323:22 June
2269:23 June
2230:22 June
2158:22 June
2127:22 June
2094:Mozilla
2018:22 June
1990:22 June
1882:22 June
1755:23 June
1726:23 June
1691:23 June
1665:23 June
1635:23 June
1565:22 June
1310:In the
1096:a court
892:Gumtree
852:Gumtree
509:browser
507:Firefox
329:Motives
268:Nigeria
235:History
229:Jamaica
205:Nigeria
96:scholar
6535:Cheque
6461:Weight
6441:Return
6374:Fixing
6049:Ezubao
5909:PayPai
5348:
5313:
5305:
5276:
5268:
5090:
5051:
5000:
4992:
4760:
4502:12 May
4236:Snopes
4183:Snopes
3908:
3779:
3702:29 May
3045:
3018:
2805:
2635:
2569:
2528:16 May
2502:16 May
2476:16 May
2199:
1876:Snopes
1842:1 July
1459:
1406:Sakawa
1345:", of
1210:anthem
1162:Sydney
1139:Prague
1119:murder
1086:, and
1028:pigeon
1026:, or "
1012:hitman
856:cheque
726:, and
602:, and
397:, and
395:stamps
279:e-mail
227:, and
219:, the
190:emails
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
7166:Fraud
7128:Voice
7083:Sping
7000:SORBS
6876:Other
6842:DNSWL
6837:DNSBL
6727:Vomit
6710:Bride
6549:Forex
6409:Phone
6359:Email
6321:fraud
6148:Lists
5445:Shill
5311:S2CID
5274:S2CID
5137:. BBC
4998:S2CID
4812:Wired
4585:TruTV
4318:(PDF)
4298:(PDF)
3906:S2CID
3904:(2).
3777:S2CID
3243:(PDF)
3236:(PDF)
3163:(PDF)
3152:(PDF)
3098:(PDF)
3091:(PDF)
2567:S2CID
2497:Wired
2263:(PDF)
2250:(PDF)
2197:S2CID
2121:Wired
1962:7 May
1457:S2CID
1272:film
1202:books
1194:films
1174:Lagos
1062:, UK
991:. In
936:, an
850:, or
636:WASPs
582:Gmail
461:Lagos
447:. In
399:seals
359:, or
353:email
304:Spain
225:Spain
151:fraud
103:JSTOR
89:books
6933:VoIP
6745:list
6700:Scam
6678:Hoax
6620:Visa
6542:and
6520:Bank
6466:Wine
6369:Food
6350:Drug
5435:Scam
5346:ISSN
5303:ISSN
5266:ISSN
5226:2016
5176:2019
5143:2012
5121:2012
5088:ISBN
5049:ISBN
5030:2012
4990:ISSN
4959:2012
4931:2012
4903:2012
4875:2012
4848:2012
4820:2012
4792:2012
4758:ISBN
4739:2012
4711:2012
4685:2012
4652:2023
4626:2012
4598:2012
4565:2012
4532:2012
4504:2016
4478:2012
4466:KATU
4447:2012
4419:2012
4391:2012
4363:2022
4356:CNBC
4337:2024
4271:2012
4243:2012
4218:2012
4190:2012
4164:2012
4136:2012
4110:2016
4076:2016
4046:2016
4020:2016
3984:2016
3958:2023
3932:2017
3879:2021
3849:2012
3812:2012
3740:2007
3704:2007
3678:2012
3665:KMTR
3645:2012
3612:2012
3584:2012
3556:2012
3530:2012
3508:2017
3482:2017
3456:2009
3430:2009
3404:2017
3381:2009
3355:2022
3330:2012
3304:2010
3251:2019
3213:2012
3186:2012
3134:2012
3106:2012
3071:2010
3043:ISBN
3016:ISBN
2991:2020
2965:2012
2936:2015
2884:2024
2858:2024
2832:2023
2768:2024
2742:2023
2717:2015
2692:2012
2670:2023
2646:2020
2633:ISBN
2602:2017
2530:2022
2504:2022
2478:2022
2452:2012
2419:(2).
2394:2021
2369:2021
2325:2012
2271:2012
2232:2012
2160:2012
2129:2012
2101:2016
2076:2015
2046:2015
2020:2012
1992:2012
1964:2016
1932:2019
1884:2012
1844:2010
1816:2019
1785:2019
1757:2012
1728:2012
1693:2012
1667:2012
1637:2012
1567:2012
1541:2023
1519:FBI.
1368:and
1200:and
1024:mark
848:eBay
814:The
746:eBay
744:and
701:visa
557:and
534:APWG
436:and
373:will
302:and
281:and
213:Togo
186:mail
166:scam
160:The
75:news
6589:Tax
6394:Job
6099:MMM
6013:and
5815:and
5336:doi
5295:doi
5256:doi
4982:doi
4099:doi
3767:doi
3632:MSN
2625:doi
2557:doi
2343:IOL
2187:doi
1488:doi
1449:doi
1374:419
1372:),
1360:by
1357:419
1312:HBO
1299:BBC
1236:'s
1117:or
1034:).
952:or
862:or
677:MCI
665:TDD
661:TRS
632:SMS
491:FBI
182:fax
145:An
58:by
7147::
6352:/
5344:.
5332:10
5330:.
5326:.
5309:.
5301:.
5291:40
5289:.
5272:.
5264:.
5252:47
5250:.
5246:.
5217:.
5193:.
5166:.
5160:.
5019:.
4996:.
4988:.
4978:40
4976:.
4947:.
4920:.
4892:.
4837:.
4809:.
4781:.
4727:.
4701:.
4669:.
4642:.
4615:.
4582:.
4549:.
4521:.
4494:.
4464:.
4435:.
4407:.
4379:.
4354:.
4320:.
4300:.
4279:^
4259:.
4207:.
4181:.
4153:.
4097:.
4093:.
4062:.
4036:.
3949:.
3902:19
3900:.
3896:.
3865:.
3835:.
3820:^
3789:^
3775:.
3763:53
3761:.
3757:.
3724:.
3712:^
3686:^
3662:.
3629:.
3601:.
3573:.
3499:.
3473:.
3447:.
3421:.
3346:.
3279:.
3221:^
3158:.
3154:.
3123:.
3079:^
3010:.
2944:^
2927:.
2904:^
2874:.
2848:.
2823:.
2799:40
2797:.
2758:.
2733:.
2708:.
2661:.
2631:,
2619:,
2588:.
2565:.
2553:47
2551:.
2547:.
2521:.
2495:.
2469:.
2440:.
2425:^
2417:19
2415:.
2411:.
2385:.
2359:.
2341:.
2309:.
2297:^
2287:.
2258:.
2252:.
2221:.
2209:^
2195:.
2183:47
2181:.
2177:.
2146:.
2118:.
2092:.
2062:.
2036:.
2009:.
1981:.
1952:.
1922:.
1918:.
1873:.
1861:^
1832:.
1805:.
1774:.
1736:^
1714:.
1701:^
1653:.
1623:.
1600:^
1590:.
1586:.
1575:^
1532:.
1502:^
1484:10
1482:.
1478:.
1455:.
1445:40
1443:.
1439:.
1278:,
1196:,
1090:.
1082:,
890:,
846:,
834:.
792:.
722:,
642:.
598:,
355:,
306:.
231:.
223:,
215:,
211:,
200:.
6789:e
6782:t
6775:v
6312:e
6305:t
6298:v
6224:e
6217:t
6210:v
5415:e
5408:t
5401:v
5352:.
5338::
5317:.
5297::
5280:.
5258::
5228:.
5178:.
5145:.
5123:.
5096:.
5057:.
5032:.
5004:.
4984::
4961:.
4933:.
4905:.
4877:.
4850:.
4822:.
4794:.
4766:.
4741:.
4713:.
4687:.
4654:.
4628:.
4600:.
4567:.
4534:.
4506:.
4480:.
4449:.
4421:.
4393:.
4365:.
4339:.
4324:.
4304:.
4273:.
4245:.
4220:.
4192:.
4166:.
4138:.
4112:.
4101::
4078:.
4048:.
4022:.
4000:.
3986:.
3960:.
3934:.
3912:.
3881:.
3851:.
3814:.
3783:.
3769::
3742:.
3706:.
3680:.
3647:.
3614:.
3586:.
3558:.
3532:.
3510:.
3484:.
3458:.
3432:.
3406:.
3383:.
3357:.
3332:.
3306:.
3266:.
3253:.
3215:.
3188:.
3136:.
3108:.
3073:.
3051:.
3024:.
2993:.
2967:.
2938:.
2886:.
2860:.
2834:.
2809:.
2770:.
2744:.
2719:.
2694:.
2672:.
2627::
2604:.
2573:.
2559::
2532:.
2506:.
2480:.
2454:.
2396:.
2371:.
2327:.
2273:.
2234:.
2203:.
2189::
2162:.
2131:.
2103:.
2078:.
2048:.
2022:.
1994:.
1966:.
1938:.
1886:.
1846:.
1818:.
1787:.
1759:.
1730:.
1695:.
1669:.
1639:.
1569:.
1543:.
1496:.
1490::
1463:.
1451::
1336:.
1052:ÂŁ
580:(
125:)
119:(
114:)
110:(
100:·
93:·
86:·
79:·
52:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.