Night action of 1/2 December 1917

1969:(degrees), reinforcements had no cover and supplies had to be carried forward a great distance. It would be easy for the Germans to prevent troops moving into the salient and they could smother the area with artillery-fire, guaranteeing a constant drain of casualties. Because the salient needed an excessive amount of artillery, the crews would have little rest, being so vulnerable to flanking-fire and the infantry holding the area would be too worn out to fight in a spring offensive. Aspinall recommended that unless there was another offensive in early 1918, the British should withdraw about 8,000 yd (4.5 mi; 7.3 km), to a line from Westhoek, along Pilckem Ridge to the north. A retirement should not be delayed until a German attack, because much of the artillery would be lost but rather be by surprise, as soon as the new front line was ready. 2059:(2nd Lincoln) which had not been able to maintain its advance, went too far and opened a gap to the north of Southern Redoubt, which isolated 5 Platoon in the redoubt. The survivors of the platoon were forced out and dug in facing south-west but this uncovered the left flank of D Company, which then had to repulse several small counter-attacks. The left flank platoons of B Company had got into the trench between the redoubts, killed many Germans and captured three machine-guns; both flanks were open but the troops held on. The British position was in front of the 2nd Lincoln, which had been caught by small-arms fire at the start of the attack and only managed to get within 30 yd (27 m) of the German front line, where the survivors dug in. On the left flank, the 2nd Battalion, 1326: 2468:

Flanders to recuperate closer to the coast. On 11 April, Plumer authorised a withdrawal of the southern flank of the Second Army and ordered the VIII and II corps in the Passchendaele Salient to retreat the next day into the Battle Zone, leaving outposts left in the Forward Zone of the British defence system. The divisional commanders were ordered that the Forward Zone must be held and that the Germans must not be given the impression that a withdrawal was in progress. At noon on 12 April, the VIII Corps HQ ordered the infantry retirement to begin that night and the 59th Division was replaced by part of the 41st Division and transferred south. The II Corps had begun to withdraw its artillery at the same time as VIII Corps on the night of

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Division had returned from Cambrai in late November and relieved the 8th Division on the night of 18/19 January. The division worked on the defences until relieved by the 8th Division from 9 to 12 February and returned to the salient on 7 March. On the evening of 3 March, two companies of the 8th Division raided Teal Cottage, supported by a smoke and shrapnel barrage, killed many of the garrison and took six prisoners, for one man wounded. A German attack on the 29th Division by two battalions on 11 March was repulsed; after that the Germans made no more attacks, keeping up frequent artillery bombardments and machine-gun fire instead. When the German armies further south began the

1144:

allowed to divisional commanders than in 1915 and 1916. The tactical sophistication of the infantry had increased during the battle but the chronic difficulty of communicating between front and rear during an attack, could only partially be remedied. Expedients relied on sight, which was dependent on the weather and the time of day. Due to the German system of pillbox defence and the impossibility of maintaining line formations on ground full of flooded shell-craters, waves of infantry had been replaced by a thin line of skirmishers leading small columns, which snaked around shell-holes and mud sloughs. The rifle was re-established as the primary infantry weapon and

1958:(later Aspinall-Oglander), the Brigadier-General General Staff (BGGS) of VIII Corps wrote a report describing the vulnerability of the position and its approaches to German artillery. Aspinall estimated that repairing the transport routes and keeping them open, despite German bombardments, would take eight labour battalions, when VIII Corps had only three. Aspinall considered that the morale effect of holding the village after such an effort by both sides was considerable, that parts of the rear area were shielded from German observers and it would be a good jumping-off position for an offensive towards Westroosebeke or the 2505:, the Germans attacked north-east of Ypres, from Houthulst Forest, between Langemarck and Lake Blankaart to the north, with the 58th, 2nd Naval and the 6th Bavarian divisions against the 10th and 3rd Belgian divisions. The German troops captured Kippe, were forced out by Belgian counter-attacks supported by the II Corps artillery and the line was restored by nightfall. On the afternoon of 27 April, the south end of the Second Army outpost line was driven in, when Voormezeele was captured, re-captured and then partly captured by the Germans; another British outpost line was established north-east of the village. 1126: 2328:

flares. The 32nd Division was supposed to have captured the Teall Cottage pillbox two days previous but the troops found that it was still occupied by Germans. The cottage was at a right angle in the front line and the attacking lines of both divisions could be enfiladed by machine-gun fires from the pillbox. The 32nd Division companies assembled in echelon to the left of Teall Cottage; runners from the Royal Irish Rifles drank the run ration and the battalion commander had to cadge replacements from the 25th Brigade. From the battalion HQ, Nettleton heard the German machine-guns begin to fire at

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conditions for the artillery became so bad that pack mules were used to carry ammunition. Heavy guns had to be strung out in lines along plank roads, which made them easily visible from German positions. Haig was kept informed of conditions and the amount of sickness among the troops in Flanders but judged that conditions for German troops were even worse. The strategic objectives of the British offensive were abandoned in early October and Haig ordered that, once the weather had improved, Passchendaele Ridge was to be captured as a winter position. On 21 October, the

1678:

Primus shaft was dug on the Keerselaarhoek rise next to the Passchendaele road and the other shaft was excavated at Crest Farm, the assembly area for troops who were to be ready to counter a German attack. The shelters needed continuous pumping but still had about a foot of water in them and were overrun by rats. Engineers and pioneers managed to double the duckboard track and as troops were relieved they were formed into working parties to complete the "mule track", about 1.9 mi (3 km) long, from Frost House to Tyne Cottages (Tyne Cot).

138: 2437:. In January, spells of freezing cold were followed by warmer periods, one beginning on 15 January with torrential rain and gale force winds, washing away plank roads and duckboard tracks. Conditions in the salient improved with the completion of transport routes and the refurbishment of German pillboxes. The Germans continued to raiding the British lines, often from a position known as the gasometers and also from Passchendaele railway station. The British retaliated and used night machine-gun fire and artillery barrages to great effect. 2324:

There was only one decent road for the 32nd Division and a duckboard track for the 25th Brigade of the 8th Division to reach the assembly positions. German artillery was registered on these approach routes and inflicted many casualties as the troops moved up. The track was on the right side of the 8th Division and the troops using it had to move from right to left to assemble along the tapes. The moon was bright and the Germans could not but notice three battalions lining up behind the British outpost line.

2025: 1366: 216: 1682:

quietly that the drivers avoided most of the German shelling. British and Dominion mining companies built many more concrete, gas-proof dug outs but the Germans added a nose irritant to the normal phosgene gas, which was indistinguishable; sometimes the irritant induced soldiers to remove the mask, unaware that they were breathing phosgene as well. Sometimes, having walked back from Passchendaele, a soldier would drop dead at the canteen in Ypres town square.

124: 2003:(Canadian Corps), that an operation to take the ground along the ridge as far as Westroosebeke was to be undertaken to broaden the salient. Success would give the British observation over valleys on the north and east sides of the ridge and deprive the Germans of assembly areas on the reverse slope. Planning began for a methodical advance to broaden the salient from Passchendaele to Westroosebeke and Spriet. The 8th Division (Major-General 1661:. Troops had to struggle through miles of barbed wire, tree stumps, a swamp of rotting corpses, shell craters full of bodies and broken equipment. The ground was glutinous and also slippery; when trodden on, gas fumes rose to mix with the stench of the dead. The mud held men's boots so tight that they had to be pulled free and if a soldier tried to detour, he could disappear in the mud or blunder into German positions. 2481:

Passchendaele Salient). The next day was quiet and the withdrawal of the II Corps and XXII Corps divisions was covered by the outposts in the original front line. Artillery had been divided into active batteries which fired and a greater number kept silent and camouflaged, with orders not to fire except in an emergency. Plumer ordered the retirement to begin by occupying the new line before the night of

1824:

effort was made to supply "Siegfried Shelters" for four to six men, made from eight to ten sheets of corrugated iron over steel pillars, the sheets bent into an arc and bolted to a wooden floor. In the front line, shelters were buried under a metre of earth, close to the remains of hedgerows, buildings and bushes, which was found to be excellent camouflage against British reconnaissance aircraft.

42: 2052:(2nd Berks) was hit. The battalion reached its objectives and D Company dug in up to the south-eastern end of Southern Redoubt. C Company on the right, which was to form a defensive flank, had far less trouble and the platoon adjacent to D Company took 30 prisoners; 5 Platoon, B Company, managed to get into Southern Redoubt and began a mutually-costly hand-to-hand struggle with the garrison. 3728: 3687: 223: 2282:

alerted the Germans. In the moonlight, the Germans could see the British troops when they were still 200 yd (180 m) away; without artillery covering fire for the first eight minutes, the attack was doomed. Beumelburg wrote that on 2 December, two British brigades (sic) attacked on a narrow front against the 38th Division of

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was still short of Westrosebeek, from which the Germans had observation over the Passchendaele Salient. In the Fifth Army area, the XIV Corps had been relieved by XIX Corps on 29 October, II Corps took over from XVIII Corps on 2 November and on 14 November, VIII Corps in the Second Army area began the relief of the Canadian Corps.

1077:(BEF) formally ended the offensive. Haig took the decision because of an acute shortage of infantry, orders to send five divisions to Italy in the British Expeditionary Force (Italy) and the need to take over more of the Western Front from the French. Command of the former Second Army sector in Flanders was transferred to General 1143:

on 20 September, British attack planning had reached a stage of development where plans had been reduced to a formula. The Second Army operation order of 7 November was written on less than a sheet of paper. Corps staffs produced more detailed plans, particularly for the artillery and more discretion

1068:

With the failure to capture Passchendaele and the ridge on 12 October, the grand strategic objectives of the Third Battle of Ypres were abandoned. Attacks continued, to secure a winter line from Passchendaele to Westroosebeke to hold German troops in Flanders before a British offensive at Cambrai due

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In places the German front line was pushed back until parts of no man's land were 700–1,000 yd (640–910 m) wide and the Germans abandoned the gasometers. On 9 February, the 33rd Division handed over part of the line to the 29th Division and took over ground from the 66th Division. The 29th

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was reduced by half to 2,500 yd (2,300 m) with a depth of 8,000 yd (4.5 mi; 7.3 km), because of the difficulties caused by the weather, devastating British artillery-fire and German infantry casualties. Infantry battalions were relieved after two days and the divisions every

2323:

Heneker was over-ruled. Everything went wrong from the start; everyone thought that the attack would fail and morale was plummeted. It appeared that the Germans realised that an attack was imminent the night before, when the Royal Engineers went forward to mark the jumping-off lines for the attack.

2239:

with three assault companies and one in support on a 1,850 yd (1,690 m) front, from Teall Cottage to the north-east of Tournant Farm. After being relieved, the 16th NF retired to the right of Virile Farm in reserve; patrols and Lewis gun crews entered no man's land after dark to cover the

1989:

on 30 November was a costly failure, many German casualties being inflicted by British small-arms fire and a prompt artillery barrage. Teall Cottage, having been transferred from the 8th Division to the 32nd Division area on 24/25 November, was recaptured and a British counter-attack on the cottage

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division, lay on drier ground to the west of the Northern Redoubt; east of the Passchendaele–Westroosebeke road, the occupants of a pillbox, called Teall Cottage by the British, had a commanding view over the ground to the north of Venison Trench; beyond this were the outworks of Westroosebeke. The

1356:

was foiled, when one of its two attacking battalions lost direction; a German counter-attack got between them and forced the survivors back to their start lines. Canadian troops filled the gap and formed a defensive flank along the corps boundary but this ended the Canadian advance. The Second Army

1175:

German counter-attacks, from the Battle of the Menin Road Ridge on 20 September to the end of the Flanders campaign, had become "assaults on reinforced field positions", due to the British infantry making shorter advances, after torrential rains in August had turned much of the ground into a swamp.

1044:

The British attacked towards Westroozebeke on the night of 1/2 December, dispensing with a preliminary bombardment as a ruse, the artillery remaining silent until eight minutes after the infantry advanced. The ploy failed because the noise of the British assembly and the difficulty of moving across

2424:

The 33rd Division was relieved by the 50th Division on 13 December and the area to the east and south of Passchendaele was held by posts, those to the east being fairly habitable, unlike the southern ones; from Passchendaele as far back as Potijze, the ground was far worse. Each brigade spent four

2332:

as soon the advance began. The artillery barrage that began eight minutes later was "magnificent" but the attack had already been defeated, the German machine-gunners having "wiped out" the British infantry in the moonlight. The 2nd KOYLI managed to advance only 100 yd (91 m) and when it

1677:

Once the British plan to continue the advance to Westroosebeke had been cancelled, the salient was fortified against a possible German attack and troops were crammed into it. To provide shelter, the VIII Corps HQ had two shafts dug with galleries at the bottom big enough for two companies in each.

1375:

In August 1917, rainwater had dried relatively quickly; swamping had been caused by the unusually large rainfall and still air. When the autumn rains began in October, intermittent sunny spells were insufficient to dry the ground. Carrying parties were needed to move supplies to the front line and

2327:

As liaison officer to the 32nd Division, Nettleton moved up along the road and wrote that if the Germans were still ignorant of British intentions, a soldier carrying a sack of very lights was hit by a bullet which set them off. The troops nearby rolled him in the mud but could not extinguish the

2067:

fire from Teal Cottage in the 32nd Division area. The cottage should have been captured earlier by the 32nd Division and the left end of the 2nd RB forming up tape ran from the position. Just before the advance, it was discovered that the Germans were still in Teall Cottage and the 2nd RB hastily

1823:

relieved the 44th Reserve Division to the north and east of Passchendaele, the men found that the conditions were even worse, the weather being much colder. In early December, there was little shelter and most of the infantry had to exist in the open, with no protection from the elements. A great

2496:

On 16 April, patrols went forward during the morning and found the area between the old and new front lines empty, the Germans still apparently ignorant of the retirement; a patrol captured a German officer scouting for observation posts, who did not know where the British were. Only in the late

2467:

On 23 March, due to a shortage of British reserves and the need to reinforce the Fifth and Third armies during the German Spring Offensive, Haig ordered Plumer to make contingency plans to shorten the line and release troops for the other armies. Worn-out divisions from Artois had been sent to

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taken but the redoubts had not been captured and the Germans had held the ground giving observation over the heads of the valleys on the east and north sides of the ridge. The noise that the British infantry made as they assembled and the difficulty of moving over muddy and waterlogged ground,

1681:

When the new track was finished, wagon drivers and mule attendants ran the gauntlet of German artillery to deliver supplies, sometimes adding to the corpses on either side. A Decouville track (light railway) was built and provided a near-regular service with six to eight wagons, which moved so

1656:

The British salient was about 3,000 yd (1.7 mi; 2.7 km) deep, 1,000 yd (910 m) wide and was overlooked from German positions at Westroosebeke to the north, the highest point on Passchendaele Ridge. The Ravebeek stream, flowing from the church ruins in Passchendaele to

2080:

the German artillery had fallen silent and a lull fell over the 8th Division front. The troops in front of the 2nd Lincoln were brought back and filled the gap between the 2nd Lincoln and the 2nd Berks, which created a continuous line; the 25th Brigade was relieved by the 41st Brigade of the

2247:

the 97th Brigade suffered many casualties amongst junior officers and NCOs; after seizing Hill 52 and Mallet Copse, the advance was stopped by resolute German defenders. Counter-attacks during the morning and late afternoon drove back the tired survivors to positions just short of or on the

2011:) was to act as a flank guard on the north edge of the salient, by advancing for 400 yd (370 m) on the flanks and 700 yd (640 m) in the centre, on a 1,850 yd (1,690 m) front. The 35th Division to the north was to support the 32nd Division with machine-gun fire. 1818:

issued a memo to all commanders, complaining that the lack of saluting by junior officers was setting a bad example to the men. To foster offensive spirit, many patrols were conducted and on one occasion, troops of Infantry Regiment 116 reached Passchendaele church. On 26 November, when the

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attacks in late October and the capture of Passchendaele village on 6 November, the Canadians attacked the crossroads and remaining high ground near Hill 52 to the north on 10 November. The junction was 1,000 yd (910 m) north on the Passchendaele–Westroosebeke road and Hill 52 was

2480:

to a reserve line from Mt Kemmel to Voormezeele (1.6 mi (2.5 km) south of Ypres), White Château (0.62 mi (1 km) east of Ypres) and Pilckem Ridge but ordered only that artillery ammunition be carried to the rear (a 4th Army report on 14 April had the British still in the

2047:

minutes as planned; the German artillery took a minute longer. The delay caused by the German infantry small-arms fire, prevented some of the British support troops from getting clear before the German barrage came down; many casualties were suffered and B Company HQ of the 2nd Battalion

1037:. The area was subjected to constant German artillery bombardment and its vulnerability to attack led to a suggestion by Brigadier Cecil Aspinall that the British should either retire to the west side of the Gheluvelt Plateau or advance to broaden the salient towards Westroosebeke (now 1188:

had been smashed by dug-in British infantry, often on reverse slopes and in contact with their artillery. On 9 October, the 4th Army ordered the dispersal of the battalions of front line regiments again and moved reserve battalions back behind the artillery protective line.

2075:

when German artillery-fire increased in volume and the 32nd Division sent up SOS flares, which were repeated by the 8th Division. The British artillery replied instantly and German troops in the open, east of Southern Redoubt were caught by the bombardment and repulsed. By

2425:

days in the front line, four in support and four in reserve; on 18 December, thirteen Germans with four machine-guns were captured, having got lost in no man's land. The area was quiet apart from artillery-fire and the 50th Division was relieved by the 33rd Division from

2038:

moved forward to their jumping-off points in the bright moonlight, German machine-gunners spotted the troops on the left flank and opened fire; after three minutes, they began to fire on the British in the centre and on the left, who had been hidden by cloud. After

1101:

headquarters were transferred to Artois, in command of the divisions relieving French army south of the Somme. It was desirable for the Fourth Army to mount minor operations to improve its positions and to continue to keep German troops away from Cambrai, once the

1998:

VIII Corps held the right flank of the salient with the 33rd Division on the right and the 8th Division in the centre; II Corps held the left flank with the 32nd Division. At a conference on 18 November, Rawlinson told Jacob, Hunter-Weston and Lieutenant-General

1731:, west of Westroosebeke. After the British attack on 10 November, both sides kept up continuous bombardments and night bombing by aircraft; the British flyers even attacked front line positions on moonlit nights. From November, the neighbouring divisions of 2309:, wrote that in conditions where the moon was near full, there was no cover and the troops would stumble forward, rather than overrun the German defences. Objections to the plan were passed on by the 8th Division battalion, brigade and division commanders 1673:

on 6 November, the only places proof against German shells were captured pillboxes and blockhouses. The locations of these structures were obvious to the Germans, who continuously bombarded them with gas shell, making them near uninhabitable.

1148:

were added to creeping barrages; "draw net" barrages were introduced, where field guns began a barrage 1,500 yd (1,400 m) beyond the German front line and then moved it towards the German positions several times before an attack.

2240:

assembly. The battalions formed four waves, the first two in skirmish lines forming an advanced guard and the other two in section columns (snake formation), to advance through the crater field and be ready to outflank the objectives.

1984:

attacked without artillery support and advanced the line to the ridge crest, which increased the depth of observation into the German lines by 400 yd (370 m). An expected German counter-attack on the 8th Division front at

1803:, with observation of the British lines north of Vindictive Crossroads. Farmhouses known to the British as Volt, Void, Vocation, Virile and Vox farms, Veal and Vat cottages, had been fortified and pillboxes built between them. 1749:

division occupied two positions known to the British as Southern Redoubt and Northern Redoubt, linked by Venison Trench, which was about 550 yd (500 m) long. From 11 November, the 199th Reserve Division held the

1774:

area, the 44th Reserve Division was in the line until 14 November and was relieved by the 25th Division until 20 November, then the division had another spell until 26 November, when the 25th Division took over again.

1380:

reported that its troops were close to collapse, because of the constant British artillery-fire, exposure to the weather in mud-filled shell-holes and with no time to recover because of the tempo of British attacks.

1045:

muddy and waterlogged ground had alerted the Germans. In the moonlight, the British troops were visible when they were still 200 yd (180 m) short of the German defences. Some ground was captured and about

1664:

There was one duckboard track into the salient, easily visible to German observers and under frequent shell and gas bombardments. Roads from Broodseinde and Zonnebeke were also constantly fired on. When the

2475:

During 13 April, General Headquarters (GHQ) discussed the situation in the Lys valley, where the German advance had lengthened the British front line. Plumer agreed to a retirement on the south side of the

506: 5505: 1022:(31 July – 10 November) proper had ended officially on 20 November but the attack was intended to capture the heads of valleys leading eastwards from the ridge, to gain observation over German positions. 2497:

afternoon did German troops begin to close up to the new line and the troops in the Battle Zone easily repulsed the German infantry; the 4th Army diary recorded that patrols discovered the withdrawal at

2068:

masked it with a defensive flank. The battalion failed to reach Venison Trench, suffering so many casualties that it had to dig in only about 100 yd (91 m) in front of the original front line.

5520: 2548:(Groups) had superseded corps with permanently attached divisions, corps headquarters were given a territorial name and organised and supplied divisions sent to the area; by remaining in one place the 5704: 3382:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II. Nashville: Imperial War Museum and Battery Press. 1340:

500 yd (460 m) beyond. Capture of the features would give the Second Army observation over German positions to the north-east. The Germans had used the lull after 6 November relieve the

6152: 1176:

The difficulty the British had in co-ordinating infantry advances, artillery-fire, tank and aircraft operations in such weather, left the infantry vulnerable to the German defensive tactic of

2248:

jumping-off line. Shute requested permission to attack again with the 14th Brigade (Brigadier-General Frederick William Lumsden) but was refused by British GHQ on the morning of 3 December.

2228: 2472:

and ordered the 36th and 30th divisions to conform to the VIII Corps retirement. The move was completed by 13 April without German interference; VIII Corps HQ was transferred into reserve.

2227:(11th Border) and 17th Battalion, Highland Light Infantry (17th HLI), each with two companies leading and two in support and 15th LF on the left flank (which had been holding the line with 1170: 1041:). Expanding the salient would make the troops in it less vulnerable to German artillery-fire and provide a better jumping off line for a resumption of the offensive in the spring of 1918. 5602: 2277:(1928) by Werner Beumelburg. In 1926, the 8th Division historians, John Boraston and Cyril Bax wrote that the attack was a limited success at best. Some ground had been captured and about 1353: 5239: 4403: 5681: 5709: 4216: 5624: 5897: 5316: 4274: 499: 6004: 2265:(3 December) by two New Zealand battalions, had received more attention than the nine-battalion attack on Passchendaele Ridge and it had received only a cursory mention in the 1981: 6147: 5912: 5667: 282: 5907: 5597: 5548: 5463: 2043:

minutes, the British troops were engaged by small-arms fire all along the front and the German infantry sent up flares and rockets. The British artillery began to fire at

2007:) was to conduct an attack on 26 November, to advance 100–300 yd (91–274 m) eastwards on a 1,020 yd (930 m) front and the 32nd Division (Major General 1325: 6157: 5751: 736: 1797:(High Ridge, Hill 52 to the British) was about 200 yd (180 m) west of Teall Cottage, higher than the rest of the vicinity and was the main defensive work of 492: 2521:

In 1935, the chief engineers of the armies, corps and divisions reported that contact with the front line had become much more difficult in early October; the French

1212:(outpost line) an outpost zone 500–1,000 yd (460–910 m) deep, was occupied by a few sentries and machine-guns. When the British attacked, the troops in the 798: 355: 1182:(immediate counter-attack). A dry spell in September greatly increased the effectiveness of British air observation and artillery-fire and from 20 September, German 5592: 4950: 2344:

was an obscure postscript to the Third Battle of Ypres, which had been only alluded to in Haig's dispatch for 1917. Reginald Bond had written in a volume of the

5221: 4443: 379: 5652: 5582: 4433: 4344: 2348:(1929) that the only big night attack of the campaign had been overlooked because of the Battle of Cambrai. The operation was only briefly mentioned in the 5676: 4567: 4021: 2364:(1970), William Moore wrote that the casualties of the attack were not counted in the official history; Michael Stedman referred to a "futile sideshow" in 129: 4244: 1049:

were taken but the attack on the redoubts failed and observation over the heads of the valleys on the east and north sides of the ridge, was not gained.

1352:. The Canadian infantry jumped-off from Mosselmarkt and captured the crossroads and Venture Farm. In the II Corps area to the north, the advance by the 3832:. Document (United States. War Department) number 905. Washington D.C.: United States Army, American Expeditionary Forces, Intelligence Section. 1920. 2493:

The intermediate line in front of the Battle Zone was to be held as long as possible to help the troops in the new line get ready for a German attack.

4574: 1074: 719: 4226: 2294:; after an initial advance the British were repulsed. On 3 December, a British attack on a 1,300 ft (400 m) against the left flank of the 1162: 5251: 4960: 4862: 2360:

had also failed to persuade the official historians to include the capture of Infantry Hill on 14 June 1917, which he called a notable success. In

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topography of the area enabled the Germans to avoid obvious entrenchments and hold the front with shell-crater positions and fortified localities.

5834: 5672: 5659: 5616: 5525: 5053: 4620: 4267: 275: 6016: 2306: 6026: 5884: 2216: 2035: 453: 5798: 5732: 5569: 5448: 5121: 4140: 3996: 3927: 3908: 3889: 3863: 3636: 3617: 3598: 3579: 3560: 3541: 3482: 3463: 3444: 3425: 3406: 3387: 3365: 3346: 2295: 1349: 5973: 5393: 4178: 1078: 5744: 3882:

A Moonlight Massacre: The Night Operation on the Passchendaele Ridge, 2 December 1917: The Forgotten Last Act of the Third Battle of Ypres

3401:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents. Vol. II (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan. 2582:

A Moonlight Massacre: The Night Operation on the Passchendaele Ridge, 2 December 1917: The Forgotten Last Act of the Third Battle of Ypres

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on 21 March 1918, "good" divisions in Flanders were sent south; the 29th Division was withdrawn on 9 April and transferred to the Lys.

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the garrisons in the outpost line and the Battle Zone remaining, with a few troops in an intermediate line beyond it. On the night of

584: 268: 5328: 4381: 1972:

Despite the gloomy prognosis, Rawlinson decided that the army should remain on the ridge. Teall Cottage was captured on the night of

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on 20 November and to provide jumping-off points for a resumption of the offensive in 1918. On 20 November 1917, Field Marshal Sir

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divisions were moved closer to the front line, quickly to counter-attack and counter-battery fire was increased to protect the

5543: 4910: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5849: 4188: 4163: 4061: 1666: 1320: 1140: 408: 362: 2433:

the 8th Division relieved of the 14th (Light) Division in cold and snowy weather, which entailed a great effort to prevent

1295:

was about 400 yd (370 m) further back comprising fortified farms, pillboxes, blockhouses and shell craters. (The

6162: 5902: 5844: 5839: 5803: 5737: 5629: 5475: 5058: 4448: 4376: 4307: 4076: 4046: 4041: 2262: 2212: 2204: 1820: 1706: 1695: 1341: 1063: 677: 601: 418: 396: 236: 5068: 3700:(PhD). pub. 2006, Directing Operations: British Corps Command on the Western Front 1914–1918. London: London University. 5793: 5420: 5360: 5257: 5162: 4925: 4711: 4415: 4254: 4153: 1345: 1082: 1011: 1007: 776: 606: 5028: 2313:...hostile machine-gun fire from prepared positions on a bright moonlight night was more to be feared than any barrage. 928: 6031: 5468: 5453: 5311: 5263: 4579: 4453: 4366: 4130: 4118: 4113: 3504:. Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War. Ottawa: Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery. 1812:(Flanders Offensive) was over, although the British artillery still caused many casualties. On 20 November, the HQ of 1158: 1120: 1098: 1026: 999: 976: 948: 761: 516: 468: 367: 340: 5245: 4640: 1954:

By 18 November, II Corps held the northern part of the salient and VIII Corps held the south side. Brigadier-General

618: 6127: 6011: 5968: 5003: 4988: 4890: 4759: 4327: 4239: 4196: 923: 913: 891: 825: 741: 731: 704: 532: 5953: 5293: 4900: 4754: 5721: 5305: 5048: 5033: 4645: 4339: 4317: 4066: 4056: 3989: 2215:

formed up below the faint outline of Hill 52 and the low southern slope of Vat Cottage Ridge. The 2nd Battalion,

1316: 1086: 1030: 971: 943: 898: 881: 837: 751: 672: 628: 623: 473: 401: 305: 5334: 5275: 5215: 2219:(2nd KOYLI) was on the right flank, with three companies for the attack and one in support, the 16th Battalion, 6132: 5928: 5415: 5405: 5287: 5023: 5018: 4940: 4349: 4322: 4026: 2462: 2232: 2049: 1377: 1103: 1015: 938: 876: 852: 756: 682: 350: 4744: 2356:. Edmonds and Shute corresponded about attack in 1930 but it did not appear in the official history. In 1938, 3829:

Histories of Two Hundred and Fifty-one Divisions of the German Army which Participated in the War (1914–1918)

5999: 5991: 5933: 5693: 5388: 5151: 5063: 4978: 4973: 4945: 4905: 4764: 4749: 4724: 4605: 4482: 3380:

Military Operations France and Belgium, 1917: 7 June – 10 November. Messines and Third Ypres (Passchendaele)

2454: 2442: 2220: 903: 864: 842: 692: 633: 559: 345: 328: 292: 3317:. Schlachten des Weltkrieges (in German). Vol. I (online scan ed.). Oldenburg: Gerhard Stalling. 2593:

The XXII and II corps divisions were the 30th, 36th, 41st, 6th and brigades of the 49th and 21st divisions.

6137: 5766: 5490: 5425: 5281: 5008: 4935: 4885: 4870: 4852: 4825: 4739: 4706: 4371: 4332: 4312: 4123: 4016: 1166: 918: 886: 847: 815: 746: 714: 697: 687: 660: 569: 448: 391: 374: 159: 5299: 5756: 5410: 5075: 5038: 4968: 4915: 4837: 4805: 4779: 4729: 4660: 4562: 4515: 4361: 4299: 4168: 4051: 2082: 2056: 1670: 1019: 933: 908: 766: 648: 552: 443: 386: 313: 29: 4701: 1277:

concept was soon altered because the British were able to pick off isolated outposts lift prisoners. A

2024: 6106: 6021: 4675: 4650: 4625: 3982: 3375: 2353: 2208: 820: 438: 1955: 6088: 6041: 5227: 5091: 5043: 4920: 4880: 4875: 4820: 4503: 4497: 4398: 2522: 1965:

Remaining in the salient would mean that the Germans could bombard the defenders from an arc of 240

830: 786: 781: 596: 574: 333: 6048: 5963: 5322: 5186: 5168: 5133: 5097: 4930: 4895: 4847: 4832: 4719: 4670: 4509: 4468: 4148: 3492: 803: 643: 564: 3399:

Military Operations France and Belgium, 1918: March–April, Continuation of the German Offensives

3312: 1365: 1264:

to arrange the co-ordination of infantry, artillery and aircraft. The length of front held by a

542: 6081: 6075: 6036: 5938: 5771: 5354: 5209: 5192: 4993: 4815: 4795: 4630: 4615: 4545: 4533: 4393: 4234: 4211: 4158: 3951: 3923: 3904: 3885: 3859: 3833: 3815: 3742: 3701: 3660: 3632: 3613: 3594: 3575: 3556: 3537: 3505: 3478: 3459: 3440: 3437:

A Record of the Battles and Engagements of the British Armies in France and Flanders 1914–1918

3421: 3402: 3383: 3361: 3342: 3318: 2502: 2458: 2357: 2060: 869: 810: 613: 3513: 5139: 5109: 5103: 5013: 4842: 4810: 4800: 4539: 4463: 4458: 4386: 4206: 4106: 3947:

An Inter-Disciplinary Study of Learning in the 32nd Division on the Western Front, 1916–1918

3754: 3713: 3672: 771: 547: 41: 5948: 5788: 5127: 4680: 4655: 4354: 4262: 4101: 3858:. Vol. IV (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: Clarendon Press. 2392:

In 2011, LoCicero calculated that the 8th Division losses from 2 to 3 December were about

2224: 2004: 995: 966: 638: 33: 3827: 2071:

The 8th Division battalions held their ground against small counter-attacks until about

1727:

further north, with its southern boundary from Vindictive Crossroads north-eastwards to

1307:

perforce became a linear defence, protecting the eastern slope of Passchendaele Ridge.)

5781: 5761: 5432: 5145: 4983: 4774: 4665: 4521: 4425: 4408: 3656:

A Moonlight Massacre: The Night Operation on the Passchendaele Ridge, 2nd December 1917

3631:(Naval and Military Press, Uckfield ed.). London: Percy Lund, Humphries & Co. 1728: 1336: 1034: 709: 579: 463: 458: 6121: 5892: 5180: 5174: 4610: 4527: 4438: 3853: 2477: 2055:

The troops on the left of B Company veered left to gain touch with the 2nd Battalion

2008: 2000: 1145: 1131: 1003: 591: 433: 249: 142: 137: 1283:(safety line), to be retired to at night, was built to stop the British raiding the 5342: 4769: 3901:

Command on the Western Front: The Military Career of Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1914–1918

1094: 1070: 1038: 154: 3727: 3686: 3420:(Naval & Military Press, Uckfield ed.). London: Thos Nelson & Sons. 2384:

The 32nd Division losses were about the same and that the casualty statistics in

5553: 5458: 5156: 4584: 4005: 3855:

The War in the Air Being the Part played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force

2434: 1090: 1301:

around Passchendaele was captured by the Canadian Corps on 10 November and the

3574:(Naval & Military Press, Uckfield ed.). London: Waterlow & Sons. 1962:

valley but that its positions lacked observation to the north and north-east.

1743:

held the area from Passchendaele village to a rise topped by Vat Cottage. The

241: 3955: 3837: 3819: 3777: 3746: 3705: 3664: 3659:(PhD). Birmingham: Birmingham University Centre for First World War Studies. 3322: 1033:

on the left (northern) side of the Passchendaele Salient, took over from the

86: 73: 5348: 5115: 3509: 1218:

and the outpost zone were swiftly to retire to the main line of resistance (

1657:

Zonnebeke had overflowed and become another swamp of decomposing flesh and

3920:

Directing Operations: British Corps Command on the Western Front 1914–1918

3697:

The Operational Role of British Corps Command on the Western Front 1914–18

260: 5608: 3341:(Naval & Military Press, Uckfield ed.). London: Medici Society. 2489:

the outpost line garrisons were to withdraw behind the new front line at

2305:, John Nettleton, the former Intelligence Officer for the 2nd Battalion, 2064: 1806:

In November, the German commanders became cautiously optimistic that the

1658: 1192: 46:

Aerial views of Passchendaele before and after the Third Battle of Ypres

245: 3884:. Wolverhampton Military Studies: 5 (1st ed.). Solihull: Helion. 3695: 2376:

The Eighth Division historians, John Boraston and Cyril Bax, recorded

3534:

To Play a Giant's Part: The Role of the British Army at Passchendaele

2408:(2017) Andrew Rawson wrote that the attack had cost the British over 3185: 3183: 2841: 2839: 2826: 2824: 2063:(2nd RB) was also caught by machine-gun fire from the front and by 1700:

Map showing waterlogged areas around Passchendaele in November 1917

5776: 3945: 3750: 3709: 3668: 3654: 2029:

The 8th Division attack on Passchendaele ridge, 1/2 December 1917.

2023: 1694: 1410: 1364: 1324: 1124: 3736: 3007: 3005: 1330:

Second Battle of Passchendaele map (26 October – 10 November 1917

3439:(London Stamp Exchange ed.). Aldershot: Gale & Polden. 1966: 1959: 484: 3978: 3475:

The Anger of the Guns, An Infantry Officer on the Western Front

1260:(methodical counter-attack) would be substituted, after taking 488: 264: 3974: 3360:(Naval & Military Press ed.). London: Sifton Praed. 2352:(1922) and not at all in the 1948 official history volume by 2928: 2926: 3738:

British 8th Infantry Division on the Western Front, 1914–18

3612:(Greenwood Press, NY ed.). London: Faber & Faber. 3046: 3044: 3572:

The Thirty-Third Division in France and Flanders 1915–1919

2429:

1918, then came back into the line from 29 January. From

2623: 2621: 2572:

After 11 November, all data for the BEF area in France.

2563:

After 11 November, all data for the BEF area in France.

1990:

before dawn on 1 December failed, with 102 casualties.

1230:. The rear battalions of the ground-holding divisions ( 2674: 2672: 2092: 1831: 1388: 3903:(Pen & Sword ed.). Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 3418:

The Story of 29th Division: A Record of Gallant Deeds

2400:

and infantry regiments 117, 94, 116 and 95 had about

2386:

Military Operations, France and Belgium 1917, Part II

1171:

German counter-attacks, 30 September – 4 October 1917

6153:

Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom

6061: 5982: 5921: 5883: 5827: 5816: 5720: 5692: 5640: 5562: 5536: 5488: 5441: 5381: 5374: 5202: 5084: 4959: 4861: 4788: 4689: 4593: 4555: 4490: 4481: 4424: 4298: 4287: 4253: 4225: 4187: 4139: 4092: 4085: 3610:

If Germany Attacks: The Battle in Depth in the West

2534:

After 11 November, data for the BEF area in France.

2337:it had the appearance of an understrength company. 2288:and the 25th Division and 12th Reserve Division of 1370:

Gelände bei Passchendale (Terrain at Passchendaele)

3812:History of the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2346:History of the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry 3358:The History of the 35th Division in the Great War 3237: 3189: 2845: 2830: 2554:staff officers gained the benefit of continuity. 4951:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 2311: 1760:by the 4th Division, returning on the night of 1224:) and the artillery was quickly to bombard the 22: 2525:had the same difficulty on the northern flank. 2366:Salford Pals: A History of the Salford Brigade 3990: 3456:See How They Ran: The British Retreat of 1918 2362:See How They Ran: The British Retreat of 1918 500: 276: 8: 2549: 2543: 2350:Report of the Battles Nomenclature Committee 2289: 2283: 2272: 2266: 1813: 1807: 1798: 1792: 1785: 1779: 1769: 1751: 1744: 1738: 1732: 1722: 1716: 1710: 1302: 1296: 1290: 1284: 1278: 1272: 1265: 1255: 1249: 1243: 1237: 1231: 1225: 1219: 1213: 1207: 1198: 1190: 1183: 1177: 3213: 3174: 3134: 3011: 2996: 2984: 2944: 2639: 2612: 2584:based on the thesis, was published in 2014. 2380:Moore wrote that the 8th Division suffered 1106:(20 November – 7 December 1917) had begun. 6148:Battles of the Western Front (World War I) 5824: 5533: 5438: 5378: 4487: 4295: 4089: 3997: 3983: 3975: 3814:. Vol. III. London: Lund, Humphries. 3062: 507: 493: 485: 283: 269: 261: 19: 3098: 3086: 3074: 2730: 2714: 2261:In 2011, Michael LoCicero wrote that the 1709:on 12 October, a new corps headquarters, 6158:Battles of World War I involving Germany 5240:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 3536:. Uckfield: Naval & Military Press. 3337:Bax, C. E. O.; Boraston, J. H. (1999) . 3150: 3122: 3110: 3050: 3035: 3023: 2960: 2948: 2932: 2917: 2893: 2881: 2869: 2766: 2702: 2627: 1163:German counter-attack, 25 September 1917 5617:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 3458:(Sphere ed.). London: Leo Cooper. 3289: 3277: 3265: 3253: 2905: 2857: 2778: 2754: 2742: 2663: 2651: 2605: 2514: 1121:The British set-piece attack, late 1917 3498:Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914–1919 3241: 3225: 3201: 3162: 2972: 2223:to its left, then the 11th Battalion, 1203:divisions from the British artillery. 5570:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 4906:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 3397:Edmonds, J. E.; et al. (1995) . 3138: 2790: 2726: 2690: 2678: 2340:LoCicero wrote that the night attack 222: 7: 5974:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 2307:Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own) 1085:HQ, which also took over command of 1014:on 8 November) attack on the German 5903:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 4697:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 2815: 2794: 2217:King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry 2034:As the attacking battalions of the 1159:German defensive changes, late 1917 1130:Map Showing Allied progress in the 4636:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 3280:, pp. 299–300, 319, 316, 326. 14: 3741:(PhD). University of Birmingham. 1756:area until relieved the night of 992:Night action of 1/2 December 1917 23:Night action of 1/2 December 1917 4999:Second Battle of the Piave River 4621:Russian invasion of East Prussia 3726: 3685: 3591:The German Army at Passchendaele 3339:Eighth Division in War 1914–1918 1715:took over the divisions between 221: 214: 136: 122: 40: 6070:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 5270:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 3899:Prior, R.; Wilson, T. (2004) . 3629:The Fiftieth Division 1914–1919 3593:. London: Pen and Sword Books. 3553:The Passchendaele Campaign 1917 2406:The Passchendaele Campaign 1917 998:, was a local operation on the 5893:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 5752:Deportations from East Prussia 5549:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 3950:(PhD). Birmingham University. 3570:Seton Hutchinson, G. (2005) . 1321:Second Battle of Passchendaele 1311:Second Battle of Passchendaele 1242:division would advance to the 1141:Battle of the Menin Road Ridge 1: 5804:Ukrainian Canadian internment 3555:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. 3292:, pp. 337–338, 342, 443. 3256:, pp. 113–114, 245, 275. 2333:was relieved on the night of 2263:Action on the Polderhoek Spur 2235:(16th NF) since the night of 1707:First Battle of Passchendaele 1064:First Battle of Passchendaele 200: 5959:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 5258:Estonian War of Independence 4926:Southern Palestine offensive 2781:, pp. 373–379, 345–346. 1254:; if this was impossible, a 5913:USA against Austria-Hungary 5312:Turkish War of Independence 5264:Latvian War of Independence 4989:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 4580:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 3944:Mitchell, S. B. T. (2013). 3778:"Great War Weather Reports" 1075:British Expeditionary Force 1006:. The action was a British 977:Western Front tactics, 1917 6179: 5996:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 5544:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 5004:Second Battle of the Marne 4891:Second battle of the Aisne 4760:Second Battle of Champagne 4601:German invasion of Belgium 3477:. London: William Kimber. 2452: 1314: 1156: 1118: 1061: 6102: 5777:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 5306:Irish War of Independence 5049:Armistice of Villa Giusti 5034:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 4646:First Battle of the Marne 4012: 1317:Action of 22 October 1917 524: 474:The Menin Road (painting) 302: 209: 191: 178: 165: 148: 114: 50: 39: 27: 5929:Constantinople Agreement 5222:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 5085:Co-belligerent conflicts 5054:Second Romanian campaign 5024:Third Transjordan attack 4735:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 4641:Battle of Grand Couronné 3653:LoCicero, M. S. (2011). 2963:, pp. 34–35, 37–38. 2654:, pp. 138–139, 143. 2463:Battle of the Lys (1918) 2298:had also been defeated. 2233:Northumberland Fusiliers 2207:and the 15th Battalion, 2050:Royal Berkshire Regiment 1395:1 November – 6 December 380:30 September – 4 October 6143:Battle of Passchendaele 5992:Modus vivendi of Acroma 5944:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 5252:Greater Poland Uprising 5152:National Protection War 5029:Meuse–Argonne offensive 4979:German spring offensive 4974:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 4750:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 4725:Second Battle of Artois 4606:Battle of the Frontiers 3356:Davson, H. M. (2003) . 3311:Beumelburg, W. (1928). 3214:Bax & Boraston 1999 3175:Bax & Boraston 1999 3135:Bax & Boraston 1999 3012:Bax & Boraston 1999 2997:Bax & Boraston 1999 2985:Bax & Boraston 1999 2945:Bax & Boraston 1999 2640:Bax & Boraston 1999 2613:Bax & Boraston 1999 2455:German spring offensive 2237:30 November/1 December) 2221:Highland Light Infantry 1766:30 November/1 December. 865:German spring offensive 294:Flanders Offensive 1917 6017:Paris Peace Conference 6005:Ukraine–Central Powers 5799:Massacres of Albanians 5767:Late Ottoman genocides 5574:Bulgarian occupations 5282:Third Anglo-Afghan War 5246:Hungarian–Romanian War 5064:Naval Victory Bulletin 5059:Armistice with Germany 5009:Hundred Days Offensive 4936:Battle of La Malmaison 4886:Second battle of Arras 4853:Battle of Transylvania 4707:Second Battle of Ypres 4575:Sarajevo assassination 4464:South African Republic 3922:. Stroud: Spellmount. 3852:Jones, H. A. (2002) . 3735:Thomas, A. M. (2010). 3608:Wynne, G. C. (1976) . 3473:Nettleton, J. (1979). 3454:Moore, W. H. (1975) . 3435:James, E. A. (1990) . 2550: 2544: 2396:the 32nd Division had 2321: 2290: 2284: 2273: 2267: 2031: 1980:two battalions of the 1814: 1808: 1799: 1793: 1786: 1784:) of the neighbouring 1780: 1770: 1752: 1745: 1739: 1733: 1723: 1717: 1711: 1702: 1372: 1332: 1303: 1297: 1291: 1285: 1279: 1273: 1266: 1256: 1250: 1245:Hauptwiederstandslinie 1244: 1238: 1232: 1226: 1221:Hauptwiederstandslinie 1220: 1214: 1208: 1199: 1191: 1184: 1178: 1167:Battle of Polygon Wood 1136: 1058:Strategic developments 323:Battles of Ypres, 1917 160:Crown Prince Rupprecht 149:Commanders and leaders 67:Passchendaele, Belgium 6027:Treaty of St. Germain 6000:Russia–Central Powers 5954:Sykes–Picot Agreement 5782:Pontic Greek genocide 5757:Destruction of Kalisz 5733:Eastern Mediterranean 5294:Polish–Lithuanian War 5076:Armistice of Belgrade 5039:Armistice of Salonica 4969:Operation Faustschlag 4916:Third Battle of Oituz 4838:Baranovichi offensive 4806:Lake Naroch offensive 4780:Battle of Robat Karim 4755:Vistula–Bug offensive 4730:Battles of the Isonzo 4661:First Battle of Ypres 3880:LoCicero, M. (2014). 3784:. WikiFoundry Central 3532:Perry, R. A. (2014). 3238:Seton Hutchinson 2005 3190:Seton Hutchinson 2005 2846:Seton Hutchinson 2005 2831:Seton Hutchinson 2005 2415:Subsequent operations 2303:The Anger of the Guns 2296:17th Reserve Division 2083:14th (Light) Division 2057:Lincolnshire Regiment 2027: 1698: 1671:3rd Canadian Division 1385:Passchendaele salient 1368: 1350:44th Reserve Division 1328: 1304:Hauptwiderstandslinie 1292:Hauptwiderstandslinie 1128: 1110:Tactical developments 1020:Third Battle of Ypres 314:Capture of Wytschaete 192:Casualties and losses 30:Third Battle of Ypres 6163:December 1917 events 6022:Treaty of Versailles 5738:Mount Lebanon famine 5653:in the United States 5621:Russian occupations 5335:Turkish–Armenian War 5276:Polish–Ukrainian War 5216:Ukrainian–Soviet War 5163:Central Asian Revolt 4946:Armistice of Focșani 4676:Battle of Sarikamish 4626:Battle of Tannenberg 4022:Military engagements 3918:Simpson, A. (2006). 3810:Bond, R. C. (1929). 3694:Simpson, A. (2001). 3627:Wyrall, E. (2002) . 3589:Sheldon, J. (2007). 3416:Gillon, S. (2002) . 3204:, pp. 250, 253. 2947:, pp. 161–163; 2501:On 17 April, at the 2209:Lancashire Fusiliers 1976:and on the night of 1828:British preparations 1089:(Lieutenant-General 1002:, in Belgium at the 972:French Army mutinies 967:1914 Christmas truce 737:Hohenzollern Redoubt 464:Nieuport, 10–11 July 439:Hooge in World War I 244:), a village in the 237:class=notpageimage| 6089:They shall not pass 6012:Treaty of Bucharest 5969:Treaty of Bucharest 5908:USA against Germany 5885:Declarations of war 5589:German occupations 5502:British casualties 5361:Soviet–Georgian War 5288:Egyptian Revolution 5228:Armeno-Georgian War 5092:Somaliland campaign 5044:Armistice of Mudros 4921:Battle of Caporetto 4911:Battle of Mărășești 4881:Zimmermann telegram 4876:February Revolution 4821:Battle of the Somme 4745:Bug-Narew Offensive 4720:Battle of Gallipoli 4712:Sinking of the RMS 4504:Scramble for Africa 4498:Franco-Prussian War 4154:Sinai and Palestine 3551:Rawson, A. (2017). 3493:Nicholson, G. W. L. 3228:, pp. 180–183. 3177:, pp. 167–168. 3153:, pp. 380–383. 3101:, pp. 115–119. 3089:, pp. 115–116. 3038:, pp. 369–375. 3026:, pp. 168–172. 3014:, pp. 166–167. 2999:, pp. 165–166. 2908:, pp. 309–310. 2733:, pp. 326–327. 2717:, pp. 325–326. 2693:, pp. 310–312. 2666:, pp. 294–295. 2615:, pp. 160–161. 2301:In his 1979 memoir 2101: 1840: 1838:18–30 November 1917 1764:until the night of 1691:German preparations 1669:took over from the 1398: 1233:Stellungsdivisionen 1073:, commander of the 1025:On 18 November the 1010:(re-named from the 961:Associated articles 678:Hartmannswillerkopf 538:Invasion of Belgium 428:Associated articles 83: / 6049:Treaty of Lausanne 5964:Paris Economy Pact 5898:UK against Germany 5828:Entry into the war 5794:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 5513:Ottoman casualties 5323:Franco-Turkish War 5203:Post-War conflicts 5187:Russian Revolution 5169:Invasion of Darfur 5134:Kelantan rebellion 5122:Kurdish rebellions 5098:Mexican Revolution 4931:October Revolution 4896:Kerensky offensive 4871:Capture of Baghdad 4848:Monastir offensive 4833:Brusilov offensive 4671:Battle of Kolubara 4510:Russo-Japanese War 3755:uk.bl.ethos.512355 3714:uk.bl.ethos.367588 3673:uk.bl.ethos.545631 2896:, pp. 47, 49. 2705:, pp. 44, 46. 2093: 2032: 1832: 1703: 1389: 1373: 1333: 1137: 6128:Conflicts in 1917 6115: 6114: 6098: 6097: 6082:The Golden Virgin 6076:Mutilated victory 6057: 6056: 6037:Treaty of Trianon 6032:Treaty of Neuilly 5939:Damascus Protocol 5812: 5811: 5772:Armenian genocide 5729:Allied blockades 5701:Belgian refugees 5484: 5483: 5394:Strategic bombing 5370: 5369: 5355:Franco-Syrian War 5329:Greco-Turkish War 5317:Anglo-Turkish War 5300:Polish–Soviet War 5234:German Revolution 5210:Russian Civil War 5193:Finnish Civil War 5019:Battle of Megiddo 4994:Battle of Goychay 4941:Battle of Cambrai 4901:Battle of Mărăști 4816:Battle of Jutland 4796:Erzurum offensive 4651:Siege of Przemyśl 4631:Siege of Tsingtao 4616:Battle of Galicia 4546:Second Balkan War 4534:Italo-Turkish War 4491:Pre-War conflicts 4477: 4476: 4367:Portuguese Empire 4283: 4282: 4245:German New Guinea 4227:Asian and Pacific 3929:978-1-86227-292-7 3910:978-1-84415-103-5 3891:978-1-909982-92-5 3865:978-1-84342-415-4 3782:Great War Weather 3638:978-1-84342-206-8 3619:978-0-8371-5029-1 3600:978-1-84415-564-4 3581:978-1-84342-995-1 3562:978-1-52670-400-9 3543:978-1-78331-146-0 3519:on 26 August 2011 3484:978-0-7183-0316-7 3465:978-0-722-16151-7 3446:978-0-948130-18-2 3427:978-1-84342-265-5 3408:978-0-89839-223-4 3389:978-0-89839-166-4 3367:978-1-84342-643-1 3348:978-1-897632-67-3 3192:, pp. 79–80. 3141:, pp. 31–32. 3113:, pp. 1–402. 2935:, pp. 31–34. 2920:, pp. 27–31. 2872:, pp. 39–40. 2848:, pp. 76–78. 2833:, pp. 75–76. 2769:, pp. 19–20. 2503:Battle of Merckem 2459:Operation Michael 2410:1,600 casualties. 2388:omitted those of 2382:2,630 casualties. 2358:I. S. O. Playfair 2211:(15th LF) of the 2201: 2200: 2100: 2099:1–6 December 1917 2061:The Rifle Brigade 1952: 1951: 1839: 1815:Gruppe Wijtschate 1724:Gruppe Dicksmuide 1721:to the south and 1654: 1653: 1396: 1267:Stellungsdivision 1104:Battle of Cambrai 1029:on the right and 985: 984: 811:Nivelle offensive 585:Trouée de Charmes 482: 481: 409:2nd Passchendaele 397:1st Passchendaele 356:Gheluvelt Plateau 259: 258: 110: 109: 58:1/2 December 1917 6170: 6042:Treaty of Sèvres 5934:Treaty of London 5825: 5603:Northeast France 5534: 5506:Parliamentarians 5439: 5401:Chemical weapons 5379: 5140:Senussi campaign 5110:Muscat rebellion 5104:Maritz rebellion 5072: 5014:Vardar offensive 4843:Battle of Romani 4811:Battle of Asiago 4801:Battle of Verdun 4765:Kosovo offensive 4540:First Balkan War 4488: 4387:Russian Republic 4296: 4090: 4032:Economic history 3999: 3992: 3985: 3976: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3933: 3914: 3895: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3823: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3776:Skipman (2012). 3765: 3763: 3761: 3731: 3730: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3690: 3689: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3642: 3623: 3604: 3585: 3566: 3547: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3518: 3512:. Archived from 3503: 3488: 3469: 3450: 3431: 3412: 3393: 3371: 3352: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3178: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3054: 3053:, pp. 8–12. 3048: 3039: 3033: 3027: 3021: 3015: 3009: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2897: 2891: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2834: 2828: 2819: 2813: 2798: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2616: 2610: 2594: 2591: 2585: 2579: 2573: 2570: 2564: 2561: 2555: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2532: 2526: 2519: 2500: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2471: 2443:Spring Offensive 2432: 2428: 2420:Winter 1917–1918 2411: 2403: 2399: 2398:1,137 casualties 2395: 2391: 2383: 2379: 2343: 2336: 2331: 2319: 2293: 2287: 2280: 2276: 2270: 2246: 2238: 2102: 2098: 2079: 2074: 2046: 2042: 1988: 1979: 1975: 1841: 1837: 1817: 1811: 1809:Flandernschlacht 1802: 1796: 1789: 1783: 1773: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1748: 1742: 1736: 1726: 1720: 1714: 1399: 1394: 1306: 1300: 1294: 1288: 1286:Vorfeldzonelinie 1282: 1276: 1274:Vorfeldzonelinie 1269: 1263: 1259: 1253: 1247: 1241: 1235: 1229: 1223: 1217: 1211: 1202: 1196: 1187: 1181: 1048: 924:St Quentin Canal 519: 509: 502: 495: 486: 297: 295: 285: 278: 271: 262: 225: 224: 218: 205: 202: 141: 140: 132: 128: 126: 125: 98: 97: 95: 94: 93: 88: 87:50.900°N 3.017°E 84: 81: 80: 79: 76: 52: 51: 44: 20: 6178: 6177: 6173: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6168: 6167: 6133:1917 in Belgium 6118: 6117: 6116: 6111: 6094: 6053: 5985: 5978: 5949:Treaty of Darin 5917: 5879: 5835:Austria-Hungary 5821: 5808: 5789:Rape of Belgium 5716: 5688: 5636: 5630:Western Armenia 5625:Eastern Galicia 5558: 5532: 5496: 5495:Civilian impact 5494: 5480: 5437: 5366: 5198: 5128:Ovambo Uprising 5080: 5066: 4955: 4857: 4784: 4702:Battle of Łomża 4685: 4681:Christmas truce 4656:Race to the Sea 4589: 4551: 4473: 4444:Austria-Hungary 4420: 4355:Empire of Japan 4292: 4290: 4279: 4263:U-boat campaign 4249: 4221: 4183: 4135: 4081: 4062:Popular culture 4008: 4003: 3973: 3960: 3958: 3943: 3930: 3917: 3911: 3898: 3892: 3879: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3851: 3842: 3840: 3826: 3809: 3801: 3799:Further reading 3796: 3787: 3785: 3775: 3759: 3757: 3734: 3725: 3718: 3716: 3693: 3684: 3677: 3675: 3652: 3639: 3626: 3620: 3607: 3601: 3588: 3582: 3569: 3563: 3550: 3544: 3531: 3522: 3520: 3516: 3501: 3491: 3485: 3472: 3466: 3453: 3447: 3434: 3428: 3415: 3409: 3396: 3390: 3374: 3368: 3355: 3349: 3336: 3327: 3325: 3310: 3301: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3276: 3272: 3264: 3260: 3252: 3248: 3236: 3232: 3224: 3220: 3212: 3208: 3200: 3196: 3188: 3181: 3173: 3169: 3161: 3157: 3149: 3145: 3137:, p. 167; 3133: 3129: 3121: 3117: 3109: 3105: 3097: 3093: 3085: 3081: 3073: 3069: 3063:Beumelburg 1928 3061: 3057: 3049: 3042: 3034: 3030: 3022: 3018: 3010: 3003: 2995: 2991: 2983: 2979: 2971: 2967: 2959: 2955: 2943: 2939: 2931: 2924: 2916: 2912: 2904: 2900: 2892: 2888: 2880: 2876: 2868: 2864: 2856: 2852: 2844: 2837: 2829: 2822: 2814: 2801: 2793:, p. 525; 2789: 2785: 2777: 2773: 2765: 2761: 2753: 2749: 2741: 2737: 2725: 2721: 2713: 2709: 2701: 2697: 2689: 2685: 2677: 2670: 2662: 2658: 2650: 2646: 2638: 2634: 2626: 2619: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2597: 2592: 2588: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2529: 2520: 2516: 2511: 2498: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2469: 2465: 2451: 2431:25–27 December, 2430: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2409: 2402:800 casualties. 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2381: 2378:624 casualties, 2377: 2374: 2341: 2334: 2329: 2320: 2317: 2278: 2259: 2254: 2244: 2236: 2225:Border Regiment 2109: 2097: 2091: 2077: 2072: 2044: 2040: 2030: 2022: 2017: 2005:William Heneker 1996: 1986: 1978:24/25 November, 1977: 1973: 1836: 1830: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1701: 1693: 1688: 1406: 1393: 1387: 1371: 1363: 1331: 1323: 1313: 1280:Sicherungslinie 1261: 1173: 1155: 1135: 1123: 1117: 1112: 1079:Henry Rawlinson 1066: 1060: 1055: 1046: 996:First World War 988: 987: 986: 981: 958: 762:Vimy Ridge 1916 639:Race to the Sea 607:1st St. Quentin 529: 520: 515: 513: 483: 478: 425: 419:Polderhoek Spur 320: 298: 293: 291: 289: 255: 254: 253: 252: 240:Passchendaele ( 239: 233: 232: 231: 230: 226: 203: 135: 123: 121: 120: 91: 89: 85: 82: 77: 74: 72: 70: 69: 68: 45: 34:First World War 12: 11: 5: 6176: 6174: 6166: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6120: 6119: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6109: 6103: 6100: 6099: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6092: 6085: 6078: 6073: 6065: 6063: 6059: 6058: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6051: 6046: 6045: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6014: 6009: 6008: 6007: 6002: 5994: 5988: 5986: 5984:Peace treaties 5983: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5925: 5923: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5889: 5887: 5881: 5880: 5878: 5877: 5872: 5870:United Kingdom 5867: 5862: 5860:Ottoman Empire 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5831: 5829: 5822: 5817: 5814: 5813: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5785: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5764: 5762:Sack of Dinant 5759: 5754: 5749: 5748: 5747: 5742: 5741: 5740: 5726: 5724: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5714: 5713: 5712: 5710:United Kingdom 5707: 5698: 5696: 5690: 5689: 5687: 5686: 5685: 5684: 5679: 5670: 5664:POW locations 5662: 5657: 5656: 5655: 5646: 5644: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5634: 5633: 5632: 5627: 5619: 5614: 5613: 5612: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5587: 5586: 5585: 5580: 5572: 5566: 5564: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5540: 5538: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5528: 5523: 5515: 5510: 5509: 5508: 5499: 5497: 5489: 5486: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5478: 5473: 5472: 5471: 5464:United Kingdom 5461: 5459:Ottoman Empire 5456: 5451: 5445: 5443: 5436: 5435: 5433:Trench warfare 5430: 5429: 5428: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5397: 5396: 5385: 5383: 5376: 5372: 5371: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5364: 5358: 5352: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5338: 5332: 5326: 5320: 5309: 5303: 5297: 5291: 5285: 5279: 5273: 5267: 5261: 5255: 5249: 5243: 5237: 5231: 5225: 5219: 5213: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5196: 5190: 5184: 5178: 5172: 5166: 5160: 5154: 5149: 5146:Volta-Bani War 5143: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5088: 5086: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5078: 5073: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4984:Zeebrugge Raid 4981: 4976: 4971: 4965: 4963: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4867: 4865: 4859: 4858: 4856: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4829: 4828: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4792: 4790: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4782: 4777: 4775:Battle of Loos 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4693: 4691: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4666:Black Sea raid 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4597: 4595: 4591: 4590: 4588: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4571: 4570: 4568:Historiography 4559: 4557: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4549: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4522:Bosnian Crisis 4519: 4516:Tangier Crisis 4513: 4507: 4501: 4494: 4492: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4475: 4474: 4472: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4449:Ottoman Empire 4446: 4441: 4436: 4430: 4428: 4426:Central Powers 4422: 4421: 4419: 4418: 4413: 4412: 4411: 4409:British Empire 4404:United Kingdom 4401: 4396: 4391: 4390: 4389: 4384: 4382:Russian Empire 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4358: 4357: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4336: 4335: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4304: 4302: 4300:Entente Powers 4293: 4288: 4285: 4284: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4277: 4272: 4271: 4270: 4268:North Atlantic 4259: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4231: 4229: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4193: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4181: 4179:Central Arabia 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4145: 4143: 4141:Middle Eastern 4137: 4136: 4134: 4133: 4128: 4127: 4126: 4116: 4111: 4110: 4109: 4098: 4096: 4087: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4042:Historiography 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4013: 4010: 4009: 4004: 4002: 4001: 3994: 3987: 3979: 3972: 3971:External links 3969: 3968: 3967: 3935: 3934: 3928: 3915: 3909: 3896: 3890: 3877: 3864: 3849: 3824: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3794: 3767: 3766: 3732: 3691: 3644: 3643: 3637: 3624: 3618: 3605: 3599: 3586: 3580: 3567: 3561: 3548: 3542: 3529: 3489: 3483: 3470: 3464: 3451: 3445: 3432: 3426: 3413: 3407: 3394: 3388: 3376:Edmonds, J. E. 3372: 3366: 3353: 3347: 3334: 3307: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3294: 3282: 3270: 3268:, p. 326. 3258: 3246: 3244:, p. 186. 3240:, p. 80; 3230: 3218: 3216:, p. 171. 3206: 3194: 3179: 3167: 3165:, p. 219. 3155: 3143: 3127: 3115: 3103: 3099:Nettleton 1979 3091: 3087:Nettleton 1979 3079: 3077:, p. 115. 3075:Nettleton 1979 3067: 3065:, p. 167. 3055: 3040: 3028: 3016: 3001: 2989: 2987:, p. 165. 2977: 2975:, p. 176. 2965: 2953: 2951:, p. 147. 2937: 2922: 2910: 2898: 2886: 2874: 2862: 2850: 2835: 2820: 2799: 2783: 2771: 2759: 2757:, p. 374. 2747: 2745:, p. 373. 2735: 2731:Nicholson 1962 2729:, p. 24; 2719: 2715:Nicholson 1962 2707: 2695: 2683: 2681:, p. 309. 2668: 2656: 2644: 2642:, p. 161. 2632: 2617: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2595: 2586: 2574: 2565: 2556: 2536: 2527: 2513: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2450: 2447: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2373: 2370: 2315: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2229:16th Battalion 2199: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2185: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2171: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2157: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2143: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2129: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2115: 2114: 2111: 2106: 2090: 2087: 2045:H-hour + eight 2028: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 1995: 1992: 1974:21/22 November 1956:Cecil Aspinall 1950: 1949: 1946: 1942: 1941: 1938: 1934: 1933: 1930: 1926: 1925: 1922: 1918: 1917: 1914: 1910: 1909: 1906: 1902: 1901: 1898: 1894: 1893: 1890: 1886: 1885: 1882: 1878: 1877: 1874: 1870: 1869: 1866: 1862: 1861: 1858: 1854: 1853: 1850: 1846: 1845: 1829: 1826: 1762:21/22 November 1758:16/17 November 1729:Oostnieuwkerke 1699: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1652: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1610: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1596: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1582: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1568: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1554: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1526: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1498: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1484: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1470: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1456: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1442: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1428: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1414: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1386: 1383: 1369: 1362: 1359: 1337:Canadian Corps 1329: 1312: 1309: 1271:six days. The 1248:and conduct a 1154: 1151: 1146:Stokes mortars 1129: 1119:Main article: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1035:Canadian Corps 983: 982: 980: 979: 974: 969: 957: 956: 954:Lys and Escaut 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 895: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 856: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 834: 833: 828: 823: 818: 808: 801: 790: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 739: 734: 723: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 701: 700: 690: 685: 683:Neuve Chapelle 680: 675: 664: 663: 658: 656:Winter actions 653: 652: 651: 646: 636: 631: 626: 621: 619:Grand Couronné 616: 611: 610: 609: 604: 599: 589: 588: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 557: 556: 555: 550: 545: 535: 525: 522: 521: 514: 512: 511: 504: 497: 489: 480: 479: 477: 476: 471: 466: 461: 459:Operation Hush 456: 454:Messines mines 451: 446: 441: 436: 424: 423: 422: 421: 416: 406: 405: 404: 394: 389: 384: 383: 382: 372: 371: 370: 360: 359: 358: 353: 348: 338: 337: 336: 319: 318: 317: 316: 303: 300: 299: 290: 288: 287: 280: 273: 265: 257: 256: 235: 234: 228: 227: 220: 219: 213: 212: 211: 210: 207: 206: 198: 194: 193: 189: 188: 185: 181: 180: 176: 175: 172: 168: 167: 166:Units involved 163: 162: 157: 151: 150: 146: 145: 133: 130:United Kingdom 117: 116: 112: 111: 108: 107: 106:German victory 104: 100: 99: 66: 64: 60: 59: 56: 48: 47: 37: 36: 25: 24: 18: 17: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6175: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6138:Ypres Salient 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6108: 6105: 6104: 6101: 6091: 6090: 6086: 6084: 6083: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6071: 6067: 6066: 6064: 6060: 6050: 6047: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6019: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5981: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5920: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5886: 5882: 5876: 5875:United States 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5826: 5823: 5820: 5815: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5769: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5746: 5743: 5739: 5736: 5735: 5734: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5719: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5702: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5691: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5654: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5639: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5611: 5610: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5561: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5535: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5507: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5492: 5487: 5477: 5476:United States 5474: 5470: 5467: 5466: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5440: 5434: 5431: 5427: 5426:Convoy system 5424: 5423: 5422: 5421:Naval warfare 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5395: 5392: 5391: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5380: 5377: 5373: 5362: 5359: 5356: 5353: 5350: 5347: 5344: 5341: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5327: 5324: 5321: 5318: 5315: 5314: 5313: 5310: 5307: 5304: 5301: 5298: 5295: 5292: 5289: 5286: 5283: 5280: 5277: 5274: 5271: 5268: 5265: 5262: 5259: 5256: 5253: 5250: 5247: 5244: 5241: 5238: 5235: 5232: 5229: 5226: 5223: 5220: 5217: 5214: 5211: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5201: 5194: 5191: 5188: 5185: 5182: 5181:Kaocen revolt 5179: 5176: 5175:Easter Rising 5173: 5170: 5167: 5164: 5161: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5147: 5144: 5141: 5138: 5135: 5132: 5129: 5126: 5123: 5120: 5117: 5114: 5111: 5108: 5105: 5102: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5083: 5077: 5074: 5070: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4958: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4860: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4827: 4824: 4823: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4787: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4740:Great Retreat 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4715: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4694: 4692: 4688: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4611:Battle of Cer 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4592: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4569: 4566: 4565: 4564: 4561: 4560: 4558: 4554: 4547: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4528:Agadir Crisis 4526: 4523: 4520: 4517: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4505: 4502: 4499: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4480: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4423: 4417: 4416:United States 4414: 4410: 4407: 4406: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4379: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4356: 4353: 4352: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4334: 4333:French Empire 4331: 4330: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4297: 4294: 4286: 4276: 4275:Mediterranean 4273: 4269: 4266: 4265: 4264: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4255:Naval warfare 4252: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4224: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4186: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4138: 4132: 4131:Italian Front 4129: 4125: 4122: 4121: 4120: 4119:Eastern Front 4117: 4115: 4114:Western Front 4112: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4103: 4100: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4091: 4088: 4084: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4072:Puppet states 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4014: 4011: 4007: 4000: 3995: 3993: 3988: 3986: 3981: 3980: 3977: 3970: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3948: 3942: 3941: 3940: 3939: 3931: 3925: 3921: 3916: 3912: 3906: 3902: 3897: 3893: 3887: 3883: 3878: 3867: 3861: 3857: 3856: 3850: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3830: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3808: 3807: 3806: 3805: 3798: 3783: 3779: 3774: 3773: 3772: 3771: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3739: 3733: 3729: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3698: 3692: 3688: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3649: 3648: 3640: 3634: 3630: 3625: 3621: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3602: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3583: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3564: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3545: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3500: 3499: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3467: 3461: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3442: 3438: 3433: 3429: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3410: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3391: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3363: 3359: 3354: 3350: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3315: 3314:Flandern 1917 3309: 3308: 3306: 3305: 3298: 3291: 3286: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3271: 3267: 3262: 3259: 3255: 3250: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3231: 3227: 3222: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3195: 3191: 3186: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3156: 3152: 3151:LoCicero 2011 3147: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3128: 3125:, p. 10. 3124: 3123:LoCicero 2011 3119: 3116: 3112: 3111:LoCicero 2011 3107: 3104: 3100: 3095: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3068: 3064: 3059: 3056: 3052: 3051:LoCicero 2011 3047: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3036:LoCicero 2011 3032: 3029: 3025: 3024:LoCicero 2011 3020: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2966: 2962: 2961:LoCicero 2011 2957: 2954: 2950: 2949:LoCicero 2011 2946: 2941: 2938: 2934: 2933:LoCicero 2011 2929: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2918:LoCicero 2011 2914: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2899: 2895: 2894:LoCicero 2011 2890: 2887: 2884:, p. 40. 2883: 2882:LoCicero 2011 2878: 2875: 2871: 2870:LoCicero 2011 2866: 2863: 2860:, p. 40. 2859: 2854: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2787: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2772: 2768: 2767:LoCicero 2011 2763: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2748: 2744: 2739: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2708: 2704: 2703:LoCicero 2011 2699: 2696: 2692: 2687: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2633: 2630:, p. 16. 2629: 2628:LoCicero 2011 2624: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2609: 2606: 2600: 2590: 2587: 2583: 2578: 2575: 2569: 2566: 2560: 2557: 2552: 2546: 2540: 2537: 2531: 2528: 2524: 2518: 2515: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2494: 2479: 2478:Ypres Salient 2473: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2449:Retreat, 1918 2448: 2446: 2444: 2438: 2436: 2419: 2414: 2412: 2407: 2390:1/2 December. 2387: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2354:James Edmonds 2351: 2347: 2338: 2335:2/3 December, 2325: 2314: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2297: 2292: 2286: 2285:Gruppe Staden 2279:150 prisoners 2275: 2274:Flandern 1917 2269: 2264: 2256: 2251: 2249: 2243:Advancing at 2241: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2172: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2158: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2130: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2096: 2089:32nd Division 2088: 2086: 2084: 2069: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2051: 2041:H-hour + five 2037: 2026: 2019: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2009:Cameron Shute 2006: 2002: 2001:Arthur Currie 1993: 1991: 1983: 1970: 1968: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1939: 1936: 1935: 1931: 1928: 1927: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1915: 1912: 1911: 1907: 1904: 1903: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1867: 1864: 1863: 1859: 1856: 1855: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1842: 1835: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1821:25th Division 1816: 1810: 1804: 1801: 1795: 1788: 1787:Gruppe Staden 1782: 1776: 1772: 1754: 1753:Gruppe Staden 1747: 1746:Gruppe Staden 1741: 1735: 1734:Gruppe Staden 1730: 1725: 1719: 1713: 1712:Gruppe Staden 1708: 1697: 1690: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1672: 1668: 1667:33rd Division 1662: 1660: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1639: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1392: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1367: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1342:11th Division 1338: 1327: 1322: 1318: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1299: 1293: 1287: 1281: 1275: 1268: 1258: 1252: 1246: 1240: 1234: 1228: 1222: 1216: 1210: 1204: 1201: 1195: 1194: 1186: 1180: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1142: 1133: 1132:Ypres Salient 1127: 1122: 1114: 1109: 1107: 1105: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1065: 1057: 1052: 1050: 1047:150 prisoners 1042: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1023: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1004:Ypres Salient 1001: 1000:Western Front 997: 993: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 964: 963: 962: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 929:Meuse-Argonne 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 872: 868: 867: 866: 863: 862: 861: 860: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 843:Passchendaele 841: 839: 836: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 813: 812: 809: 807: 806: 802: 800: 797: 796: 795: 794: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 729: 728: 727: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 705:2nd Champagne 703: 699: 696: 695: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 673:1st Champagne 671: 670: 669: 668: 662: 659: 657: 654: 650: 647: 645: 642: 641: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 594: 593: 592:Great Retreat 590: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 562: 561: 558: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 540: 539: 536: 534: 531: 530: 528: 523: 518: 517:Western Front 510: 505: 503: 498: 496: 491: 490: 487: 475: 472: 470: 469:Tactics, 1917 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 434:Ypres Salient 432: 431: 430: 429: 420: 417: 415: 412: 411: 410: 407: 403: 400: 399: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 381: 378: 377: 376: 373: 369: 366: 365: 364: 361: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 343: 342: 339: 335: 332: 331: 330: 329:Pilckem Ridge 327: 326: 325: 324: 315: 312: 311: 310: 309: 308: 307: 301: 296: 286: 281: 279: 274: 272: 267: 266: 263: 251: 250:West Flanders 247: 243: 238: 229:Passchendaele 217: 208: 199: 196: 195: 190: 186: 183: 182: 177: 173: 170: 169: 164: 161: 158: 156: 153: 152: 147: 144: 143:German Empire 139: 134: 131: 119: 118: 113: 105: 102: 101: 96: 92:50.900; 3.017 65: 62: 61: 57: 54: 53: 49: 43: 38: 35: 31: 26: 21: 16: 6087: 6080: 6068: 5675: / 5607: 5442:Conscription 5406:Cryptography 5343:Iraqi Revolt 4770:Siege of Kut 4713: 4291:participants 4240:German Samoa 4174:South Arabia 3959:. 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Retrieved 3313: 3303: 3302: 3290:Edmonds 1995 3285: 3278:Edmonds 1995 3273: 3266:Edmonds 1995 3261: 3254:Edmonds 1995 3249: 3233: 3221: 3209: 3197: 3170: 3158: 3146: 3130: 3118: 3106: 3094: 3082: 3070: 3058: 3031: 3019: 2992: 2980: 2968: 2956: 2940: 2913: 2906:Sheldon 2007 2901: 2889: 2877: 2865: 2858:Sheldon 2007 2853: 2786: 2779:Edmonds 1991 2774: 2762: 2755:Edmonds 1991 2750: 2743:Edmonds 1991 2738: 2722: 2710: 2698: 2686: 2664:Edmonds 1991 2659: 2652:Simpson 2001 2647: 2635: 2608: 2589: 2581: 2577: 2568: 2559: 2539: 2530: 2517: 2495: 2487:15/16 April, 2483:15/16 April, 2474: 2466: 2439: 2423: 2405: 2385: 2375: 2365: 2361: 2349: 2345: 2342:1/2 December 2339: 2326: 2322: 2312: 2302: 2300: 2291:Gruppe Ypern 2271:publication 2268:Reichsarchiv 2260: 2242: 2213:96th Brigade 2205:97th Brigade 2202: 2094: 2070: 2054: 2036:25th Brigade 2033: 2020:8th Division 2015:Night attack 1997: 1994:British plan 1982:8th Division 1971: 1964: 1953: 1833: 1805: 1777: 1771:Gruppe Ypern 1740:Gruppe Ypern 1718:Gruppe Ypern 1704: 1680: 1676: 1663: 1655: 1390: 1374: 1354:1st Division 1346:4th Division 1334: 1257:Gegenangriff 1236:) and their 1227:Vorfeldlinie 1215:Vorfeldlinie 1209:Vorfeldlinie 1205: 1174: 1138: 1095:Hubert Gough 1071:Douglas Haig 1067: 1043: 1039:Westrozebeke 1024: 991: 989: 960: 959: 919:Saint-Mihiel 887:Belleau Wood 870: 858: 857: 848:La Malmaison 804: 792: 791: 757:Kink Salient 725: 724: 720:Gas: Wieltje 666: 665: 526: 427: 426: 414:1/2 December 413: 392:Poelcappelle 375:Polygon Wood 368:25 September 322: 321: 304: 248:province of 184:9 battalions 155:Douglas Haig 115:Belligerents 28:Part of the 15: 5705:Netherlands 5682:Switzerland 5563:Occupations 5554:Spanish flu 5331:(1919–1922) 5325:(1918–1921) 5319:(1918–1923) 5308:(1919–1921) 5302:(1919–1921) 5296:(1919–1920) 5272:(1918–1920) 5266:(1918–1920) 5260:(1918–1920) 5242:(1918–1920) 5224:(1918–1920) 5218:(1917–1921) 5212:(1917–1921) 5159:(1916-1918) 5157:Arab Revolt 5148:(1915–1917) 5142:(1915–1917) 5130:(1914-1917) 5124:(1914–1917) 5118:(1914–1921) 5112:(1913–1920) 5100:(1910–1920) 5094:(1900–1920) 5067: [ 4585:July Crisis 4506:(1880–1914) 4169:Mesopotamia 4047:Home fronts 4006:World War I 3242:Gillon 2002 3226:Gillon 2002 3202:Wyrall 2002 3163:Rawson 2017 2973:Davson 2003 2470:11/12 April 2435:trench foot 2427:4–6 January 2085:overnight. 1800:Abschnitt B 1794:Höhenrücken 1781:Abschnitt B 1298:Vorfeldzone 1262:24–48 hours 1093:). General 1091:Claud Jacob 1083:Fourth Army 1012:Second Army 1008:Fourth Army 994:during the 939:2nd Cambrai 777:Boar's Head 767:Mont Sorrel 449:Celtic Wood 387:Broodseinde 187:4 regiments 171:Fourth Army 90: / 6122:Categories 5922:Agreements 5722:War crimes 5598:Luxembourg 5491:Casualties 4362:Montenegro 4197:South West 4077:Technology 4067:Propaganda 4057:Opposition 3871:23 January 3299:References 3139:Moore 1975 2791:Perry 2014 2727:James 1990 2691:Wynne 1976 2679:Wynne 1976 2523:First Army 2453:See also: 2372:Casualties 2245:1:55 a.m., 2073:4:10 p.m., 1778:Sector B ( 1705:After the 1335:After the 1315:See also: 1185:Gegenstöße 1157:See also: 1139:After the 1115:Fifth Army 1099:Fifth Army 1062:See also: 1053:Background 1027:VIII Corps 752:Wulverghem 715:3rd Artois 693:2nd Artois 661:1st Artois 444:Wurst Farm 402:22 October 363:Menin Road 341:Langemarck 242:Passendale 204: 800 5819:Diplomacy 5526:Olympians 5449:Australia 5416:Logistics 5349:Vlora War 5278:(1918–19) 5254:(1918–19) 5248:(1918–19) 5236:(1918–19) 5183:(1916–17) 5165:(1916–17) 5116:Zaian War 5106:(1914–15) 4826:first day 4714:Lusitania 4542:(1912–13) 4536:(1911–12) 4524:(1908–09) 4518:(1905–06) 4500:(1870–71) 4289:Principal 4149:Gallipoli 4052:Memorials 4037:Geography 4027:Aftermath 3956:894593861 3838:565067054 3820:950514425 3788:28 August 3747:911160580 3706:557496951 3665:784568126 3378:(1991) . 3323:836308983 2601:Footnotes 2499:4;40 a.m. 2491:4:00 a.m. 2330:1:55 a.m. 2252:Aftermath 2078:5:00 a.m. 1987:6:00 a.m. 1344:with the 1251:Gegenstoß 1206:Behind a 1179:Gegenstoß 934:5th Ypres 914:2nd Somme 892:2nd Marne 882:3rd Aisne 831:The Hills 826:2nd Aisne 787:Fromelles 782:1st Somme 732:The Bluff 698:Hébuterne 688:2nd Ypres 649:1st Ypres 629:1st Aisne 624:1st Marne 597:Le Cateau 575:Charleroi 560:Frontiers 351:22 August 346:19 August 6107:Category 5694:Refugees 5660:Italians 5649:Germans 5609:Ober Ost 5389:Aviation 4483:Timeline 4454:Bulgaria 4235:Tsingtao 4212:Togoland 4159:Caucasus 4094:European 4086:Theatres 3770:Websites 3523:23 March 3510:59609928 3495:(1962). 2816:GWW 2012 2795:GWW 2012 2394:552 men, 2368:(1993). 2316:— 2257:Analysis 2065:enfilade 1659:detritus 1378:4th Army 1348:and the 1239:Eingreif 1200:Eingreif 1193:Eingreif 1153:4th Army 1097:and the 1087:II Corps 1081:and the 1031:II Corps 1016:4th Army 944:Courtrai 899:Soissons 838:Messines 805:Alberich 614:Maubeuge 570:Ardennes 565:Lorraine 533:Moresnet 334:Westhoek 306:Messines 179:Strength 174:4th Army 63:Location 5845:Germany 5745:Germany 5673:Germany 5593:Belgium 5578:Albania 5537:Disease 5517:Sports 5469:Ireland 5382:Warfare 5375:Aspects 4563:Origins 4556:Prelude 4459:Senussi 4439:Germany 4434:Leaders 4372:Romania 4313:Belgium 4308:Leaders 4207:Kamerun 4189:African 4124:Romania 4102:Balkans 4017:Outline 3961:19 July 3843:22 July 3760:19 July 3719:19 July 3678:19 July 3328:26 July 2545:Gruppen 2318:Heneker 2095:Weather 1834:Weather 1768:In the 1686:Prelude 1391:Weather 1361:Weather 909:Ailette 877:The Lys 871:Michael 853:Cambrai 747:Hulluch 742:St Eloi 634:Antwerp 246:Belgian 78:03°01′E 75:50°54′N 32:of the 5865:Russia 5840:France 5668:Canada 5583:Serbia 5454:Canada 5411:Horses 5363:(1921) 5357:(1920) 5351:(1920) 5345:(1920) 5337:(1920) 5290:(1919) 5284:(1919) 5230:(1918) 5195:(1918) 5189:(1917) 5177:(1916) 5171:(1916) 5136:(1915) 4548:(1913) 4530:(1911) 4512:(1905) 4469:Darfur 4394:Serbia 4377:Russia 4340:Greece 4328:France 4318:Brazil 4164:Persia 4107:Serbia 3954: 3938:Theses 3926: 3907: 3888: 3862: 3836: 3818: 3753: 3745: 3712: 3704: 3671: 3663: 3647:Theses 3635: 3616: 3597: 3578: 3559: 3540: 3508: 3481: 3462: 3443: 3424: 3405: 3386: 3364: 3345: 3321: 2551:Gruppe 2461:, and 1538:cloud 1524:cloud 1289:. The 1169:; and 1134:, 1917 1018:. The 949:Sambre 904:Amiens 772:Verdun 602:Étreux 548:Dinant 127: 103:Result 6062:Other 5855:Japan 5850:Italy 5677:camps 5521:Rugby 5071:] 4350:Japan 4345:Italy 4323:China 4217:North 3804:Books 3751:EThOS 3710:EThOS 3669:EThOS 3517:(PDF) 3502:(PDF) 3304:Books 2509:Notes 2197:dull 2183:fine 2169:cold 2155:fine 2141:cold 2127:fine 2105:Date 1948:fine 1940:fine 1932:fine 1924:rain 1916:snow 1908:rain 1900:rain 1892:rain 1884:rain 1876:rain 1868:dull 1860:dull 1852:dull 1844:Date 1650:dull 1636:dull 1622:fine 1608:rain 1594:fine 1580:fine 1510:dull 1496:dull 1468:dull 1454:dull 1440:dull 1426:dull 1402:Date 1397:1917 816:Arras 799:Ancre 553:Namur 543:Liège 197:1,689 5642:POWs 4961:1918 4863:1917 4789:1916 4690:1915 4594:1914 4399:Siam 4202:East 3963:2017 3952:OCLC 3924:ISBN 3905:ISBN 3886:ISBN 3873:2017 3860:ISBN 3845:2017 3834:OCLC 3816:OCLC 3790:2017 3762:2017 3743:OCLC 3721:2017 3702:OCLC 3680:2017 3661:OCLC 3633:ISBN 3614:ISBN 3595:ISBN 3576:ISBN 3557:ISBN 3538:ISBN 3525:2014 3506:OCLC 3479:ISBN 3460:ISBN 3441:ISBN 3422:ISBN 3403:ISBN 3384:ISBN 3362:ISBN 3343:ISBN 3330:2017 3319:OCLC 2203:The 2108:Rain 1737:and 1546:13.4 1482:fog 1405:Rain 1319:and 990:The 859:1918 821:Vimy 793:1917 726:1916 710:Loos 667:1915 644:Yser 580:Mons 527:1914 55:Date 2404:In 2113:°F 2110:mm 1960:Lys 1560:1.8 1532:1.6 1518:2.6 1504:1.4 1490:1.0 1476:0.0 1462:0.0 1448:0.0 1434:0.7 1420:0.2 1407:mm 6124:: 5069:It 3780:. 3749:. 3708:. 3667:. 3182:^ 3043:^ 3004:^ 2925:^ 2838:^ 2823:^ 2802:^ 2671:^ 2620:^ 2457:, 2231:, 1945:30 1937:29 1929:28 1921:27 1913:26 1905:25 1897:24 1889:23 1881:22 1873:21 1865:20 1857:19 1849:18 1641:17 1627:16 1613:15 1599:14 1585:13 1571:12 1566:— 1563:48 1557:11 1552:— 1549:46 1543:10 1535:50 1521:44 1507:48 1493:52 1479:49 1465:47 1451:52 1437:56 1423:51 1411:°F 1165:; 1161:; 201:c. 5493:/ 3998:e 3991:t 3984:v 3965:. 3932:. 3913:. 3894:. 3875:. 3847:. 3822:. 3792:. 3764:. 3723:. 3682:. 3641:. 3622:. 3603:. 3584:. 3565:. 3546:. 3527:. 3487:. 3468:. 3449:. 3430:. 3411:. 3392:. 3370:. 3351:. 3332:. 2818:. 2797:. 2194:— 2191:— 2188:6 2180:— 2177:— 2174:5 2166:— 2163:— 2160:4 2152:— 2149:— 2146:3 2138:— 2135:— 2132:2 2124:— 2121:— 2118:1 1967:° 1647:— 1644:— 1633:— 1630:— 1619:— 1616:— 1605:— 1602:— 1591:— 1588:— 1577:— 1574:— 1529:9 1515:8 1501:7 1487:6 1473:5 1459:4 1445:3 1431:2 1417:1 508:e 501:t 494:v 284:e 277:t 270:v

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Knowledge (XXG)

Night action of 1/2 December 1917

Index