156:
318:
519:
from being held accountable. It allowed across-the-board, silent defiance of international treaties and conventions â one cannot apply the requirements for humane treatment in war if one cannot locate a victim or discern that victim's fate. Additionally, the policy lessened German subjects' moral qualms about the Nazi regime, as well as their desire to speak out against it, by keeping the general public ignorant of the regime's malfeasance and by creating extreme pressure for service members to remain silent.
528:
50:
362:, while the Gestapo operated as the main executive agency of the political police system. The decree aimed to intimidate local populations into submission, by denying friends and families of seized persons any knowledge of their whereabouts or their fate. The prisoners were secretly transported to Germany and vanished without a trace. In 1945, abandoned SD records were found to include merely names and the initials "NN" (
672:
762:
699:(with its formidable domestic information control) to hide the program, people's diaries and periodicals of the time show that it became progressively known to the German public. Soldiers brought back information, families on rare occasion heard from or about loved ones and Allied news sources and the
295:
had also received a so-called "FĂŒhrer's decree" from Hitler on 7 December, 1941, and while this order was not documented in writing, Keitel immediately passed it on to the appropriate authorities in the form of "guidelines" and likewise issued a secret decree containing more detailed instructions for
602:
At the camps, the prisoners were forced to stand for hours in freezing and wet conditions at 5:00 a.m. every morning, standing strictly to attention, before being sent to work a twelve-hour day with only a twenty-minute break for a scant meal. They were confined in cold and starving conditions; many
514:
were many. The policy, enforced in Nazi-occupied countries, meant that whenever someone was arrested, the family would learn nothing about the person's fate. The people arrested, sometimes only suspected resisters, were secretly sent to
Germany and perhaps to a concentration camp. Whether they lived
279:
is of the opinion that, in such cases, penal servitude or even a hard labor sentence for life will be regarded as a sign of weakness. An effective and lasting deterrent can be achieved only by the death penalty or by taking measures which will leave the family and the population uncertain as to the
436:
Natzweiler concentration camp, in particular, became an isolation camp for political prisoners from northern and western Europe under the decree's mandate. Natzweiler was the most prominent concentration camp with NN prisoners and probably also the one in which most of them spent the longest time.
518:
The program made it far more difficult for other governments or humanitarian organisations to accuse the German government of specific misconduct because it obscured whether or not internment or death had even occurred, let alone the cause of the person's disappearance. It thereby kept the Nazis
493:
III. Prisoners taken to
Germany are subject to military procedure only if particular military interests require this. In case German or foreign authorities inquire about such prisoners, they are to be told that they have been arrested but that the proceedings do not allow any further information.
489:
II. The offences listed in paragraph I as a rule are to be dealt with in the occupied countries only if it is probable that sentence of death will be passed upon the offender, at least the principal offender, and if the trial and the execution can be completed in a very short time. Otherwise the
562:
transports were marked by broad red bands; on their backs and both trouser legs was a cross, with the letters "NN" to its right. From these emblems, it was possible to recognize immediately what class a prisoner belonged to and how he or she was pigeonholed and evaluated by the
500:
V. The Chief of the High
Command of the Armed Forces determines in which occupied territories this decree is to be applied. He is authorized to explain and to issue executive orders and supplements. The Reich Minister of Justice will issue executive orders within his own
340:
to be transported to
Germany secretly, and further treatment of the offenders will take place here; these measures will have a deterrent effect because - A. The prisoners will vanish without a trace. B. No information may be given as to their whereabouts or their
1120:
The camp soon grew in size, and inmates included mostly Jews from all over Europe, but also political prisoners, Russian POWs, and Nacht und Nebel ErlaĂ (q.v.) prisoners from Poland, Hungary, Belgium, France, the
Netherlands, Greece, Yugoslavia, Slovalia, and
238:
Hitler and his upper-level staff made a critical decision not to conform to what they considered unnecessary rules, and in the process, abandoned "all chivalry towards the opponent" and removed "every traditional restraint on warfare". During the
189:. Most of the early prisoners were of two sorts: they were either political prisoners of personal conviction or of the belief, whom the Nazis deemed in need of "re-education" to Nazi ideals, or resistance leaders in occupied western Europe.
108:, while the family and the population remained uncertain as to the fate or whereabouts of the alleged offender against the Nazi occupation power. Victims who disappeared in these clandestine actions were often never heard from again.
147:("Night and Fog directive") had been in wide circulation or used publicly before 1945. The designation "NN" was sometimes used, however, to refer to prisoners and deportees ("NN-Gefangener", "NN-HĂ€ftling", "NN-Sache") at the time.
254:, testified that Hitler had literally demanded that opponents of the regime, who could not be immediately given a short trial should be brought across the border to Germany in the "Night and Fog" and remain isolated there.
485:
I. Within the occupied territories, the adequate punishment for offences committed against the German State or the occupying power which endanger their security or a state of readiness is on principle the death penalty.
274:
After lengthy consideration, it is the will of the FĂŒhrer that the measures taken against those who are guilty of offenses against the Reich or against the occupation forces in occupied areas should be altered. The
370:â"transformed into mist". To this day, it is not known how many people disappeared as a result of this decree. The International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg held that the disappearances committed as part of the
296:
its implementation. Essentially, the decree was about how to more effectively combat the increasing resistance actions in the territories occupied by
Germany in Western Europe after the June 1941 beginning of
687:
decree was carried out surreptitiously, but it set the background for orders that would follow and established a "new dimension of fear". As the war continued, so did the openness of such decrees and orders.
196:
decree in
December 1941, prisoners from Western Europe were handled by German soldiers in approximately the same way as by other countries: according to international agreements and procedures such as the
515:
or died, the
Germans would give out no information to the families involved. This was done to keep the population in occupied countries quiet by promoting an atmosphere of mystery, fear and terror.
2515:
336:
Three months later Keitel further expanded on this principle in a
February 1942 letter stating that any prisoners not executed within eight days were to be handed over to the Gestapo and:
554:
prisoners' hair was shaved, and the women were given a convict costume of a thin cotton dress, wooden sandals, and a triangular black headcloth. According to historian
Wolfgang Sofsky:
207:
2305:
421:. They were usually arrested in the middle of the night and quickly taken to prisons hundreds of kilometres away for questioning, eventually arriving at concentration camps such as
300:. The "Night and Fog" decree originally concerned only nationals of France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Norway. However, eventually some of those imprisoned under the
478:
Within the occupied territories, communistic elements and other circles hostile to Germany have increased their efforts against the German State and the occupying powers since the
497:
IV. The Commanders in the occupied territories and the Court authorities within the framework of their jurisdiction, are personally responsible for the observance of this decree.
2474:
696:
313:
Efficient and enduring intimidation can only be achieved either by capital punishment or by measures by which the relatives of the criminals do not know the fate of the criminal.
1054:
8, no. 1 (2014): 120. Original citation from the German document holdings: 4 NT, vol. XI, S. 218; s.a. Lehmanns Aussage als Zeuge im »Juristenprozess«, NT, vol. III, S. 805.
679:
Early in the war, the program caused the mass execution of political prisoners, especially Soviet POWs, who in early 1942, outnumbered the Jews in number of deaths even at
1901:
603:
had dysentery or other illnesses, and the weakest were often beaten to death, shot, guillotined, or hanged, while the others were subjected to torture by the Germans.
741:
decree with the other crimes committed by the Nazis in his closing address. In part because of his role in carrying out this decree, Keitel was sentenced to death by
482:
started. The amount and the danger of these machinations oblige us to take severe measures as a deterrent. First of all the following directives are to be applied:
449:
at the end of World War II filled with thousands of NN prisoners, whose special status was largely lost in the chaos of the last months before the liberation.
1026:
The Nazi operation against the Polish intelligentsia was code-named 'Nacht und Nebel' on the Polish lands incorporated in the Reich , and 'AB' in the GG area.
722:
facilities) on 23 November, 1944, and discovered a chamber where victims were hung by their wrists from hooks to accommodate the process of pumping poisonous
2052:
475:
Directives for the prosecution of offences committed within the occupied territories against the German State or the occupying power, of 7 December 1941.
2469:
2197:
2047:
2420:
2300:
745:, despite his insistence on being shot instead due to his military service and rank. At 1:20 a.m. on 16 October 1946 Keitel defiantly shouted out, "
1199:
2430:
2104:
884:
539:
366:); even the sites of graves were unrecorded. The Nazis even coined a new term for those who "vanished" in accordance with this decree; they were
2099:
1894:
715:
422:
1852:
1817:
1756:
1721:
1686:
961:
226:
2341:
2254:
923:
930:
935:
648:
1826:
1243:
2405:
2133:
1982:
889:
379:
2484:
2540:
2264:
2145:
2087:
1946:
1887:
1474:
1106:
1012:
607:
2464:
2128:
1977:
660:
644:
2425:
466:, uses the term to illustrate one aspect of the concentration-camp system as it morphed into a system of labour- and death-camps.
2192:
2140:
2001:
1941:
1489:
MatthĂ€us (2004), "Operation Barbarossa and the Onset of the Holocaust, June â December 1941," in Browning & MatthĂ€us (2004).
879:
2608:
1994:
251:
2603:
2588:
2123:
2116:
2080:
1989:
1958:
1924:
1856:
895:
624:, or prisoners who were too sick to work, were often murdered or transferred to other concentration camps for extermination.
430:
2583:
2309:
2111:
2092:
2071:
2023:
1953:
1934:
1873:
915:
652:
446:
426:
726:
gas into the room. Keitel later testified at the Nuremberg Trials that of all the illegal orders he had carried out, the
2593:
2208:
2202:
2157:
2064:
1929:
714:
Doubts among the Allies about the atrocities being committed by the Nazis were pushed aside when the French entered the
680:
479:
437:
When the concentration camps in the east and west of German-occupied Europe were dissolved in the face of the advancing
606:
When the inmates were totally exhausted or if they were too ill or too weak to work, they were then transferred to the
155:
2353:
2152:
2059:
383:
2028:
317:
2164:
2011:
1970:
244:
202:
54:
1383:
Kaden & Nestler (1993). "Erlass Hitlers ĂŒber die Verfolgung von Strafteten gegen das Reich, 7 December 1941."
2613:
2568:
2358:
2176:
2169:
2040:
2016:
1965:
1348:, 8 vols. and 2 suppl. vols. VII, 873â874 (Doc. No. L-90). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1946â1948.
784:
457:
442:
43:
35:
31:
2618:
2598:
2578:
2075:
2035:
1910:
127:
for "Night and Fog") is documented in German since the beginning of the 17th century. It was used by Wagner in
76:
2415:
2573:
2247:
2214:
872:
854:
813:
527:
2314:
438:
186:
105:
39:
2497:
2370:
1206:
49:
1639:
683:. As the transports grew and Hitler's troops moved across Europe, that ratio changed dramatically. The
599:
with little or no food or water on journeys lasting up to five days to their next unknown destination.
250:(OKW) in 1945-1946, the head of the legal department in the OKW, Ministerial Director and General Dr.
2452:
2259:
860:
824:
297:
287:
441:
armies and their inmates evacuated - often on cruel death-marches - centrally located camps such as
2535:
2479:
1860:
1735:
The Arms of Krupp, 1587-1968: The Rise and Fall of the Industrial Dynasty that Armed Germany at War
790:
595:. The deportees were sometimes herded 80 at a time with standing room only into slow-moving, dirty
535:
389:
Himmler immediately communicated Keitel's directive to various SS stations, and within six months,
359:
329:
220:
93:
2290:
1491:
The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939â March 1942
1200:"Enforced Disappearance as a Crime Under International Law: A Neglected Origin in the Laws of War"
1644:
The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939âMarch 1942
900:
198:
182:
139:
796:
259:
711:), it has never been determined exactly how many people disappeared as a result of the decree.
2379:
1848:
1813:
1752:
1717:
1682:
1627:
1470:
1464:
1102:
1008:
910:
818:
734:
704:
543:
390:
350:
345:
1344:
United States, Office of United States Chief of Counsel for Prosecution of Axis Criminality,
2510:
2237:
1251:
905:
802:
765:
656:
572:
532:
263:
240:
159:
1855:â A personal account of a person who survived as a "Night and Fog" prisoner four months in
1273:
2386:
2329:
2319:
1714:
The Theory and Practice of Hell: The German Concentration Camps and the System behind Them
1288:
The Theory and Practice of Hell: The German Concentration Camps and the System behind Them
849:
778:
692:
211:
124:
71:
733:
Former Supreme Court Justice and chief prosecutor at the international Nuremberg trial,
2410:
865:
844:
568:
321:
292:
2562:
2505:
2364:
2324:
2269:
1620:
1331:
636:
463:
171:
129:
1769:, part of the Nuremberg Documents, Vol. VII, pages 871-874, Nuremberg Document L-90.
17:
2334:
2285:
807:
703:
were able to get past censorship sporadically. Although captured archives from the
596:
101:
97:
89:
1622:
The German Dictatorship: The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism
1137:
The German Dictatorship: The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism
671:
567:
The prisoners were often moved apparently at random from prison to prison such as
1096:
1002:
354:(Security Service; SD) was given the responsibility to oversee and carry out the
2295:
2232:
838:
761:
615:
414:
134:
1423:
643:
prisoners to concentration camps deeper in Nazi-controlled territory, such as
406:
1037:
Walter Görlitz, "Keitel, Jodl, and Warlimont," cited in Barnett ed., (2003).
2546:
2346:
619:
614:, sick barrack) or other places for extermination. If a camp did not have a
375:
133:(1869) and has since been adopted into everyday German (e.g., it appears in
117:
1879:
1776:. Translated by William Templer. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
588:
229:(carried out from 1940 onwards) presaged and paralleled the activities of
1321:
Lothar Gruchmann: "Nacht- und Nebel-"Justiz... In: VfZ 29 (1981), S. 395.
750:
723:
632:
490:
offenders, at least the principal offenders, are to be taken to Germany.
1312:
Rainer Huhle, "Nacht und Nebel â Mythos und Bedeutung," (2014): 125â126.
1001:
BiegaĆski, Witold (1987) . BiegaĆski, Witold; OkÄcki, StanisĆaw (eds.).
2242:
1707:
Lexikon Nationalsozialismus: Begriffe, Organisationen und Institutionen
1631:
1398:
Lexikon Nationalsozialismus: Begriffe, Organisationen und Institutionen
742:
592:
584:
580:
576:
410:
402:
267:
309:
On 12 December, Keitel issued a directive explaining Hitler's orders:
418:
398:
1693:
What We Knew: Terror, Mass Murder, and Everyday Life in Nazi Germany
1530:
What We Knew: Terror, Mass Murder, and Everyday Life in Nazi Germany
1085:
Rainer Huhle, "Nacht und Nebel â Mythos und Bedeutung," (2014): 121.
1076:
Rainer Huhle, "Nacht und Nebel â Mythos und Bedeutung," (2014): 121.
452:
Up to 30 April 1944, at least 6,639 persons had been arrested under
306:
came from Poland, Hungary, Greece, Yugoslavia, Slovakia, and Italy.
760:
670:
628:
526:
316:
154:
48:
280:
fate of the offender. Deportation to Germany serves this purpose.
2457:
1742:
Why Did the Heavens Not Darken?: The "Final Solution" in History
1231:
Why Did the Heavens Not Darken?: The "Final Solution" in History
1883:
1765:. New York: MJF Books. Originally published in . Drawing upon
456:
orders. Some 340 of them may have been executed. The 1956 film
1569:
The Nuremberg War Crimes Trial, 1945â46: A Documentary History
700:
393:
sent the decree to the commanders of concentration camps. The
1700:
Dokumente des Verbrechens: Aus den Akten des Dritten Reiches
1385:
Dokumente des Verbrechens: Aus den Akten des Dritten Reiches
1095:
Lepage, Jean-Denis G.G. (24 December 2013). "Gross-Rosen".
1004:
Polish Resistance Movement in Poland and Abroad, 1939-1945
1728:
Savage Continent: Europe in the Aftermath of World War II
1677:
Huhle, Rainer. "Nacht und Nebel â Mythos und Bedeutung."
1543:
Savage Continent: Europe in the Aftermath of World War II
1396:
Kammer & Bartsch (1999). "Nacht und Nebel ErlaĂ," in
1050:
Rainer Huhle, "Nacht und Nebel â Mythos und Bedeutung,"
1135:, PS-1733, NOKW-2579, NG-226. Cited in Bracher (1970).
30:"Night and Fog" redirects here. For the 1956 film, see
225:'Extraordinary Operation of Pacification') in
92:
on 7 December, 1941 targeting political activists and
1672:
Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany
1517:
Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany
1101:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. p. 67.
675:
The body of Wilhelm Keitel after his execution, 1946
2528:
2441:
2398:
2278:
2225:
2185:
1917:
27:
Directive issued by Adolf Hitler on 7 December 1941
1619:
1827:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. (2014).
1442:
1440:
1007:. PWN--Polish Scientific Publishers. p. 48.
1749:The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia
1709:(Rororo-Sachbuch). Hamburg: Rowohlt Taschenbuch.
1698:Kaden, Helma, and Ludwig Nestler, eds., (1993).
1502:Taylor & Shaw (2002). "Nacht und Nebel," in
1466:Concentration Camps: Guide to World War II Sites
1301:The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia
473:
338:
311:
272:
53:Commemorative plaque for the French victims at
1665:Nazi Germany 1933-1945: Faith and Annihilation
1332:"Nacht und Nebel decree (English translation)"
989:Nazi Germany 1933â1945: Faith and Annihilation
747:Alles fĂŒr Deutschland! Deutschland ĂŒber alles!
1895:
768:, a British agent who was executed under the
8:
1098:An Illustrated Dictionary of the Third Reich
781:(Norwegian Resistance, later Prime Minister)
301:
285:
230:
1774:The Order of Terror: The Concentration Camp
1705:Kammer, Hilde and Elisabet Bartsch (1999).
1411:The Order of Terror: The Concentration Camp
707:contain numerous orders stamped with "NN" (
2445:
2198:SS Main Economic and Administrative Office
1902:
1888:
1880:
1744:. London & New York: Verso Publishing.
1653:. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers.
104:, who were to be imprisoned, murdered, or
266:issued the following instructions to the
96:"helpers" in the territories occupied by
42:. For the television series episode, see
38:. For the 80s Belgian synthpop band, see
1751:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
1737:. New York & Boston: Back Bay Books.
1702:. 3 BĂ€nde. Vol i. Berlin: Dietz Verlag.
1646:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
1788:The Routledge Companion to Nazi Germany
1716:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
1446:Nichol, John and Rennell, Tony (2007).
1359:The Routledge Companion to Nazi Germany
1148:
953:
885:List of Nazi-German concentration camps
1793:Taylor, James, and Warren Shaw (2002)
44:Law & Order (season 3) § ep57
1160:
298:the Axis war against the Soviet Union
75:
7:
1763:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
1674:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1556:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
1424:"Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Vol. 6"
143:). It is not clear whether the term
936:Without the right of correspondence
649:Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp
1781:Hitler and Nazi Germany: A History
1374:, London: Greenhill Books. p. 204.
976:Hitler and Nazi Germany: A History
890:National Defense Authorization Act
639:transported many of its remaining
538:used by Nazi Germany to transport
284:At the Armed Forces High Command,
235:, operating with similar methods.
216:AuĂerordentliche Befriedungsaktion
181:, the Nazis had begun rounding up
25:
2541:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos
1810:Army of Evil: A History of the SS
931:Timeline of SOE's Prosper Network
2193:Concentration Camps Inspectorate
1626:. New York: Praeger Publishers.
1610:Barnett, Correlli, ed., (2003).
880:List of books about Nazi Germany
1618:Bracher, Karl-Dietrich (1970).
730:decree was "the worst of all".
1812:. New York: Caliber Printing.
1786:Stackelberg, Roderick (2007).
1767:Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression
1679:Zeitschrift fĂŒr Menschenrechte
1658:Gestapo: Instrument of Tyranny
1372:Gestapo: Instrument of Tyranny
1346:Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression
1065:Gestapo: Instrument of Tyranny
1052:Zeitschrift fĂŒr Menschenrechte
896:Resistance during World War II
799:("Dédée") (Belgian Resistance)
661:FlossenbĂŒrg concentration camp
645:RavensbrĂŒck concentration camp
1:
1795:Dictionary of the Third Reich
1504:Dictionary of the Third Reich
916:Norwegian resistance movement
691:Despite the best attempts of
653:Buchenwald concentration camp
358:decree. The SD was mainly an
185:- both within Germany and in
175:
2209:Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe
2203:German Earth and Stone Works
1843:Harthoorn, Willem Lodewijk.
1779:Spielvogel, Jackson (1992).
1733:Manchester, William (2003).
1187:The Arms of Krupp, 1587â1968
924:The Walls Came Tumbling Down
360:information-gathering agency
192:Up until the issuing of the
88:, was a directive issued by
2354:Disciplinary and Penal Code
1871:Hassall, Peter D., (1997),
1761:Shirer, William L. (1990).
1370:Crankshaw, Edward (1990) .
397:prisoners were mostly from
384:customary international law
328:program to countries under
2635:
1783:. New York: Prentice Hall.
1681:8, no. 1 (2014): 120â135.
1670:Gellately, Robert (2001).
1660:. London: Greenhill Books.
1656:Crankshaw, Edward (1990).
1649:Conot, Robert E. (2000) .
1638:Browning, Christoper, and
1274:"The Night and Fog Decree"
978:, pp. 82â120, pp. 232â264.
627:When the Allies liberated
618:of its own, the so-called
77:[ËnaxtÊÊntËneËblÌ©]
57:, showing the expressions
55:Hinzert concentration camp
29:
2448:
2306:Identification of inmates
1772:Sofsky, Wolfgang (1997).
753:opened beneath his feet.
36:Night and Fog (2009 film)
34:. For the 2009 film, see
32:Night and Fog (1956 film)
1911:Nazi concentration camps
1831:, "Night and Fog Decree"
1695:. New York: Basic Books.
1614:. New York: Grove Press.
1469:. Universal Publishers.
810:(Comtesse de Milleville)
737:listed the "terrifying"
378:which violated both the
324:expanded the repressive
2516:Soviet prisoners of war
2248:SS construction brigade
1874:Night and Fog Prisoners
1747:Overy, Richard (2006).
1448:Escape from Nazi Europe
873:Le prisonnier politique
855:Extraordinary rendition
814:Henriette Bie Lorentzen
2609:Orders by Adolf Hitler
1829:Holocaust Encyclopedia
1808:Weale, Adrian (2012).
1804:. New York: Doubleday.
1790:. New York: Routledge.
1712:Kogon, Eugen (2006) .
1691:Johnson, Eric (2006).
1663:DĂŒlffer, Jost (2009).
1463:Marc Terrance (1999).
1244:"Night and Fog Decree"
785:Virginia d'Albert-Lake
773:
676:
565:
547:
523:Treatment of prisoners
503:
343:
333:
315:
303:Nacht und Nebel Erlass
302:
286:
282:
231:
227:German-occupied Poland
215:
167:
145:Nacht-und-Nebel-Erlass
62:
40:Nacht und Nebel (band)
2604:Night and Fog program
2589:Holocaust terminology
2498:Sonder- und Ehrenhaft
2416:SchutzhaftlagerfĂŒhrer
1847:, Van Gruting, 2007,
1800:Toland, John (1976).
1740:Mayer, Arno (2012) .
1667:. London: Bloomsbury.
1426:. Avalon.law.yale.edu
1387:, vol i, pp. 162â163.
764:
674:
556:
530:
433:, if they survived.
320:
158:
52:
2584:December 1941 events
2453:Prisoner functionary
2260:Politische Abteilung
2215:SS-TotenkopfverbÀnde
1797:. New York: Penguin.
1730:. New York: Picador.
1651:Justice at Nuremberg
1595:Justice at Nuremberg
1582:Justice at Nuremberg
1357:Stackelberg (2007).
1174:Justice at Nuremberg
1133:NĂŒrnberger Dokumente
861:Forced disappearance
825:Henriette Roosenburg
821:(Belgian Resistance)
546:during the Holocaust
288:Generalfeldmarschall
257:On 7 December 1941,
245:High Command of the
86:Night and Fog Decree
84:, also known as the
18:Night and Fog Decree
2594:Law of Nazi Germany
2536:Der Ort des Terrors
2485:Political prisoners
2475:Jehovah's Witnesses
2100:Natzweiler-Struthof
1845:Verboden te sterven
1726:Lowe Keith (2012).
1185:Manchester (2003).
1163:, pp. 140â144.
974:Spielvogel (1992).
793:(French Resistance)
791:Charles Delestraint
716:Natzweiler-Struthof
697:Propaganda Ministry
536:covered goods wagon
470:Text of the decrees
330:military occupation
183:political prisoners
1515:Gellately (2001).
1063:Crankshaw (1956).
901:Belgian Resistance
876:- a 1949 sculpture
774:
749:" just before the
677:
548:
334:
199:Geneva Conventions
168:
162:issued orders for
140:The Magic Mountain
63:
2556:
2555:
2524:
2523:
2380:Arbeit macht frei
1853:978-90-75879-37-7
1819:978-0-451-23791-0
1757:978-0-39332-797-7
1722:978-0-37452-992-5
1687:978-3-73440-024-7
1612:Hitler's Generals
1039:Hitler's Generals
911:French Resistance
757:Notable prisoners
735:Robert H. Jackson
718:camp (one of the
558:Prisoners of the
380:Hague Conventions
351:Sicherheitsdienst
346:Reinhard Heydrich
224:
116:The alliterative
106:made to disappear
61:and "NN-Deported"
16:(Redirected from
2626:
2614:Political quotes
2569:1940s neologisms
2446:
2431:Luftwaffe guards
1904:
1897:
1890:
1881:
1823:
1635:
1625:
1598:
1591:
1585:
1578:
1572:
1565:
1559:
1552:
1546:
1539:
1533:
1528:Johnson (2006).
1526:
1520:
1513:
1507:
1500:
1494:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1461:
1457:
1451:
1450:, Penguin Books.
1444:
1435:
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1375:
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1291:
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1263:
1261:
1259:
1250:. Archived from
1240:
1234:
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1218:
1217:
1211:
1205:. Archived from
1204:
1196:
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1021:
998:
992:
987:DĂŒlffer (2009).
985:
979:
972:
966:
965:
962:"Wörterbuchnetz"
958:
906:Dutch Resistance
803:Noor Inayat Khan
766:Noor Inayat Khan
657:Schloss Hartheim
510:The reasons for
480:Russian campaign
305:
291:
264:Heinrich Himmler
234:
219:
210:
180:
177:
174:gained momentum
170:Even before the
160:Heinrich Himmler
79:
21:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2619:1941 quotations
2599:Nazi war crimes
2579:1941 in Germany
2559:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2520:
2506:"Race defilers"
2491:Nacht und Nebel
2437:
2394:
2387:Jedem das Seine
2274:
2221:
2181:
1913:
1908:
1869:
1838:Further reading
1835:
1820:
1807:
1640:JĂŒrgen MatthĂ€us
1617:
1606:
1601:
1592:
1588:
1579:
1575:
1567:Marrus (1997).
1566:
1562:
1554:Shirer (1990).
1553:
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1409:Sofsky (1997).
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868:(War on Terror)
850:Commissar Order
834:
829:
797:Andrée de Jongh
779:Trygve Bratteli
770:Nacht und Nebel
759:
739:Nacht und Nebel
728:Nacht und Nebel
720:Nacht und Nebel
709:Nacht und Nebel
693:Joseph Goebbels
685:Nacht und Nebel
669:
641:Nacht und Nebel
560:Nacht und Nebel
552:Nacht und Nebel
533:Holocaust train
525:
512:Nacht und Nebel
508:
472:
454:Nacht und Nebel
395:Nacht und Nebel
372:Nacht und Nebel
364:Nacht und Nebel
356:Nacht und Nebel
326:Nacht und Nebel
260:ReichsfĂŒhrer-SS
241:Nuremberg trial
232:Nacht und Nebel
206:
201:. However, the
194:Nacht und Nebel
187:occupied Europe
178:
164:Nacht und Nebel
153:
121:Nacht und Nebel
114:
67:Nacht und Nebel
59:Nacht und Nebel
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2574:1941 documents
2571:
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2538:
2532:
2530:
2529:Historiography
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2511:Roma and Sinti
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2088:Mittelbau-Dora
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2055:
2048:KrakĂłw-PĆaszĂłw
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1899:
1892:
1884:
1868:
1867:External links
1865:
1864:
1863:
1859:and a year in
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1599:
1593:Conot (2000).
1586:
1580:Conot (2000).
1573:
1560:
1547:
1534:
1532:, pp. 185â225.
1521:
1508:
1495:
1493:, pp. 259â264.
1482:
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1389:
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1363:
1350:
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1323:
1314:
1305:
1299:Overy (2006).
1292:
1290:, pp. 204â205.
1286:Kogon (2006).
1279:
1265:
1235:
1233:, pp. 337-338.
1229:Mayer (2012).
1222:
1191:
1178:
1172:Conot (2000).
1165:
1153:
1151:, p. 418.
1141:
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1030:
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991:, pp. 160â163.
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866:Ghost detainee
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845:Commando Order
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819:Elsie Maréchal
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665:
569:Fresnes Prison
524:
521:
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468:
462:, directed by
391:Richard GlĂŒcks
322:Wilhelm Keitel
293:Wilhelm Keitel
252:Rudolf Lehmann
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2002:Herzogenbusch
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1254:on 2012-05-09
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1212:on 2014-07-22
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2301:Forced labor
2291:Action 14f14
2286:Action 14f13
2226:Subdivisions
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1802:Adolf Hitler
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1604:Bibliography
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1563:
1555:
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1537:
1529:
1524:
1519:, pp. 51â69.
1516:
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1465:
1460:(in English)
1455:
1447:
1428:. Retrieved
1418:
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1345:
1340:
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1295:
1287:
1282:
1268:
1256:. Retrieved
1252:the original
1247:
1238:
1230:
1225:
1214:. Retrieved
1207:the original
1194:
1186:
1181:
1173:
1168:
1156:
1149:Bracher 1970
1144:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1119:
1112:. Retrieved
1097:
1090:
1081:
1072:
1064:
1059:
1051:
1046:
1038:
1033:
1025:
1018:. Retrieved
1003:
996:
988:
983:
975:
970:
956:
922:
871:
808:Mary Lindell
769:
746:
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128:
120:
115:
102:World War II
98:Nazi Germany
90:Adolf Hitler
85:
81:
66:
65:
64:
58:
2470:Homosexuals
2411:LagerfĂŒhrer
2296:Early camps
2233:Appellplatz
2129:RavensbrĂŒck
2124:Niederhagen
1990:Gross-Rosen
1978:FlossenbĂŒrg
1925:Arbeitsdorf
1857:Gross-Rosen
927:(1957 book)
839:Black jails
647:for women,
621:MuselmÀnner
616:gas chamber
431:Gross-Rosen
415:Netherlands
179: 1941
135:Thomas Mann
80:), meaning
2563:Categories
2465:"Asocials"
2406:Commandant
2112:Neuengamme
2072:Mauthausen
2024:Kaiserwald
1954:Buchenwald
1918:Main camps
1861:Natzweiler
1632:B001JZ4T16
1430:2013-08-05
1258:22 January
1216:2013-08-05
1161:Weale 2012
944:References
787:(American)
571:in Paris,
542:and other
447:Mauthausen
427:Esterwegen
423:Natzweiler
407:Luxembourg
376:war crimes
151:Background
94:resistance
2442:Prisoners
2426:Wehrmacht
2399:Personnel
2371:Selection
2347:Muselmann
2218:(Camp SS)
1930:Auschwitz
1597:, p. 506.
1584:, p. 501.
1571:, p. 151.
1558:, p. 957.
1506:, p. 192.
1413:, p. 118.
1400:, p. 160.
1361:, p. 286.
1303:, p. 605.
1248:ushmm.org
1189:, p. 519.
1176:, p. 300.
1139:, p. 418.
1067:, p. 215.
1041:, p. 152.
681:Auschwitz
506:Rationale
368:vernebelt
247:Wehrmacht
208:âčSee Tfdâș
203:AB-Aktion
172:Holocaust
118:hendiadys
2375:Slogans
2342:Language
2186:Agencies
2170:subcamps
2158:subcamps
2153:Stutthof
2146:subcamps
2134:subcamps
2117:subcamps
2105:subcamps
2093:subcamps
2081:subcamps
2065:subcamps
2060:Majdanek
2053:subcamps
2041:subcamps
2029:subcamps
2017:subcamps
2006:subcamps
1995:subcamps
1983:subcamps
1971:subcamps
1959:subcamps
1947:subcamps
1935:subcamps
1642:(2004).
1545:, p. 81.
832:See also
751:trapdoor
724:Zyklon-B
695:and the
633:Brussels
573:Waldheim
166:in 1941.
2243:Subcamp
2165:Vaivara
2012:Hinzert
841:(China)
772:program
743:hanging
667:Results
593:Stettin
585:Potsdam
581:Leipzig
577:Dresden
544:victims
411:Denmark
403:Belgium
268:Gestapo
243:of the
223:
100:during
2335:Yellow
2330:Purple
2310:Badges
2279:Topics
2265:Revier
2205:(DEST)
2177:Warsaw
1966:Dachau
1851:
1816:
1755:
1720:
1685:
1630:
1473:
1121:Italy,
1114:12 May
1105:
1020:12 May
1011:
938:(USSR)
635:, the
608:Revier
591:, and
589:LĂŒbeck
443:Dachau
439:Allied
419:Norway
417:, and
413:, the
399:France
277:FĂŒhrer
212:German
125:German
72:German
2315:Black
2076:Gusen
2036:Kauen
1210:(PDF)
1203:(PDF)
949:Notes
659:, or
629:Paris
575:near
429:, or
341:fate.
2480:Jews
2458:Kapo
2325:Pink
2308:and
2074:and
1849:ISBN
1814:ISBN
1753:ISBN
1718:ISBN
1683:ISBN
1628:ASIN
1471:ISBN
1260:2015
1116:2023
1103:ISBN
1022:2023
1009:ISBN
892:(US)
857:(US)
631:and
550:The
540:Jews
445:and
386:.
382:and
221:lit.
112:Name
701:BBC
563:SS.
348:'s
270::
137:'s
2565::
2547:KL
1877:.
1439:^
1246:.
1118:.
1024:.
705:SD
663:.
655:,
651:,
637:SS
587:,
583:,
579:,
425:,
409:,
405:,
401:,
218:,
214::
176:c.
74::
2320:P
1903:e
1896:t
1889:v
1822:.
1634:.
1479:.
1433:.
1334:.
1276:.
1262:.
1219:.
964:.
610:(
332:.
205:(
123:(
70:(
46:.
20:)
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