47:
1038:
629:" (ie. the amount of time that the tube has power running through it) which increases the device's lifespan. Autogating also enhances the Bright-Source Protection (BSP), which reduces the voltage supplied to the photocathode in response to ambient light levels. Automatic Brightness Control (ABC) modulates the amount of voltage supplied to the microchannel plate (rather than the photocathode) in response to ambient light. Together, BSP and ABC (alongside autogating) serves to prevent temporary blindness for the user and prevent damage to the tube when the night vision device is exposed to sudden bright sources of light, like a
1339:
1030:
66:
85:
651:
1316:
807:
474:
542:
1328:
31:
1603:: a 2010–2011 summary of state hunting regulations for the use of night-vision equipment in hunting listed 13 states in which the equipment is prohibited, 17 states with various restrictions (e.g. only for certain non-game species, and/or in a certain date range), and 20 states without restrictions. It did not summarize the regulations for thermal-imaging equipment.
416:
1281:
1132:
88:
92:
91:
87:
86:
93:
826:) and/or long (LWIR 8-14 μm) wavelength range. Initial models appeared in the 2000s. Dedicated fusion devices and clip-on imagers that add a thermal overlay to standard I² night vision devices are available. Fusion combines excellent navigation and fine details (I²), with easy heat signature detection (imaging).
90:
655:
microchannel plate (red). Each electron causes multiple electrons to be released from the microchannel plate. The electrons are drawn to the higher-voltage phosphor screen (green). Electrons that strike the phosphor screen cause the phosphor to produce photons of light viewable through the eyepiece lenses.
1266:
metasurface with a pump beam. The metasurface boosts the photons' energy, pushing them into the visible spectrum without converting them to electrons. Cooling is not required. Visible and infrared light appear in a single image. Traditionally, night-vision systems capture side-by-side views from each
46:
1236:
system (AlGaAs). It is particularly sensitive to that are mid-length infrared waves. The
Corrugated QWIP (CQWIP) broadens detection capacity by using a resonance superstructure to orient more of the electric field parallel, so that it can be absorbed. Although cryogenic cooling between 77 K and
713:
The consumer market sometimes classifies such systems as
Generation 4, the United States military describes these systems as Generation 3 autogated tubes (GEN III OMNI V-IX). Moreover, as autogating power supplies can be added to any previous generation of night-vision devices, autogating capability
654:
Generation II, III and IV devices use a microchannel plate for amplification. Photons from a dimly lit source enter the objective lens (on the left) and strike the photocathode (gray plate). The photocathode (which is negatively biased) releases electrons, which are accelerated to the higher-voltage
1155:
WFoV BNVD: variant of the AN/PVS-31A which incorporates both F-NVG and DIT-NVG. The foveal WFoV optics increase the FoV of each tube from 40° to 55°, while the angulation of the tubes positions them so there is a 40° overlap of binocular vision in the center and a total 70° FoV. It offers a FoM of
659:
OMNI, or OMNIBUS, refers to a series of contracts through which the US Army purchased GEN III night vision devices. This started with OMNI I, which procured AN/PVS-7A and AN/PVS-7B devices, then continued with OMNI II (1990), OMNI III (1992), OMNI IV (1996), OMNI V (1998), OMNI VI (2002), OMNI VII
1201:
Ceramic
Optical Ruggedized Engine (CORE) produces higher-performance Gen 1 tubes by replacing the glass plate with a ceramic plate. This plate is produced from specially formulated ceramic and metal alloys. Edge distortion is improved, photo sensitivity is increased, and the resolution can be as
663:
However, OMNI is not a specification. The performance of a particular device generally depends upon the tube which is used. For example, a GEN III OMNI III MX-10160A/AVS-6 tube performs similarly to a GEN III OMNI VII MX-10160A/AVS-6 tube, even though the former was manufactured in ~1992 and the
829:
Fusion modes include night vision with thermal overlay, night vision only, thermal only, and others such as outline (which outlines objects that have thermal signatures) or "decamouflage", which highlights all objects that are of near-human temperature. Fusion devices are heavier and more power
1144:
Diverging image tube (DIT) night vision increases FoV by angle the tubes slightly outward. This increases peripheral FoV but causes distortion and reduced image quality. With DIT, users are no longer looking through the center of the tubes (which provides the clearest images) and light passing
1107:
which is responsible for central vision. These devices have users look "straight through" the tubes so light passing through the center of the tube falls on the foveal retina, as is the case with traditional binocular NVGs. The increased FoV comes at the price of image quality and edge
325:, who in early 1941 provided compact, lightweight image converter tubes. By July 1942 the British had produced a binocular apparatus called 'Design E'. This was bulky, needing an external power pack generating 7,000 volts, but saw limited use with amphibious vehicles of
1609:: possessing a device "designed for or adaptable to use on a firearm which, through the use of a projected infrared light source and electronic telescope, enables the operator thereof to visually determine and locate the presence of objects during the night-time" is a
174:
is often mounted to the weapon. The laser sight produces an infrared beam that is visible only through an NVD and aids with aiming. Some night vision devices are made to be mounted to firearms. These can be used in conjunction with weapon sights or standalone; some
633:
or artificial lighting. These modulation systems also help maintain a steady illumination level in the user's view that improves the ability to keep "eyes on target" in spite of temporary light flashes. These functions are especially useful for pilots, soldiers in
689:
A removed or greatly thinned ion barrier that decreases the number of electrons that are rejected by GEN III MCP, hence resulting in less image noise. The disadvantage to a thin or removed ion barrier is the overall decrease in tube life from a theoretical
624:
Autogating (ATG) rapidly switches the power supply's voltage to the photocathode on and off. These switches are rapid enough that they are not detectable to the human eye and peak voltage supplied to the night vision device is maintained. This reduces the
254:
From late 1944 to March 1945 the German military conducted successful tests of FG 1250 sets mounted on
Panther Ausf. G tanks (and other variants). During the war, approximately 50 (or 63) Panthers were equipped with the FG 1250 and saw combat on both the
787:
The US government has recognized the fact that the technology itself makes little difference, as long as an operator can see clearly at night. Consequently, the United States bases export regulations directly on the figure of merit.
1619:, as of 2014, "A person may not possess night vision or thermal imaging equipment while taking wild animals or while having in possession that could be used to take wild animals." Law-enforcement and military use is exempt.
4064:
873:
Out of Band (OOB) refers to night vision technologies that operate outside the 500-900 nm NIR (near infrared) frequency range. This is possible with dedicated image intensifier tubes or with clip-on devices.
1256:, a III–V compound, which is common in opto-electronics in items such as DVDs and phones. A graded layer with increased atomic spacing and an intermediate layer of the GaAs substrate trap any potential defects.
89:
1053:
has a FoV of 40, less than the 95° monocular horizontal FoV and humans' 190° binocular horizontal FoV. This forces users to turn their heads to compensate. This is particularly evident when flying, driving, or
3134:
5300:
1386:
is the model number. Different models introduced around the same time use the same type of batteries and mounting mechanism. Multi-weapon models have replaceable elevation scales, with one scale for the
274:
Parallel development occurred in the US. The M1 and M3 infrared night-sighting devices, also known as the "sniperscope" or "snooperscope", saw limited service with the US Army in World War II and in the
4274:
1189:. These devices can offer Gen-1-equivalent quality at a lower cost. At the higher end, SiOnyx has produced digital color NVGs. The "Opsin" of 2022 has a form factor and helmet weight similar to an
4094:
3665:
2723:
159:
green, as green was considered to be the easiest color to see for prolonged periods in the dark. Night vision devices may be passive, relying solely on ambient light, or may be active, using an
1589:: rescue helicopter services use US-made Gen3 goggles for use only according to US export regulations. Use of NVD for shooting non-indigenous game animals, such as rabbits, hares, deer, pigs,
4669:
341:
submachine guns. However, by
January 1945 the British had only made seven infra-red receiver sets. Although some were sent to India and Australia for trials before the end of 1945, by the
4320:
3559:
3258:
3775:
3627:
3038:
1467:
573:
to pass through. The ion barrier increased the "halo" effect around bright spots or light sources. Light amplification (and power consumption) with these devices improved to around
3992:
194:. The technology has evolved since then, involving "generations" of night-vision equipment with performance increases and price reductions. Consequently, though they are commonly
4895:
3002:
2687:
784:
By 2001, the United States federal government concluded that a tube's generation was not a determinant performance factor, obsoleting the term as a basis of export regulations.
1070:
Panoramic night vision goggles (PNVG) increase FoV by increasing the number of sensor tubes. This solution adds size, weight, power requirements, and complexity. An example is
1193:, but requires a separate battery pack. It offers a shorter battery life and lower sensitivity. It can however tolerate bright light and process a wider range of wavelengths.
1262:-based upconversion technology provides a night-vision film that weighs less than a gram and can be placed across ordinary glasses. Photons pass through a resonant non-local
4072:
4902:
Parush, Avi; Gauthier, Michelle S.; Arseneau, Lise; Tang, Denis (September 2011). "The Human
Factors of Night Vision Goggles: Perceptual, Cognitive, and Physical Factors".
3103:
5325:
3597:
3294:
1676:
3955:
3391:
1579:: possession is not regulated, but night-vision devices mounted on firearms require a permit. Using mounted night-vision equipment for hunting requires a permit in the
4747:
4614:
1696:
2568:
4577:
Section 19 5a of the German
Bundesjagdgesetz (BJagdG) states: "It is forbidden to use artificial light sources, mirrors, devices to illuminate or light targets, or
2973:
1721:
477:
A cut-open and depotted AN/PVS-5, showing the components of a night-vision device. This device was manufactured in 2nd generation (5A to 5C) and 3rd generation (5D)
4581:
devices with image converters or electronic amplification intended for guns." These aids are not banned for observation purposes but for catching or killing game.
4126:
3739:
2434:
3703:
1754:
5320:
4639:
4139:
1062:
to prefer white light rather than night vision when conducting CQB. As a result, much time and effort has gone into research to develop a wider FoV solution.
243:
started developing its first devices in 1935. In mid-1943, the German Army began testing infrared night-vision devices and telescopic rangefinders mounted on
4868:
4297:
1822:
1037:
4282:
795:
489:. This produced a much brighter image, especially around the edges of the lens. This led to increased clarity in low ambient-light environments, such as
4104:
3678:
3529:
3423:
2733:
2373:
1237:
85 K is required, QWID technology may be appropriate for continuous surveillance viewing due to its claimed low cost and uniformity in materials.
2215:
2072:
1217:
between layers of glass that reacts to photons to brighten dark images. Prototypes absorb only 2.3% of light, which is not enough for practical use.
902:
791:
4823:
2759:
4591:
3330:
3071:
2796:
2245:
1786:
4168:
3805:
2107:
4904:
4691:
4134:
2888:
2502:
1963:
1176:) models, are "digital". Introduced in the late 2000s, these allow transmission of the image, at the cost of increased size, weight, power usage.
326:
2470:
2337:
2305:
4832:
2942:
1221:
4333:
3880:
3572:
3274:
3222:
833:
One alternative is to use an I² device over one eye and a thermal device over the other eye, relying on the human visual system to provide a
3783:
3640:
3048:
2149:
251:("Sparrow Hawk"), with a range of up to 600 m, had a 30 cm infrared searchlight and an image converter operated by the tank commander.
4841:
3495:
3453:
3360:
2652:
2603:
3907:
2918:
147:
tube, a protective housing, and an optional mounting system. Many NVDs also include a protective sacrificial lens, mounted over the front/
4002:
5310:
781:
In the late 1990s, innovations in photocathode technology significantly increased the SNR, with new tubes surpassing Gen 3 performance.
3012:
2695:
2639:
1074:(Ground Peripheral Night Vision Goggle). These goggles, and the aviation AN/AVS-10 PNVG from which they were derived, offer a 97° FoV.
4033:
318:
4804:
4995:
718:
appearing after a generation type (i.e., Gen II+, Gen III+) indicate improvement(s) over the original specification's requirements.
55:
4024:
1880:
392:, intended for civilian use. Zworykin's idea came from a former radio-guided missile. At that time, infrared was commonly called
4755:
4722:
3188:
3111:
887:
337:
trialled man-portable night vision sets, and the
British later experimented with mounting the devices to Mark III and Mark II(S)
3605:
1501:
1292:
about year of introduction and amplification factor for each model, so that a rough comparison with US generations can be made.
530:
334:
3304:
4848:
3966:
3401:
3835:
2041:
1706:
5315:
5305:
4552:"Přehledně: Jaké změny přináší novela zákona o zbraních [What changes are coming with the Firearms Act Amendment]"
4551:
3500:
3487:
3267:
2576:
1910:
2981:
2858:
2828:
1731:
1015:
B.E. Meyers & Co. IZLID Ultra 1064 and 1550 (Infrared Zoom Laser
Illuminator Designator) (1064 nm, 1550 nm)
569:. In addition, the MCP was coated with an ion barrier film to increase tube life. However, the ion barrier allowed fewer
283:. These were active devices, using an infrared light source to illuminate targets. Their image-intensifier tubes used an
4476:
1241:
389:
260:
256:
101:
A night-vision device (NVD), also known as a night optical/observation device (NOD) or night-vision goggle (NVG), is an
4143:
3750:
2445:
232:
4328:
3714:
2977:
1764:
4647:
2275:
1861:
529:
Later advances brought GEN II+ devices (equipped with better optics, SUPERGEN tubes, improved resolution and better
2647:
1650:
1573:: civilian possession and trading of night-vision scopes is prohibited without permission from Union home ministry.
1388:
1267:
spectrum, so they can't produce identical images. Its frequency range is 1550-nm infrared to visible 550-nm light.
1253:
1233:
698:
310:
4305:
1354:, have developed their own night-vision devices. Models used after 1960 by the Russian/Soviet Army are designated
686:
system regulates the photocathode voltage, allowing the NVD to instantaneously adapt to changing light conditions.
1462:
1245:
965:
639:
78:
4241:
4217:
4199:
924:, can be spotted. OOB tech are much more difficult to spot with Gen III (depending on wavelength and intensity).
5274:
2534:
1338:
1295:
1249:
705:
MTTF for thin film types. This loss is largely negated by the low number of image-intensifier tubes that reach
678:
GEN III OMNI V–IX devices developed in the 2000s and onward can differ from earlier devices in important ways:
562:
553:
Third-generation night-vision systems, developed in the late 1980s, maintained the MCP from Gen II, but used a
982:
B.E. Meyers & Co. MAWL-CLAD (Modular Aiming Weapon Laser--Covert Laser Aiming Device) (1064 nm laser)
3537:
2185:
1830:
5279:
3872:
3431:
2412:
1482:
502:
4820:
4099:
2770:
2223:
2082:
774:(FoM) is a quantitative measure of a NVD's effectiveness and clarity. It is calculated using the number of
5201:
2253:
1667:
1661:
921:
883:
OOB device might see more on a starlit night because OOB devicee intensify any ambient, UV, or SWIR light.
171:
3338:
3081:
2803:
1794:
778:
per millimeter that a user can detect multiplied by the image intensifier's signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio.
228:
in the UK. Night vision technology prior to the end of World War II was later described as
Generation 0.
5257:
4988:
4176:
3813:
3299:
3076:
2104:
1055:
558:
225:
2896:
3396:
3227:
3043:
2728:
1971:
1701:
1029:
5191:
3146:
2512:
2480:
2388:
2347:
2315:
1993:
1644:
957:
Photonis' 4G HyMa (Hybrid Multi-Alkali) image intensifier tubes (bandwidth of 350-1100 nm, from
794:
regulations specify that US-made tubes with a FOM greater than 1400 are not exportable; however, the
715:
385:
240:
221:
176:
152:
58:. Note that in addition to the image intensifier, the NVD gathers much more light by its much larger
4829:
2950:
1496:
to detect reflections from the focal elements of enemy optical systems and estimate their distance:
5226:
5153:
5063:
1109:
891:
482:
3232:
5252:
5148:
5100:
5048:
4704:
3162:
2507:
2475:
2404:
2342:
2310:
2154:
2013:
1967:
1940:
1351:
428:
148:
35:
4377:
3461:
3368:
2614:
2159:
1124:
752:
748:
4838:
3918:
1117:
994:
948:
744:
740:
736:
97:
First-person view through night-vision goggles of the FBI Hostage Rescue Team using an airboat.
5186:
3876:
1884:
1638:
1400:
1392:
1186:
815:
346:
330:
264:
144:
129:
125:
3866:
2124:
1003:
Rheinmetall FCS-RPAL (Fire Control System--Rheinmetall Precision Aiming Laser) (1550 nm)
5168:
5110:
5105:
5068:
5033:
4981:
4913:
3154:
2656:
2396:
2005:
1557:: law forbids such devices if their purpose is to be mounted on firearms except for hunting
1473:
1404:
1229:
895:
834:
775:
730:
554:
498:
51:
1567:: night-vision devices for hunting is prohibited, although owning the devices is permitted.
650:
5231:
5221:
5125:
5120:
5095:
5058:
5043:
5038:
2129:
2111:
1945:
1656:
1263:
1248:, are used for high-performance infrared light-sensing cameras. An alternative within the
1100:
1096:
771:
436:
113:
102:
65:
39:
4038:
3150:
2392:
1613:. This essentially covers scopes using Gen0 technology, but not subsequent generations.
1294:
Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the
27:
Device that allows visualization of images in levels of light approaching total darkness
5163:
4065:"Navy asks Kent Optronics to develop wide-field-of-view binocular night-vision goggles"
1888:
1653: – Electronic light sensing device sensitive to wavelengths into the near infrared
1548:
1512:
1508:
1182:
1059:
557:
photocathode, with improved resolution. GA photocathodes are primarily manufactured by
321:, then with Philips' UK subsidiary Radio Transmission Equipment Ltd., and finally with
313:
assumed responsibility for British military infra-red research. They worked first with
3199:
2640:"P-431 (Rev. 09-21) FLIGHT TRAINING INSTRUCTION NIGHT VISION GOGGLE PHASE TH-57C 2021"
985:
LA-17/PEQ D-PILS (Dual-band Pointer and Illuminator Laser System) (1400-1600 nm)
5294:
5078:
5023:
4909:
4872:
3166:
3007:
2408:
2077:
2017:
1864:. Fort Belvoir, VA: Night Vision & Electronic Sensors Directorate. Archived from
1826:
1759:
1632:
1600:
1545:: firearms legislation forbids night-vision devices that can be mounted on a firearm.
1046:
1000:
Optics 1 ICUGR (Integrated Compact Ultralight Gun-mounted Rangefinder) (1550 nm)
635:
167:
121:
1492:). The counter-sniper night sight is an active system that uses laser pulses from a
1315:
905:
restrictions, night vision proliferated among peer and near-peer countries and into
481:
1970s second-generation devices featured an improved image-intensifier tube using a
5264:
5216:
5158:
5115:
4876:
4578:
3424:"B.E. MEYERS & CO. RELEASES THE MAWL-CLAD A NEW WAVELENGTH FOR THE MAWL SERIES"
2866:
1396:
1347:
1210:
1206:/mm. CORE is still considered Gen 1, as it does not utilize a microchannel plate.
819:
806:
683:
630:
486:
473:
440:
288:
244:
236:
195:
187:
183:
133:
106:
4852:
4777:
4505:
2009:
3843:
2859:"How Night Vision Works in night vision Goggles, Scopes, Binoculars, Riflescopes"
2049:
1851:
as defined by the US Army Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate (NVESD)
105:
that allows visualization of images in low levels of light, improving the user's
38:
aviator uses a pair of helmet-mounted AN/AVS-6 vision goggles. The effect on the
5130:
4670:"Available online in India: Military-grade equipment banned for commercial sale"
4095:"N-Vision Optics Announces New Wide Field of View PVS-15 Night Vision Binocular"
3673:
3635:
3567:
1610:
1586:
1576:
1493:
1259:
988:
958:
714:
does not automatically put the devices in a particular OMNI classification. Any
675:
that was included in the OMNI VII contract. The thin-film improves performance.
432:
399:
394:
191:
4025:"Navy SBIR/STTR Success Wide Field-of-View Foveal-Night Vision Goggle Retrofit"
3504:
2829:"www.nivitech.com / Nightvision Technology / Principles of Nightvision Devices"
1918:
852:
AN/PSQ-36 FGE (Fusion Goggle Enhanced, previously FGS for Fusion Goggle System)
810:
A comparison of I² only night vision (above) and I² plus thermal fusion (below)
541:
5140:
5053:
4967:
4960:
4953:
4946:
4939:
4932:
4350:
4260:
3776:"BE MEYERS & CO RELEASES IZLID ULTRA IN 1064 NM AND 1550 NM SWIR VARIANTS"
3194:
2836:
2400:
2283:
1606:
1412:
1369:
1179:
823:
626:
402:. Zworykin's invention was not a success due to its large size and high cost.
342:
276:
156:
30:
4917:
4484:
1722:"The Army's New Night-Vision Goggles Look Like Technology Stolen From Aliens"
1156:
2706, better than the FoM in either the GPNVG-18 and the standard AN/PVS-31A.
927:
OOB that operate in the 1550nm range can perceive typical laser rangefinders.
349:
the British were using night vision equipment supplied by the United States.
5247:
5090:
5073:
1616:
1558:
1526:
1440:
refractor-based night sight for a range of small arms and grenade launchers.
1424:
reflector-based night sight for a range of small arms and grenade launchers.
1190:
1173:
1160:
1050:
917:
906:
855:
846:
725:
668:
607:
599:
566:
448:
420:
1280:
17:
4705:"A 50 State guide – is night vision legal to use for hunting in my State?"
3666:"FCS-TACRAY BALLISTIC TACTICAL LASER RANGE FINDER WITH BALLISTIC COMPUTER"
1865:
1641: – Vacuum tube device for increasing the intensity of available light
1185:
technology enables NVGs that combine a camera and a display instead of an
1006:
Rheinmetall FCS-TRB (Fire Control System--TacRay Ballistic) (1550 nm)
415:
5269:
5028:
3135:"Laser designator protection filter for see-spot thermal imaging systems"
1214:
1081:
1071:
1033:
A US airman tests AN/AVS-10 panoramic night-vision goggles in March 2006.
913:
759:
672:
588:
570:
546:
520:
515:
490:
306:
An experimental Soviet device called the PAU-2 was field-tested in 1942.
207:
203:
160:
117:
59:
3223:"Friday Night Lights: Night Vision OOB (Out Of Band) – Fact Or Fiction?"
1327:
916:. Friendly forces using night vision equipment such as IR illuminators,
303:, and electrostatic inversion with electron acceleration produced gain.
5206:
5196:
5178:
5085:
5014:
5005:
4406:
NIGHT BINOCULARS 1PN50 TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION AND OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
4378:"Night-vision lenses so thin and light that we can all see in the dark"
3997:
3260:
OUT-OF-BAND COUNTERMEASURE CAPABILITIES OF 4G SPECIFICATION IMAGE TUBES
2724:"Friday Night Lights: Understanding Night Vision Specs And Generations"
2042:"Vietnam Era Night Vision: SU49/PAS 5 NVG and PAS 6 Infrared Metascope"
1726:
1594:
1564:
1554:
1542:
1427:
1225:
1163:
monoculars and allows them to be angled. outward or positioned parallel
997:
STORM, STORM-PI, STORM-SLX, STORM II; and L3Harris SPEAR (1570 nm)
910:
898:, which typically use 1064nm light, which is barely visible to Gen III.
314:
248:
74:
70:
4402:БИНОКЛЬ НОЧНОЙ 1ПН50 ТЕХНИЧЕСКОЕ ОПИСАНИЕ И ИНСТРУКЦИЯ ПО ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИИ
3158:
3133:
Donval, Ariela; Fisher, Tali; Lipman, Ofir; Oron, Moshe (1 May 2012).
1131:
1580:
1431:
1159:
Noise Fighters Panobridge: binocular bridge mount which combines two
1104:
435:. They were an adaptation of earlier active technology and relied on
300:
296:
292:
280:
268:
199:
4332:. Center for Technology and National Security Policy. Archived from
3993:"The Four-Eyed Night Vision Goggles That Helped Take Down Bin Laden"
2542:
1058:, which involves split second decisions. These limitations led many
4973:
4940:
US 4707595 - Invisible light beam projector and night vision system
4592:"Lust auf Nachtjagd geht nicht ohne Nachtsichtgeräte Thermalgeräte"
3956:"TNVC, INC. WFOV (WIDE FIELD OF VIEW) NIGHT VISION GOGGLE OVERVIEW"
2193:
1224:
developed quantum-well infrared detector (QWID). This technology's
1009:
Wilcox RAPTAR S (Rapid Targeting and Ranging Module) (1550 nm)
151:
to prevent damage by environmental hazards, while some incorporate
4529:
3488:"Assessment for the Safe Use of Lasers: Pabarade Range, Lithuania"
3039:"FRIDAY NIGHT LIGHTS: DIY Thermal Fusion – By Our Powers Combined"
2980:
Center for Technology and National Security Policy. Archived from
2435:"Differences between Gen3 and 4G image intensification technology"
1570:
1454:
1444:
1437:
1421:
1337:
1332:
1326:
1314:
1130:
1036:
1028:
805:
649:
540:
472:
414:
284:
83:
64:
45:
29:
4640:"THERMAL VISION TECHNOLOGY A MAJOR BENEFIT TO THE HUNTING MARKET"
4438:ИЗДЕЛИЕ 1ПН51-2 ТЕХНИЧЕСКОЕ ОПИСАНИЕ И ИНСТРУКЦИЯ ПО ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИИ
4351:"Researchers Develop New Material for Army Night-Time Operations"
3145:(Infrared Technology and Applications XXXVIII): 835324–835324–8.
4442:
PRODUCT 1PN51-2 TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION AND OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
4319:
Ratches, James; Chait, Richard; Lyons, John W. (February 2013).
1590:
1519:
693:
388:
developed the first practical commercial night-vision device at
338:
224:
invented an infrared-sensitive electronic television camera for
136:
and operates in a different section of the infrared spectrum.
4977:
4805:"Would night vision make coyote hunting safer? Divisions arise"
4456:ИЗДЕЛИЕ 1ПН58 ТЕХНИЧЕСКОЕ ОПИСАНИЕ И ИНСТРУКЦИЯ ПО ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИИ
4420:ИЗДЕЛИЕ 1ПН51 ТЕХНИЧЕСКОЕ ОПИСАНИЕ И ИНСТРУКЦИЯ ПО ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИИ
1697:"Night Vision Devices Releases Lightweight Sacrificial Windows"
1145:
through the center of the tubes no longer falls on the fovea.
1099:
to increase the field of view through an intensifier tube. The
439:
instead of using an extra infrared light source. Using an S-20
4460:
PRODUCT 1PN58 TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION AND OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
4424:
PRODUCT 1PN51 TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION AND OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
3628:"FCS-RPAL TACTICAL LASER RANGE FINDER WITH BALLISTIC COMPUTER"
1911:"German Infrared Night-Vision Devices – Infrarot-Scheinwerfer"
1787:"Why You Should Consider Adding a Clip On Night Vision Device"
1320:
1274:
1018:
Optics 1 CTAM (Coded Target Acquisition Marker) (1064 nm)
322:
3598:"ICUGR Integrated Compact Ultralight Gun-Mounted Rangefinder"
1532:
1PN123 counter-sniper night sight for the SV-98 sniper rifle.
944:
Photonis 4G INTENS image intensifier tubes (350-1100 nm)
901:
OOB light is not visible to most commercial devices. Despite
533:), though the label is not formally recognized by the NVESD.
4321:"Some Recent Sensor-Related Army Critical Technology Events"
3704:"RAPTAR S RAPID TARGETING & RANGING MODULE - HIGH POWER"
2688:"Through a Glass, Darkly: Night Vision Gives US Troops Edge"
4947:
US 4991183 - Target illuminators and systems employing same
3836:"L3HARRIS M914A (PVS-14) UNFILMED WHITE PHOSPHOR 2376+ FOM"
2919:"Night Vision Specifications: Understanding What They Mean"
1994:"British development of infra-red weapon sights, 1938–1953"
1670: – Laser device used to assist the aiming of a firearm
1012:
Wilcox MRF Xe (Micro Range Finder--Enhanced) (1550 nm)
968:
Imager)provides an overlay (in the 900-1700 nm range).
4530:"Wapenwet – Gecoördineerde versie | Wapenunie Online"
2562:
2560:
1450:
1PN110, a more recent (~Gen 3) night sight for the RPG-29.
1220:
The Sensor and Electron Devices Directorate (SEDD) of the
1172:
Some night vision devices, including several of the ENVG (
861:
AN/PSQ-44 ENVG-B (Enhanced Night Vision Goggles-Binocular)
4821:
TNVC guide to night vision generations and specifications
3901:
3899:
991:
LM-VAMPIR (Laser Module--VAriable Multi Purpose InfraRed)
3949:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3939:
1551:: not regulated. Previously only available for hunting.
864:
AN/PAS-29 COTI/E-COTI: (Enhanced) Clip-On Thermal Imager
206:
users for applications including aviation, driving, and
5301:
Armoured fighting vehicle vision and sighting equipment
4961:
US 6158879 - Infrared reflector and illumination system
4615:"Wildschwein-Jagd mit Nachtsichtgeräten in NRW erlaubt"
3139:
Proceedings of SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing 2012
2972:
Bialos, Jeffrey P.; Koehl, Stuart L. (September 2005).
2598:
2596:
2594:
2569:"Image Intensification: The Technology of Night Vision"
2179:
2177:
2367:
2365:
798:(DTSA) can waive that policy on a case-by-case basis.
642:
who may be exposed to rapidly changing light levels.
124:
which can then be seen by humans; this is known as I (
3295:"SMALL PRECISION ENHANCED AIMING RANGEFINDER (SPEAR)"
3252:
3250:
2186:""Fight at Night!" U.S. Army Night Vision, 1945-1980"
1964:"Image Intensification Tube Technology and Evolution"
1487:
1453:
1PN113, a night sight similar to the 1PN110, for the
964:
Safran Optics 1's AN/PAS-34 E-COSI (Enhanced Clip-On
667:
One particular technology, PINNACLE is a proprietary
54:
augmented with a night-vision device in front on the
3324:
3322:
3003:"Thermal Camera Specs You Should Know Before Buying"
179:
have been designed to provide similar capabilities.
5240:
5177:
5139:
5012:
3908:"GPNVG-18 L-3 Ground Panoramic Night Vision Goggle"
3486:Schuster, Kurt; Kelly, Edward (18 September 2018).
3481:
3479:
3392:"SWIR MAWL-CLAD – Now Even More Invisible IR Laser"
1418:
1PN50 refractor-based night observation binoculars.
1331:NSPU (1PN34) 3.5× night-vision scope mounted on an
443:, their image intensifiers amplified light around
3740:"MRF Xe MICRO RANGE FINDER - ENHANCED - LOW POWER"
2681:
2679:
2677:
427:First-generation passive devices developed by the
166:Night vision devices may be handheld or attach to
4506:"Anti-Sniper Special Purpose Night Vision Sights"
4242:"Night Vision: Digital vs Analog, which is best?"
4218:"Night Vision: Digital vs Analog, which is best?"
2655:. 14 September 2021. pp. 2–5. Archived from
2503:"AN/PVS-14, MONOCULAR NIGHT VISION DEVICE (MNVD)"
2144:
2142:
2140:
1958:
1956:
1677:List of military electronics of the United States
1411:1PN34 refractor-based night sight for a range of
1123:WFoV BNVD (combined F-NVG and DIT-NVG variant of
951:(Enhanced Clip-On SWIR Imager) (900-1700 nm)
4839:Night Vision Devices Modeling and Optimal Design
4261:"SiOnyx Opsin: Digital Night Vision HAS ARRIVED"
3072:"This is How the Army Fights Wars "In the Dark""
1816:
1814:
1812:
858:ENVG-B (Enhanced Night Vision Goggles-Binocular)
202:agencies, night vision devices are available to
4892:Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate
4851:. Pointoptics.com. 7 April 2020. Archived from
4127:"Evolution of USASOC Future Force Capabilities"
3530:"5855-01-643-0982 (14300-3200, LA-17/PEQ) Data"
2036:
2034:
1461:The Russian army fielded a series of so-called
1342:1PN93-2 night-vision scope mounted on a RPG-7D3
1095:Foveated night vision (F-NVG) uses specialized
886:OOB devices image 1064nm light, which can help
822:, which functions in the medium (MWIR 3-5
2717:
2715:
2713:
2429:
2427:
2425:
1664: – Thermal imaging camera in firefighting
1319:Active night-vision scope NSP-2 mounted on an
1045:Night vision devices typically have a limited
447:-fold, but they were quite bulky and required
423:rifle fitted with the AN/PVS-2 Starlight scope
4989:
4471:
4469:
4444:] (in Russian). September 1991. 52 pages.
3331:"Safran completes its night vision portfolio"
3187:Tishman, Jon; Schoen, Dan (22 January 2021).
3032:
3030:
2889:"AN/PVS-22 Universal Night Sight Attachement"
2753:
2751:
1377:
1359:
1135:Diagram of the WFoV BNVD, based on AN/PVS-31A
8:
4462:] (in Russian). February 1991. 53 pages.
4298:"Collaboration between DefenseTech and LEON"
3289:
3287:
2802:. Law Enforcement Technology. Archived from
1443:1PN93-2 reflector-based night sight for the
231:Night-vision devices were introduced in the
4954:US 6075644 - Panoramic night vision goggles
4426:] (in Russian). January 1992. 48 pages.
4198:Reviews, Best Binocular (30 October 2012).
3560:"LM-VAMPIR VARIABLE MULTI PURPOSE INFRARED"
2943:"Night Vision Specifications (2021 UPDATE)"
2686:Defense Industry Daily staff (6 May 2016).
1372:of night-vision devices. The PN stands for
371:T-120 Sniperscope, 1st model (World War II)
4996:
4982:
4974:
4830:Nitewalker guide to night vision equipment
3104:"Adapter for mounting NOX18 to Panobridge"
1525:1PN121 counter-sniper night sight for the
1518:1PN120 counter-sniper night sight for the
1507:1PN119 counter-sniper night sight for the
1500:1PN106 counter-sniper night sight for the
937:Ground personnel, helmet-mounted imagers):
796:Defense Technology Security Administration
709:of operation before requiring replacement.
5326:Military electronics of the United States
3865:Howard, Ian P.; Rogers, Brian J. (1995).
975:Ground personnel, weapon-mounted lasers):
671:microchannel plate technology created by
247:. Two arrangements were constructed. The
2306:"AN/PVS-4 Individual Weapon Night Sight"
2125:"Black-Light Telescope Sees in the Dark"
512:AN/PVS-3 Miniaturized night vision sight
431:in the 1960s were introduced during the
374:M2 Sniperscope, 2nd model (World War II)
4905:Reviews of Human Factors and Ergonomics
4692:Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand
4477:"1PN110 and 1PN113 Night Vision Sights"
1755:"Selecting An IR Laser And Illuminator"
1687:
1391:of each. Supported weapons include the
954:Optics 1 COSMO (Clip-On SWIR Monocular)
3806:"CTAM Coded Target Acquisition Marker"
2276:"Night Vision Equipment by Pulsar FAQ"
1992:Wellard, Christian (18 October 2023).
1635: – Type of gas-phase ion detector
758:Ground Panoramic Night Vision Goggle (
735:Binocular Night Vision Device (BNVD) (
377:M3 Sniperscope, 4th model (Korean War)
128:). By comparison, viewing of infrared
4968:US 6911652 - Low Light Imaging Device
4933:US D248860 - Night vision Pocketscope
4694:, January/February 2008, pages 10–11.
3991:Tarantola, Andrew (6 November 2014).
7:
5321:German inventions of the Nazi period
3496:Defense Technical Information Center
1879:Naughton, Russell (10 August 2004).
1430:reflector-based night sight for the
849:ENVG (Enhanced Night Vision Goggles)
545:An early development version of the
2604:"Photonis Night Vision Auto-Gating"
2374:"Review of night vision technology"
1720:Liszewski, Andrew (30 April 2021).
565:and imaged light from 500-900
4550:Gawron, Tomáš (22 December 2020).
4034:Small Business Innovation Research
3257:Kitson, David (5 September 2016).
3011:. 18 December 2019. Archived from
2949:. 26 November 2019. Archived from
2535:"CANVS COLOR NIGHT VISION GOGGLES"
2246:"5855-00-087-2947 (AN/PVS-2) Data"
2216:"5855-00-087-2942 (AN/PVS-1) Data"
2184:Utah Gun Collector's Association.
2071:Fortier, David M. (24 July 2020).
1504:sniper rifle and its SVDS variant.
1382:), meaning "night sight", and the
1203:
235:as early as 1939 and were used in
190:and came into wide use during the
182:These devices were first used for
25:
3329:Valpolini, Paolo (13 July 2020).
1597:, goats, wallabies, is permitted.
1213:prototype places a thin strip of
814:Fusion night vision combines I² (
660:(2005), OMNI VIII, and OMNI IX.
646:Generation 3+ (GEN III OMNI I–IX)
493:. Light amplification was around
170:. When used with firearms, an IR
4376:Thompson, Bronwyn (2024-06-04).
4200:"How Digital Night Vision Works"
4103:. 6 January 2017. Archived from
4071:. Crane, Indiana. Archived from
3189:"WE DON'T OWN THE NIGHT ANYMORE"
2797:"From starlight to street light"
1279:
701:) for standard Gen III type, to
4296:Hoffman, Mike (28 March 2014).
3868:Binocular vision and stereopsis
3842:. February 2022. Archived from
3390:C, Nicholas (12 October 2017).
2338:"AN/PVS-5 Night Vision Goggles"
2190:Utah Gun Collectors Association
2103:Pennsylvania State University.
1785:Lynch, Kyle (15 January 2019).
335:43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division
4069:Military Aerospace Electronics
3361:"COSMO Clip-On SWIR Monocular"
3070:Gao, Charlie (29 March 2019).
2471:"AN/PVS-7 Night Vision Goggle"
2444:. October 2020. Archived from
1066:Panoramic night vision goggles
1:
4867:Tyson, Jeff (27 April 2001).
4849:"Night Hunting Laws by State"
4778:"MN Statutes Section 97B.086"
4408:] (in Russian). 55 pages.
3906:Lasky, Chip (December 2012).
3501:Air Force Research Laboratory
2795:Clemens, Candace (May 2007).
2722:C, Nicholas (24 April 2020).
2073:"How Does Night Vision Work?"
2010:10.1080/17416124.2023.2270302
1821:Tyson, Jeff (27 April 2001).
1647: – Near-infrared imaging
1415:and grenade launchers (photo)
830:hungry than I²-only devices.
398:, a term later restricted to
3503:. p. 14. Archived from
3221:C, Nicholas (11 June 2021).
2613:. March 2019. Archived from
2372:Chrzanowski, K (June 2013).
2150:"Night Vision Goggles (NVG)"
1881:"Kalman Tihanyi (1897–1947)"
894:when marking targets with a
390:Radio Corporation of America
380:AN/PAS-4 (early Vietnam War)
265:"Vampir" man-portable system
220:In 1929 Hungarian physicist
155:. An NVD image is typically
4803:Orrick, Dave (2016-03-29).
4329:National Defense University
4063:Keller, John (9 May 2016).
3954:Kim, Augee (17 July 2017).
3037:C, Nicholas (17 May 2019).
2978:National Defense University
2648:Chief of Naval Air Training
1529:large caliber sniper rifle.
1488:
1463:counter-sniper night sights
1222:US Army Research Laboratory
333:Between May and June 1943,
331:1945 crossing of the Rhine.
267:for infantry was used with
5342:
5311:Military sensor technology
4259:T.REX ARMS (Feb 5, 2023).
1941:"Bull's-eyes in the Night"
1753:Utley, Sean (2020-06-11).
1695:P, Will (10 August 2021).
1651:Low light level television
1103:refers to the part of the
4723:"WAIS Document Retrieval"
4594:(in German). 12 July 2017
3454:"MAWL-CLAD Laser Pointer"
2974:"The NATO Response Force"
2401:10.2478/s11772-013-0089-3
2133:. March 1936. p. 33.
1477:
1378:
1360:
1250:III–V family of compounds
1234:aluminum gallium arsenide
1049:(FoV); the commonly used
640:special operations forces
163:(infrared) illuminator.
4918:10.1177/1557234X11410392
4869:"How Night Vision Works"
3193:Modern War Institute at
1949:. July 1946. p. 73.
1823:"How Night Vision Works"
563:Elbit Systems of America
461:AN/PVS-2 Starlight scope
458:AN/PVS-1 Starlight scope
352:Early examples include:
3873:Oxford University Press
3335:European Defense Review
3268:Future Land Forces 2016
2381:Opto-Electronics Review
2130:Popular Science Monthly
835:binocular combined view
464:AN/PAS 6 Varo Metascope
451:to function properly.
319:fall of the Netherlands
143:usually consists of an
4782:MN Revisor of Statutes
4686:"Seeing in the Dark",
4613:dpa/lnw (2021-01-30).
4204:Best Binocular Reviews
4142:. 2017. Archived from
4037:. 2016. Archived from
2760:"PVS-14 Buyer's Guide"
2692:Defense Industry Daily
2653:Department of the Navy
2114:. Biographical sketch.
1668:Laser sight (firearms)
1662:Thermal imaging camera
1583:for hunting wild boar.
1343:
1335:
1324:
1290:is missing information
1136:
1042:
1034:
811:
697:mean time to failure (
656:
550:
531:signal-to-noise ratios
478:
424:
365:PNV-57A tanker goggles
327:79th Armoured Division
98:
81:
62:
43:
4100:Soldier Systems Daily
3300:L3Harris Technologies
3077:The National Interest
2442:Photonis Night Vision
1915:www.achtungpanzer.com
1350:, and after 1991 the
1341:
1330:
1318:
1134:
1091:Foveated night vision
1040:
1032:
816:image intensification
809:
653:
559:L3Harris Technologies
544:
476:
418:
226:anti-aircraft defense
177:thermal weapon sights
126:image intensification
114:ambient visible light
103:optoelectronic device
96:
68:
49:
42:of the eye is evident
33:
5316:Night vision devices
5306:Military electronics
3780:B.E. Meyers & Co
3428:B.E. Meyers & Co
2758:Lasky, Chip (2011).
1797:on 18 September 2021
1645:Infrared photography
1140:Diverging image tube
1116:WFoV F-NVG retrofit
386:Vladimir K. Zworykin
384:After World War II,
291:, made primarily of
112:The device enhances
40:natural night vision
4676:. 14 December 2016.
4650:on 23 November 2021
4044:on 13 February 2022
3307:on 25 February 2022
3151:2012SPIE.8353E..24D
2393:2013OERv...21..153C
1868:on 1 February 2010.
1515:light machine guns.
1271:Soviet Union/Russia
1240:Materials from the
802:Fusion night vision
682:An automatic gated
485:(MCP) with an S-25
483:micro-channel plate
141:night vision device
4727:www.leginfo.ca.gov
4709:High Tech Red Neck
4690:, magazine of the
4107:on 2 February 2020
3816:on 27 October 2021
3202:on 22 January 2021
2839:on 23 January 2018
2736:on 22 January 2021
2567:Montoro, Harry P.
2545:on 29 October 2015
2508:GlobalSecurity.org
2476:GlobalSecurity.org
2343:GlobalSecurity.org
2311:GlobalSecurity.org
2226:on 3 November 2015
2155:GlobalSecurity.org
2110:2012-08-31 at the
2105:Zworykin, Vladimir
1968:GlobalSecurity.org
1709:on 10 August 2021.
1537:Legal restrictions
1401:light machine guns
1352:Russian Federation
1344:
1336:
1325:
1197:Other technologies
1152:AN/PVS-25 (2000s).
1137:
1043:
1035:
1025:Wide field of view
909:hands such as the
812:
657:
636:urban environments
551:
479:
425:
132:is referred to as
99:
82:
77:with markings for
63:
44:
5288:
5287:
4835:on 15 August 2021
4357:. 12 January 2018
4308:on 28 March 2014.
4275:"Armasight Spark"
3882:978-0-19-508476-4
3747:Wilcox Industries
3711:Wilcox Industries
3159:10.1117/12.916966
2953:on 15 August 2021
2899:on 13 August 2006
2620:on 6 January 2022
2350:on 24 August 2021
2318:on 24 August 2021
2286:on 23 August 2011
1998:Arms & Armour
1891:on 8 October 2020
1885:Monash University
1639:Image intensifier
1486:
1405:grenade launchers
1313:
1312:
1187:image intensifier
347:Malayan Emergency
311:British Admiralty
153:telescopic lenses
145:image intensifier
130:thermal radiation
94:
16:(Redirected from
5333:
4998:
4991:
4984:
4975:
4970:
4963:
4956:
4949:
4942:
4935:
4921:
4898:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4875:. Archived from
4863:
4861:
4860:
4809:
4808:
4807:. Pioneer Press.
4800:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4763:
4754:. Archived from
4744:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4701:
4695:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4646:. Archived from
4636:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4599:
4588:
4582:
4575:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4483:. Archived from
4473:
4464:
4463:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4373:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4325:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4304:. Archived from
4293:
4287:
4286:
4281:. Archived from
4271:
4265:
4264:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4179:on 31 March 2022
4175:. Archived from
4169:"PANOBRIDGE MK2"
4165:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4149:on 15 March 2022
4148:
4131:
4123:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4080:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4043:
4029:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4001:. Archived from
3988:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3971:
3965:. Archived from
3960:
3951:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3923:
3917:. Archived from
3912:
3903:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3812:. Archived from
3802:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3782:. Archived from
3772:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3755:
3749:. Archived from
3744:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3719:
3713:. Archived from
3708:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3683:
3677:. Archived from
3670:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3645:
3639:. Archived from
3632:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3608:on 13 March 2022
3604:. Archived from
3594:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3577:
3571:. Archived from
3564:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3536:. Archived from
3526:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3509:
3492:
3483:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3460:. Archived from
3450:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3430:. Archived from
3420:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3400:. Archived from
3397:The Firearm Blog
3387:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3367:. Archived from
3357:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3337:. Archived from
3326:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3303:. Archived from
3291:
3282:
3281:
3280:on 13 June 2022.
3279:
3273:. Archived from
3272:
3265:
3254:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3231:. Archived from
3228:The Firearm Blog
3218:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3198:. Archived from
3184:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3110:. Archived from
3100:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3084:on 30 March 2019
3080:. Archived from
3067:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3047:. Archived from
3044:The Firearm Blog
3034:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3020:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2984:on June 29, 2011
2969:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2895:. Archived from
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2865:. Archived from
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2835:. Archived from
2825:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2808:
2801:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2775:
2769:. Archived from
2764:
2755:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2732:. Archived from
2729:The Firearm Blog
2719:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2694:. Archived from
2683:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2661:
2644:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2619:
2608:
2600:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2575:. Archived from
2564:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2541:. Archived from
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2511:. Archived from
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2479:. Archived from
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2450:
2439:
2431:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2411:. Archived from
2378:
2369:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2346:. Archived from
2334:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2314:. Archived from
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2282:. Archived from
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2252:. Archived from
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2222:. Archived from
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2196:on 12 April 2022
2192:. Archived from
2181:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2158:. Archived from
2146:
2135:
2134:
2121:
2115:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2085:on 21 April 2021
2081:. Archived from
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2048:. Archived from
2038:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1970:. Archived from
1960:
1951:
1950:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1917:. Archived from
1907:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1887:. Archived from
1876:
1870:
1869:
1862:"NVESD About Us"
1858:
1852:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1829:. Archived from
1818:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1793:. Archived from
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1763:. Archived from
1750:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1734:on 30 April 2021
1730:. Archived from
1717:
1711:
1710:
1705:. Archived from
1702:The Firearm Blog
1692:
1491:
1481:
1479:
1471:
1381:
1380:
1363:
1362:
1308:
1305:
1299:
1283:
1275:
1230:gallium arsenide
1205:
1202:high as 60
1180:High-sensitivity
1060:SF/SOF operators
949:AN/PAS-34 E-COSI
896:laser designator
708:
704:
696:
580:
576:
555:gallium arsenide
499:Image resolution
496:
446:
271:assault rifles.
196:used by military
95:
79:range estimation
52:telescopic sight
21:
5341:
5340:
5336:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5331:
5330:
5291:
5290:
5289:
5284:
5236:
5173:
5135:
5008:
5002:
4966:
4959:
4952:
4945:
4938:
4931:
4928:
4901:
4890:
4882:
4880:
4866:
4858:
4856:
4847:
4826:on 19 July 2021
4817:
4812:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4787:
4785:
4776:
4775:
4771:
4761:
4759:
4758:on 11 July 2012
4746:
4745:
4741:
4731:
4729:
4721:
4720:
4716:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4685:
4681:
4674:Hindustan Times
4668:
4667:
4663:
4653:
4651:
4638:
4637:
4633:
4624:
4622:
4612:
4611:
4607:
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4528:
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4514:
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4418:
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4413:
4400:
4399:
4395:
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4384:
4375:
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4370:
4360:
4358:
4349:
4348:
4344:
4336:
4323:
4318:
4317:
4313:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4273:
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4268:
4258:
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4253:
4240:
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4226:
4224:
4216:
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4211:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4182:
4180:
4167:
4166:
4162:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4129:
4125:
4124:
4120:
4110:
4108:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4078:
4076:
4075:on 21 June 2022
4062:
4061:
4057:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4027:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4008:
4006:
4005:on 2 April 2022
3990:
3989:
3985:
3975:
3973:
3972:on 10 June 2022
3969:
3958:
3953:
3952:
3937:
3927:
3925:
3924:on 8 March 2021
3921:
3910:
3905:
3904:
3897:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3849:
3847:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3819:
3817:
3810:Safran Optics 1
3804:
3803:
3799:
3789:
3787:
3786:on 16 July 2022
3774:
3773:
3769:
3759:
3757:
3756:on 17 July 2022
3753:
3742:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3723:
3721:
3720:on 17 July 2022
3717:
3706:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3687:
3685:
3684:on 17 July 2022
3681:
3668:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3649:
3647:
3646:on 17 July 2022
3643:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3611:
3609:
3602:Safran Optics 1
3596:
3595:
3591:
3581:
3579:
3578:on 14 July 2021
3575:
3562:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3543:
3541:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3513:
3511:
3510:on 10 July 2021
3507:
3490:
3485:
3484:
3477:
3467:
3465:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3437:
3435:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3407:
3405:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3374:
3372:
3365:Safran Optics 1
3359:
3358:
3354:
3344:
3342:
3328:
3327:
3320:
3310:
3308:
3293:
3292:
3285:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3255:
3248:
3238:
3236:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3205:
3203:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3171:
3169:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3117:
3115:
3114:on 18 July 2022
3102:
3101:
3097:
3087:
3085:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3054:
3052:
3036:
3035:
3028:
3018:
3016:
3015:on 7 April 2022
3001:
3000:
2996:
2987:
2985:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2956:
2954:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2927:
2925:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2902:
2900:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2872:
2870:
2869:on 18 June 2022
2857:
2856:
2852:
2842:
2840:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2779:
2777:
2776:on 19 July 2017
2773:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2749:
2739:
2737:
2721:
2720:
2711:
2701:
2699:
2685:
2684:
2675:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2592:
2582:
2580:
2566:
2565:
2558:
2548:
2546:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2518:
2516:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2486:
2484:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2423:
2418:on 27 May 2021.
2415:
2376:
2371:
2370:
2363:
2353:
2351:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2321:
2319:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2287:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2257:
2256:on 24 June 2016
2244:
2243:
2239:
2229:
2227:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2199:
2197:
2183:
2182:
2175:
2165:
2163:
2148:
2147:
2138:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2112:Wayback Machine
2102:
2098:
2088:
2086:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2055:
2053:
2040:
2039:
2032:
2022:
2020:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1977:
1975:
1974:on 20 June 2022
1962:
1961:
1954:
1946:Popular Science
1939:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1922:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1894:
1892:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1836:
1834:
1820:
1819:
1810:
1800:
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1784:
1783:
1779:
1770:
1768:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1737:
1735:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1673:
1657:Photomultiplier
1628:
1539:
1465:
1374:pritsel nochnoy
1309:
1303:
1300:
1293:
1284:
1273:
1264:lithium niobate
1242:II–VI compounds
1209:A night-vision
1199:
1170:
1142:
1093:
1068:
1027:
934:
880:
871:
843:
820:thermal imaging
804:
772:Figure of merit
769:
767:Figure of merit
706:
702:
691:
648:
622:
578:
574:
539:
494:
491:moonless nights
471:
444:
413:
408:
356:FG 1250 Sperber
249:Sperber FG 1250
216:
200:law enforcement
134:thermal imaging
84:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5339:
5337:
5329:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5293:
5292:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5277:
5275:Shutter system
5272:
5267:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5255:
5244:
5242:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5183:
5181:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5145:
5143:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5020:
5018:
5010:
5009:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4993:
4986:
4978:
4972:
4971:
4964:
4957:
4950:
4943:
4936:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4922:
4899:
4888:
4879:on 9 June 2022
4864:
4845:
4836:
4827:
4816:
4815:External links
4813:
4811:
4810:
4795:
4769:
4739:
4714:
4696:
4679:
4661:
4631:
4605:
4583:
4570:
4542:
4521:
4497:
4465:
4447:
4429:
4411:
4393:
4368:
4342:
4339:on 6 May 2022.
4311:
4288:
4285:on 8 May 2012.
4266:
4251:
4233:
4209:
4190:
4173:Noise Fighters
4160:
4118:
4086:
4055:
4016:
3983:
3935:
3895:
3881:
3875:. p. 32.
3857:
3846:on 22 May 2022
3827:
3797:
3767:
3731:
3695:
3657:
3619:
3589:
3551:
3540:on 19 May 2022
3521:
3475:
3464:on 19 May 2022
3445:
3434:on 19 May 2022
3415:
3404:on 19 May 2022
3382:
3371:on 22 May 2022
3352:
3341:on 27 May 2021
3318:
3283:
3246:
3235:on 19 May 2022
3213:
3179:
3125:
3108:Noise Fighters
3095:
3062:
3051:on 19 May 2022
3026:
2994:
2964:
2934:
2910:
2880:
2850:
2820:
2787:
2747:
2709:
2698:on 19 May 2022
2673:
2662:on 19 May 2022
2631:
2590:
2579:on 4 July 2021
2556:
2526:
2494:
2483:on 22 May 2022
2462:
2421:
2387:(2): 153–181.
2361:
2329:
2297:
2267:
2237:
2207:
2173:
2162:on 22 May 2022
2136:
2116:
2096:
2063:
2052:on 17 May 2022
2030:
2004:(2): 199–217.
1984:
1952:
1932:
1902:
1871:
1853:
1844:
1833:on 9 June 2022
1808:
1777:
1745:
1712:
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1621:
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1549:Czech Republic
1546:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1505:
1459:
1458:
1451:
1448:
1447:D3, see photo.
1441:
1435:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1403:and hand-held
1376:(Russian:
1358:(Russian:
1311:
1310:
1287:
1285:
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1269:
1198:
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1183:digital camera
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687:
664:latter ~2005.
647:
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412:
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407:
404:
382:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
359:ZG 1229 Vampir
357:
261:Western Fronts
222:Kálmán Tihanyi
215:
212:
149:objective lens
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
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3:
2:
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4855:on 6 May 2022
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4532:. Wapenwet.be
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4487:on 2015-04-26
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3009:
3008:Teledyne FLIR
3004:
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2809:on 2008-02-28
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2515:on 6 May 2022
2514:
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2472:
2466:
2463:
2451:on 5 May 2021
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2280:pulsar-nv.com
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2100:
2097:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2078:Firearms News
2074:
2067:
2064:
2051:
2047:
2046:Modern Forces
2043:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1985:
1973:
1969:
1965:
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1948:
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1921:on 2010-01-25
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1827:HowStuffWorks
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1792:
1791:Tactical Life
1788:
1781:
1778:
1767:on 2020-07-27
1766:
1762:
1761:
1760:Firearms News
1756:
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1633:Daly detector
1631:
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1604:
1602:
1601:United States
1599:
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1522:sniper rifle.
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1457:sniper rifle.
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1398:
1397:sniper rifles
1394:
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1389:ballistic arc
1385:
1379:прицел ночной
1375:
1371:
1367:
1357:
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1288:This section
1286:
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1268:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
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1235:
1231:
1228:layers use a
1227:
1223:
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1207:
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1080:
1079:
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1073:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1047:field of view
1039:
1031:
1024:
1017:
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1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
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987:
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732:
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727:
724:
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719:
717:
707:15,000 h
703:15,000 h
700:
695:
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681:
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492:
488:
484:
475:
468:
463:
460:
457:
456:
455:
452:
450:
442:
438:
437:ambient light
434:
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422:
417:
410:
406:United States
405:
403:
401:
397:
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387:
379:
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298:
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286:
282:
278:
272:
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266:
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252:
250:
246:
245:Panther tanks
242:
238:
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229:
227:
223:
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211:
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205:
201:
197:
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189:
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164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
137:
135:
131:
127:
123:
122:visible light
119:
118:near-infrared
116:and converts
115:
110:
108:
104:
80:
76:
73:night-vision
72:
67:
61:
57:
53:
48:
41:
37:
32:
19:
5212:Night-vision
5211:
5202:Fatal Vision
5192:Dark adaptor
5159:Solar viewer
5017:/ spectacles
4903:
4891:
4881:. Retrieved
4877:the original
4857:. Retrieved
4853:the original
4798:
4786:. Retrieved
4781:
4772:
4760:. Retrieved
4756:the original
4751:
4742:
4730:. Retrieved
4726:
4717:
4708:
4699:
4687:
4682:
4673:
4664:
4652:. Retrieved
4648:the original
4643:
4634:
4623:. Retrieved
4619:proplanta.de
4618:
4608:
4598:21 September
4596:. Retrieved
4586:
4579:night vision
4573:
4560:. Retrieved
4555:
4545:
4534:. Retrieved
4524:
4513:. Retrieved
4509:
4500:
4489:. Retrieved
4485:the original
4480:
4459:
4455:
4450:
4441:
4437:
4432:
4423:
4419:
4414:
4405:
4401:
4396:
4385:. Retrieved
4381:
4371:
4359:. Retrieved
4354:
4345:
4334:the original
4327:
4314:
4306:the original
4302:Defense Tech
4301:
4291:
4283:the original
4279:Outdoors Bay
4278:
4269:
4254:
4245:
4236:
4225:. Retrieved
4221:
4212:
4203:
4193:
4181:. Retrieved
4177:the original
4172:
4163:
4151:. Retrieved
4144:the original
4133:
4121:
4109:. Retrieved
4105:the original
4098:
4089:
4077:. Retrieved
4073:the original
4068:
4058:
4046:. Retrieved
4039:the original
4031:
4019:
4007:. Retrieved
4003:the original
3996:
3986:
3974:. Retrieved
3967:the original
3962:
3926:. Retrieved
3919:the original
3914:
3886:. Retrieved
3871:. New York:
3867:
3860:
3848:. Retrieved
3844:the original
3839:
3830:
3818:. Retrieved
3814:the original
3809:
3800:
3788:. Retrieved
3784:the original
3779:
3770:
3758:. Retrieved
3751:the original
3746:
3734:
3722:. Retrieved
3715:the original
3710:
3698:
3686:. Retrieved
3679:the original
3672:
3660:
3648:. Retrieved
3641:the original
3634:
3622:
3610:. Retrieved
3606:the original
3601:
3592:
3580:. Retrieved
3573:the original
3566:
3554:
3542:. Retrieved
3538:the original
3533:
3524:
3512:. Retrieved
3505:the original
3494:
3466:. Retrieved
3462:the original
3457:
3448:
3436:. Retrieved
3432:the original
3427:
3418:
3406:. Retrieved
3402:the original
3395:
3385:
3373:. Retrieved
3369:the original
3364:
3355:
3343:. Retrieved
3339:the original
3334:
3309:. Retrieved
3305:the original
3298:
3275:the original
3259:
3237:. Retrieved
3233:the original
3226:
3216:
3204:. Retrieved
3200:the original
3192:
3182:
3170:. Retrieved
3142:
3138:
3128:
3116:. Retrieved
3112:the original
3107:
3098:
3086:. Retrieved
3082:the original
3075:
3065:
3053:. Retrieved
3049:the original
3042:
3017:. Retrieved
3013:the original
3006:
2997:
2986:. Retrieved
2982:the original
2967:
2955:. Retrieved
2951:the original
2946:
2937:
2926:. Retrieved
2922:
2913:
2901:. Retrieved
2897:the original
2892:
2883:
2871:. Retrieved
2867:the original
2862:
2853:
2841:. Retrieved
2837:the original
2833:nivitech.com
2832:
2823:
2811:. Retrieved
2804:the original
2790:
2778:. Retrieved
2771:the original
2766:
2738:. Retrieved
2734:the original
2727:
2700:. Retrieved
2696:the original
2691:
2664:. Retrieved
2657:the original
2646:
2634:
2622:. Retrieved
2615:the original
2610:
2581:. Retrieved
2577:the original
2572:
2547:. Retrieved
2543:the original
2538:
2529:
2517:. Retrieved
2513:the original
2506:
2497:
2485:. Retrieved
2481:the original
2474:
2465:
2453:. Retrieved
2446:the original
2441:
2413:the original
2384:
2380:
2352:. Retrieved
2348:the original
2341:
2332:
2320:. Retrieved
2316:the original
2309:
2300:
2288:. Retrieved
2284:the original
2279:
2270:
2258:. Retrieved
2254:the original
2249:
2240:
2228:. Retrieved
2224:the original
2219:
2210:
2198:. Retrieved
2194:the original
2189:
2164:. Retrieved
2160:the original
2153:
2128:
2119:
2099:
2087:. Retrieved
2083:the original
2076:
2066:
2054:. Retrieved
2050:the original
2045:
2021:. Retrieved
2001:
1997:
1987:
1976:. Retrieved
1972:the original
1944:
1935:
1923:. Retrieved
1919:the original
1914:
1905:
1893:. Retrieved
1889:the original
1874:
1866:the original
1856:
1847:
1835:. Retrieved
1831:the original
1799:. Retrieved
1795:the original
1790:
1780:
1769:. Retrieved
1765:the original
1758:
1748:
1736:. Retrieved
1732:the original
1725:
1715:
1707:the original
1700:
1690:
1460:
1383:
1373:
1365:
1355:
1348:Soviet Union
1345:
1304:October 2021
1301:
1289:
1258:
1239:
1219:
1211:contact lens
1208:
1200:
1178:
1171:
1147:
1143:
1112:. Examples:
1094:
1076:
1069:
1044:
872:
832:
828:
813:
790:
786:
783:
780:
770:
720:
716:postnominals
712:
692:20,000
684:power supply
677:
666:
662:
658:
631:muzzle flash
623:
583:
552:
537:Generation 3
528:
507:
487:photocathode
480:
469:Generation 2
453:
441:photocathode
426:
411:Generation 1
393:
383:
351:
309:In 1938 the
308:
305:
289:photocathode
279:, to assist
273:
253:
237:World War II
230:
219:
217:
188:World War II
184:night combat
181:
165:
140:
138:
111:
107:night vision
100:
5227:Upside down
5064:Horn-rimmed
4912:: 238–279.
4654:23 November
4621:(in German)
4562:22 December
4246:Gloom Group
4222:Gloom Group
3674:Rheinmetall
3636:Rheinmetall
3568:Rheinmetall
3534:Part Target
2947:Nite-walker
2923:Gloom Group
2250:Part Target
2220:Part Target
1611:misdemeanor
1587:New Zealand
1577:Netherlands
1494:laser diode
1489:Antisnayper
1478:Антиснайпер
1466: [
1364:xx), where
1260:Metasurface
1110:distortions
1097:WFoV optics
989:Rheinmetall
869:Out of band
620:Auto-gating
503:reliability
433:Vietnam War
400:ultraviolet
395:black light
368:SU-49/PAS-5
287:and an S-1
233:German Army
192:Vietnam War
172:laser sight
120:light into
50:A standard
18:Night scope
5295:Categories
5280:VR headset
5141:Sunglasses
4926:US patents
4883:2015-04-11
4859:2020-04-07
4625:2022-09-21
4558:(in Czech)
4536:2024-09-03
4515:2015-03-15
4491:2014-11-26
4387:2024-06-10
4263:. YouTube.
4227:2024-03-07
3195:West Point
2988:2011-03-01
2928:2024-03-07
2023:19 October
1978:2011-03-01
1771:2021-01-22
1683:References
1607:California
1559:wild boars
1413:small arms
1370:GRAU index
1244:, such as
1232:(GaAs) or
1148:Examples:
1125:AN/PVS-31A
1077:Examples:
918:IR strobes
890:and other
878:Advantages
776:line pairs
753:AN/PVS-31D
749:AN/PVS-31A
721:Examples:
627:duty cycle
604:AN/PNVS-14
584:Examples:
508:Examples:
505:improved.
454:Examples:
343:Korean War
317:until the
277:Korean War
157:monochrome
5248:Blindfold
5187:Ballistic
5121:Trifocals
5091:Pince-nez
5074:Lorgnette
5004:Types of
4748:"AB 1059"
4510:gunsru.ru
4481:gunsru.ru
4382:New Atlas
3167:122190698
2573:Photonics
2409:121662581
2018:264324073
1801:23 August
1617:Minnesota
1483:romanized
1296:talk page
1226:epitaxial
1191:AN/PVS-14
1174:AN/PSQ-20
1161:AN/PVS-14
1118:AN/PVS-15
1086:AN/AVS-10
1051:AN/PVS-14
1041:GPNVG-18.
995:AN/PSQ-23
947:Optics 1
922:IR lasers
907:terrorist
856:AN/PSQ-42
847:AN/PSQ-20
745:AN/PVS-23
741:AN/PVS-21
737:AN/PVS-15
726:AN/PVS-22
669:thin-film
612:CNVS-4949
608:AN/PVS-17
600:AN/PVS-14
596:AN/PVS-10
571:electrons
449:moonlight
5270:Eyepatch
5169:Wayfarer
5154:Mirrored
5111:Shooting
5106:Scissors
5069:Lensless
5034:Browline
5029:Bifocals
4842:Archived
4833:Archived
4824:Archived
4788:31 March
4762:16 March
4732:16 March
2903:16 March
2893:Nightvis
2873:16 March
2863:ATN Corp
2843:16 March
2813:16 March
2611:Photonis
2549:16 March
2519:16 March
2487:16 March
2354:16 March
2322:16 March
2290:16 March
2166:16 March
2108:Archived
1925:16 March
1895:15 March
1626:See also
1513:Pecheneg
1395:family,
1215:graphene
1082:GPNVG-18
1072:GPNVG-18
932:Examples
914:Red Unit
841:Examples
760:GPNVG-18
593:AN/NVS-7
589:AN/PVS-7
547:AN/PVS-7
525:SUPERGEN
521:AN/PVS-5
516:AN/PVS-4
208:demining
204:civilian
60:aperture
5265:Contact
5258:Blinker
5253:Blinder
5232:Welding
5222:Swedish
5207:Foggles
5197:Doggles
5179:Goggles
5164:Shutter
5149:Aviator
5126:Windsor
5101:Rimless
5096:Pinhole
5086:Monocle
5059:Groucho
5049:Chicken
5044:Cat eye
5039:Bug-eye
5015:glasses
5006:eyewear
4711:. 2010.
4183:18 July
4111:21 June
4079:21 June
4048:21 June
3998:Gizmodo
3976:21 June
3850:11 June
3820:17 July
3790:16 July
3760:17 July
3724:17 July
3688:17 July
3650:17 July
3612:17 July
3582:17 July
3375:17 July
3345:16 July
3172:16 July
3147:Bibcode
3118:18 July
3019:16 July
2624:15 July
2455:16 July
2389:Bibcode
2260:10 June
2230:10 June
2200:10 June
1837:1 March
1727:Gizmodo
1595:chamois
1565:Iceland
1555:Germany
1543:Belgium
1485::
1474:Russian
1428:1PN51-2
1368:is the
1333:AKS-74U
1168:Digital
1120:goggles
959:near UV
911:Taliban
818:) with
429:US Army
329:in the
315:Philips
281:snipers
257:Eastern
214:History
168:helmets
75:reticle
71:1PN51-2
36:US Navy
4752:ca.gov
4688:Vector
4644:LYNRED
4361:5 July
4153:22 May
4140:USASOC
4009:19 May
3928:19 May
3888:3 June
3879:
3544:19 May
3514:19 May
3468:19 May
3458:Scopex
3438:19 May
3408:19 May
3311:2 June
3239:19 May
3206:4 June
3165:
3088:3 June
3055:19 May
2957:19 May
2780:19 May
2740:19 May
2702:19 May
2666:19 May
2583:19 May
2407:
2089:9 June
2056:9 June
2016:
1738:23 May
1581:Veluwe
1432:RPG-29
1254:InAsSb
1246:HgCdTe
1105:retina
961:to IR)
731:NVS-22
638:, and
615:PN-21K
579:50,000
575:30,000
549:goggle
495:20,000
301:oxygen
299:, and
297:cesium
293:silver
269:StG 44
263:. The
5241:Other
5131:X-ray
5116:Smart
5079:Opera
5024:Belay
5013:(Eye)
4896:CECOM
4458:[
4440:[
4422:[
4404:[
4337:(PDF)
4324:(PDF)
4147:(PDF)
4130:(PDF)
4042:(PDF)
4032:Navy
4028:(PDF)
3970:(PDF)
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3163:S2CID
2807:(PDF)
2800:(PDF)
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2660:(PDF)
2643:(PDF)
2618:(PDF)
2607:(PDF)
2539:CANVS
2449:(PDF)
2438:(PDF)
2416:(PDF)
2405:S2CID
2377:(PDF)
2014:S2CID
1571:India
1470:]
1455:SV-98
1445:RPG-7
1438:1PN58
1422:1PN51
1356:1PNxx
1252:from
1101:fovea
920:, or
888:JTACs
445:1,000
421:M16A1
362:PAU-2
285:anode
5217:Snow
4790:2016
4764:2018
4734:2018
4656:2021
4600:2018
4564:2020
4363:2018
4185:2022
4155:2022
4135:NDIA
4113:2022
4081:2022
4050:2022
4011:2022
3978:2022
3963:TNVC
3930:2022
3915:TNVC
3890:2014
3877:ISBN
3852:2022
3840:TNVC
3822:2022
3792:2022
3762:2022
3726:2022
3690:2022
3652:2022
3614:2022
3584:2022
3546:2022
3516:2022
3470:2022
3440:2022
3410:2022
3377:2022
3347:2022
3313:2022
3241:2022
3208:2022
3174:2022
3143:8353
3120:2022
3090:2022
3057:2022
3021:2022
2959:2022
2905:2018
2875:2018
2845:2018
2815:2018
2782:2022
2767:TNVC
2742:2022
2704:2022
2668:2022
2626:2022
2585:2022
2551:2018
2521:2018
2489:2018
2457:2022
2356:2018
2324:2018
2292:2018
2262:2022
2232:2022
2202:2022
2168:2018
2091:2022
2058:2022
2025:2023
1927:2018
1897:2013
1839:2011
1803:2022
1740:2021
1591:tahr
1527:ASVK
1520:SVDK
1511:and
1509:PKMN
1346:The
966:SWIR
903:ITAR
892:FACs
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699:MTTF
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345:and
339:Sten
259:and
198:and
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3155:doi
2397:doi
2006:doi
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