Lower Saxony - Knowledge (XXG)

1184:. This transition is clearly noticeable within the state: whilst the northwest experiences an Atlantic (North Sea coastal) to Sub-Atlantic climate, with comparatively low variations in temperature during the course of the year and a surplus water budget, the climate towards the southeast is increasingly affected by the Continent. This is clearly shown by greater temperature variations between the summer and winter halves of the year and in lower and more variable amounts of precipitation across the year. This sub-continental effect is most sharply seen in the Wendland, in the Weser Uplands (Hamelin to Göttingen) and in the area of Helmstedt. The highest levels of precipitation are experienced in the Harz because the Lower Saxon part forms the 1224: 2034: 2187: 2154: 2106: 2019: 836: 4128: 2633:), a 25-year conflict started between "Lower Saxony" and "Westphalia". The supporters of this dispute were administrative officials and politicians, but regionally focussed scientists of various disciplines were supposed to have fuelled the arguments. In the 1930s, a real Lower Saxony did not yet exist, but there were a plethora of institutions that would have called themselves "Lower Saxon". The motives and arguments in the disputes between "Lower Saxony" and "Westphalia" were very similar on both sides: economic interests, political aims, cultural interests and historical aspects. 4114: 2061: 2091: 2340: 2076: 2136: 156: 4058: 2206: 2172: 4072: 2896: 127: 111: 5321: 4044: 3416: 4086: 5810: 2000: 3497: 3488: 2286: 4100: 3392: 2226: 139: 5275: 3368: 3320: 3224: 3296: 443: 4321: 3272: 3845:'s high court, the state of Lower Saxony is still the second-largest shareholder, owning 20.3% of the company. Thanks to the importance of car manufacturing in Lower Saxony, a thriving supply industry is centred around its regional focal points. Other mainstays of the Lower Saxon industrial sector include aviation (the region of Stade is called CFK-Valley), shipbuilding (such as 3344: 3248: 2926:) as their first minister-president. Kopf led a five-party coalition, whose basic task was to rebuild a state afflicted by the war's rigours. Kopf's cabinet had to organise an improvement of food supplies and the reconstruction of the cities and towns destroyed by Allied air raids during the war years. Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf remained – interrupted by the time in office of 3440: 3515: 3506: 3479: 3470: 2455: 3599: 2121: 2672:, had already suggested in June 1945 the formation of a state of Lower Saxony, that was to include the largest possible region in the middle of the British Zone. In addition to the regions that actually became Lower Saxony subsequently, Kopf asked, in a memorandum dated April 1946, for the inclusion of the former Prussian district of 4181:, the ruling CDU held on to its position as the leading party in the state, despite losing votes and seats. The CDU's coalition with the Free Democratic Party retained its majority although it was cut from 29 to 10. The election also saw the entry into the state parliament for the first time of the leftist 4252:

policy are a prerogative of the federal government. Hence the probably most important function of the federal states is their representation in the Federal Council (Bundesrat), where their approval on many crucial federal policy fields, including the tax system, is required for laws to become enacted.

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The Minister-President heads the state government, acting as a head of state (even if the federated states have the status of a state do not establish the office of a head of state but merge the functions with the head of the executive branch) as well as the government leader. They are elected by the

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The constitution states that Lower Saxony be a free, republican, democratic, social and environmentally sustainable state inside the Federal Republic of Germany; universal human rights, peace and justice are preassigned guidelines of society, and the human rights and civil liberties proclaimed by the

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An alternative model, proposed by politicians in Oldenburg and Brunswick, envisaged the foundation of the independent state of "Weser-Ems", that would be formed from the state of Oldenburg, the Hanseatic City of Bremen and the administrative regions of Aurich and Osnabrück. Several representatives of

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The state of Lower Saxony was formed after World War II by merging the former states of Hanover, Oldenburg, Brunswick and Schaumburg-Lippe. Hanover, a former kingdom, is by far the largest of these contributors by area and population and has been a province of Prussia since 1866. The city of Hanover

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The states of the Federal Republic of Germany, and so Lower Saxony, have legislative responsibility and power mainly reduced to the policy fields of the school system, higher education, culture and media and police, whereas the more important policy fields like economic and social policies, foreign

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Agriculture, strongly weighted towards the livestock sector, has always been a very important economic factor in the state. The north and northwest of Lower Saxony are mainly made up of coarse sandy soil that makes crop farming difficult and therefore grassland and cattle farming are more prevalent

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and state of Lower Saxony. Overall, Lower Saxony, with its large tracts of rural countryside and few urban centres, was one of the industrially weaker regions of the federal republic for a long time. In 1960, 20% of the working population worked on the land. In the rest of the federal territory the

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In the end, at the meeting of the Zone Advisory Board on 20 September 1946, Kopf's proposal with regard to the division of the British occupation zone into three large states proved to be capable of gaining a majority. Because this division of their occupation zone into relatively large states also

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All government authority is to be sanctioned by the will of the people, which expresses itself via elections and plebiscites. The legislative assembly is a unicameral parliament elected for terms of five years. The composition of the parliament obeys the principle of proportional representation of

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The close historical links between the domains of the Lower Saxon Circle now in modern Lower Saxony survived for centuries especially from a dynastic point of view. The majority of historic territories whose land now lies within Lower Saxony were sub-principalities of the medieval, Welf estates of

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The governor of the state (prime minister) and his ministers are elected by the parliament. As there is a system of five political parties in Germany and so also in Lower Saxony, it is usually the case that two or more parties negotiate for a common political agenda and a commonly determined

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The 2011 census stated that a majority of the population were Christians (71.93%); 51.48% of the total population were members of the Protestant Church in Germany, 18.34% were Catholics, 2.11% were members of other Christian denominations, 2.27% were members of other religions. 25.8% have no

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the participating political parties, but it is also ensured that each constituency delegates one directly elected representative. If a party wins more constituency delegates than their statewide share among the parties would determine, it can keep all these constituency delegates.

3682:(northern and eastern part of the state). The Catholic faith is mainly concentrated to the regions of Oldenburger Münsterland, the region of Osnabrück, the region of Hildesheim and in the Western Eichsfeld. 42.6% of the Low Saxons were irreligious or adhere to other religions. 5106: 2033: 3706:(GDP) of the state was 229.5 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 8.7% of German economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 33,700 euros or 112% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 100% of the EU average. 3031:

and Tripkau as well as the villages of Neu Bleckede, Neu Wendischthun and Stiepelse in the parish of Teldau and the historic Hanoverian region in the forest district of Bohldamm in the parish of Garlitz transferred with effect from 30 June 1993 from

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Under the "Law on the region of Hanover", Hanover merged with the district of Hanover to form the Hanover Region, which has been treated mostly as a rural district, but Hanover is treated as an urban district since 1 November 2001 unless other rules

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At the end of 2014, there were almost 571,000 non-German citizens in Lower Saxony. At the end of 2023, there were almost 1,085,315 non-German citizens in Lower Saxony. The following table illustrates the largest minority groups in Lower Saxony:

2629:) and their associated magazines routinely used the terms "Lower Saxony" or "Lower Saxon" in their names. At the end of the 1920s in the context of discussions about a reform of the Reich, and promoted by the expanding local heritage movement ( 3781:

in various areas of the state became another important economic backbone. Although overall yields are comparatively low, Lower Saxony is also an important supplier of crude oil in the European Union. Mineral products still mined today include

2613:. The effect of this Nazi-era change was that in 1946, after the Third Reich had collapsed and when state of Lower Saxony was founded, only four states needed to be merged. With the exception of Bremen and the areas that were ceded to the 882: 4877: 2953:. Lower Saxony was at the western end of the direct escape route from East Prussia and had the longest border with the Soviet Zone. On 3 October 1950 Lower Saxony took over the sponsorship of the very large number of refugees from 5098: 4166:. Lower Saxony was one of the origins of the German environmentalist movement in reaction to the state government's support for underground nuclear waste disposal. This led to the formation of the German Green Party in 1980. 2358:

the lands claimed by the two territories were separated from each other. The border ran along the Weser to a point north of Nienburg. The northern part of the Weser-Ems region was placed under the rule of Brunswick-Lüneburg.

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In a lecture on 14 September 2007, Dietmar von Reeken described the emergence of a "Lower Saxony consciousness" in the 19th century, the geographical basis of which was used to invent a territorial construct: the resulting

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had not moved into this region; for centuries they preserved their independence in the most northwesterly region of the present-day Lower Saxon territory. The original language of the folk in the area of Old Saxony was

4686: 4606: 1556:) of Göttingen, but is treated as an urban district unless other rules apply. On 1 November 2016 the districts of Osterode and Göttingen were merged under the name Göttingen, not influencing the city's special status. 898:

Lower Saxony has clear regional divisions that manifest themselves geographically, as well as historically and culturally. In the regions that used to be independent, especially the heartlands of the former states of

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which largely superseded (but did not outright replace) Germany's traditional federal system. Nevertheless, some changes to the old state and provincial borders were made in 1937, notably including the city of

5201: 2446:. All the Welf princes called themselves dukes "of Brunswick and Lüneburg" despite often ruling parts of a duchy that was forever being divided and reunited as various Welf lines multiplied or died out. 3653: 3609:

denomination. Even though there is a high level of official belonging to a Christian denomination, the people – especially in the cities – are highly secular in behavior.

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Sometimes, overlaps and transition areas happen between the various regions of Lower Saxony. Several of the regions listed here are part of other, larger regions, that are also included in the list.

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constitution of the Federal Republic are genuine constituents of the constitution of Lower Saxony. Each citizen is entitled to education and there is universal compulsory school attendance.

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met on 9 December 1946. It was not elected; rather it was established by the British Occupation Administration (a so-called "appointed parliament"). That same day the parliament elected the

4871: 5907: 2879:, were roundly rejected at the London Conference of 26 March 1949. In fact only about 1.3 km (0.50 sq mi) of west Lower Saxony was transferred to the Netherlands, in 1949. 5310: 1223: 4784: 5696: 4410: 2884: 2186: 5127: 4464: 2977:

concern, that restarted the production of civilian vehicles in 1945, initially under British management, and in 1949 transferred into the ownership of the newly founded country of

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entered the office of minister-president. On 1 June 1993, the new Lower Saxon constitution entered force, replacing the "Provisional Lower Saxon Constitution" of 1951. It enables

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succeeded Gerhard Schröder who became Federal Chancellor. Because he had been linked with various scandals in his home city of Brunswick, he resigned in 1999 and was replaced by

4554: 1149: 4678: 4532: 5902: 4600: 4622: 5689: 4301:, albeit a black horse against a yellow background. The colours changed after the Christian baptism of Widukind. White and red are colours (besides black and gold) of the 5639: 2153: 915:, a marked local regional awareness exists. By contrast, the areas surrounding the Hanseatic cities of Bremen and Hamburg are much more oriented towards those centres. 5288: 2650: 868:

are found in the southeastern part of the state. The lowest point in the state, at about 2.5 metres or 8 feet 2 inches below sea level, is a depression near

414: 2313:, where they expanded into the sparsely populated regions in the rest of the lowlands, in present-day Northwest Germany and the northeastern part of what is now the 5644: 5604: 3645: 2790:

was not incorporated into North Rhine-Westphalia until January 1947. With that the majority of the regions left of the Upper Weser became North Rhine-Westphalian.

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in 1945, all those areas allocated to the new state of Lower Saxony in 1946, had already been merged into the "Constituency Association of Lower Saxony" in 1920.

2060: 2090: 5664: 2105: 2558:

The forerunners of today's state of Lower Saxony were lands that were geographically and, to some extent, institutionally interrelated from very early on. The

469:. It is the second-largest state by land area, with 47,614 km (18,384 sq mi), and fourth-largest in population (8 million in 2021) among the 16 3868:

The service sector has gained importance following the demise of manufacturing in the 1970s and 1980s. Important branches today are the tourism industry with

2265:. The term "Lower Saxony" was used after the dissolution of the stem duchy in the late 13th century to distinguish the parts of the former duchy ruled by the 5634: 5303: 1713: 1141: 706: 2350:

The establishment of permanent boundaries between what later became Lower Saxony and Westphalia began in the 12th century. In 1260, in a treaty between the

865: 623:, an economically emerging but rather sparsely populated area, once dominated by inaccessible swamps. The northern half of Lower Saxony, also known as the 282: 4841: 662:), is the largest heathland area of Germany. In the Middle Ages, the town of Lüneburg was wealthy due to salt-mining and the salt trade. To the north the 2135: 2018: 748:. The northeast and west of the state, which form roughly three-quarters of its land area, belong to the North German Plain, while the south is in the 4805: 4127: 5067: 4988: 2961: 5659: 5147: 4113: 3637: 3621: 2708:. Kopf's plan was ultimately based on a draft for the reform of the German Empire from the late 1920s by Georg Schnath and Kurt Brüning. The strong 1704:), into which Lower Saxony had been hitherto divided, were dissolved. These were the governorates of Braunschweig, Hanover, Lüneburg and Weser-Ems. 2321:

and a number of areas to the east, for example, in what is now west and north Saxony-Anhalt. The land of the Saxons was divided into about 60

5897: 5629: 5296: 4757: 4653: 4028: 2933:

The greatest problem facing the first state government in the immediate post-war years was the challenge of integrating hundreds of thousands of

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is a cooperative body for the enclave area. To the southeast, the state border runs through the Harz, low mountains that are part of the German

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with its five production plants within the state's borders still remains the single biggest private-sector employer, its world headquarters in

3671: 3629: 2998: 718: 392: 2982:

figure was just 14%. Even in economically prosperous times the jobless totals in Lower Saxony are constantly higher than the federal average.

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Between 1946 and 2004, the state's districts and independent towns were grouped into eight regions, with a different status for two regions (

2387: 5669: 4402: 4159: 3679: 741: 3675: 693:, and the state of Lower Saxony has adopted the coat of arms and other symbols of the former kingdom. It was created by the merger of the 682:(Old Country). Due to its gentle local climate and fertile soil, it is the state's largest area of fruit farming, its chief produce being 4461: 2317:. From about the 7th century the Saxons had occupied a settlement area that roughly corresponds to the present state of Lower Saxony, of 5649: 4063: 2744:. Had this plan come to fruition, the territory of the present Lower Saxony would have consisted of three states of roughly equal size. 712: 5609: 4481: 4297:) against a red background, which is an old symbol of the Saxon people. Legend has it that the horse was a symbol of the Saxon leader 4261: 4163: 3755: 2915: 2646: 1999: 254: 243: 234: 4562: 875:

The state's economy, population, and infrastructure are centred on the cities and towns of Hanover, Stadthagen, Celle, Braunschweig,

5654: 5619: 4212: 4193: 4178: 4152: 2994: 611:

that encompasses both maritime and mountainous areas. The northwestern area of the state, on the coast of the North Sea, is called

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100 Jahre Historische Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen – Personen, Geschichtsbilder, Forschungsfelder, Netzwerke 1910–2010

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on 23 August 1946 the northern and eastern border of North Rhine-Westphalia has largely been identical with that of the Prussian

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connotations of this draft, according to Thomas Vogtherr, did not simplify the development of a Lower Saxon identity after 1946.

1105: 4380: 2902:, with which on 22 November 1946 the British military government founded the state Lower Saxony retroactively to 1 November 1946 4174: 835: 126: 5045: 4709: 4484:

vom 5. November 2004 (Nds. GVBl. S. 394–401), siehe dort Artikel 1 Gesetz zur Auflösung der Bezirksregierungen

4334: 3649: 2814: 2171: 2075: 1585:), comprising the formerly free states of Brunswick and Oldenburg. In 1978 these regions were merged into four governorates ( 4071: 2875:

The demands of Dutch politicians that the Netherlands should be given the German regions east of the Dutch-German border as

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took office as the minister president of Lower Saxony as the successor to Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf. He was replaced in 1970 by

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in the proposed state of "Weser-Ems". Likewise an enlarged State of Brunswick was proposed in the southeast to include the

5417: 4440: 4186: 2390:. The latter included the following territories that, in whole or in part, belong today to the state of Lower Saxony: the 1117: 943: 805: 5597: 4339: 4280: 3660: 3613: 3537: 374: 131: 3891:

In October 2018, the Lower Saxony unemployment rate stood at 5.0% and was marginally higher than the national average.

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is another large part of the regional economy. Despite decades of gradual downsizing and restructuring, the carmaker

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composition of government where the party with the biggest share of the electorate fills the seat of the governor.

4085: 4043: 3808: 3797: 2411: 2141: 2052: 1468: 1129: 486: 86: 3857:. Medicine plays a major role; Hanover and Göttingen have two large University Medical Schools and hospitals, and 2490:; after 1919 Brunswick became a free state). Historically a close tie existed between the royal house of Hanover ( 5320: 4351: 2834: 2737: 2391: 2323: 2216: 780:. In the northeast of Lower Saxony is the Lüneburg Heath. The heath is dominated by the poor, sandy soils of the 138: 110: 5261: 4873:

Ausländer: Bundesländer, Stichtag, Geschlecht/Altersjahre/Familienstand, Ländergruppierungen/Staatsangehörigkeit

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at the start of the 16th century. Red: the Lower Saxon Circle, light brown: the Lower Rhenish-Westphalian Circle

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and the villages of Neu Bleckede and Neu Wendischthun were allotted to the Soviet Zone and thus the subsequent

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became a foundation of notable economic prosperity in the Harz Mountains as early as the 12th century, while

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until 1932, a province that also included large parts of the present state of Hesse, including the cities of

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Under the "Göttingen Law" of 1 January 1964, the town of Göttingen was incorporated into the rural district (

5527: 5462: 4268: 4105: 3641: 3625: 3602: 3567: 2810: 2806: 2395: 2371: 2044: 1402: 1315: 1137: 900: 402: 226: 31: 3759: 2427: 2339: 2225: 5809: 5762: 5756: 5507: 5427: 3754:. Consequently, the Land has a big food industry, mainly organized in small and medium-sized enterprises ( 3703: 3035: 2864: 2783: 2775: 2729: 2614: 1382: 1273: 1125: 881:, Hildesheim, and Salzgitter. Together with Göttingen in southern Lower Saxony, they form the core of the 632: 529: 507: 258: 1627: 5887: 5492: 5487: 5155: 3747: 2593: 2491: 2351: 1662: 1360: 1355: 353: 155: 3041: 2755:). If the State of Oldenburg was to be dissolved, Vechta District would much rather be included in the 2701: 1121: 1101: 785: 5859: 5768: 5726: 5542: 5522: 5502: 5482: 5447: 4906: 4584: 4049: 4034: 3001:(1976–1990), have played an important role in state and federal politics since the end of the 1970s. 2919: 2689: 2669: 2559: 2423: 2270: 2048: 1682: 1632: 1602: 1417: 1397: 1377: 1350: 1293: 1185: 616: 363: 266: 115: 4625:

Räume, Grenzen, Identitäten – Westfalen als Gegenstand landes- und regionalgeschichtlicher Forschung

3880:. Hanover is one of Germany's main hubs for insurance and financial-services companies, for example 2895: 2871:

and incorporated into the new city-state of Bremen, which became one of the federated German states.

2685: 5577: 5517: 5512: 5437: 5432: 5207: 3633: 3005: 2907: 2830: 2798: 2787: 2725: 2610: 2487: 2274: 1452: 1392: 1387: 1283: 1278: 1258: 1192:

falls. The average annual temperature is 8 °C (46 °F); 7.5 °C (45.5 °F) in the

1177: 1093: 1078: 1038: 1013: 978: 938: 933: 821: 72: 4968: 2681: 736:, although parts of the city of Hamburg lie south of the Elbe. The state and city of Bremen is an 5792: 5472: 5452: 4357: 4182: 3877: 2717: 2697: 2596:

in 1933, they quickly transformed Germany into a highly centralized state and divided the entire

2567: 2514: 2483: 2479: 2463: 2459: 2419: 2415: 2399: 2383: 1340: 1305: 1145: 1068: 781: 690: 624: 497: 482: 2430:. At the same time a distinction was made with the eastern part of the old Saxon lands from the 5712: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5457: 5412: 4588: 4302: 3816: 3789: 3547: 3048: 2927: 2822: 2741: 2673: 2583: 2552: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1310: 1238: 1201: 1053: 1033: 908: 809: 749: 651: 644: 454: 98: 2506:

became the Queen of the United Kingdom in 1837 because Hanover did not allow female rulers).

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protested on 12 June 1946 against being incorporated into the metropolitan area of Hanover (

2748: 2665: 2654: 2642: 2536: 2519: 2471: 2302: 2254: 2120: 2112: 1764: 1700: 1672: 1617: 1592: 1587: 1509: 1427: 1412: 1268: 1169: 912: 694: 620: 577: 466: 3670:

was the faith of 16.3% of the population in 2020. It is organised in the three dioceses of

5497: 5265: 5253: 5241: 5186: 5134: 4975: 4788: 4610: 4468: 4170: 3804: 3667: 3059: 3044:). From these parishes the new municipality of Amt Neuhaus was created on 1 October 1993. 2876: 2539:

retained state autonomy. Nevertheless, the entire Weser-Ems region (including the city of

2379: 2375: 2343: 2333: 2290: 2262: 1365: 1320: 1189: 1058: 861: 854: 761: 745: 560:, as it has a coastline). Lower Saxony thus borders more neighbours than any other single 58: 1959: 5023: 2586:; but in 1932 the County of Schaumburg became part of the Prussian Province of Hanover. 5830: 5467: 5340: 4326: 4219:

of the Social Democrats was again elected as the new Minister-President. He governs in

3842: 3838: 3800: 3052: 2795: 2622: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2431: 2403: 2285: 1652: 1503: 1330: 1181: 1173: 1043: 1008: 958: 953: 817: 769: 765: 537: 5881: 5786: 5386: 5283: 4376: 4133: 3850: 3822: 2957:. In 1950 there was still a shortage of 730,000 homes according to official figures. 2860: 2838: 2709: 2705: 2693: 2668:

on the territory of the former Prussian Province of Hanover. Its minister president,

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Just under 20% of the land area of Lower Saxony is designated as nature parks, i.e.:

1083: 1028: 904: 757: 753: 636: 517: 2805:

were founded, backdated to 1 November 1946. The state was formed by a merger of the

600:, mainly situated in its central and southern parts, except Oldenburg and Lüneburg. 5356: 4969:

Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland – Kirchemitgliederzahlen Stand 31. Dezember 2020

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met the interests of the British, on 8 November 1946 Regulation No. 55 of the

2571: 2562:(not to be confused with the Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe) around the towns of 2478:

Two major principalities survived east of the Weser after the Napoleonic Wars: the

2435: 2025: 2009: 1920: 1751: 1480: 998: 801: 573: 557: 239: 5376: 5037: 4717: 4200:

of the Social Democrats was elected as the new Minister-President. He governed in

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Mining has also been an important source of income in Lower Saxony for centuries.

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the state of Oldenburg even demanded the inclusion of the Hanoverian districts of

2178: 2096: 1803: 1777: 1514: 1496: 792:, productive soils with high natural fertility occur. Under these conditions—with 672:, and Brandenburg. The left banks of the Elbe downstream Hamburg are known as the 589: 581: 4527:. Die Interessengebiete Kölns und Braunschweigs nach dem Vertrag von 1260 (map). 1475:

Furthermore, there are eight urban districts and two cities with special status:

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The state is dominated by several large northwards-flowing rivers, including the

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as the saviour, who is still shown with a red cross against a white background.

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offshore are popular with tourists. In the extreme west of Lower Saxony is the

442: 5547: 5477: 5381: 4316: 4119: 3826: 3793: 3770: 3751: 3589: 3013: 3009: 2973: 2756: 2590: 2318: 2250: 2192: 2040: 1829: 1816: 1519: 1461: 1422: 1345: 1298: 1195: 1165: 963: 928: 839: 733: 676: 597: 593: 3027:

with its parishes of Dellien, Haar, Kaarßen, Neuhaus (Elbe), Stapel, Sückau,

181: 168: 17: 5798: 5532: 5407: 5391: 4220: 4201: 3858: 3832: 3812: 3763: 2677: 2579: 2163: 2145: 1790: 1692: 1529: 1407: 1247: 1233: 1023: 973: 729: 585: 521: 493: 344: 277: 143: 4989:"Regional GDP per capita ranged from 30% to 263% of the EU average in 2018" 4494: 3710:

in those areas. Lower Saxony is home, in 2017, to one in five of Germany's

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Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder | Gemeinsames Statistikportal

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Lower Saxony has a natural boundary in the north in the North Sea and the

627:, is almost invariably flat except for the gentle hills around the Bremen 425: 5774: 5246: 4342:– tourist route from Osnabrück to Oldenburg via some 33 Megalithic sites. 4298: 4158:

Since 1948, politics in the state has been dominated by the centre-right

3783: 3739: 3727: 3691: 3373: 2606: 2328: 2306: 2081: 1946: 1457: 1003: 869: 777: 382: 2817:

with the previously formed State of Hanover. But there were exceptions:

2454: 5836: 5732: 5442: 3719: 3683: 3598: 3325: 3229: 2968:

and, from 1945 to 1990 was the busiest European border crossing point.

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being fully integrated into the Prussian Province of Hanover under the

2563: 2548: 2547:). This indicates that at that time the western administrations of the 2005: 1907: 1894: 1738: 1288: 1251: 1063: 983: 948: 813: 737: 569: 549: 541: 501: 478: 211: 201: 3616:

was the faith of 41.1% of the population. It is organised in the five

1222: 5824: 5780: 5258: 5068:"Arbeitslosenquote nach Bundesländern in Deutschland 2018 | Statista" 4306: 4091: 3881: 3869: 3301: 3253: 2946: 2575: 2540: 2298: 2258: 2212: 1972: 1370: 545: 370: 349: 5018:

Jan Boris Wintzenburg (16 March 2017). "Der Landluft auf den Spur".

2930:(1955–1959) – as the head of government in Lower Saxony until 1961. 2658:"Concerning the dissolution of the provinces of the former state of 2543:) were grouped in 1920 into a Lower Saxon Constituency Association ( 2336:, one of the varieties of language in the Low German dialect group. 4599:

Zur räumlichen Zuordnung des Begriffs "Westfalen/westfälisch" vgl.

3750:

allow high-yield crop farming. One of the principal crops there is

3663:

gather a substantial part of the Protestant population in Germany.

2771:

of Osnabrück should be part of a newly formed State of Westphalia.

2662:

in the British Zone and their reconstitution as independent states"

1698:

On 1 January 2005 the four administrative regions or governorates (

5744: 5366: 4903:

Statistical Offices of the Länder and the Federal Statiscal Office

4290: 3873: 3854: 3743: 3723: 3687: 3597: 3445: 3277: 3028: 2894: 2759:

region. Particularly in the districts where there was a political

2510: 2453: 2338: 2284: 2232: 2127: 1985: 1881: 1490: 1243: 850: 834: 683: 628: 525: 441: 3872:

in Hanover, one of Europe's largest travel companies, as well as

4403:"Bruttoinlandsprodukt, Bruttowertschöpfung | Statistikportal.de" 3735: 3715: 3711: 3349: 3096: 2801:

was issued, by which the State of Lower Saxony with its capital

2310: 1113: 797: 793: 666:

valley separates Lower Saxony from Hamburg, Schleswig-Holstein,

663: 640: 631:. Towards the south and southwest lie the northern parts of the 5685: 5292: 3066:

headed a CDU-led coalition with the FDP as does his successor,

3731: 2297:

The name and coat of arms of the present state go back to the

1595:(regional governments) were again split into separate bodies. 4758:"Gründung des Landes Niedersachsen – Darstellung und Quellen" 4654:"Gründung des Landes Niedersachsen – Darstellung und Quellen" 2997:, that began during the time in office of minister president 883:

Hannover–Braunschweig–Göttingen–Wolfsburg Metropolitan Region

3091: 2960:

During the period when Germany was divided, the Lower Saxon

2502:

in the 18th century (the personal union was dissolved when

Machtverlust: David McAllisters politischer Herzstillstand

4742:. In: Heimatbund für das Oldenburger Münsterland (Hrsg.): 1718:

The largest towns in Lower Saxony as of 31 December 2017:

4482:

Gesetz zur Modernisierung der Verwaltung in Niedersachsen

2513:

a "de-Westphalianising process" began in 1815. After the

2366:

was first used before 1300 in a Dutch rhyming chronicle (

719:

List of regions and regional associations in Lower Saxony

5247:

Official website for tourism and holiday in Lower Saxony

3070:. After the elections on 20 January 2013 McAllister was 2821:

In the Free State of Brunswick, the eastern part of the

5259:

Map with tourist highlights, notepad and personal guide

3058:

From 2003 to his election as Federal President in 2010

2937:

from Germany's former territories in the east (such as

2885:

Dutch annexation of German territory after World War II

689:

Most of the state's territory was part of the historic

492:

Lower Saxony borders on (from north and clockwise) the

78: 4603:

Der Raum Westfalen in der Historiographie des 20. Jhs.

2261:. Before the late medieval period, there was a single 5099:"Federal Statistical Office Germany – GENESIS-Online" 4926: 4924: 4740:

Katholizismus, Kirche und südoldenburgische Identität

3792:

is frequently transported in the area to the city of

2517:

the territories of the later administrative regions (

2309:

about the 3rd century and pushed southwards over the

4932:"Religion und Glauben im Blickpunkt des Zensus 2011" 4842:"In Niedersachsen leben mehr Ausländer als je zuvor" 4433:"Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab" 3678:(comprising the former Free State of Oldenburg) and 2856:. They were not returned to Lower Saxony until 1993. 2245:

Regional history prior to foundation of Lower Saxony

864:(971 metres or 3,186 feet) in the Harz. Most of the 5846: 5817: 5719: 5400: 5349: 5333: 4462:

Naturparks in Niedersachsen, as at 31 December 2009

4348:– tourist route around the Asparagus growing areas. 568:. The state's largest cities are the state capital 420: 401: 391: 381: 360: 343: 335: 327: 322: 314: 306: 301: 293: 288: 275: 264: 250: 232: 222: 217: 207: 197: 44: 4495:"Homepage – Federal Statistical Office (Destatis)" 3742:crops. Towards the south and southeast, extensive 2450:Congress of Vienna to Second World War (1815–1945) 784:, whilst in the central-east and southeast in the 4236:is the largest and capital city of Lower Saxony. 2305:some of the Saxon peoples left their homeland in 1164:of central Europe that is affected by prevailing 713:List of cities and municipalities in Lower Saxony 5908:NUTS 1 statistical regions of the European Union 4354:– tourist route that passes through Lower Saxony 1227:Map of Lower Saxony with the district boundaries 1168:and is located in a transition zone between the 64: 3841:, which has recently been ruled illegal by the 3646:Evangelical Lutheran Church of Schaumburg-Lippe 2971:Of economic significance for the state was the 489:are still spoken, albeit in declining numbers. 3766:(biggest German poultry farmer and producer). 3622:Evangelical Lutheran State Church in Brunswick 2570:did indeed belong to the Prussian province of 697:with three smaller states on 1 November 1946. 5697: 5304: 4744:Jahrbuch für das Oldenburger Münsterland 2004 2964:found itself on the main transport artery to 800:-containing soils—the land is well-developed 297:47,614.07 km (18,383.90 sq mi) 8: 3830: 3082: 3062:was minister president in Lower Saxony. The 3033: 2837:and were later integrated into the state of 2370:). From the 14th century it referred to the 1714:List of cities in Lower Saxony by population 1193: 876: 707:List of cities in Lower Saxony by population 674: 667: 656: 605: 562: 505: 471: 459: 50: 4899:"Area and Population – Monthly publication" 3746:layers in the soil left behind by the last 3512:Natural growth from January–October 2017 = 3503:Natural growth from January–October 2016 = 2531:transferred to the Kingdom of Hanover. The 2496:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 1212:Lower Saxony is divided into 37 districts ( 544:within Lower Saxony, one being the city of 5903:States and territories established in 1946 5704: 5690: 5682: 5324:Urban and rural districts in the state of 5311: 5297: 5289: 4964: 4962: 4960: 3081: 2047:, the tallest church in Lower Saxony, and 41: 30:For other places with a similar name, see 5713:States of the Federal Republic of Germany 3865:and associated componentry in the world. 3861:in Duderstadt is the largest producer of 3496: 3487: 2645:most of Northwest Germany lay within the 1160:Lower Saxony falls climatically into the 860:The highest point in Lower Saxony is the 740:entirely surrounded by Lower Saxony. The 3893: 3638:Evangelical Lutheran Church in Oldenburg 3530:Religion in Lower Saxony (Census 2011): 3200: 2680:as well as the Westphalian districts of 1720: 5179: 4802:"Themenbereich: Bevölkerung – Tabellen" 4377:"Landesamt für Statistik Niedersachsen" 4368: 4039: 4029:List of World Heritage Sites in Germany 3659:Together, these member churches of the 2555:were perceived as being "Lower Saxon". 1995: 1542: 419: 390: 380: 342: 321: 300: 287: 216: 206: 196: 161: 152: 104: 4443:from the original on 23 September 2018 4413:from the original on 25 September 2023 4173:, led a coalition of his CDU with the 3630:Evangelical Lutheran Church of Hanover 2774:Since the foundation of the states of 1200:and 8.5 °C (47.3 °F) in the 5193: 4852:from the original on 27 November 2020 4716:. Landkreis-vechta.de. Archived from 2551:Province of Hanover and the state of 1564: 1562: 1188:of this mountain range against which 643:Mountains. Between these two lie the 400: 359: 334: 326: 313: 305: 292: 274: 263: 249: 231: 221: 7: 5048:from the original on 25 October 2007 4685:. Hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de. 4629:. Hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de. 4525:"Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe" 2472:the Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe 1548: 1546: 742:Bremen/Oldenburg Metropolitan Region 5038:"'Volkswagen law' is ruled illegal" 3494:Deaths from January–October 2017 = 3485:Deaths from January–October 2016 = 3476:Births from January–October 2017 = 3467:Births from January–October 2016 = 2922:, the former Hanoverian president ( 2545:Wahlkreisverband IX (Niedersachsen) 2257:confederation of tribes called the 2142:Volkswagen headquarters and factory 2099:market square and the old town hall 5148:"The constitution of Lower Saxony" 4999:from the original on 17 April 2020 4828:"Germany: States and Major Cities" 4756:Klaus Schaap / Rudolf Willenborg. 4708:Landkreis Vechta (14 April 2004). 4689:from the original on 16 April 2014 4652:Klaus Schaap / Rudolf Willenborg. 4561:. Niedersachsen.de. Archived from 4383:from the original on 20 April 2019 4262:Minister-President of Lower Saxony 4256:Minister-President of Lower Saxony 4064:St. Michael's Church in Hildesheim 3738:are among the state's present-day 3020:as a fundamental state principle. 2891:History of Lower Saxony as a state 2664:, which initially established the 2637:Formation of the state (1945–1946) 2219:, both UNESCO World Heritage Sites 2066:Old town of the Hanseatic City of 1648:Administrative Region of Osnabrück 1643:Administrative Region of Oldenburg 1608:Administrative Region of Brunswick 25: 5109:from the original on 8 March 2021 5078:from the original on 27 June 2021 4505:from the original on 17 July 2016 4194:state election on 20 January 2013 3213:Population estimate (31.12.2023) 3210:Population estimate (31.12.2022) 2995:Gorleben Nuclear Waste Repository 717:Further information (in German): 711:Further information (in German): 650:The region in the northeast, the 5808: 5319: 5273: 5152:The constitution of Lower Saxony 4880:from the original on 23 May 2024 4633:from the original on 21 May 2013 4319: 4213:state election in September 2017 4189:was elected Minister-President. 4126: 4112: 4098: 4084: 4070: 4056: 4042: 3714:, one in three of the country's 3514: 3513: 3505: 3504: 3495: 3486: 3478: 3477: 3469: 3468: 3438: 3414: 3390: 3366: 3342: 3318: 3294: 3270: 3246: 3222: 2763:the notion was widespread, that 2537:Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe 2388:Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle 2281:Medieval and early modern period 2224: 2204: 2185: 2170: 2152: 2134: 2119: 2104: 2089: 2074: 2059: 2032: 2017: 2012:and largest city of Lower Saxony 1998: 154: 137: 125: 109: 4945:from the original on 9 May 2017 4169:The former Minister-President, 866:significant hills and mountains 5898:1946 establishments in Germany 4557:Der Weg zum Land Niedersachsen 4346:Niedersächsische Spargelstraße 4335:List of places in Lower Saxony 3650:Free State of Schaumburg-Lippe 2676:(i.e. the Westphalian city of 251: • Governing parties 1: 5128:Hauchdünner Sieg für Rot-Grün 3674:(western part of the state), 3582: Other religions (2.20%) 2945:), which had been annexed by 2486:(after 1866 Hanover became a 5235:Official governmental portal 5137:. Retrieved 21 January 2013. 4848:(in German). 16 March 2015. 4791:. Retrieved 21 January 2013. 4281:Coat of arms of Lower Saxony 3959:Unemployment rate in % 3661:Protestant Church in Germany 3614:Protestant Church in Germany 2962:border crossing at Helmstedt 2434:principalities later called 5278:Geographic data related to 5044:. London. 23 October 2007. 4531:(in German). Archived from 4471:. Retrieved 26 August 2010. 4352:Straße der Weserrenaissance 3777:in the Salzgitter area and 3654:Evangelical Reformed Church 2651:British Military Government 2444:Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg 2356:Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg 479:Federal Republic of Germany 5924: 5594:Districts of German states 4278: 4259: 4177:between 2003 and 2010. In 4162:(CDU) and the centre-left 4160:Christian Democratic Union 4144: 4026: 3798:deep geological repository 3656:(covering all the state). 2993:. The arguments about the 2647:British Zone of Occupation 2378:). On the creation of the 2273:on one hand, and from the 2053:UNESCO World Heritage Site 1984: 1981: 1971: 1968: 1958: 1955: 1945: 1942: 1932: 1929: 1919: 1916: 1906: 1903: 1893: 1890: 1880: 1877: 1867: 1864: 1854: 1851: 1841: 1838: 1828: 1825: 1815: 1812: 1802: 1799: 1789: 1786: 1776: 1773: 1763: 1760: 1750: 1747: 1737: 1734: 1711: 1150:Bourtanger Moor-Bargerveen 732:and middle reaches of the 716: 710: 704: 29: 5806: 5591: 4340:Straße der Megalithkultur 3831: 3558:Evangelical Free Churches 3190: 3109:— 3034: 2835:Soviet Zone of Occupation 2649:. On 23 August 1946, the 2386:was distinguished from a 2253:derives from that of the 1628:Governorate of Hildesheim 1194: 877: 675: 668: 647:, a range of low ridges. 603:Lower Saxony is the only 506: 162: 153: 105: 96: 5866:Württemberg-Hohenzollern 4974:21 December 2021 at the 4712:Zeitzeichen im Landkreis 4153:Cabinets of Lower Saxony 4147:Politics of Lower Saxony 3018:environmental protection 2829:, which belonged to the 2807:Free States of Brunswick 2747:The district council of 2533:Grand Duchy of Oldenburg 2468:Grand Duchy of Oldenburg 2352:Archbishopric of Cologne 2299:Germanic tribe of Saxons 2211:View of the old town of 1693:Governorate of Weser-Ems 1683:Governorate of Lunenburg 1663:Governorate of Brunswick 1633:Governorate of Lunenburg 5219: 5211: 5103:www-genesis.destatis.de 4787:23 January 2013 at the 4269:Landtag of Lower Saxony 4164:Social Democratic Party 4134:Fagus Factory in Alfeld 4120:Lower Saxony Wadden Sea 4106:Upper Harz Water Regale 4092:Historic Town of Goslar 3648:(comprising the former 3642:Free State of Oldenburg 3640:(comprising the former 3632:(comprising the former 3626:Free State of Brunswick 3624:(comprising the former 3603:St. Andreas, Hildesheim 2867:was renamed in 1947 to 2823:district of Blankenburg 2702:district of Tecklenburg 2372:Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg 1577:Historical subdivisions 1202:district of Cloppenburg 336: • Per capita 331:€339.414 billion (2022) 318:170/km (440/sq mi) 227:Landtag of Lower Saxony 79: 65: 32:Saxony (disambiguation) 5763:North Rhine-Westphalia 5757:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 5640:North Rhine-Westphalia 5635:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 5195:[ˈniːdɐzaksn̩] 5190: 4185:party. On 1 July 2010 4033:Lower Saxony has four 3704:gross domestic product 3605: 3036:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 3023:The former Hanoverian 2908:Lower Saxon parliament 2903: 2865:Regierungsbezirk Stade 2784:Province of Westphalia 2776:North Rhine-Westphalia 2615:Soviet Occupation Zone 2475: 2438:for dynastic reasons. 2412:Principality of Verden 2406:, the Principality of 2392:Bishopric of Osnabrück 2347: 2294: 1673:Governorate of Hanover 1618:Governorate of Hanover 1228: 842: 804:. In the west lie the 669:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 657: 606: 563: 530:North Rhine-Westphalia 508:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 472: 460: 447: 51: 5264:26 March 2009 at the 5240:17 April 2024 at the 4555:"Land Niedersachsen: 4437:hdi.globaldatalab.org 4175:Free Democratic Party 3760:Deutsches Milchkontor 3694:are minority faiths. 3601: 3083:Historical population 2898: 2863:that then lay in the 2831:district of Helmstedt 2765:Oldenburg Münsterland 2498:as a result of their 2492:Electorate of Hanover 2457: 2428:County of Spiegelberg 2342: 2288: 1603:Governorate of Aurich 1226: 1049:Oldenburg Münsterland 838: 826:Oldenburg Münsterland 445: 362: • Summer ( 5769:Rhineland-Palatinate 5645:Rhineland-Palatinate 4846:Hamburger Abendblatt 4585:Electorate of Saxony 4467:19 July 2011 at the 4078:Mines of Rammelsberg 4050:Hildesheim Cathedral 4035:World Heritage Sites 4023:World Heritage Sites 3576: Jewish (0.07%) 2920:Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf 2726:Osterholz-Scharmbeck 2670:Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf 2560:County of Schaumburg 2424:County of Schaumburg 2396:Bishopric of Münster 2271:Electorate of Saxony 2049:Hildesheim Cathedral 1653:Governorate of Stade 1162:north temperate zone 617:East Frisian Islands 467:northwestern Germany 315: • Density 182:52.75611°N 9.39306°E 5133:15 May 2013 at the 4909:on 25 December 2017 4710:"Landkreis Vechta: 4609:22 May 2020 at the 3758:). Big players are 3634:Province of Hanover 3084: 2924:Regierungspräsident 2883:→ see main article 2825:and the exclave of 2799:military government 2788:Free State of Lippe 2742:district of Gifhorn 2611:Greater Hamburg Act 2474:in the 19th century 2420:County of Oldenburg 2275:Duchy of Westphalia 1263:Grafschaft Bentheim 1178:continental climate 1039:Middle Weser Region 979:Elbe-Weser Triangle 828:, and on the coast 536:. Furthermore, the 446:Map of Lower Saxony 178: / 5793:Schleswig-Holstein 5665:Schleswig-Holstein 5252:5 May 2018 at the 4978:EKD, November 2021 4679:"Thomas Vogtherr: 4535:on 28 October 2020 4358:Outline of Germany 3878:telecommunications 3606: 2904: 2568:Hessisch Oldendorf 2515:Congress of Vienna 2509:West of the River 2484:Duchy of Brunswick 2480:Kingdom of Hanover 2476: 2464:Duchy of Brunswick 2460:Kingdom of Hanover 2416:County of Diepholz 2400:County of Bentheim 2384:Lower Saxon Circle 2348: 2295: 1593:Bezirksregierungen 1583:Verwaltungsbezirke 1259:County of Bentheim 1229: 1146:Wildeshausen Geest 1069:South Lower Saxony 944:County of Bentheim 843: 806:County of Bentheim 691:Kingdom of Hanover 625:North German Plain 498:Schleswig-Holstein 483:Northern Low Saxon 481:. In rural areas, 448: 328: • Total 307: • Total 294: • Total 235:Minister-President 5893:States of Germany 5875: 5874: 5860:Württemberg-Baden 5727:Baden-Württemberg 5679: 5678: 5605:Baden-Württemberg 5503:Lüchow-Dannenberg 5216:Saterland Frisian 5026:, Hamburg: 64–68. 4746:. Vechta. p. 50f. 4738:Joachim Kuropka: 4589:History of Saxony 4303:Holy Roman Empire 4179:the 2008 election 4020: 4019: 3790:Radioactive waste 3718:, and 50% of its 3548:Roman Catholicism 3538:Protestant Church 3457: 3456: 3195: 3194: 3049:Gerhard Glogowski 3042:Lüneburg district 3040:to Lower Saxony ( 2928:Heinrich Hellwege 2753:Großraum Hannover 2704:and the state of 2674:Minden-Ravensberg 2584:Frankfurt am Main 2520:Regierungsbezirke 2488:Prussian province 1994: 1993: 1701:Regierungsbezirke 1588:Regierungsbezirke 1465: 1418:Rotenburg (Wümme) 1378:Lüchow-Dannenberg 1374: 1302: 1255: 1106:Elbhöhen-Wendland 750:Lower Saxon Hills 645:Lower Saxon Hills 487:Saterland Frisian 477:federated as the 440: 439: 223: • Body 187:52.75611; 9.39306 91: 87:Saterland Frisian 16:(Redirected from 5915: 5812: 5706: 5699: 5692: 5683: 5323: 5313: 5306: 5299: 5290: 5277: 5276: 5270: 5222: 5205: 5204: 5203: 5197: 5184: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5154:. Archived from 5144: 5138: 5125: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5094: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5015: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5004: 4985: 4979: 4966: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4936: 4928: 4919: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4905:. Archived from 4895: 4889: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4838: 4832: 4831: 4824: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4804:. Archived from 4798: 4792: 4779: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4762: 4753: 4747: 4736: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4705: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4658: 4649: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4619: 4613: 4597: 4591: 4581: 4575: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4565:on 7 August 2011 4551: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4521: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4491: 4485: 4478: 4472: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4373: 4329: 4324: 4323: 4322: 4187:David McAllister 4130: 4116: 4102: 4088: 4074: 4060: 4046: 3894: 3836: 3835: 3612:As of 2020, the 3587: 3581: 3575: 3565: 3555: 3545: 3535: 3517: 3516: 3508: 3507: 3499: 3498: 3490: 3489: 3481: 3480: 3472: 3471: 3460:Vital statistics 3444: 3442: 3441: 3420: 3418: 3417: 3396: 3394: 3393: 3372: 3370: 3369: 3348: 3346: 3345: 3324: 3322: 3321: 3300: 3298: 3297: 3276: 3274: 3273: 3252: 3250: 3249: 3228: 3226: 3225: 3201: 3098: 3093: 3085: 3068:David McAllister 3039: 3038: 3016:and establishes 3006:Gerhard Schröder 2987:Georg Diederichs 2900:Ordinance No. 55 2846:State of Hanover 2815:Schaumburg-Lippe 2769:Regierungsbezirk 2734:Regierungsbezirk 2666:State of Hanover 2655:Ordinance No. 46 2643:Second World War 2380:imperial circles 2344:Imperial circles 2303:Migration Period 2228: 2208: 2189: 2174: 2156: 2138: 2123: 2108: 2093: 2078: 2063: 2036: 2021: 2002: 1721: 1570: 1566: 1557: 1550: 1455: 1368: 1296: 1241: 1199: 1198: 1170:maritime climate 1118:Lüneburger Heide 1094:Wümme Depression 1014:Hildesheim Börde 913:Schaumburg-Lippe 880: 879: 872:in East Frisia. 857:, and the Elbe. 752:, including the 695:State of Hanover 680: 679: 671: 670: 660: 658:Lüneburger Heide 609: 566: 548:, the other its 511: 510: 496:, the states of 475: 463: 436: 433: 431: 429: 427: 412: 367: 193: 192: 190: 189: 188: 183: 179: 176: 175: 174: 171: 158: 141: 129: 113: 90: 82: 76: 68: 62: 54: 49: 42: 39:State in Germany 27:State in Germany 21: 5923: 5922: 5918: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5913: 5912: 5878: 5877: 5876: 5871: 5842: 5813: 5804: 5715: 5710: 5680: 5675: 5674: 5587: 5401:Rural districts 5396: 5350:Urban districts 5345: 5329: 5317: 5274: 5268: 5266:Wayback Machine 5254:Wayback Machine 5242:Wayback Machine 5231: 5226: 5225: 5200: 5199: 5198: 5185: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5161: 5159: 5158:on 8 March 2020 5146: 5145: 5141: 5135:Wayback Machine 5126: 5122: 5112: 5110: 5096: 5095: 5091: 5081: 5079: 5066: 5065: 5061: 5051: 5049: 5036: 5035: 5031: 5017: 5016: 5012: 5002: 5000: 4987: 4986: 4982: 4976:Wayback Machine 4967: 4958: 4948: 4946: 4934: 4930: 4929: 4922: 4912: 4910: 4897: 4896: 4892: 4883: 4881: 4870: 4869: 4865: 4855: 4853: 4840: 4839: 4835: 4826: 4825: 4821: 4811: 4809: 4808:on 18 July 2019 4800: 4799: 4795: 4789:Wayback Machine 4780: 4776: 4766: 4764: 4760: 4755: 4754: 4750: 4737: 4733: 4723: 4721: 4707: 4706: 4702: 4692: 4690: 4677: 4676: 4672: 4662: 4660: 4656: 4651: 4650: 4646: 4636: 4634: 4623:"Martin Dröge: 4621: 4620: 4616: 4611:Wayback Machine 4598: 4594: 4582: 4578: 4568: 4566: 4553: 4552: 4548: 4538: 4536: 4523: 4522: 4518: 4508: 4506: 4499:www.destatis.de 4493: 4492: 4488: 4479: 4475: 4469:Wayback Machine 4460: 4456: 4446: 4444: 4431: 4430: 4426: 4416: 4414: 4401: 4400: 4396: 4386: 4384: 4375: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4325: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4283: 4277: 4264: 4258: 4233: 4171:Christian Wulff 4149: 4143: 4136: 4131: 4122: 4117: 4108: 4103: 4094: 4089: 4080: 4075: 4066: 4061: 4052: 4047: 4031: 4025: 3805:Schacht Asse II 3700: 3668:Catholic Church 3596: 3595: 3594: 3593: 3585: 3583: 3579: 3577: 3573: 3571: 3568:Orthodox Church 3563: 3561: 3553: 3551: 3543: 3541: 3533: 3525: 3462: 3439: 3437: 3415: 3413: 3391: 3389: 3367: 3365: 3343: 3341: 3319: 3317: 3295: 3293: 3271: 3269: 3247: 3245: 3223: 3221: 3080: 3060:Christian Wulff 2916:Social Democrat 2893: 2877:war reparations 2639: 2452: 2376:Saxe-Wittenberg 2374:(as opposed to 2334:West Low German 2291:Duchy of Saxony 2283: 2263:Duchy of Saxony 2247: 2242: 2235: 2229: 2220: 2217:Imperial Palace 2209: 2200: 2190: 2181: 2175: 2166: 2157: 2148: 2139: 2130: 2124: 2115: 2111:City center of 2109: 2100: 2094: 2085: 2079: 2070: 2064: 2055: 2039:City center of 2037: 2028: 2024:City center of 2022: 2013: 2003: 1716: 1710: 1591:). In 2005 the 1579: 1574: 1573: 1567: 1560: 1551: 1544: 1534: 1473: 1321:Hamelin-Pyrmont 1210: 1190:orographic rain 1158: 1098: 1059:Schaumburg Land 921: 919:List of regions 896: 891: 762:Schaumburg Land 746:Central Uplands 726: 721: 715: 709: 703: 633:Central Uplands 538:state of Bremen 424: 410: 409: 361: 278:Bundestag seats 267:Bundesrat votes 186: 184: 180: 177: 172: 169: 167: 165: 164: 149: 148: 147: 146: 135: 134: 121: 120: 119: 118: 101: 92: 84: 77: 70: 63: 56: 47: 40: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5921: 5919: 5911: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5880: 5879: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5869: 5863: 5857: 5850: 5848: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5840: 5834: 5828: 5821: 5819: 5815: 5814: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5802: 5796: 5790: 5784: 5778: 5772: 5766: 5760: 5754: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5730: 5723: 5721: 5717: 5716: 5711: 5709: 5708: 5701: 5694: 5686: 5677: 5676: 5673: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5601: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5468:Hameln-Pyrmont 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5404: 5402: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5353: 5351: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5343: 5337: 5335: 5331: 5330: 5318: 5316: 5315: 5308: 5301: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5271: 5256: 5244: 5230: 5229:External links 5227: 5224: 5223: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5169: 5139: 5120: 5089: 5059: 5029: 5010: 4980: 4956: 4920: 4890: 4863: 4833: 4819: 4793: 4774: 4748: 4731: 4720:on 17 May 2013 4700: 4683:. 27 May 2010" 4670: 4644: 4614: 4592: 4576: 4546: 4516: 4486: 4473: 4454: 4424: 4394: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4361: 4360: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4337: 4331: 4330: 4327:Germany portal 4314: 4311: 4289:shows a white 4279:Main article: 4276: 4273: 4260:Main article: 4257: 4254: 4232: 4229: 4156: 4155: 4145:Main article: 4142: 4139: 4138: 4137: 4132: 4125: 4123: 4118: 4111: 4109: 4104: 4097: 4095: 4090: 4083: 4081: 4076: 4069: 4067: 4062: 4055: 4053: 4048: 4041: 4024: 4021: 4018: 4017: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3956: 3955: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3907: 3904: 3901: 3898: 3843:European Union 3839:Volkswagen Law 3801:Schacht Konrad 3699: 3696: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3562: 3552: 3542: 3532: 3528: 3527: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3520: 3519: 3510: 3501: 3492: 3483: 3474: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3435: 3431: 3430: 3427: 3424: 3411: 3407: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3387: 3383: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3363: 3359: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3339: 3335: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3315: 3311: 3310: 3307: 3304: 3291: 3287: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3267: 3263: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3243: 3239: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3219: 3215: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3177: 3176: 3173: 3170: 3166: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3155: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3144: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3133: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3122: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3111: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3100: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3079: 3076: 3053:Sigmar Gabriel 2999:Ernst Albrecht 2892: 2889: 2873: 2872: 2857: 2842: 2833:fell into the 2638: 2635: 2631:Heimatbewegung 2623:local heritage 2500:personal union 2451: 2448: 2432:central German 2404:County of Hoya 2282: 2279: 2277:on the other. 2246: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2236: 2230: 2223: 2221: 2210: 2203: 2201: 2191: 2184: 2182: 2176: 2169: 2167: 2158: 2151: 2149: 2140: 2133: 2131: 2125: 2118: 2116: 2110: 2103: 2101: 2095: 2088: 2086: 2080: 2073: 2071: 2065: 2058: 2056: 2038: 2031: 2029: 2023: 2016: 2014: 2004: 1997: 1992: 1991: 1988: 1983: 1979: 1978: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1965: 1962: 1957: 1953: 1952: 1949: 1944: 1940: 1939: 1936: 1931: 1927: 1926: 1923: 1918: 1914: 1913: 1910: 1905: 1901: 1900: 1897: 1892: 1888: 1887: 1884: 1879: 1875: 1874: 1871: 1866: 1862: 1861: 1858: 1853: 1849: 1848: 1845: 1840: 1836: 1835: 1832: 1827: 1823: 1822: 1819: 1814: 1810: 1809: 1806: 1801: 1797: 1796: 1793: 1788: 1784: 1783: 1780: 1775: 1771: 1770: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1757: 1754: 1749: 1745: 1744: 1741: 1736: 1732: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1709: 1706: 1696: 1695: 1690: 1680: 1670: 1656: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1630: 1625: 1615: 1605: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1558: 1541: 1540: 1539: 1538: 1533: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1500: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1477: 1472: 1471: 1466: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1331:Hanover Region 1328: 1325:Hameln-Pyrmont 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1256: 1236: 1230: 1209: 1208:Administration 1206: 1182:Eastern Europe 1174:Western Europe 1157: 1154: 1134:Lake Steinhude 1130:Solling-Vogler 1097: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1054:Osnabrück Land 1051: 1046: 1044:Oldenburg Land 1041: 1036: 1034:Lüneburg Heath 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1009:Harz Mountains 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 959:Calenberg Land 956: 954:Brunswick Land 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 925: 920: 917: 895: 892: 890: 887: 818:Oldenburg Land 810:Osnabrück Land 802:agriculturally 770:Untereichsfeld 766:Brunswick Land 725: 722: 702: 699: 652:Lüneburg Heath 615:and the seven 438: 437: 422: 418: 417: 406: 399: 398: 395: 389: 388: 385: 379: 378: 368: 358: 357: 347: 341: 340: 339:€41,826 (2022) 337: 333: 332: 329: 325: 324: 320: 319: 316: 312: 311: 308: 304: 303: 299: 298: 295: 291: 290: 286: 285: 280: 273: 272: 269: 262: 261: 252: 248: 247: 237: 230: 229: 224: 220: 219: 215: 214: 209: 205: 204: 199: 195: 194: 160: 159: 151: 150: 142: 136: 130: 124: 123: 122: 114: 108: 107: 106: 103: 102: 97: 94: 93: 48: 45: 38: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5920: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5867: 5864: 5861: 5858: 5855: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5847:Former states 5845: 5838: 5835: 5832: 5829: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5816: 5811: 5800: 5797: 5794: 5791: 5788: 5787:Saxony-Anhalt 5785: 5782: 5779: 5776: 5773: 5770: 5767: 5764: 5761: 5758: 5755: 5752: 5749: 5746: 5743: 5740: 5737: 5734: 5731: 5728: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5707: 5702: 5700: 5695: 5693: 5688: 5687: 5684: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5660:Saxony-Anhalt 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5599: 5595: 5590: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5399: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5387:Wilhelmshaven 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5348: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5314: 5309: 5307: 5302: 5300: 5295: 5294: 5291: 5285: 5284:OpenStreetMap 5281: 5272: 5267: 5263: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5251: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5239: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5228: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5202: 5196: 5192: 5191:Niedersachsen 5188: 5183: 5180: 5173: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5143: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5129: 5124: 5121: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5093: 5090: 5077: 5074:(in German). 5073: 5069: 5063: 5060: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5033: 5030: 5025: 5024:Gruner + Jahr 5021: 5014: 5011: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4984: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4970: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4957: 4944: 4940: 4933: 4927: 4925: 4921: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4894: 4891: 4879: 4876:(in German), 4875: 4874: 4867: 4864: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4837: 4834: 4829: 4823: 4820: 4807: 4803: 4797: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4783: 4778: 4775: 4763:. p. 22f 4759: 4752: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4735: 4732: 4719: 4715: 4713: 4704: 4701: 4688: 4684: 4682: 4674: 4671: 4655: 4648: 4645: 4632: 4628: 4626: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4608: 4605: 4604: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4586: 4580: 4577: 4564: 4560: 4558: 4550: 4547: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4520: 4517: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4490: 4487: 4483: 4477: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4463: 4458: 4455: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4428: 4425: 4412: 4409:(in German). 4408: 4404: 4398: 4395: 4382: 4378: 4372: 4369: 4363: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4332: 4328: 4317: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4282: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4263: 4255: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4209: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4167: 4165: 4161: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4140: 4135: 4129: 4124: 4121: 4115: 4110: 4107: 4101: 4096: 4093: 4087: 4082: 4079: 4073: 4068: 4065: 4059: 4054: 4051: 4045: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4030: 4022: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4003: 4000: 3997: 3994: 3991: 3988: 3985: 3982: 3979: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3967: 3964: 3961: 3958: 3957: 3953: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3866: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3851:biotechnology 3848: 3844: 3840: 3837:. Due to the 3834: 3828: 3824: 3823:Manufacturing 3820: 3818: 3814: 3811:district and 3810: 3806: 3802: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3785: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3767: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3707: 3705: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3662: 3657: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3618:Landeskirchen 3615: 3610: 3604: 3600: 3591: 3590:Not religious 3569: 3559: 3549: 3539: 3531: 3522: 3511: 3502: 3493: 3484: 3475: 3466: 3465: 3464: 3459: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3436: 3433: 3432: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3412: 3409: 3408: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3388: 3385: 3384: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3364: 3361: 3360: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3340: 3337: 3336: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3316: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3292: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3268: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3244: 3241: 3240: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3220: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3202: 3199: 3189: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3167: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3156: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3134: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3112: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3101: 3095: 3090: 3087: 3086: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3043: 3037: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3002: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2983: 2980: 2976: 2975: 2969: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2901: 2897: 2890: 2888: 2887: 2886: 2880: 2878: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2840: 2839:Saxony-Anhalt 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2797: 2791: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2661: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2628: 2627:Heimatvereine 2624: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2592: 2587: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2521: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2456: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2364:Niedersachsen 2360: 2357: 2353: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2325: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2301:. During the 2300: 2292: 2287: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2267:House of Welf 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2231:Town hall of 2227: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2207: 2202: 2198: 2197:Salzgitter AG 2194: 2188: 2183: 2180: 2173: 2168: 2165: 2161: 2160:Wilhelmshaven 2155: 2150: 2147: 2143: 2137: 2132: 2129: 2122: 2117: 2114: 2107: 2102: 2098: 2092: 2087: 2083: 2077: 2072: 2069: 2062: 2057: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2035: 2030: 2027: 2020: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2001: 1996: 1989: 1987: 1980: 1976: 1974: 1967: 1963: 1961: 1954: 1950: 1948: 1941: 1937: 1935: 1928: 1924: 1922: 1915: 1911: 1909: 1902: 1898: 1896: 1889: 1885: 1883: 1876: 1872: 1870: 1863: 1859: 1857: 1856:Wilhelmshaven 1850: 1846: 1844: 1837: 1833: 1831: 1824: 1820: 1818: 1811: 1807: 1805: 1798: 1794: 1792: 1785: 1781: 1779: 1772: 1768: 1766: 1759: 1755: 1753: 1746: 1742: 1740: 1733: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1719: 1715: 1708:Largest towns 1707: 1705: 1703: 1702: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1659: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1589: 1584: 1576: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1536: 1535: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1525:Wilhelmshaven 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1505: 1501: 1499: 1498: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1478: 1476: 1470: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1372: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1300: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1260: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1225: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1207: 1205: 1203: 1197: 1191: 1187: 1186:windward side 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1155: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1142:Weser Uplands 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1084:Weser Uplands 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1029:Leine Uplands 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 926: 924: 918: 916: 914: 910: 906: 902: 893: 888: 886: 884: 873: 871: 867: 863: 858: 856: 852: 848: 841: 837: 833: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 789: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 758:Leine Uplands 755: 754:Weser Uplands 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 723: 720: 714: 708: 700: 698: 696: 692: 687: 685: 681: 678: 665: 661: 659: 653: 648: 646: 642: 638: 637:Weser Uplands 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 608: 601: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 576:(Brunswick), 575: 571: 567: 565: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 518:Saxony-Anhalt 515: 509: 503: 499: 495: 490: 488: 484: 480: 476: 474: 468: 464: 462: 456: 452: 444: 435: 428:.lower-saxony 423: 416: 407: 404: 396: 394: 386: 384: 383:ISO 3166 code 376: 372: 369: 365: 355: 351: 348: 346: 338: 330: 317: 309: 296: 284: 281: 279: 276: • 270: 268: 265: • 260: 256: 253: 245: 241: 238: 236: 233: • 228: 225: 213: 210: 203: 200: 191: 163:Coordinates: 157: 145: 140: 133: 128: 117: 112: 100: 95: 88: 81: 74: 67: 60: 53: 52:Niedersachsen 43: 37: 33: 19: 18:Niedersachsen 5888:Lower Saxony 5839:(since 1949) 5833:(since 1949) 5827:(since 1990) 5801:(since 1990) 5795:(since 1949) 5789:(since 1990) 5783:(since 1990) 5777:(since 1957) 5771:(since 1949) 5765:(since 1949) 5759:(since 1990) 5753:(since 1949) 5751:Lower Saxony 5750: 5747:(since 1949) 5741:(since 1990) 5735:(since 1949) 5729:(since 1952) 5630:Lower Saxony 5593: 5583:Wolfenbüttel 5357:Braunschweig 5326:Lower Saxony 5325: 5280:Lower Saxony 5212:Neddersassen 5182: 5160:. 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Retrieved 4371: 4305:symbolizing 4287:coat of arms 4284: 4275:Coat of arms 4265: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4231:Constitution 4217:Stephan Weil 4210: 4198:Stephan Weil 4191: 4168: 4157: 4032: 3890: 3867: 3821: 3809:Wolfenbüttel 3803:and between 3788: 3768: 3708: 3701: 3665: 3658: 3611: 3607: 3529: 3463: 3207:Nationality 3196: 3078:Demographics 3057: 3046: 3022: 3003: 2991:Alfred Kubel 2984: 2979:West Germany 2972: 2970: 2959: 2951:Soviet Union 2943:East Prussia 2932: 2923: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2882: 2881: 2874: 2859:The city of 2854:East Germany 2811:of Oldenburg 2792: 2773: 2768: 2752: 2746: 2733: 2714: 2657: 2640: 2630: 2626: 2619: 2601: 2594:seized power 2588: 2572:Hesse-Nassau 2557: 2544: 2518: 2508: 2477: 2440: 2436:Upper Saxony 2367: 2363: 2361: 2349: 2322: 2296: 2249:The name of 2248: 2177:Old town of 2126:Old town of 2045:St. Andrew's 2026:Braunschweig 1960:Wolfenbüttel 1921:Lingen (Ems) 1752:Braunschweig 1717: 1699: 1697: 1686: 1676: 1667:Braunschweig 1666: 1657: 1636: 1621: 1612:Braunschweig 1611: 1597: 1586: 1582: 1580: 1553: 1502: 1495: 1481:Braunschweig 1474: 1469:Wolfenbüttel 1334: 1324: 1262: 1217: 1213: 1211: 1159: 1110:Elm-Lappwald 1099: 999:Land Wursten 922: 897: 874: 859: 844: 787: 727: 688: 673: 655: 649: 604: 602: 574:Braunschweig 561: 558:semi-exclave 556:(which is a 491: 470: 458: 455:German state 451:Lower Saxony 450: 449: 240:Stephan Weil 132:Coat of arms 66:Neddersassen 46:Lower Saxony 36: 5868:(1949–1952) 5862:(1949–1952) 5856:(1949–1952) 5854:South Baden 5818:City-states 5739:Brandenburg 5615:Brandenburg 5573:Wesermarsch 5428:Cloppenburg 5362:Delmenhorst 5269:(in German) 5220:Läichsaksen 5113:13 November 5082:13 November 4939:Zensus 2011 4601:Karl Ditt: 4480:siehe Text 4295:Saxon Steed 3886:Hannover Re 3863:prosthetics 3847:Meyer Werft 3779:salt mining 3775:iron mining 3422:Netherlands 3398:Afghanistan 3064:Osnabrücker 3025:Amt Neuhaus 3014:plebiscites 3010:referendums 2966:West Berlin 2869:Bremerhaven 2850:Amt Neuhaus 2786:. Only the 2761:Catholicism 2757:Westphalian 2625:societies ( 2598:Third Reich 2408:East Frisia 2382:in 1500, a 2368:Reimchronik 2315:Netherlands 2293:around 1000 2199:steel plant 1934:Langenhagen 1843:Delmenhorst 1730:Population 1658:1978–2004: 1598:1946–1978: 1486:Delmenhorst 1448:Wesermarsch 1274:Cloppenburg 1089:Wesermarsch 1074:Stade Geest 994:Land Hadeln 969:East Frisia 830:East Frisia 613:East Frisia 554:Bremerhaven 534:Netherlands 514:Brandenburg 432:/startseite 393:NUTS Region 283:73 (of 736) 185: / 80:Läichsaksen 5882:Categories 5548:Schaumburg 5493:Holzminden 5488:Hildesheim 5478:Heidekreis 5382:Salzgitter 5328:in Germany 5208:Low German 5052:24 October 4767:29 October 4724:29 October 4693:29 October 4663:29 October 4637:29 October 4583:See also: 4569:29 October 4539:29 October 4364:References 4211:After the 4192:After the 4027:See also: 3827:Volkswagen 3796:, for the 3794:Salzgitter 3771:Silver ore 3752:sugar beet 3680:Hildesheim 3072:deselected 2974:Volkswagen 2906:The first 2861:Wesermünde 2738:Hildesheim 2730:Wesermünde 2641:After the 2591:Nazi Party 2494:) and the 2319:Westphalia 2193:Salzgitter 2041:Hildesheim 1830:Hildesheim 1817:Salzgitter 1712:See also: 1520:Salzgitter 1462:Spiekeroog 1456:(includes 1423:Schaumburg 1369:(includes 1361:Holzminden 1356:Hildesheim 1346:Heidekreis 1299:Wangerooge 1297:(includes 1242:(includes 1216:or simply 1214:Landkreise 1196:Altes Land 1166:Westerlies 1126:Terra.vita 964:Eastphalia 929:Altes Land 840:Wangerooge 734:River Elbe 705:See also: 677:Altes Land 607:Bundesland 598:Hildesheim 594:Salzgitter 564:Bundesland 540:forms two 532:, and the 415:10th of 16 302:Population 218:Government 170:52°45′22″N 73:Low German 5799:Thuringia 5670:Thuringia 5598:Full list 5543:Rotenburg 5533:Osterholz 5528:Osnabrück 5523:Oldenburg 5483:Helmstedt 5463:Göttingen 5448:Friesland 5408:Ammerland 5392:Wolfsburg 5377:Osnabrück 5372:Oldenburg 4856:26 August 4223:with the 4221:coalition 4204:with the 4202:coalition 3859:Otto Bock 3833:Wolfsburg 3813:Lindwedel 3764:PHW Group 3672:Osnabrück 3183:7,943,265 3172:7,777,992 3161:7,956,416 3150:7,393,302 3139:7,256,386 3128:7,121,824 3117:6,576,137 3106:6,796,500 2690:Bielefeld 2678:Bielefeld 2589:When the 2580:Wiesbaden 2553:Oldenburg 2525:Osnabrück 2362:The word 2269:from the 2195:with the 2179:Osnabrück 2164:North Sea 2162:with the 2146:Wolfsburg 2113:Oldenburg 2097:Göttingen 1804:Göttingen 1791:Wolfsburg 1778:Osnabrück 1765:Oldenburg 1554:Landkreis 1530:Wolfsburg 1515:Osnabrück 1510:Oldenburg 1497:Göttingen 1408:Osterholz 1403:Osnabrück 1398:Oldenburg 1351:Helmstedt 1316:Göttingen 1294:Friesland 1248:Norderney 1234:Ammerland 1024:Kehdingen 974:Eichsfeld 934:Ammerland 909:Oldenburg 901:Brunswick 878:Wolfsburg 822:Ammerland 701:Geography 629:geestland 590:Göttingen 586:Wolfsburg 582:Osnabrück 578:Oldenburg 522:Thuringia 494:North Sea 411:very high 345:Time zone 310:8,003,421 271:6 (of 69) 173:9°23′35″E 144:Brandmark 5775:Saarland 5650:Saarland 5578:Wittmund 5518:Northeim 5513:Nienburg 5508:Lüneburg 5438:Diepholz 5433:Cuxhaven 5418:Bentheim 5262:Archived 5250:Archived 5238:Archived 5162:7 August 5131:Archived 5107:Archived 5076:Archived 5072:Statista 5046:Archived 5042:BBC News 4997:Archived 4993:Eurostat 4972:Archived 4943:Archived 4941:. 2011. 4878:archived 4850:Archived 4785:Archived 4687:Archived 4631:Archived 4607:Archived 4503:Archived 4465:Archived 4441:Archived 4411:Archived 4381:Archived 4313:See also 4299:Widukind 4183:The Left 4141:Politics 3728:potatoes 3692:Buddhism 3592:(25.80%) 3550:(18.34%) 3540:(51.48%) 3523:Religion 3374:Bulgaria 3285:100,310 3261:102,760 3237:120,325 3047:In 1998 3004:In 1990 2985:In 1961 2949:and the 2935:refugees 2827:Calvörde 2767:and the 2740:and the 2718:Diepholz 2686:Lübbecke 2607:Cuxhaven 2549:Prussian 2535:and the 2504:Victoria 2482:and the 2426:and the 2354:and the 2329:Frisians 2307:Holstein 2255:Germanic 2215:and the 2082:Cuxhaven 2068:Lüneburg 1947:Nordhorn 1869:Lüneburg 1834:101,744 1821:104,548 1808:119,529 1795:123,914 1782:164,374 1769:167,081 1756:248,023 1743:535,061 1687:Lüneburg 1677:Hannover 1637:Lüneburg 1622:Hannover 1458:Langeoog 1453:Wittmund 1393:Northeim 1388:Nienburg 1383:Lüneburg 1335:Hannover 1284:Diepholz 1279:Cuxhaven 1176:and the 1138:Südheide 1079:Wendland 1019:Hümmling 1004:Hannover 989:Grönegau 870:Freepsum 862:Wurmberg 778:Lappwald 724:Location 639:and the 542:enclaves 5837:Hamburg 5733:Bavaria 5610:Bavaria 5473:Harburg 5453:Gifhorn 5443:Emsland 5341:Hanover 5003:7 March 4913:16 June 4812:18 July 4529:Lwl.org 4417:31 July 3807:in the 3748:ice age 3698:Economy 3684:Judaism 3676:Münster 3652:), and 3570:(0.85%) 3560:(1.26%) 3518:-14,490 3509:-12,972 3453:29,085 3429:29,300 3405:31,270 3381:36,410 3357:47,415 3333:79,890 3326:Romania 3309:96,405 3258:101,355 3234:122,130 3230:Ukraine 3191:source: 2955:Silesia 2939:Silesia 2912:Landtag 2844:In the 2813:and of 2803:Hanover 2796:British 2780:Hanover 2700:), the 2694:Herford 2660:Prussia 2653:issued 2564:Rinteln 2240:History 2010:capital 2006:Hanover 1990:50,607 1977:51,128 1964:52,357 1951:53,278 1938:53,790 1925:54,117 1912:57,228 1908:Hamelin 1899:60,875 1895:Garbsen 1886:69,706 1873:75,192 1860:76,316 1847:77,521 1739:Hanover 1504:Hanover 1341:Harburg 1306:Gifhorn 1289:Emsland 1252:Baltrum 1156:Climate 1064:Solling 984:Emsland 949:Bramgau 939:Artland 905:Hanover 894:General 889:Regions 814:Emsland 738:enclave 621:Emsland 570:Hanover 550:seaport 502:Hamburg 421:Website 212:Hanover 208:Capital 202:Germany 198:Country 5831:Bremen 5825:Berlin 5781:Saxony 5720:States 5655:Saxony 5620:Bremen 5568:Verden 5563:Vechta 5558:Uelzen 5458:Goslar 5413:Aurich 5334:Region 5187:German 4949:15 May 4884:23 May 4509:6 July 4387:21 May 4307:Christ 4206:Greens 3882:Talanx 3870:TUI AG 3853:, and 3740:arable 3734:, and 3712:cattle 3620:named 3588: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3566: 3564: 3556: 3554: 3546: 3544: 3536: 3534: 3500:75,804 3491:75,733 3482:61,314 3473:62,761 3450:28,950 3443: 3426:29,725 3419: 3402:26,755 3395: 3378:31,155 3371: 3354:45,360 3347: 3330:64,675 3323: 3306:90,715 3302:Turkey 3299: 3282:96,330 3275: 3254:Poland 3251: 3227: 2947:Poland 2749:Vechta 2682:Minden 2576:Kassel 2541:Bremen 2529:Aurich 2466:, the 2462:, the 2422:, the 2418:, the 2414:, the 2410:, the 2402:, the 2398:, the 2394:, the 2327:. 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