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religious toleration. Furthermore, the
Catholic majority in Dutch Brazil was allowed to practice their faith freely, at a time in history in which there was extreme religious conflicts such as the Thirty Years' War between Catholics and Protestants. This was formed into the new law of Dutch Brazil in the peace accord signed after the conquest of the captaincy of Paraiba. The monastic orders of the Franciscans, Carmelites, and Benedictines were quite prominent in the former Portuguese colony. They were also allowed to retain all of their friaries and monasteries and allowed to practice and preach Catholicism among the population.
157:
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140:
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928:, ending the six decade-long Iberian Union. As a result, the threat of further Spanish intervention against Dutch Brazil declined, since Brazil was originally and had remained a Portuguese colony. In 1641–1642, the new Portuguese regime concluded a truce with the Dutch, temporarily ending hostilities, but the Dutch remained in Brazil. In 1643, Maurice of Nassau equipped the expedition of
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immigrate and colonize Brazil, as the main attraction of the colony was the extreme riches one could reap from starting a sugar plantation, as it was one of the few major market exporters of sugar to Europe at the time. This would also most likely entail the buying of
African slaves, and as such only rich men could afford to start a plantation.
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In the spring of 1646, the Dutch sent a relief expedition to Recife consisting of 20 ships with 2000 men, temporarily forestalling the fall of the city. Back in Europe, the collapse of Dutch Brazil accelerated Dutch efforts to end its longstanding conflict with Spain, the Eighty Years' War. In August
870:
Under
Maurits, protection for Portuguese Jews, who had been ostracized to that point, was increased. He allowed former Jews who had been forced to convert to Christianity to return to their former faith. Non-Catholic Christians, such as Calvinists, were also allowed to practice their faith as part of
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Meanwhile, the
British, French, and Dutch Caribbean had become a major competitor to Brazilian sugar due to rising sugar prices in the 1630s and 1640s. After the GWC evacuated Pernambuco, the Dutch brought their expertise and capital to the Caribbean instead. In the 1630s, Brazil provided 80% of the
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A year after
Maurice was summoned back by the GWC board, the GWC faced a major uprising of Portuguese planters in June 1645. The Portuguese planters around Pernambuco had never fully accepted Dutch rule and had also resented the high interest rates charged by Dutch moneylenders for loans to rebuild
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By the end of the truce, the Dutch had vastly expanded their trade networks and gained over half of the carrying trade between Brazil and Europe. The northern
Netherlands operated 29 sugar refineries by 1622, versus 3 in 1595. In 1621, the twelve-year peace treaty expired and the United Netherlands
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with
Habsburg Spain from 1580 to 1640). Portugal's small geographic size and small population meant that it needed "foreign participation in the colonization and commerce of its empire", and the Dutch had played such a role, which was mutually beneficial. As part of the truce of 1609-1621 the Dutch
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In the aftermath of the Dutch occupation, Portuguese settled scores with
Amerindians who had supported the Dutch. There were tensions between Portuguese who had fled the area under occupation and those who had lived under Dutch occupation. The returnees attempted to litigate so as to regain the
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Although there were Dutch immigrants to Brazil, the majority of the population was
Portuguese and Brazilian-born Portuguese, African slaves, and Amerindians, with Dutch rule an overlay on pre-existing social groups. The colony of Dutch Brazil had a difficult time of attracting Dutch colonists to
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and the Dutch forces of
Captain Walter Van Loo. After the Dutch defeats at Guararapes, their surviving men, as well as other garrisons of New Holland, joined in the area of Recife in order to make a last stand. However, after fierce fighting, the Portuguese victoriously entered the city and the
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There was also very significant risk with border contention and skirmish with the Portuguese from the parts of Brazil still under their control and the nonexistent loyalty of the local Portuguese to the Dutch colony. Most of the Dutchmen employed in the Dutch West India Company went back to the
759:, the Portuguese governor of Pernambuco, led a strong Portuguese resistance which hindered the Dutch from developing their forts on the lands which they had captured. By 1631, the Dutch left Olinda and tried to gain control of the Fort of Cabedello on Paraíba, the Rio Grande, Rio Formoso, and
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to Pernambuco's Cabo de Santo Agostinho. They still maintained control of the seas as well. By 1635, many Portuguese settlers were choosing Dutch-occupied land over Portuguese-controlled land. The Dutch offered freedom of worship and security of property. In 1635, the Dutch conquered three
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The Dutch period in Brazil was "a historical parenthesis with few lasting traces" in the social sphere. Dutch artistic production in Brazil, particularly by Albert Eckhout and Frans Post left an important visual record of the local people and places in the early 17th century.
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Netherlands after they were relieved of duty and did not stay to settle the colony. As such, the Dutch were a ruling minority with a Portuguese and Brazilian-born Portuguese population. The Dutch settlers were divided into two separate groups, the first of which was known as
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in 1649. On 26 January 1654, the Dutch surrendered and signed the capitulation, but only as a provisional pact. By May 1654, the Dutch Republic demanded that New Holland was to be given back. On 6 August 1661, New Holland was formally ceded to Portugal through the
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in December 1623, which was then the capital of Brazil and the center of a captaincy famous for its sugarcane. The expedition consisted of 26 ships and 3,300 men. They arrived on 8 May 1624, whereupon the Portuguese governor Diogo Tristão de Mendonça Furtado
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their plantations following the initial Dutch conquest. In August, the planters revolted and prevailed over Dutch forces in a minor battle fought outside Recife, effectively ending Dutch control over the colony. That year, the Portuguese gained Várzea,
2180:
ending the war with Spain. In return, Zeeland obtained promises from the other Dutch provinces to support a second, larger relief expedition to reconquer Brazil. The expedition, consisting of 41 ships with 6,000 men, set sail on 26 December 1647.
899:
Vrijburghers (freemen) – or vrijluiden – were the second group of Dutch settlers who did not fit into the category of dienaaren. The vrijburghers were mostly soldiers formerly employed by the GWC but who then began to settle down as farmers or
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Although the historical focus is usually on the European rivals in the conflict, the local indigenous population was drawn into the conflict as allies on both sides. Most sided with the Dutch, but there were some notable exceptions. One was a
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policy that disrupted sugar production, and the war had diverted Portuguese funds from being invested in the colonial economy. After the war, Portuguese authorities were forced to spend their tax revenues on rebuilding Recife. The
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lords. Others who did not fit the vrijburgher or dienaren categories included Dutch who left the Netherlands to find a new life in Nieuw Holland as traders. Most trade in Nieuw Holland was under the control of this group.
584:, who was both king of Spain and (from 1580) of Portugal, gave permission for Dutch ships bound for Brazil to sail together once a year in a fleet of twenty ships. In 1609 the Habsburgs and the Dutch Republic signed the
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on 13 December 1647. The new expeditionary force arrived late at Recife, with many of its soldiers either dead or mutinous from lack of pay. In April 1648, the Portuguese routed the expeditionary force at the
879:
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Tractaet van Bestand ende ophoudinge van alle acten van vyandtschap als oock van traffijq commercien ende secours ghemaecht ghearresteert ende beslooten in s'Graven-Hage den twaelf den Junij 1641 ...;
2193:, fought outside Recife. The Portuguese had sent an armada of 84 ships, including 18 warships to recapture Recife. The Dutch were dealt a further blow by the decisive Portuguese victory in the
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522:, invited artists and scientists to the colony to help promote Brazil and increase immigration. However, the tide turned against the Dutch when the Portuguese won a significant victory at the
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Maurice claimed to have always loved Brazil due to its beauty and its people, and under his rule, the colony thrived. His patronage of Dutch Golden Age painters to depict Brazil, such as
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Both the Dutch and the Portuguese used African slaves in the conflict, sometimes with the promise of freedom for fighting. On the Portuguese side, one name went down in history,
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Maurits organized a form of representative local government by creating municipal councils and rural councils with both Dutch and Portuguese members to represent the population.
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While of only transitional importance for the Dutch, this period was of considerable importance in the history of Brazil. This period also precipitated a decline in Brazil's
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properties they had abandoned, which in this sugar-producing area included sugar mills and other buildings, as well as cane fields. The litigation dragged on for years.
2168:, Pontal de Nazaré, the Fort of Porto Calvo, and Fort Maurits. By 1646, the GWC only controlled four toeholds along the Brazilian coast, chief among them being Recife.
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Maurits worked through the councils to begin modernizing the country with streets, bridges, and roads in Recife. On the island of António Vaz, he founded the town of
853:, the first organized European compendium of knowledge on the Americas, which was hugely influential in learned European scientific circles for well over a century.
2197:, which crippled the Dutch colony in Brazil as it could not survive without the slaves from Angola. In February 1649, the Portuguese again routed the Dutch at the
538:, since conflict between the Dutch and Portuguese disrupted Brazilian sugar production, amidst rising competition from British, French, and Dutch planters in the
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Articulen van vrede en Confoederarie, Gheslooten Tusschen den Doorluchtighsten Comingh van Portugael ter eenre, ende de Hoogh Mogende Heeren Staten General ...;
775:, Arraial do Bom Jesus, and Fort Nazaré on Cabo de Santo Agostinho. These strongholds gave the Dutch increased sugar lands which led to an increase in profit.
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Still in control of António Vaz and Recife, the Dutch later gained a foothold at Cabo de Santo Agostinho. By 1634, the Dutch controlled the coastline from the
609:, which had started in 1602, resumed, and through the new company the Dutch now started to interfere with the Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the Americas.
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The Dutch finally lost control of Recife on 28 January 1654, leaving to the Portuguese their colony of Brazil and putting an end to New Holland.
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in southern Chile. In 1644, the GWC recalled Maurice to Europe in an attempt to cut military expenditures, following the cession of hostilities.
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in Recife is the oldest synagogue in the Americas. An estimated number of 700 Jews lived in Dutch Brazil, about 4.7% of the total population
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From 1630 onward, the Dutch Republic conquered almost half of Brazil's settled European area at the time, with its capital in Recife. The
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to Brazil. They collected and published a vast amount of information on Brazil's natural history, resulting in the 1648 publication of
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In 1637, the GWC gave control of its Brazilian conquests, now called "Nieuw Holland," to John Maurice of Nassau, the great-nephew of
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sugar sold in London, while it only provided 10% by 1690. The Portuguese colony of Brazil did not recover economically until the
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643:. The city would then play a critical role as a base of the Portuguese struggle against the Dutch for the control of Brazil.
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Novinsky, Anita. “A Historical Bias: The New Christian Collaboration with the Dutch Invaders of Brazil (17th Century).” In
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Cort, Bondigh ende Waerachtigh Verhael Wan't schandelyck over-geven ende verlaten vande voorname Conquesten van Brasil...;
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2242:. In the aftermath of the conflict when the Dutch were expelled, there were reprisals against their Amerindian allies.
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Feitler, Bruno. "Jews and New Christians in Dutch Brazil, 1630-1654," in Richard L. Kagan and Philip D. Morgan, eds.
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Seven years after the surrender of Recife, a peace treaty was organized between the Dutch Republic and Portugal. The
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Schwartz, Stuart B. Early Brazil: A Documentary Collection to 1700. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
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2017:
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Israel, Jonathan I. "Dutch Sephardi Jewry, Millenarian Politics, and the Struggle for Brazil (1645-54)." In
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Groesen, Michiel van. "Lessons Learned: The Second Dutch Conquest of Brazil and the Memory of the First,"
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2249:, who was awarded noble status by the monarch, but not the knighthood in the Order of Christ as promised.
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However, on 30 April 1625, a combined Spanish and Portuguese force consisting of 52 ships and 12,500 men
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Map of Pernambuco and Itamaraca showing slaves working on a sugar plantation in the Dutch colonie, 1643.
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in Pernambuco never fully recovered from the Dutch occupation, being surpassed by sugar production in
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839:, resulted in works showing different races, landscapes, and still lifes. He also invited naturalists
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1967:
1912:
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690:, the largest and richest sugar-producing area in the world. The Dutch fleet of 65 ships was led by
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3032:, ed. Ernst van den Boogaart, et al. 297-376. The Hague: Johan Maurits van Nassau Stichting, 1979.
896:(servants). The dienaren were soldiers, bureaucrats, and calvinist ministers employed by the GWC.
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of Olinda by 16 February 1630, and Recife (the capital of Pernambuco) and António Vaz by March 3.
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The conflict in Brazil's northeast had severe economic consequences. Both sides had practiced a
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in 1581. As part of the war, Dutch raiders attacked Spanish lands, colonies, and ships. In 1594
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The Economic activities of the Jews in Amsterdam in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
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In the summer of 1629, the Dutch coveted a newfound interest in obtaining the captaincy of
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Atlantic Diasporas. Jews, conversos, and Crypto-Jews in the Age of Mercantilism, 1500-1800
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and a meteorological station, which were the first created by Europeans in the Americas.
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The History of Brazil Under the Governorship of Count Johan Maurits of Nassau, 1636-1644
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Neil Safier, "Beyond Brazilian Nature: The Editorial Itineraries of Marcgraf and Piso's
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Klooster, Wim. “The Geopolitical Impact of Dutch Brazil on the Western Hemisphere.” In
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over the span of 16 years in order to help the Dutch recover from the loss of Brazil.
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was signed on 6 August 1661, and it demanded that the Portuguese would pay 4 million
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3039:, edited by Michiel van Groesen, 25-40. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
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Maurice of Nassau became known as "The Brazilian" after returning to the Netherlands
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Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen, 1604-1679: A Humanitst Prince in Europe and Brazil
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Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen, 1604-1679: A Humanist Prince in Europe and Brazil
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803:, meaning that Dutch control now extended across the entire coastline between the
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Joppien, Rüdger. "The Dutch Vision of Brazil: Johan Maurits and His Artists," in
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provided the GWC the funds for another attempt to conquer Brazil at Pernambuco.
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Map of Dutch Brazil from 1630-1654, overlayed on a modern-day map of Brazil.
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Guararapes Birth of the Brazilian Nationality Brazilian Armed Forces site
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History of Portuguese America, in Portuguese, by Sebastião da Rocha Pita
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Levine, Robert M.; Crocitti, John J.; Kirk, Robin; Starn, Orin (1999).
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Relating about the events in Brazil in the 17th century (PT & NL)
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234:
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Innocence Abroad: The Dutch Imagination and the New World, 1570-1670
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Battles of Portuguese History - Defence of the Overseas. - Volume X.
2962:, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996, vol. 2, pp. 414–420.
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and sent an expedition to capture the West African trading post of
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Amsterdam's Atlantic: Print Culture and the Making of Dutch Brazil
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818:
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3023:
The expansion of tolerance: religion in Dutch Brazil (1624-1654)
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Acta Historiae Neerlandicae IX By R. Baetens, H. Balthazar, etc.
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Former settlements and colonies of the Dutch West India Company
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3628:
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3211:
3173:
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Facsimile of manuscript regarding the surrender of Dutch Brazil
2176:(the final holdout against peace with Spain) acquiesced to the
3132:
Facsimiles of 20 manuscripts from the Dutch West India Company
2213:
was a military engagement between the Portuguese forces under
36:
3046:, II.141-154. Jerusalem: World Union of Jewish Studies, 1972.
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Facsimile of manuscript regarding the ending of hostilities
2674:
2672:
2670:
2969:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 2009, 123-51.
2664:. New York: Cambridge University Press 2014, pp. 168-186.
2480:, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996, vol. 2, p. 415.
2454:, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996, vol. 2, p. 421.
2983:, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 2017.
3044:
Proceedings of the 5th World Congress of Jewish Studies
2709:
Pillaging the Empire: Piracy in the Americas, 1500–1750
518:(GWC) set up its headquarters in Recife. The governor,
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immediately chartered a Dutch West India Company. The
3824:
in 1975, Curaçao and Dependencies was renamed to the
2936:. The Hague: Johan Maurits van Nassau Stichting 1979.
576:(1568-1648) broke out, and the Dutch established the
2429:. New York: Cambridge University Press 1983, p. 250.
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Northeastern Brazil in the Golden Age of Dutch rule
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Dutch possession in South America between 1630-1654
3922:17th-century disestablishments in the Dutch Empire
2959:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
2826:. The University of North Carolina Press. p.
2586:"Maurício de Nassau, o brasileiro Mariana Lacerda"
2478:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
2452:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
2397:
2395:
787:. Within the year, Maurice of Nassau captured the
779:Dutch Brazil under Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen
763:. These attempts were also unsuccessful, however.
2172:1647, representatives from the Dutch province of
475:. The main cities of the colony were the capital
2956:Dutra, Francis A. "Dutch in Colonial Brazil" in
2912:. Gainesville: University of Florida Press 2011.
2476:Francis A. Dutra, "Dutch in Colonial Brazil" in
2450:Catherine Lugar, "Dutch West India Company" in
799:. In 1641, the Dutch captured the captaincy of
2997:, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2014.
2503:
2501:
863:(also known as Mauricia), where he created an
3897:States and territories disestablished in 1654
3185:
3052:"Why Did the Dutch Revolt Last Eighty Years?"
3011:. Jonathan I. Israel, ed. Leiden: Brill 2002.
2529:The Brazil Reader: History, Culture, Politics
2144:
597:(GWC), a counterpart to the already existing
8:
3110:. New York: Columbia University Press, 1960.
3056:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
940:Demise of Dutch West India Company in Brazil
771:strongholds of the Portuguese: the towns of
593:also agreed to delay the establishment of a
2184:In Brazil, the Dutch had already abandoned
106:
3892:States and territories established in 1630
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2808:Dutra, "Dutch in Colonial Brazil", p. 419.
2781:Dutra, "Dutch in Colonial Brazil", p. 415.
2732:Dutra, "Dutch in Colonial Brazil", p. 418.
2516:Lugar, "Dutch West India Company", p. 421.
2151:
2137:
1182:Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil
943:
749:African woman in Brazil, by Albert Eckhout
467:in the northeastern portion of modern-day
155:
98:
3828:, which was eventually dissolved in 2010.
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2790:Dutra, "Dutch in Colonial Brazil, p. 419.
2507:Dutra, "Dutch in Colonial Brazil" p. 415.
2218:remaining Dutch were ousted from Brazil.
362:Braziliaanse Guldens (Brazilian Guilders)
87:Learn how and when to remove this message
2558:
2556:
578:Republic of the Seven United Netherlands
50:This article includes a list of general
27:For other places named New Holland, see
3932:1654 disestablishments in South America
3912:1630 establishments in the Dutch Empire
2425:James Lockhart and Stuart B. Schwartz,
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564:from 1482; the area became part of the
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2532:. Duke University Press. p. 121.
2438:
2234:chieftain who came to be known as Dom
471:, controlled from 1630 to 1654 during
3096:, Cambridge: University Press, 2001.
2946:, The Clarendon press, Oxford, 1957.
2922:, The Clarendon press, Oxford, 1957.
340:
327:
314:
304:
291:
287:
263:
259:John Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen
251:
247:
239:
7:
3927:1630 establishments in South America
2799:Dutra, "Dutch in Brazil, pp. 415-16.
2280:discovery of gold in southern Brazil
2225:Role of the Amerindians and Africans
307:• Arrival of Maurice of Nassau
3816:of the Kingdom of the Netherlands;
3025:. Amsterdam University Press, 2007.
1368:Declaration of majority of Pedro II
3476:Colonies and trading posts of the
3213:Colonies and trading posts of the
3148:History of Dutch Brazil and Guiana
1172:Spanish–Portuguese War (1776–1777)
1157:Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–1737)
926:Portuguese independence from Spain
795:, which became the capital of the
473:Dutch colonization of the Americas
56:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1723:March of the One Hundred Thousand
934:attempted to establish an outpost
3942:17th century in the Dutch Empire
3907:1654 disestablishments in Brazil
3867:Former colonies in South America
3009:Diasporaporas Winthin a Disapora
2932:Boogaart, Ernst Van den, et al.
2120:
963:
742:
724:
710:
666:Dutch siege of Olinda and Recife
412:
387:
138:
124:
41:
3537:Sint Eustatius and Dependencies
2974:Colonial Latin American Review
2944:The Dutch in Brazil, 1624–1654
2920:The Dutch in Brazil, 1624–1654
1792:1993 Constitutional referendum
1782:Impeachment of Fernando Collor
1231:Conquest of the Banda Oriental
1201:Invasion of the Banda Oriental
702:Consolidation of Dutch control
572:in 1556; however, in 1568 the
1:
3902:1630 establishments in Brazil
2564:"Recife—A City Made by Sugar"
1812:Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff
1044:Letter of Pero Vaz de Caminha
1032:Pedro Álvares Cabral's voyage
671:Establishment of Dutch Brazil
546:Early Iberian-Dutch relations
225:Traditional African religions
221:Indigenous American religions
2993:Groesen, Michiel van (ed.),
2658:Historia Naturalis Braziliae
2367:Historia Naturalis Brasiliae
2215:Francisco Barreto de Meneses
1601:Constitutionalist Revolution
1468:Proclamation of the Republic
1313:Confederation of the Equator
1214:United Kingdom with Portugal
850:Historia Naturalis Brasiliae
733:Historia Naturalis Brasiliae
3122:Dutch West Indies 1630–1975
3021:, and Michiel van Groesen.
2328:17th century Dutch Brazil:
2199:Second Battle of Guararapes
1271:Recognition of Independence
1261:Declaration of Independence
692:Hendrick Corneliszoon Loncq
524:Second Battle of Guararapes
332:Second Battle of Guararapes
3958:
3680:Kingdom of the Netherlands
3153:The New Holland Foundation
3037:The Legacy of Dutch Brazil
2995:The Legacy of Dutch Brazil
2662:The Legacy of Dutch Brazil
2378:Ricardo Brennand Institute
2191:First Battle of Guararapes
1703:1964 Brazilian coup d'état
1626:1937 Brazilian coup d'état
1611:Communist uprising of 1935
1383:Liberal rebellions of 1842
1236:Constituent Cortes of 1820
922:John, 8th Duke of Braganza
875:Population of Dutch Brazil
825:Kahal Zur Israel Synagogue
674:
613:Unsuccessful 1624 invasion
549:
319:First Battle of Guararapes
26:
3807:
3687:
3672:
3639:
3624:
3596:
3485:
3470:
3222:
3207:
3050:Parker, Geoffrey (1976).
2818:Schwartz, Stuart (2004).
2282:during the 18th century.
1763:1988 Constituent Assembly
1708:Vacancy in the Presidency
1648:Ousting of Getúlio Vargas
1589:Second Brazilian Republic
1514:Coffee with milk politics
1448:Post–abolition of slavery
1298:1823 Constituent Assembly
1226:Conquest of French Guiana
677:Dutch invasions in Brazil
366:
354:
288:
276:
248:
154:
120:
115:
3778:Curaçao and Dependencies
3512:Curaçao and Dependencies
3490:Colonies in the Americas
3478:Dutch West India Company
3215:Dutch East India Company
3158:World Statesmen – Brazil
2324:Camarão Indians' letters
2319:Dutch West India Company
1673:Construction of Brasília
1668:Lott's preventative coup
815:Governance under Maurits
682:Successful 1630 invasion
599:Dutch East India Company
516:Dutch West India Company
345:Defeat by the Portuguese
271:Dutch West India Company
3561:Trading posts in Africa
3295:Northeast coast of Java
3108:Jews in Colonial Brazil
2890:Facsimile of the treaty
2876:Lockhart and Schwartz,
2863:Lockhart and Schwartz,
2660:in Michiel Van Grosen,
2643:Lockhart and Schwartz,
2463:Lockhart and Schwartz,
2401:Lockhart and Schwartz,
2374:Recife and Pernambuco:
1177:Minas Gerais Conspiracy
911:The end of Dutch Brazil
761:Cabo de Santo Agostinho
463:), was a colony of the
71:more precise citations.
3917:1654 disestablishments
2979:Groesen, Michiel van,
2694:March 3, 2016, at the
2362:Isaac Aboab da Fonseca
2236:Antônio Filipe Camarão
1807:Car Wash investigation
1718:Araguaia Guerrilla War
1398:Eusébio de Queirós Law
884:
865:astronomic observatory
828:
667:
520:John Maurice of Nassau
499:, Fort Schoonenborch (
460:
448:
107:
3872:Former Dutch colonies
3814:constituent countries
3347:West coast of Sumatra
3201:Dutch colonial empire
1696:Military dictatorship
1502:Federalist Revolution
1478:Republic of the Sword
1428:Revolt of the Muckers
1323:Abdication of Pedro I
1115:Quilombo dos Palmares
1027:Treaty of Tordesillas
882:
822:
757:Matias de Albuquerque
665:
550:Further information:
187:Common languages
3826:Netherlands Antilles
2698:at coloniavoyage.com
2622:Bloom, Hebert Ivan.
1817:Coronavirus pandemic
1638:Integralist Uprising
1443:Abolition of Slavery
1187:Opening of the ports
932:that unsuccessfully
916:Departure of Maurits
809:São Francisco Rivers
607:Dutch–Portuguese War
487:), Nieuw Amsterdam (
195:Indigenous languages
3632:Noordsche Compagnie
3630:Settlements of the
3608:Society of Suriname
3454:Vietnam (1637–1643)
3227:Governorate General
3143:The Dutch in Brazil
3106:Wiznitzer, Arnold.
3092:Schmidt, Benjamin,
2976:20-2 (2011) 167-93.
2878:Early Latin America
2865:Early Latin America
2711:, 1998, pages 88-92
2645:Early Latin America
2465:Early Latin America
2427:Early Latin America
2403:Early Latin America
2296:Treaty of the Hague
2211:Recapture of Recife
2205:Recapture of Recife
2195:Recapture of Angola
1933:Rio Grande do Norte
1343:1834 Additional Act
1266:War of Independence
1142:War of the Emboabas
768:Rio Grande do Norte
641:recaptured the city
627:led a GWC force to
586:Twelve Years' Truce
529:Treaty of The Hague
449:Nederlands-Brazilië
108:Nederlands-Brazilië
3602:Society of Berbice
3019:Stuart B. Schwartz
2689:The Dutch in Chili
2357:Zacharias Wagenaer
1893:Mato Grosso do Sul
1830:By federative unit
1713:Institutional Acts
1596:Revolution of 1930
1569:Lieutenant revolts
1554:Revolt of the Lash
1534:Annexation of Acre
1524:Amazon rubber boom
1120:France Equinoxiale
1100:France Antarctique
1039:European discovery
992:Indigenous Peoples
885:
829:
789:captaincy of Ceará
785:William the Silent
668:
595:West India Company
483:), Frederikstadt (
3844:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3822:full independence
3762:Dutch East Indies
3668:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3102:978-0-521-80408-0
3003:978-1-107-06117-0
2989:978-0-8122-4866-1
2852:Tropical Babylons
2822:Tropical Babylons
2161:
2160:
2127:Brazil portal
2048:Jewish Brazilians
1938:Rio Grande do Sul
1770:1988 Constitution
1733:Redemocratization
1728:Brazilian Miracle
1678:Legality Campaign
1661:Populist Republic
1631:1937 Constitution
1606:1934 Constitution
1544:Taubaté Agreement
1473:1891 Constitution
1438:Military Question
1376:Reign of Pedro II
1308:1824 Constitution
1221:Pernambuco Revolt
1007:Marajoara culture
957:History of Brazil
574:Eighty Years' War
570:Spanish Habsburgs
451:), also known as
438:
437:
424:
423:
420:
419:
400:
399:
266:• 1643–1654
254:• 1637–1643
97:
96:
89:
16:(Redirected from
3949:
3829:
3689:
3678:Colonies of the
3674:
3641:
3626:
3606:Governed by the
3600:Governed by the
3487:
3472:
3224:
3209:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3171:
3123:
3089:
3071:
3015:Israel, Jonathan
2896:
2887:
2881:
2874:
2868:
2861:
2855:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2825:
2815:
2809:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2773:
2764:
2758:
2753:Lourenço, Paula.
2751:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2730:
2724:
2723:, p. 71-72.
2718:
2712:
2705:
2699:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2665:
2654:
2648:
2641:
2628:
2627:
2619:
2613:
2612:, p. 70-71.
2607:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2588:. Archived from
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2560:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2496:
2487:
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2474:
2468:
2461:
2455:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2423:
2417:
2412:
2406:
2399:
2178:Peace of Munster
2153:
2146:
2139:
2125:
2124:
2123:
1868:Federal District
1486:
1291:Reign of Pedro I
1284:Empire of Brazil
1195:
1162:Treaty of Madrid
1152:Vila Rica Revolt
1069:
1061:Brazilwood cycle
967:
944:
797:Dutch Gold Coast
746:
728:
714:
491:), Saint Louis (
416:
415:
404:
403:
391:
390:
384:
383:
368:
367:
337:19 February 1649
301:16 February 1630
159:
142:
128:
110:
99:
92:
85:
81:
78:
72:
67:this article by
58:inline citations
45:
44:
37:
21:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3951:
3950:
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3946:
3887:1650s in Brazil
3882:1640s in Brazil
3877:1630s in Brazil
3862:Colonial Brazil
3847:
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3069:10.2307/3679072
3049:
2905:
2903:Further reading
2900:
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2696:Wayback Machine
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2393:
2388:
2342:Caspar Barlaeus
2332:Georg Marcgrave
2314:Colonial Brazil
2310:
2292:
2255:
2240:Order of Christ
2227:
2207:
2157:
2121:
2119:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2108:Years in Brazil
2092:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2008:Catholic Church
1988:Afro-Brazilians
1982:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1832:
1822:
1821:
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1743:
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1549:Naval arms race
1480:
1463:
1453:
1452:
1423:Religious Issue
1408:Christie Affair
1388:Praieira revolt
1372:
1327:
1286:
1276:
1275:
1251:
1241:
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1216:
1206:
1205:
1189:
1125:Dutch invasions
1110:Jesuit missions
1093:State of Brazil
1089:
1063:
1050:
1022:
1020:Colonial Brazil
1012:
1011:
987:
977:
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930:Hendrik Brouwer
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841:Georg Marcgrave
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684:
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673:
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625:Jacob Willekens
617:As part of the
615:
558:Habsburg family
554:
548:
479:(today part of
413:
408:Colonial Brazil
395:Colonial Brazil
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350:28 January 1654
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311:23 January 1637
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970:Terra Brasilis
968:
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941:
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917:
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909:
876:
873:
833:Albert Eckhout
816:
813:
780:
777:
748:
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739:
731:Title page of
730:
723:
722:
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709:
708:
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705:
703:
700:
696:gained control
683:
680:
675:Main article:
672:
669:
659:
656:
623:plan, admiral
614:
611:
590:dynastic union
566:Spanish Empire
560:had ruled the
547:
544:
536:sugar industry
465:Dutch Republic
436:
435:
430:
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3578:Loango-Angola
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3255:Banda Islands
3253:
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2953:
2952:0-208-01338-5
2949:
2945:
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2929:
2928:0-208-01338-5
2925:
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2839:
2837:0-8078-2875-0
2833:
2829:
2824:
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2814:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2787:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2760:
2757:(2006), p. 78
2756:
2750:
2747:
2744:, p. 72.
2743:
2738:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2707:Kris E. Lane
2704:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2687:Robbert Kock
2684:
2681:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2603:
2592:on 2014-12-23
2591:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2565:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2541:
2535:
2531:
2530:
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2491:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2444:
2441:, p. 64.
2440:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2396:
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2259:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2247:Henrique Dias
2243:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2196:
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2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
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2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2037:Football Team
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1977:
1969:
1966:
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1683:Plano Trienal
1681:
1679:
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1657:
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1649:
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1503:
1500:
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1479:
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1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1457:
1456:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1413:Uruguayan War
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
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1234:
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1199:
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1123:
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1111:
1108:
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1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
989:
986:
985:Pre-Cabraline
981:
980:
975:
971:
966:
962:
961:
958:
954:
950:
946:
945:
939:
937:
935:
931:
927:
923:
915:
910:
908:
905:
904:
897:
895:
889:
881:
874:
872:
868:
866:
862:
857:
854:
852:
851:
846:
842:
838:
834:
826:
821:
814:
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
793:Elmina Castle
790:
786:
778:
776:
774:
769:
764:
762:
758:
745:
734:
727:
713:
701:
699:
697:
693:
689:
681:
678:
670:
664:
657:
655:
653:
649:
644:
642:
637:
635:
630:
626:
622:
621:
620:Groot Desseyn
612:
610:
608:
602:
600:
596:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
562:Low Countries
559:
553:
552:Groot Desseyn
545:
543:
541:
537:
532:
530:
525:
521:
517:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
497:São Cristóvão
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
461:Nieuw-Holland
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
434:
431:
429:Today part of
427:
411:
409:
406:
405:
402:
396:
393:
386:
385:
382:
381:
378:
375:
373:
370:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
346:
336:
333:
324:19 April 1648
323:
320:
310:
300:
297:
283:
279:
275:
272:
269:
260:
257:
243:
236:
233:
229:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
207:
203:
200:
196:
192:
189:
185:
182:
179:
175:
172:
169:
165:
158:
153:
147:
141:
133:
127:
119:
114:
109:
100:
91:
88:
80:
70:
66:
60:
59:
53:
48:
39:
38:
30:
19:
18:Nieuw Holland
3857:Dutch Brazil
3501:
3330:Commandments
3304:Directorates
3243:Governorates
3167:
3107:
3093:
3059:
3055:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3008:
2994:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2957:
2943:
2933:
2919:
2909:
2893:
2885:
2877:
2872:
2867:, pp. 251-2.
2864:
2859:
2851:
2846:
2821:
2813:
2804:
2795:
2786:
2777:
2770:
2762:
2754:
2749:
2737:
2728:
2716:
2703:
2683:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2644:
2623:
2617:
2605:
2594:. Retrieved
2590:the original
2580:
2570:21 September
2568:. Retrieved
2545:21 September
2543:. Retrieved
2528:
2521:
2512:
2493:
2485:
2477:
2472:
2464:
2459:
2451:
2446:
2434:
2426:
2421:
2410:
2402:
2300:
2293:
2290:Peace treaty
2284:
2276:
2260:
2256:
2244:
2228:
2220:
2208:
2183:
2170:
2162:
2013:Constitution
1898:Minas Gerais
1777:Plano Collor
1751:New Republic
1643:World War II
1509:Belle Époque
1497:Navy Revolts
1492:Encilhamento
1461:Old Republic
1393:Coffee cycle
1338:April Revolt
1249:Independence
1130:Dutch Brazil
1129:
1105:Bandeirantes
974:Miller Atlas
969:
919:
901:
898:
893:
890:
886:
869:
858:
855:
848:
830:
782:
765:
755:
732:
685:
652:Matanzas Bay
645:
638:
618:
616:
603:
555:
533:
513:
452:
441:Dutch Brazil
440:
439:
377:Succeeded by
376:
371:
211:(official),
171:Dutch colony
146:Coat of arms
103:Dutch Brazil
83:
74:
55:
3682:(1815–1975)
3656:Smeerenburg
3644:Settlements
3634:(1614–1642)
3588:Slave Coast
3480:(1621–1792)
3412:settlements
3370:Banjarmasin
3357:Residencies
3260:Cape Colony
3217:(1602–1798)
2940:Boxer, C.R.
2916:Boxer, C.R.
2742:Parker 1976
2721:Parker 1976
2610:Parker 1976
2439:Parker 1976
2337:Willem Piso
2078:Transgender
2058:Nationality
1888:Mato Grosso
1758:Lost Decade
1619:Estado Novo
1564:World War I
1481: [
1433:Grande Seca
1403:Platine War
1348:Malê Revolt
1256:Dia do Fico
1190: [
1167:Guaraní War
1147:Mascate War
1083:Slave trade
1073:Sugar cycle
1064: [
1054:Captaincies
924:, declared
861:Mauritsstad
845:Willem Piso
773:Porto Calvo
634:surrendered
485:João Pessoa
477:Mauritsstad
453:New Holland
372:Preceded by
296:Established
213:Catholicism
181:Mauritsstad
77:August 2022
69:introducing
29:New Holland
3851:Categories
3799:New Guinea
3792:Until 1962
3771:Until 1954
3755:Until 1949
3746:Gold Coast
3739:Until 1872
3723:Until 1853
3704:Coromandel
3692:Until 1825
3583:Senegambia
3573:Gold Coast
3410:Opperhoofd
3275:Coromandel
2908:Barlaeus,
2850:Schwartz,
2596:2014-12-12
2539:0822322900
2467:, p. 2150.
2386:References
2347:Frans Post
1918:Pernambuco
1797:Plano Real
1738:Diretas Já
1582:Vargas Era
1519:Coronelism
1137:Gold cycle
837:Frans Post
694:; the GWC
688:Pernambuco
568:under the
231:Government
199:Portuguese
52:references
3651:Jan Mayen
3522:Essequibo
3434:Mauritius
3400:Pontianak
3390:Palembang
3086:161522209
3062:: 53–72.
2854:, p. 170.
2647:, p. 251.
2405:, p. 252.
2253:Aftermath
2232:Potiguara
2186:Itamaracá
2166:Sirinhaém
2103:Conflicts
2073:Socialism
2028:Etymology
1998:Animation
1993:Anarchism
1968:Tocantins
1958:São Paulo
1353:Cabanagem
920:In 1640,
648:Piet Heyn
582:Philip II
540:Caribbean
505:Sirinhaém
501:Fortaleza
205:Religion
116:1630–1654
3818:Suriname
3532:Pomeroon
3517:Demerara
3395:Preanger
3380:Cheribon
3290:Moluccas
2880:, p. 251
2692:Archived
2566:. Awake!
2308:See also
2098:Timeline
2091:Research
2053:Military
2033:Football
1943:Rondônia
1883:Maranhão
1853:Amazonas
1802:Mensalão
1787:Mercosul
1363:Balaiada
1002:Kuhikugu
949:a series
947:Part of
894:dienaren
801:Maranhão
629:Salvador
493:São Luís
359:Currency
241:Governor
3820:gained
3812:Became
3783:Surinam
3714:Suratte
3709:Malacca
3542:Surinam
3507:Cayenne
3497:Berbice
3419:Myanmar
3375:Batavia
3342:Malabar
3321:Suratte
3285:Malacca
3280:Formosa
3265:Celebes
3234:Batavia
3127:YouTube
3078:3679072
2174:Zeeland
2023:Ethanol
2018:Economy
1963:Sergipe
1948:Roraima
1908:Paraíba
1843:Alagoas
1078:Slavery
903:engenho
343:•
330:•
317:•
294:•
281:History
217:Judaism
177:Capital
65:improve
3730:Dejima
3699:Bengal
3568:Arguin
3547:Tobago
3502:Brazil
3449:Tonkin
3429:Dejima
3424:Canton
3385:Malang
3365:Bantam
3337:Bantam
3316:Persia
3311:Bengal
3270:Ceylon
3100:
3084:
3076:
3001:
2987:
2950:
2926:
2834:
2536:
2369:(1648)
2063:Postal
1981:Topics
1913:Paraná
976:, 1519
951:on the
805:Amazon
735:(1648)
509:Olinda
507:, and
481:Recife
469:Brazil
433:Brazil
284:
244:
235:Colony
167:Status
54:, but
3444:Timor
3250:Ambon
3082:S2CID
3074:JSTOR
2272:Bahia
1923:Piauí
1878:Goiás
1863:Ceará
1858:Bahia
1848:Amapá
1485:]
1194:]
1068:]
997:Luzia
489:Natal
457:Dutch
445:Dutch
191:Dutch
3439:Siam
3098:ISBN
2999:ISBN
2985:ISBN
2948:ISBN
2924:ISBN
2832:ISBN
2572:2016
2547:2016
2534:ISBN
2301:réis
2209:The
2043:LGBT
2003:Book
1903:Pará
1838:Acre
843:and
835:and
823:The
807:and
556:The
132:Flag
3125:on
3064:doi
2828:170
650:in
503:),
495:),
3853::
3080:.
3072:.
3060:26
3058:.
3054:.
3017:,
2942:,
2918:,
2830:.
2669:^
2632:^
2555:^
2500:^
2394:^
2274:.
2201:.
1483:pt
1192:pt
1066:pt
972:,
811:.
636:.
601:.
542:.
531:.
511:.
459::
447::
223:,
219:,
215:,
3193:e
3186:t
3179:v
3088:.
3066::
2892::
2840:.
2769::
2626:.
2599:.
2574:.
2549:.
2492::
2152:e
2145:t
2138:v
2039:)
2035:(
455:(
443:(
90:)
84:(
79:)
75:(
61:.
31:.
20:)
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