591:. However, the Niha carving is slightly different, because the eagle holds a floral crown in one of its talons and a palm leaf in the other. To the right side of the lintel, a carved relief represents a winged naked boy holding a palm leaf in his left hand. Next to the boy is a carving of a winged goddess of victory holding a palm leaf in her left hand and a crown in her right hand, raising the crown towards the head of the boy. The left side of the lintel has a carved relief representing the same goddess of victory with the same items in her hands. The carvings appear to be linked to the mysterious rituals that were performed inside the temple. These rituals were related to the issues of birth, growth, death, and the hope of an afterlife.
45:
548:. In the remains of this temple, archaeologists discovered a stone with an inscription mentioning a “female virgin prophet” named Hochmea. Hochmea was the priestess of Hadaranes and Atargatis; she dedicated herself to those two gods and cut herself off from the world. The stone inscription says: "According to an order from the god, she stopped eating bread for 20 years and lived for 100 years." This stone was removed by archaeologists and is no longer located at the temple site. This small temple was apparently used for the public cult, which allowed everyone to participate in purification rituals.
2137:
576:, as well as to a young god who played the role of their son. The entrance of the temple faces east; it is built over a large podium and accessed through a three-part stairway leading to a portico with four columns with Corinthian-style capitals. To the left of the stairway, a carved relief depicts a priest with two icons on his chest, representing a god and a goddess. He is wearing a hat with a crescent carved on it, and he holds a floral water sprinkler in his left hand and a cup in his right hand, which pours holy water onto a small altar.
64:
602:, which was accessed by a stairway. The adytum used to hold the statue of the god or goddess. Under the elevated adytum is a crypt, which held the items used during the ceremonies and rituals of the temple. The doorway leading to the crypt is decorated with a carved relief representing a priest pouring holy water over an altar. Next to him, a woman holds an undefined object in her right hand. To the left, the relief represents a winged boy riding over a sheep or a bull.
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302:. The village sits in a small canyon at an average altitude of 1,100 m (3,600 ft). It is surrounded by fast rising hills with vertical drops of 150 m (490 ft). The canyon narrows and rises to the back country of Niha also known as the "Hosn" (in Arabic, hosn means fortress) at an approximate elevation of 1,350 m (4,430 ft). The mountains continue to rise over some ten kilometers to reach the top of
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698:(معلوف), Ayoub (أيوب), Rmeily (رميلي), Fakhry (فخري), Hrawi (هراوي), Najjar (نجار), Kerbaje (كرباج), Rabbah (رباح), Abu Deyye (ابو ديه), Harb (حرب), Ghanem (غانم), Ziadeh (زيادة), Allam (علام), and Sharafeddine (شرف ألدين). The families live together in peace and harmony, and provide each other with assistance characteristic of tightly knit village societies. The village population is vastly
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333:. Niha's climate is arid and temperate. Temperatures average 27 C (80 F) in the dry summer season, with occasional heat waves that can reach 40 C (105 F). Winters are cool and tend to be wet. Annual rain fall is approximately 500 mm (20 in) and snow fall can reach 1 m (3.3 ft). Winter temperatures average 5 C (40 F) but occasionally dip to -10 C (15 F).
413:(notably Keserwan and Matn regions) to the Bekaa. Spotty records indicate that an agreement was forged in the 19th century between the Shiite and Christian clans to exchange territories. The Christians of Tamnine exchanged lands with the Shiite inhabitants of Niha, the result of which Tamnine became a majority Shiite village, and Niha became a majority Christian village.
552:
714:. All faiths have peacefully coexisted in the village without a record of violent incidents due to religious differences. The Church of the Prophet Elias (Arabic: مار إلياس) was built c. 1880 and serves the villagers of the Greek Orthodox faith. The Church of Saint Antonios (Arabic: مار أنطونيوس) serves the Maronites in the village.
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Two other Upper Roman temples were constructed at the Hosn, approximately 2 km away from the two temples mentioned earlier. Located at an elevation of 1,400 m (4,600 ft) with difficult road access, these two temples are not restored. Architectural evidence at the site indicates that it
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The Small Temple of Niha is oriented north–south, while the Great Temple is oriented east–west. During the excavations of the site, an oratory was discovered in front of the Small Temple. The oratory had an altar representing the goddess of Niha, surrounded by a number of steles sculpted in the local
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Opposite the creek lies the Great Temple which was extensively restored by the government of
Lebanon in the 1950s. Towering nearly 20 m (66 ft), the temple was built during the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD and was apparently used for a mysterious cult that spread during that era, similar to the
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It is common in
Lebanon that all voters return to their claimed village of ancestry for suffrage regardless of their place of residence in the country. The municipality of Niha states there are 1,260 registered voters in the village, and approximately 1,000 permanent residents in the village. Of the
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is accessed by a stairway of nine steps at the end of the cella. The statue of the god or goddess was located inside the adytum and was usually not accessible to the public. In addition to the water channel running through and around the podium, there is also a smaller water channel that runs from
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The first and smallest Roman temple was built in the 1st century AD. As one enters the gate at the edge of the village into the archeological park that is maintained by the
Department of Antiquities, the Lower Small Temple appears first and directly ahead to the right of the creek. The temple was
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Niha gets its primary water from underground water tables as well as several springs in the hills above the village. The snow melt filtered through the limestone gives the water an appealing freshness with a light taste of calcite. A new wastewater treatment plant was planned to be established in
348:
A panorama photograph of Niha, Zahle. The Lower Great Temple in the village is barely visible to the far left (1). The red roof of the church of the
Prophet Elias is seen about a quarter of the photograph from the left (2). The old Roman quarries can be seen in the distance (3) on the way to the
534:
is the goddess of fertility. A small water channel runs through the podium of the temple leading to the belief that water purification rituals were conducted at the temple. The entrance of the temple faces south; it consists of a stairway leading to a portico with four columns with Ionic-style
336:
The landscape at the lower elevation appears from a distance bleached as limestone is dominant in the soil. Red soil mixed with limestone make the ground fertile for agriculture which dominates the economy of the village (and that of the Bekaa Valley). The temperate and dry climate, and high
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more than 2,000 individuals who claim Niha as their hometown but reside elsewhere, nearly 400 reside outside
Lebanon. The summer population swells considerably as vacationers with family ties to the village flock to the village from the Lebanese coastline or abroad (including the
645:
to its east end. The lower portions of the
Basilica walls remain visible today. The second Small Temple opens to the south and was accessed through a stairway that is almost completely destroyed today. The stairway leads to a portico with two columns, and then to a small
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countries. Albeit modern amenities such as telephones are now available in the village, the residents continue to live by century-old practices such as storing food supplies for the winter season. During the summer, villagers are seen busy preparing
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style (not Roman style). The reason for the perpendicular orientation of the two temples is the presence of this monumental altar, which was situated in front of the Small Temple, and which was used as a base for the orientation of the Great Temple.
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temples that were constructed between the 1st and 3rd century AD. The Lower two temples are located on the edge of the village, and the upper two temples are about 2 km above the village in what is known as "Hosn" Niha.
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was transformed into a small fort during the medieval period (hence the name of Hosn). Built on a podium facing toward the east, the Upper Great Temple is composed of a portico with four columns, leading to a
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729:, a long gown worn by both sexes. As the population modernized and education became widespread, western dresses became the norm. Traditional dresses are only worn today during celebratory festivities.
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762:. The village is home to a secondary education school ( ثانوية نيحا) and boasts a high concentration of college graduates including medical doctors, engineers, scientists and teachers.
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elevation make the village suitable to grow a variety of fruits. Grapevines, cherry, almond and apple orchards dot the terraced hills. The village as well as the rest of the
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The village municipality along with the
Ministry of Tourism sponsor the annual International Festival of Music in Niha, covering classical Western and Arabic music.
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The primary economic engine of the village is agriculture. The village produce includes grapes, apples, cherries, almonds, that are then transported to
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of the gigantic temple door has an eagle with spread wings carved on it. This eagle is similar to the one carved on the lintel of the temple of
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Whereas illiteracy was common at the beginning of the 20th century, the literacy rate today is very high, and likely higher than the average
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629:. Today, the temple site is reasonably well preserved – most of its walls are intact, but its columns are no longer standing. The
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archeological ruins in the outskirts, and in particular two lower Roman temples that date back to the 1st century AD.
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The Roman Near East: 31 BC-AD 337 (Carl Newell
Jackson Lectures) Harvard University Press (March 15, 1995) p. 282
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353:. Rayak and the Bekaa plain are to the far right (4). Some of the village's vineyards are also visible (5).
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897:"Climate Change and Variability in Lebanon: Impact on Land Use and Sustainable Agriculture Development"
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in the second century and since then remained present in the area until now, with the development of
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755:(Arabic: عرق) is also one of the specialties of the village especially using locally grown grapes.
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produce the bulk of the fruits in
Lebanon and export significant volumes to the Arab countries.
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Until the 1960s, the population dressed in traditional
Lebanese costumes, notably the male
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the base of the statue of the god or goddess in the adytum down to the center of the
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with a small niche at its end, which used to hold the statue of the god or goddess.
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934:. Beirut, Lebanon: Embassy of the United States. April 27, 2009. Archived from
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tax registers from 1533 to 1548 indicate the village had 51 households, all
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751:(Arabic: كشك) a specialty powdery dish made from cracked wheat and yogurt.
317:, to the north by the village of Tamnine, to the south by the villages of
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The village is located about 65 km east of the Lebanese capital
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The 19th century witnessed the migration of Christian families from
694:). The population is made of several family surnames, most notably
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1980:
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The statue of the priest at the entrance of the Lower Great Temple
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The name Niha is used by four Lebanese towns or villages: Niha,
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http://www.resonnance.org/pdf/affiche_4concerti_liban_2009.pdf
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garment characterized by baggy pants and headdresses, or the
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Niha is bordered to the west by the high rising mountains of
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The inside of the Great Temple consists of two parts: the
637:
Basilica that was built over it. The Basilica has three
904:
Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations
598:, where the people used to gather, and the elevated
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181:
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156:
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32:
362:for the villages of Niha, Ablah and Nabi Ayla.
298:and nearly 2 km north-east of the town of
2512:
2057:
1107:
983:"Discover Lebanon Guide, Itinerary 12-E Niha"
370:The village of Niha was important during the
8:
959:The Districts of Lebanon in The 16th Century
1059:Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund
843:Statue at the Roman temple at Niha, Lebanon
568:. The temple was also dedicated to the god
461:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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2050:
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1114:
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1092:
1054:The Survey of Western Palestine: Jerusalem
633:in front of the temple was destroyed by a
530:, the god of thunder, lightning and rain.
267:and denotes to the place the character of
29:
481:Learn how and when to remove this message
227:about 18 km (5.0 mi) north of
2425:List of Christian cathedrals in Lebanon
866:
777:
188:
180:
167:
125:
90:
56:
41:
49:The Lower Great Roman temple in Niha,
2482:UNESCO World Heritage Sites Proposed
2440:Saint George Greek Orthodox Cathedral
2072:Roman archaeological sites in Lebanon
325:(Arabic: ألفرزل), and to the east by
218:
193:
172:
155:
143:
7:
609:The Upper Great Roman Temple in the
459:adding citations to reliable sources
855:Small lower temple at Niha, Lebanon
212:
27:Place in Beqaa Governorate, Lebanon
2741:Populated places in Zahlé District
815:Roman temple of Hosn Niha, Lebanon
803:Roman temple of Hosn Niha, Lebanon
710:, with a few families that follow
374:, when some temples were built at
25:
2359:Roman temple to Venus in Yammoune
526:. Hadaranes is the local name of
306:at 2,628 m (8,622 ft).
177:3.7 sq mi (9.7 km)
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796:
780:
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290:off the main road that leads to
131:
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62:
43:
2746:Archaeological sites in Lebanon
2486:Category:Roman sites in Lebanon
1130:Archaeological sites in Lebanon
1084:download.destinationlebanon.com
378:. It was part of the important
2259:Khirbet El-Knese roman temples
1986:Tripolis (region of Phoenicia)
1000:"Origin of Levantine Costumes"
988:. Lebanon Ministry of Tourism.
329:and the fertile plains of the
1:
358:2009 with the assistance of
185:3,600 ft (1,100 m)
70:
2415:Saint Barbara of Heliopolis
2395:Stone of the Pregnant Woman
2334:Colonia Aurelia Pia "Sidon"
2174:Temples of the Beqaa Valley
2164:Temple of Jupiter (Baalbek)
2127:Roman Law school of Berytus
2122:Roman hippodrome of Berytus
1671:Stone of the Pregnant Woman
1631:Roman hippodrome of Berytus
294:. It is 8 km north of
2772:
2435:Catholic Church in Lebanon
625:, and then to an elevated
420:
2689:
2543:
2478:
2380:Phoenice (Roman province)
2239:Mansourieh Roman aqueduct
2133:
2112:Berytus Colonnaded street
2102:Cisterns of Berytus Baths
1921:Tell Shaikh Hassan al Rai
1571:Phoenician port of Beirut
1491:Lake Qaraoun (Ain Jaouze)
1136:
962:(in Arabic). p. 125.
708:Greek Orthodox Christians
522:and her consort, the god
91:
57:
42:
2339:Temnin el-Foka nymphaeum
2279:Monastery of Saint Maron
2229:Canalizations of Zenobia
1291:Canalizations of Zenobia
760:literacy rate in Lebanon
2430:Christianity in Lebanon
2194:Ain Harcha roman temple
2169:Temples of Mount Hermon
2107:Berytus Cardo Decumanus
1476:Kouachra megalith field
1366:Heliopolis in Phoenicia
956:Khalife, Issam (2004).
877:. Localiban. 2008-02-13
321:(Arabic: نبي أيلا) and
231:. It is famous for its
83:Location within Lebanon
2756:Roman sites in Lebanon
2696:
2465:6th century in Lebanon
2460:5th century in Lebanon
2455:4th century in Lebanon
2450:3rd century in Lebanon
2445:2nd century in Lebanon
2405:Marcus Valerius Probus
2092:Roman Forum of Berytus
1976:Temple of the Obelisks
1626:Roman Forum of Berytus
1526:Mdoukha (Jebel Kassir)
1276:Berytus (Roman Beirut)
666:
613:
556:
498:
497:The Lower Small Temple
354:
283:
223:) is a village in the
2695:
2470:551 Beirut earthquake
2410:Eudokia of Heliopolis
2344:Tripolis in Phoenicia
1636:Roman temple of Bziza
1181:Akkar plain foothills
932:"Press Releases 2009"
661:
608:
554:
501:Niha is home to four
496:
347:
281:
274:Geography and climate
216:Arabic pronunciation:
111:33.89472°N 35.96361°E
2329:Schleem roman temple
2309:Qal'at Bustra temple
2274:Monastery of Qozhaya
2269:Libbaya roman temple
895:Karam, Fadi (2002).
702:, split between the
641:and a semi-circular
455:improve this section
263:. The word neeha is
2390:Phoenice Libanensis
2264:Labweh Roman temple
2097:Berytus Roman Baths
1891:Tell Rasm El Hadeth
1079:discoverlebanon.com
1002:. Almashriq.hiof.no
704:Maronite Christians
107: /
2697:
2556:Towns and villages
2385:Palaestina Secunda
2284:Nahle roman temple
2254:Kafr Zabad temples
1931:Tell Sultan Yakoub
1881:Tell Neba'a Litani
1876:Tell Neba'a Chaate
1241:Baidar ech Chamout
1026:2011-07-27 at the
667:
614:
557:
499:
355:
284:
195: • Total
174: • Total
116:33.89472; 35.96361
2728:
2727:
2720:Our Lady of Bekaa
2537:Beqaa Governorate
2494:
2493:
2324:Saraain El Faouqa
2159:Temple of Bacchus
2117:Byzantine mosaics
2039:
2038:
1971:Temple of Jupiter
1961:Temple of Bacchus
1721:Tell Ain Ghessali
1716:Tell Ain el Meten
1646:Saraain El Faouqa
654:Modern population
510:dedicated to the
491:
490:
483:
202:
201:
151:Beqaa Governorate
16:(Redirected from
2763:
2751:Coloniae (Roman)
2531:
2521:
2514:
2507:
2498:
2289:Nebi Safa temple
2244:Hebbariye temple
2199:Amioun Monastery
2147:(actual Lebanon)
2139:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2043:
1966:Temple of Eshmun
1576:Plain of Zgharta
1516:Maronite mummies
1471:Khirbet El-Knese
1426:Kamouh el Hermel
1356:Haret ech Cheikh
1326:Douris (Baalbek)
1306:Deir El Aachayer
1128:
1127:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1093:
1062:
1030:
1019:see for example
1017:
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989:
987:
979:
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964:
963:
953:
947:
946:
944:
943:
928:
922:
921:
919:
918:
912:
906:. Archived from
901:
892:
886:
885:
883:
882:
871:
852:
840:
827:Roman temple at
824:
812:
800:
787:Roman temple of
784:
518:mermaid goddess
486:
479:
475:
472:
466:
435:
427:
313:and the peak of
222:
217:
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137:
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47:
30:
21:
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2551:
2539:
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2490:
2474:
2363:
2354:Tyre Necropolis
2319:Castra El Banat
2189:Ain Aata temple
2146:
2145:Roman Phoenicia
2140:
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2080:(actual Beirut)
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1991:Tyre Necropolis
1886:Tell Qasr Labwe
1836:Tell Kabb Elias
1806:Tell Hoch Rafqa
1786:Tell El Ghassil
1756:Tell Bir Dakoue
1731:Tell Ain Saouda
1726:Tell Ain Nfaikh
1676:Tahun ben Aissa
1641:Sands of Beirut
1381:Jabal es Saaïdé
1331:Elaea (Lebanon)
1316:Deir Mar Maroun
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1231:Augusti Pagus
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938:on 2013-02-17
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913:on 2012-09-15
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672:United States
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664:Prophet Elias
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440:This section
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416:
414:
412:
411:Mount Lebanon
407:
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380:Augusti Pagus
377:
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315:Mount Sannine
312:
311:Mount Lebanon
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304:Mount Sannine
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92:Coordinates:
65:
52:
46:
31:
19:
2628:Majdal Anjar
2573:Ali an Nahri
2546:
2314:Castra Chbib
2304:Qalaat Faqra
2224:Bziza temple
2214:Bakka temple
2179:Aaqbe temple
1951:Tell Zeitoun
1941:Tell Wardeen
1911:Tell Saoudhi
1906:Tell Safiyeh
1901:Tell Saatiya
1866:Tell Murtafa
1856:Tell Meouchi
1851:Tell Mekhada
1826:Tell Jezireh
1811:Tell Karmita
1801:Tell Hazzine
1776:Tell Dibbine
1751:Tell Beshara
1556:Neba'a Faour
1506:Majdal Anjar
1421:Kamid el-Loz
1406:Joub Jannine
1401:Jeita Grotto
1396:Jebel Aabeby
1351:Hadeth south
1281:Bustan Birke
1271:Belat temple
1053:
1049:Conder, C.R.
1037:Bibliography
1015:
1004:. Retrieved
994:
977:
968:
958:
951:
940:. Retrieved
936:the original
926:
915:. Retrieved
908:the original
890:
879:. Retrieved
869:
774:Niha Gallery
769:
757:
747:
731:
724:
718:
716:
668:
619:
615:
611:Hosn of Niha
593:
578:
572:and goddess
558:
508:
500:
477:
468:
453:Please help
441:
408:
398:
388:substituted
386:Christianity
384:
372:Roman Empire
369:
356:
351:Hosn of Niha
335:
308:
285:
268:
242:
225:Bekaa Valley
204:
203:
198:3,400 (est.)
2420:Coele-Syria
2249:Iaat column
2011:Wadi Yaroun
2001:Umm al-Amad
1946:Tell Zenoub
1916:Tell Serhan
1846:Tell Masoud
1796:Tell Fadous
1616:Ras El Kelb
1546:Nachcharini
1446:Kafr Tebnit
1196:Amlaq Qatih
471:August 2021
261:Niha, Chouf
146:Governorate
114: /
2735:Categories
2653:Qabb Ilyas
2648:Qâa er Rîm
2643:Niha Bekaa
2618:Kafr Zabad
2219:Batroumine
2154:Heliopolis
2026:Ain W Zain
2006:Wadi Koura
1896:Tell Rayak
1821:Tell Kirri
1741:Tell Ayoub
1701:Tell Addus
1696:Tell Ablah
1691:Tell Aalaq
1661:Sin el Fil
1611:Ras Beirut
1511:Mansourieh
1501:Lion Tower
1416:Kafr Zabad
1341:Fadous Sud
1246:Batroumine
1221:Ard Tlaili
1216:Ard Saouda
1171:Ain Harcha
1166:Ain Choaab
1057:. London:
1045:Warren, C.
1006:2013-02-02
942:2013-02-02
917:2009-11-12
881:2013-02-02
861:References
712:Shia Islam
560:temple of
516:Phoenician
417:Archeology
190:Population
102:35°57′49″E
99:33°53′41″N
18:Niha Bekaa
2715:Hosn Niha
2673:Taalabaya
2663:Saadnayel
2638:Nabi Ayla
2623:Karak Nuh
2545:Capital:
2299:Hosn Niha
1831:Tell Jisr
1761:Tell Deir
1706:Tell Ahle
1566:Hosn Niha
1561:Nebi Safa
1541:Nabi Zair
1531:Moukhtara
1481:Ksar Akil
1451:Kfar Qouq
1431:Karak Nuh
1346:Hebbariye
1266:Beit Mery
1256:Bechamoun
831:, Lebanon
791:, Lebanon
789:Hosn Niha
700:Christian
692:Australia
688:Argentina
635:Byzantine
574:Atargatis
570:Hadaranes
532:Atargatis
524:Hadaranes
520:Atargatis
442:does not
423:Hosn Niha
376:Hosn Niha
319:Nabi Ayla
239:Etymology
182:Elevation
2668:Taanayel
2613:Kabelias
2583:Barelias
2400:Ulpianus
2016:Yammoune
1521:Mayrouba
1466:Kharayeb
1456:Kfarhata
1321:Dekwaneh
1186:Al-Bireh
1161:Ain Aata
1051:(1884).
1024:Archived
589:Baalbeck
566:Baalbeck
394:Maronism
390:Paganism
292:Baalbeck
255:; Niha,
251:; Niha,
158:District
2593:Chtaura
2588:Bouarej
2368:Related
2087:Berytus
1666:Sarepta
1621:Rashaya
1596:Qaraoun
1536:Mtaileb
1496:Libbaya
1441:Kefraya
1436:Kaukaba
1391:Jdeideh
1361:Hashbai
1251:Batroun
1236:Baalbek
1176:Akbiyeh
1141:Aadloun
720:sherwal
696:Maalouf
585:Bacchus
562:Bacchus
463:removed
448:sources
404:Muslims
400:Ottoman
366:History
253:Batroun
247:in the
139:Lebanon
127:Country
2678:Terbol
2633:Makseh
2603:Ferzol
1686:Tayibe
1651:Shheem
1486:Labweh
1336:Flaoui
1301:Dakoue
1286:Byblos
1261:Beirut
1211:Apheca
1191:Amioun
1151:Aammiq
738:Beirut
726:gambaz
684:Brazil
676:Canada
627:adytum
600:adytum
581:lintel
541:adytum
323:Forzol
288:Beirut
265:Syriac
209:Arabic
136:
2703:Other
2683:Zahlé
2658:Rayak
2608:Jdita
2578:Anjar
2563:Ablah
2548:Zahlé
2349:Tyrus
2031:Zahlé
2021:Yanta
1981:Toron
1681:Taire
1656:Sidon
1156:Aaqbe
1146:Aaiha
1067:-503)
1063:(pp.
986:(PDF)
911:(PDF)
900:(PDF)
748:kishk
734:Zahlé
648:cella
639:naves
631:altar
623:cella
596:cella
546:cella
537:cella
528:Hadad
503:Roman
360:USAID
339:Bekaa
331:Bekaa
327:Ablah
300:Ablah
296:Zahlé
249:Bekaa
245:Zahlé
233:Roman
229:Zahlé
51:Bekaa
2294:Niha
2184:Afqa
1996:Tyre
1411:Jieh
1386:Jbaa
1376:Iaat
1226:Arqa
829:Niha
753:Arak
742:Arab
706:and
643:apse
579:The
512:Syro
446:any
444:cite
282:Niha
259:and
257:Tyre
213:نيحا
205:Niha
169:Area
77:Niha
37:نيحا
34:Niha
1581:Qaa
1087:PDF
1065:502
690:or
587:in
564:in
457:by
2737::
2535:,
1047:;
902:.
736:,
686:,
682:,
678:,
674:,
406:.
396:.
382:.
211::
2520:e
2513:t
2506:v
2065:e
2058:t
2051:v
1115:e
1108:t
1101:v
1061:.
1009:.
945:.
920:.
884:.
514:-
484:)
478:(
473:)
469:(
465:.
451:.
207:(
20:)
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