681:, said that Chinese scholars using historical heritage to explain its claim of sovereignty shows the lack of legal foundation for the claim under international law. Caitlyn Antrim, executive director, Rule of Law Committee for the Oceans of the US, commented that "The U-shaped line has no ground under the international law because historical basis is very weak". She added "I don't understand what China claims for in that U-shaped line. If they claim sovereignty over islands inside that line, the question is whether they are able to prove their sovereignty over these islands. If China claimed sovereignty over these islands 500 years ago and then they did not perform their sovereignty, their claim of sovereignty becomes very weak. For uninhabited islands, they can only claim territorial seas, not exclusive economic zones (EEZ) from the islands". Wu Shicun, president of China's National Institute for South China Sea Studies, claimed that today's international law "cannot overwrite existing facts of the past".
554:
of the maritime features inside are specifically being claimed. Analysts from the U.S. Department of State posit three different explanations—that it indicates only the islands within are being claimed, that a maritime area including other features are being claimed, or that a claim is being made as historical waters of China. A claim to only the islands and associated rights is most consistent with past PRC publications and statements, whereas the other two arguments would put China's claim at greater conflict with the UNCLOS. China's actual claim likely does not include all or most of the waters in the region and appears to center around island features and whatever entitlements that are associated with them, including non-exclusive fishing rights.
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territorial claims. The nine-dash line predated UNCLOS, and its lack of defined coordinates was a weakness under current international law. Chinese policymakers had previously sought to preserve the ambiguity of its status in an effort to preserve the status quo and manage its claims and relations with neighbors. Policymakers were also reticent because of concerns that the proceedings would not be fair, citing the fact that the president of ITLOS,
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the waters within the nine-dash line historically and has "no legal basis" to claim "historic rights" to the resources there. It also concluded that China's historic rights claims over the maritime areas (as opposed to land masses and territorial waters) inside the nine-dash line would have no lawful effect beyond what it is entitled to under the UNCLOS. China rejected the ruling, calling it "ill-founded"; its
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743:, was Japanese. Some policymakers also were concerned about the procedure given that China had no precedent for using arbitration to resolve territorial disagreements. Others favored participation in order to be able to shape the proceedings, including because only by participating would China have the ability to appoint an arbitrator to the panel.
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commented, "The quiet disappearance of the ‘nine-dash line’ from China's official claims is a major policy change implying that China doesn't take it as a territorial demarcation line—that is, China doesn't claim 90% of the South China Sea as ‘a
Chinese lake’, as is so often alleged in international
726:
In
January 2013, the Philippines initiated arbitration proceedings against China under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) over a range of issues, including the latter's historic rights claims inside the nine-dash line. A tribunal of arbitrators constituted under Annex VII of
629:
Dash 4 location in
Chinese 2009 (solid red) and 1984 maps. Dash 4 is 24 nautical miles from the coast of Malaysia on the island of Borneo and 133 nautical miles from Louisa Reef. James Shoal (Zeng-mu Ansha), the "Southernmost point of China", lay 21 metres (69 ft) under the sea, according to the
465:
claimed that "legally, historically, geographically, or in reality", all of the South China Sea and
Spratly islands were ROC territory and under ROC sovereignty, and denounced actions undertaken there by the Philippines and Malaysia. Taiwan and China have the same claims and have cooperated with each
861:
has announced that it had ordered an inspection of the official website of IME, a talent management and event organising company based in
Beijing, China, for allegedly featuring the nine-dash line in the map of East and Southeast Asia. On the following day, 6 July, Brian Chow, the CEO of IME, stated
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belong to the ROC along with "their surrounding waters and respective seabed and subsoil". Taiwan views other claims as illegitimate, releasing a statement through its
Ministry of Foreign Affairs stating "there is no doubt that the Republic of China has sovereignty over the archipelagos and waters".
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Immediately following the ruling, China released a number of documents reaffirming their claims in four specific areas: sovereignty over all the islands in the South China Sea; internal waters, territorial seas and contiguous zones of those islands; EEZs and continental shelfs of these islands; and
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Researcher
Sourabh Gupta questioned the applicability of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea to the dispute, arguing that the convention does not support claims based on sovereignty or title, and instead supports the right to continue using the waters for traditional purpose such as
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The nine-dash line has been used by the PRC inconsistently and with ambiguity. It is not clear whether the map constitutes a part of China's historical claims or serves only illustrative purposes. The PRC has not clarified the line's legal nature in terms of how the dashes would be joined and which
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observed in 2016, "None of the five permanent members of the UN Security
Council have ever accepted any international court's ruling when (in their view) it infringed their sovereignty or national security interests. Thus, when China rejects the Court's decision in this case, it will be doing just
746:
On 12 July 2016, the tribunal ruled in favor of the
Philippines on most of its submissions. While it would not "rule on any question of sovereignty over land territory and would not delimit any maritime boundary between the Parties", it concluded that China had not exercised exclusive control over
486:
China has indisputable sovereignty over the islands in the South China Sea and the adjacent waters, and enjoys sovereign rights and jurisdiction over the relevant waters as well as the seabed and subsoil thereof (see attached map). The above position is consistently held by the
Chinese government,
538:, State Councilor and Foreign Minister of China, stated that China does not claim all the waters within the nine-dash line as internal waters and territorial waters, and claimed that such accusations are unfounded, deliberately confuse different concepts, and are a distortion of China's position.
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Although not visible on the 2009 map, modern Chinese maps since 1984, including the vertically oriented maps published in 2013 and 2014, have also included a tenth dash to the east of Taiwan. Some were nonetheless surprised when the tenth dash appeared in a 2013 map, even though it was not in the
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Unlike Beijing, however, Taipei uses the original eleven dashes, since the other two dashes in the Gulf of Tonkin were only removed under the approval of Premier Zhou Enlai in 1953, four years after the establishment of the PRC. Li Jinming and Li Dexia, 'The Dotted Line on the Chinese Map of the
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said that "China's territorial sovereignty and marine rights in the South China Sea will not be affected by the so-called Philippines South China Sea ruling in any way", but China was still "committed to resolving disputes" with its neighbors. China's grounds for rejecting the ruling include its
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The Philippines' initiation of the arbitration was followed by extensive internal debates among Chinese policymakers about whether China should participate in the arbitration. Participating and losing could impact domestic sentiment and might have regional implications for China's other maritime
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allowed the film to be screened in the country, but requested Warner Bros. to "blur the controversial lines in order to avoid further misinterpretations". It said the line, which was part of Barbie's journey from her fictional universe to the "real world", was not U-shaped and did not have nine
958:
professor Peter Zinoman said, "To the Chinese, the nine-dash line signifies their legitimate claims to the South China Sea," and "To the Vietnamese, it symbolizes a brazen act of imperialist bullying that elevates Chinese national interest over an older shared set of interests of socialist
383:. However, the ROC government still uses the eleven-dash line. In 2013, some were surprised by a tenth dash to the east of Taiwan, but it had been present in PRC maps since as early as 1984. As of 2014, the PRC government had not clarified what it specifically claims in the map.
844:
was also pulled from Vietnam, after the nine-dash line appeared briefly on the ninth episode of the series. The country's Authority of Broadcasting and Electronic Information released a statement that Netflix had angered and hurt the feelings of the entire people of Vietnam.
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Its submissions were accompanied by maps depicting nine dashes in the South China Sea. Immediately afterwards, Malaysia and Vietnam protested China's submission. Indonesia followed suit a year later, and the Philippines two years later. In 2011, the PRC submitted another
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agreed, saying, "The jurisdiction over waters does not have connection to history. It must observe the UNCLOS." Dutton stressed that using history to explain sovereignty erodes the rules of the UNCLOS. It is understood that China ratified the UNCLOS in 1996.
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expressed her own observations that the publication of the nine-dash line in scientific journals has increased since 2010, namely in articles from China. According to some scholars, the inclusion of the U-shaped line in maps is required by Chinese law.
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has stated that it remains neutral regarding any jurisdictional claims published in the journal. It has asked authors to depoliticize their work and mark controversial designations, and its editors reserve the right to label disputed claims.
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from their platforms within 24 hours; the department found the appearances of the nine-dash line in nine episodes. FPT Telecom already blurred the maps in question for its service, but was ordered to take down the entire series nonetheless.
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in Beijing delivered a speech on China's sovereignty and policy in the South China Sea, using history as the main argument. However, Termsak Chalermpalanupap, assistant director for Program Coordination and External Relations of the
394:, without ruling on matters of territorial sovereignty and maritime delimitation, nevertheless concluded that China had not exercised exclusive and continuous control over the area and that certain features lie within the
477:
In May 2009, Malaysia and Vietnam submitted claims to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf to extend their respective continental shelves. In objection, the PRC communicated two Notes Verbales to the
947:
said "Maps are political, and borders often bear historical wounds, but rather than ensuring free and open discussion, the knee jerk response to censor seldom supports historical or transitional justice". Speaking to
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from its Vietnamese service, following an order from the country's Authority of Broadcasting and Electronic Information, as a map with the nine-dash line was briefly shown in two episodes of the series. TV series
2834:
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436:) showing an eleven-dash line. Scholarly accounts place its publication from 1946 to 1948 and indicate that it originated from an earlier one titled "Map of Chinese Islands in the South China Sea" (
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newspaper reported that the nine-dash line appears multiple times in the film. Regarding one scene that features a child-like drawing of a world map with dashed lines, the film's distributor,
688:
reported that China has been putting out "constant reminders" of the nine-dash line in scholarly journals, maps, T-shirts, and films over the past decade. Jay Batongbacal, a professor at the
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that it was an "unfortunate misunderstanding", but added that the company was committed to replace the images in question. At the time of the controversy, IME has scheduled two concerts of
669:
Secretariat, said: "I don't think that the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) recognizes history as the basis to make sovereignty claims". Peter Dutton of the US
7808:
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said Indonesia could take China before an international court if Beijing's claim to the majority of the South China Sea and part of Indonesian territory is not resolved through dialogue.
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from September 2008, the United States Embassy in Beijing reported that a senior Chinese government maritime law expert said he was unaware of the historical basis for the nine dashes.
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although the film was simply depicting maps as sold in China. The Philippines and Vietnam banned the film, and Malaysia followed suit after the producers refused to cut the scene.
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Declaration by the High Representative on behalf of the EU on the Award rendered in the Arbitration between the Republic of the Philippines and the People's Republic of China ...
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A 2012 Chinese eighth-grade geography textbook includes a map of China with the nine-dash line and the text "The southernmost point of our country's territory is Zengmu Ansha (
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3693:- the published presentation notes, including supportive illustrations and footnotes for a presentation at the Philippine Institute for Marine and Ocean Affairs of the
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446:(PRC) used a revised map with nine dashes, removing the two dashes in the Gulf of Tonkin. The change was interpreted as a concession to the newly independent
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South China Sea. Meanwhile, the ROC (Taiwan) has rejected all rival claims to the Paracel islands, repeating its position that all of the Paracel,
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1436:(Report). Office of Ocean and Polar Affairs, Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, U.S. Department of State.
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is surely using legitimate nationalist reasoning to strengthen its entire censorship system," while Michael Caster at the free expression group
398:. Over 20 governments have called for the ruling to be respected. It was rejected by eight governments, including China (PRC) and Taiwan (ROC).
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Jiang, Zikun; Liu, Benpei; Wang, Yongdong; Huang, Min; Kapitany, Tom; Tian, Ning; Cao, Yong; Lu, Yuanzheng; Deng, Shenghui (19 March 2019).
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Vietnam also rejects the Chinese claim, citing that it is baseless and contrary to UNCLOS. The line is often referred to in Vietnam as
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614:. Indonesia believes China's claim over parts of the Natuna islands has no legal basis. In November 2015, Indonesia's security chief
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1465:"PCA Press Release: The South China Sea Arbitration (The Republic of the Philippines v. The People's Republic of China) | PCA-CPA"
923:, defended these claims by stating that the map is a children's drawing and has no intended meaning. On 11 July, the Philippines'
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South China Sea claims and agreements (showing the nine-dash line as well as an additional tenth dash near the island of Taiwan).
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1946:
574:, "China's nine-dash line territorial claim over the entire South China Sea is against international laws, particularly the
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1877:
Florian, Dupuy; Pierre, Marie (January 2013). "A Legal Analysis of China's Historic Rights Claim in the South China Sea".
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magazine, wrote in 2013: "The nine-dashed line ... is now deeply engraved in the hearts and minds of the Chinese people."
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Nguyen, Phuong; Vu, Khanh; Guarascio, Francesco; Yim, Hyunsu (7 July 2023). Kapoor, Kanupriya; Lawson, Hugh (eds.).
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broadcast used a map that appeared to endorse China's claims to Taiwan and the nine-dash line, causing controversy.
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On 10 July 2023, Vietnam's Department of Cinema has ordered Netflix and FPT Telecom to remove Chinese drama series
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decision to exclude itself from the compulsory arbitration provisions of UNCLOS when it ratified UNCLOS in 2006.
450:; the maritime border between PRC and Vietnam in the Gulf of Tonkin was eventually formalized by treaty in 2000.
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692:, called them "subtle propaganda". Gregory Poling, director of the Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative at the
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1920:
1702:
Jadloc, M. (October 2018). Map Rights Wrong: The 1734 Murillo Velarde Map. Update Journal Volume 1-2 Number 1.
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Solving Disputes for Regional Cooperation and Development in the South China Sea: A Chinese Perspective
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historical rights. These documents did not mention the nine-dash line in relation to the claims. The
535:
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387:
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film, alleging that scenes in the film display the nine-dash line map over the South China Sea. The
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because it contained an image of a nine-dash line map. By April 27, the Philippines followed suit.
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3353:"'Barbie' Map Controversy: Warner Bros. Explains the Drawing That Got the Film Banned in Vietnam"
3217:
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2374:
1794:"CML/17/2009 – Submission by the PRC to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental shelf"
1392:
1362:
1102:
890:
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287:
1613:"Taiwan-controlled Taiping Island is a rock, says international court in South China Sea ruling"
1426:
1212:
442:) published by the ROC Land and Water Maps Inspection Committee in 1935. Beginning in 1952, the
492:
Permanent Mission of the People's Republic of China, Notes Verbales CML/17/2009 and CML/18/2009
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film, Trịnh Hữu Long (founder of the research group Legal Initiatives for Vietnam) said "The
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dashes. Other dashed lines can be seen near the United States, Greenland, Brazil and Africa.
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The dragon roars back : transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy
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3213:"Netflix Removes Chinese Series 'Flight to You' After Vietnam Objects to Controversial Map"
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68:
3377:
Broadway, Danielle; Richwine, Lisa (7 July 2023). Milliken, Mary; Lewis, Matthew (eds.).
2825:"Taiwan rejects South China Sea ruling, says will deploy another navy vessel to Taiping"
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by Taiwan, is a set of line segments on various maps that accompanied the claims of the
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3544:"Philippines greenlights Barbie film screening, to blur dashes in South China Sea map"
2878:
The dragon roars back: transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy
1351:
7857:
5824:
5504:
5441:
5436:
5415:
5028:
4998:
4983:
4868:
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4783:
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4557:
4384:
4179:
4126:
4027:
4010:
3973:
3968:
3861:
3840:
3751:
3743:
3675:"Historical Facts, Historical Lies, and Historical Rights in the West Philippine Sea"
3654:
3606:
2507:
1547:
1451:
950:
909:
527:
447:
380:
275:
2545:
1864:"China's New 'Ten-Dash Line' Map Infuriates Asian Neighbors"newspaper=Japan Forward"
5790:
5446:
5103:
5098:
5088:
5038:
5003:
4963:
4878:
4808:
4651:
4552:
4313:
4224:
4157:
4131:
4067:
3983:
3891:
2394:"Tree ring phototropism and implications for the rotation of the North China Block"
2378:
1752:
796:
740:
501:
462:
196:
117:
2682:
The Art of State Persuasion: China's Strategic Use of Media in Interstate Disputes
1852:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. 9 September 2020.
406:
1276:
5642:
5519:
5514:
5499:
5408:
5378:
5203:
5008:
4943:
4938:
4848:
4843:
4820:
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4743:
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4350:
4308:
4303:
4189:
4162:
4152:
4052:
4022:
4017:
4000:
3995:
3856:
3051:"Netflix pulls show from Vietnam that featured China's 'nine-dash line' in maps"
1024:
806:
635:
2417:
1186:
1129:
7221:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5834:
5800:
5270:
5023:
4853:
4793:
4194:
4005:
2900:
2783:
1366:
944:
771:, the largest of the Spratly Islands, also rejected the ruling and deployed a
751:
372:
17:
2638:"China's Global Reputation Hinges on Upcoming South China Sea Court Decision"
2553:
2491:
2425:
2362:
805:
included a scene with the nine-dash line, which generated controversy in the
5817:
5373:
4988:
4758:
4261:
3988:
3802:
3611:
3309:
3197:
2057:"Be careful with imported products featuring China's illegal nine-dash line"
1721:
1107:
863:
473:
The nine-dash line map on the second page of PRC's 2009 submission to the UN
3241:"After Barbie, Vietnam now orders Netflix to remove Chinese drama over map"
2972:"'Abominable' film axed in Malaysia after rebuffing order to cut China map"
2915:"Abominable: anger grows over controversial map in Chinese children's film"
2876:
2799:"Breathtaking but counterproductive: the South China Sea arbitration award"
2759:
2499:
2443:
2370:
1678:"Just Where Exactly Did China Get the South China Sea Nine-Dash Line From?"
1577:"South China Sea: Tribunal backs case against China brought by Philippines"
45:
3516:
2330:
677:
Maritime researcher Carlyle Thayer, emeritus Professor of Politics of the
367:
A 1946 map showing a U-shaped eleven-dash line was first published by the
5013:
4775:
4770:
4032:
3931:
1581:
1032:
814:
709:
696:, said the target audience is third-world countries. A researcher at the
515:
3018:"ESPN criticised over China-NBA coverage for using 'nine-dash line' map"
1850:"Wang Yi Laid Out Three Basic Facts of the Issue of the South China Sea"
775:
vessel to the island/rock, with a naval frigate mission also scheduled.
4930:
4925:
3383:
3159:
3102:"'Thợ săn cổ vật' bị cấm chiếu tại Việt Nam vì có bản đồ đường lưỡi bò"
3022:
2976:
2299:"China Launches Propaganda for Recognition of Disputed Maritime Claims"
1036:
1007:
875:
828:
810:
506:
to the UN conveying a similar message but without mentioning the line.
3182:"Blackpink Vietnam concert organiser apologises over S. China Sea map"
2113:"Testing China's – and the State Department's – nine-dash line claims"
5647:
4900:
4895:
4695:
4690:
3433:"MTRCB allows screening of controversial 'Barbie' film in PH cinemas"
3155:"Vietnam probes Blackpink concert organiser over South China Sea map"
2176:"Analysis: China's nine-dashed line in [the] South China Sea"
1548:"Arbitration Support Tracker | Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative"
1156:"US Navy: Beijing creating a 'great wall of sand' in South China Sea"
1028:
728:
259:
3407:"MTRCB allows 'Barbie' screening in PH amid 9-dash line controversy"
2482:
2457:
2354:
2082:"Indonesia says could also take China to court over South China Sea"
878:
called for a boycott of the concerts or any event organised by IME.
3294:"Bye bye 'Barbie': Vietnam bans new movie over South China Sea map"
545:
drew protests from the Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and Malaysia.
6988:
5959:
4720:
4715:
4568:
3704:
3129:"'Uncharted' pulled out from PH cinemas over nine-dash line scene"
2970:
Ananthalakshmi, A. (20 October 2019). Gopalakrishnan, Raju (ed.).
2209:"International scholars discuss maritime security in the East Sea"
666:
624:
561:
468:
405:
255:
2573:
The Republic of the Philippines v. The People's Republic of China
1450:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
821:
466:
other during international talks involving the Spratly Islands.
7225:
7050:
6957:
5975:
5930:
5176:
4572:
3708:
3379:"Warner Bros defends 'Barbie' film's world map as 'child-like'"
1062:"China's new '10-dash line map' eats into Philippine territory"
783:
what the other great powers have repeatedly done for decades."
712:
indicated that the legality of the nine-dash line is disputed.
5172:
3077:"Netflix Pulls NSA-Themed Show in Vietnam Over Offensive Maps"
656:
At the Conference on Maritime Study organized by the US-based
461:
continued to claim the Spratly and Paracel Islands. President
3602:"How Hollywood appeases China, explained by the Barbie movie"
2727:
Phillips, Tom; Holmes, Oliver; Bowcott, Owen (12 July 2016).
1241:
1239:
1237:
1947:"80 Percent of Zero: China's Phantom South China Sea Claims"
1187:"US-China tensions rise over Beijing's 'Great Wall of Sand'"
2999:"SPOTLIGHTLocsin: Cut nine-dash line scene on 'Abominable'"
2729:"Beijing rejects tribunal's ruling in South China Sea case"
1606:
1604:
2858:"Taiwan: South China Sea Ruling 'Completely Unacceptable'"
2284:"China's nine-dash line came ahead of Unclos, says expert"
848:
On 12 March 2022, Vietnam Film Authority banned the movie
422:
Territorial disputes in the South China Sea § History
1974:
Sourabh Gupta, Samuels International (11 January 2015).
1359:
Stirring up the South China Sea (Ii): Regional Responses
1130:"China building 'great wall of sand' in South China Sea"
392:
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
3324:"Việt Nam cấm chiếu phim 'Barbie' vì có đường lưỡi bò"
3268:"Vietnam bans 'Barbie' movie over South China Sea map"
1712:
STRATFOR's Global Intelligence Update (14 July 1999).
1251:
Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of China (Taiwan)
375:
of the PRC decided to remove two of the dashes in the
7819:
2229:. Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea,
2227:"Declarations or Statements upon UNCLOS Ratification"
1976:"Why US analysis of China's nine-dash line is flawed"
1825:"Taiwan reiterates Paracel Islands sovereignty claim"
1427:
No. 143 China: Maritime Claims in the South China Sea
201:
122:
1325:"History the Weak Link in Beijing's Maritime Claims"
925:
Movie and Television Review and Classification Board
642:." Shan Zhiqiang, the executive chief editor of the
606:
Parts of China's nine-dash line overlap Indonesia's
7778:
7734:
7678:
7632:
7516:
7408:
7315:
7259:
6924:
6853:
6662:
6408:
6262:
5986:
5862:
5778:
5755:
5692:
5608:
5533:
5460:
5424:
5332:
5306:
5241:
5210:
5112:
5056:
4922:
4892:
4817:
4767:
4712:
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4680:
4634:
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4398:
4365:
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4145:
4109:
4078:
3956:
3945:
3907:
3874:
3849:
3821:
3783:
3774:
3742:
1425:Baumert, Kevin; Melchior, Brian (5 December 2014).
487:
and is widely known by the international community.
232:
218:
213:
195:
188:
183:
171:
155:
139:
134:
116:
109:
104:
92:
76:
60:
55:
34:
2708:PCA Award, Section V(F)(d)(264, 266, 267), p. 113.
1550:. Center for Strategic and International Studies.
1514:PCA Award, Section V(F)(d)(264, 266, 267), p. 113.
1098:"PH protests China's '9-dash line' Spratlys claim"
541:In 2023, re-publication of the line in a map from
426:In December 1947, the Ministry of Interior of the
2571:"Press Release: The South China Sea Arbitration (
1006:are occupied by the PRC, but are also claimed by
5142:List of maritime features in the Spratly Islands
3917:List of maritime features in the Spratly Islands
3517:"MTRCB to solon: No basis to ban 'Barbie' movie"
2146:"The Nine-Dashed Line: 'Engraved in Our Hearts'"
1892:Foreign Press Center of Vietnam (25 July 2010).
1039:, who each claim either part or all the islands.
582:
576:United Nations Convention of the Laws of the Sea
224:
2945:"MTRCB bans 'Abominable' over China map–report"
2565:
2563:
1504:. Permanent Court of Arbitration. 12 July 2016.
1361:. International Crisis Group. Note 373, p. 36.
1281:. Chandos Asian Studies Series. Elsevier Reed.
907:On 3 July 2023, Vietnam banned the live-action
484:
3489:"MTRCB greenlights showing of 'Barbie' in Phl"
694:Center for Strategic and International Studies
658:Center for Strategic and International Studies
430:released "Location Map of South Sea Islands" (
337:
309:
297:
7884:Territorial disputes of the Republic of China
7237:
5942:
5188:
4584:
3720:
1921:"What Does the Nine-Dash Line Actually Mean?"
1647:"Calculated ambiguity in the South China Sea"
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1304:"Taiwan's Status Is a Geopolitical Absurdity"
437:
431:
411:
343:
315:
303:
161:
145:
82:
66:
8:
1799:. United Nations. 7 May 2009. Archived from
1714:"Taiwan sticks to its guns, to U.S. chagrin"
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
499:
7157:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
5157:Territorial disputes in the South China Sea
2258:"South China Sea disputes: ASEAN and China"
2203:
2201:
1894:"The "9-dashed line" – an irrational claim"
1571:
1569:
1542:
1540:
984:Territorial disputes in the South China Sea
588:
349:
321:
7244:
7230:
7222:
7047:
6954:
5983:
5972:
5949:
5935:
5927:
5195:
5181:
5173:
4684:
4591:
4577:
4569:
3953:
3942:
3780:
3727:
3713:
3705:
735:(PCA) as the registry to the proceedings.
396:exclusive economic zone of the Philippines
336:), while the ROC government uses the term
180:
101:
44:
3405:Villaruel, Jauhn Etienne (11 July 2023).
2481:
2433:
1640:
1638:
1263:十一段線係出現於民國36年（1947年）12月1日由內政部公布之「南海諸島位置圖」
570:According to former Philippine President
2717:PCA Award, Section V(F)(d)(278), p. 117.
2005:. Maritime Security Asia. Archived from
1745:"US toe-dipping muddies South China Sea"
1523:PCA Award, Section V(F)(d)(278), p. 117.
969:Baselines of the Chinese territorial sea
371:government on 1 December 1947. In 1952,
27:Contested Chinese map of South China Sea
7864:Territorial disputes of the Philippines
7826:
5137:List of airports in the Spratly Islands
3937:List of airports in the Spratly Islands
1052:
995:
859:Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism
7894:Disputed territories in Southeast Asia
4461:Designation of the West Philippine Sea
3459:Cayabyab, Marc Jayson (12 July 2023).
3127:Christia Marie Ramos (27 April 2022).
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2231:United Nations Office of Legal Affairs
1611:Jun Mai; Shi Jiangtao (12 July 2016).
1443:from the original on 20 February 2020.
979:List of irredentist claims or disputes
870:) in Hanoi, Vietnam, as a part of the
31:
3016:Crossley, Gabriel (10 October 2019).
2617:from the original on 14 December 2016
2215:from the original on 13 October 2014.
2186:from the original on 26 February 2014
2036:from the original on 27 November 2010
2003:"Aquino mulls UN protest on Spratlys"
1969:
1967:
1927:from the original on 18 November 2018
1879:American Journal of International Law
1684:from the original on 27 November 2018
1389:"China's New Map: Just Another Dash?"
1382:
1380:
1331:from the original on 18 November 2018
1319:
1317:
866:(a South Korean girl band managed by
761:Australian Strategic Policy Institute
543:China's Ministry of Natural Resources
410:"Location Map of South Sea Islands" (
7:
3030:from the original on 19 October 2019
2925:from the original on 18 October 2019
2237:from the original on 6 February 2013
2055:Nguyen Duy Xuan (12 November 2019).
1091:
1089:
1087:
1060:Michaela del Callar (26 July 2013).
767:Taiwan, which currently administers
5147:Philippines and the Spratly Islands
4426:Philippines and the Spratly Islands
3927:Royal Malaysian Navy Offshore Bases
3570:"No Barbie Girl in Vietnam's World"
3515:Bacelonia, Wilnard (11 July 2023).
3431:Abarca, Charie Mae (11 July 2023).
2607:"Timeline: South China Sea dispute"
2580:. PCA. 12 July 2016. Archived from
2329:Cyranoski, David (1 October 2011).
2256:Thayer, Carlyle A. (14 July 2011).
1645:Brown, Peter J. (8 December 2009).
1350:international Crisis Group (2012).
660:(CSIS) in June 2011, Su Hao of the
7062:Central Foreign Affairs Commission
2331:"Angry words over East Asian seas"
2264:from the original on 23 April 2013
2111:Sourabh Gupta (15 December 2014).
290:by the PRC, ROC, and Vietnam. The
266:. The contested area includes the
25:
7187:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
6049:Congo, Democratic Republic of the
5152:Republic of Morac-Songhrati-Meads
3618:from the original on 20 July 2023
3461:"MTRCB allows 'Barbie' screening"
2837:from the original on 17 June 2018
2739:from the original on 12 July 2016
2648:from the original on 13 July 2016
2125:from the original on 4 March 2016
2092:from the original on 17 June 2017
1982:from the original on 29 June 2015
1900:from the original on 21 July 2011
1743:Sisci, Francesco (29 June 2010).
1623:from the original on 15 July 2016
1589:from the original on 20 June 2018
1554:from the original on 15 July 2024
1136:from the original on 5 April 2015
1096:Jamandre, Tessa (14 April 2011).
1072:from the original on 22 July 2015
7914:Incidents in the South China Sea
7874:Territorial disputes of Malaysia
7841:
7829:
7809:Timeline of diplomatic relations
5958:
4924:
4894:
4819:
4769:
4714:
4689:
4551:
3211:Frater, Patrick (10 July 2023).
2856:Tiezzi, Shannon (13 July 2016).
2297:Jennings, Ralph (27 July 2020).
2156:from the original on 20 May 2016
2030:"Is the Ox's tongue line legal?"
1445:
1193:from the original on 29 May 2015
1185:Marcus, Jonathan (29 May 2015).
1166:from the original on 22 May 2015
662:China Foreign Affairs University
286:. Certain places have undergone
258:(PRC, "mainland China") and the
7879:Territorial disputes of Vietnam
7207:Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy
7115:Dates of diplomatic recognition
3239:Sharma, Shweta (11 July 2023).
3049:Danial Martinus (5 July 2021).
2546:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.09.023
1919:Tsirbas, Marina (2 June 2016).
787:Media appearances and reactions
7909:Territorial disputes of Brunei
7761:Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan
7130:Foreign relations of Hong Kong
4411:History of the Spratly Islands
3600:Brinkhof, Tim (13 July 2023).
3351:Donnelly, Matt (6 July 2023).
2636:Beech, Hannah (11 July 2016).
2468:(7369): 285. 19 October 2011.
2001:Bengco, Regina (2 June 2011).
1676:Beech, Hannah (19 July 2016).
733:Permanent Court of Arbitration
412:
344:
316:
304:
202:
162:
146:
123:
83:
67:
1:
7869:Territorial disputes of China
5461:Eastern and Southeastern Asia
5125:Free Territory of Freedomland
4614:Southwest Cay incident (1975)
4467:Hai Yang Shi You 981 standoff
4437:Battle of the Paracel Islands
2823:Chow, Jermyn (12 July 2016).
2680:Wang, Frances Yaping (2024).
1302:Horton, Chris (8 July 2019).
1219:. People's Daily. 23 May 2016
1213:"人民日报：中国在南海断续线内的历史性权利不容妄议和否定"
935:on Vietnam's ban of the 2023
698:Diplomatic Academy of Vietnam
690:University of the Philippines
679:University of New South Wales
50:The nine-dash line (in green)
7086:Diplomatic missions of China
5079:Northeast Investigator Shoal
3660:Resources in other libraries
3580:U.S. Agency for Global Media
3487:Garner, Jom (11 July 2023).
3332:(in Vietnamese). 3 July 2023
2921:. Reuters. 18 October 2019.
2797:Zhang, Feng (14 July 2016).
2309:U.S. Agency for Global Media
841:Put Your Head on My Shoulder
402:History of the line segments
7742:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
7735:Administration and Policies
7253:Foreign relations of Taiwan
7074:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
4625:Johnson South Reef Skirmish
4449:Johnson South Reef skirmish
3568:Scott, Liam (8 July 2023).
2211:. vietnamne. 22 June 2011.
1247:"外交部「南海議題及南海和平倡議」講習會媒體提問紀要"
1229:人民日报：中国在南海断续线内的历史性权利不容妄议和否定
722:South China Sea Arbitration
338:
331:South Sea intermittent line
310:
298:
278:and the Vereker Banks, the
7930:
7145:Political status of Taiwan
5965:Foreign relations of China
5534:Central and Eastern Europe
4455:Scarborough Shoal standoff
3075:Matt Nowak (2 July 2021).
2418:10.1038/s41598-019-41339-2
2028:Hoang Viet (19 May 2009).
1253:(in Chinese). 8 April 2016
857:On 5 July 2023, Vietnam's
719:
716:Arbitral tribunal's ruling
644:Chinese National Geography
444:People's Republic of China
419:
256:People's Republic of China
250:, also referred to as the
7804:
7726:World Health Organization
7057:
7046:
6964:
6953:
5982:
5971:
5896:Border changes since 1914
5888:
4546:
4503:Paracel Islands Airports
3655:Resources in your library
3438:Philippine Daily Inquirer
2959:– via INQUIRER.net.
2883:Stanford University Press
2766:Stanford University Press
2532:(1): 1. 15 October 2014.
2526:Marine Pollution Bulletin
1372:South China Sea: A Note'.
438:
432:
296:of the PRC uses the term
240:
179:
100:
43:
39:
7171:Major historical splits
7095:Belt and Road Initiative
6034:Central African Republic
5571:unification with Moldova
5254:Turks and Caicos Islands
4514:Spratly Islands Airports
3695:López Museum and Library
2881:. Stanford, California:
2764:. Stanford, California:
1617:South China Morning Post
141:Traditional Chinese
62:Traditional Chinese
7120:Foreign policy of China
7034:China and the Antarctic
6999:China–Japan–South Korea
5621:unification with Kosovo
5120:Spratly Islands dispute
4421:Spratly Islands dispute
3055:Mashable Southeast Asia
2875:Zhao, Suisheng (2023).
2758:Zhao, Suisheng (2023).
2686:Oxford University Press
1831:16 October 2015 at the
974:Foreign policy of China
651:leaked diplomatic cable
616:Luhut Binsar Pandjaitan
608:exclusive economic zone
379:amid warming ties with
262:(ROC, "Taiwan") in the
157:Simplified Chinese
78:Simplified Chinese
7747:Diplomatic missions of
7202:Wolf warrior diplomacy
7029:Arctic policy of China
6969:BCIM Economic Corridor
6959:Multilateral relations
6054:Congo, Republic of the
5830:Greater Germanic Reich
5628:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4443:Southwest Cay incident
3522:Philippine News Agency
1391:. RUSI. Archived from
874:, and some Vietnamese
715:
631:
583:
567:
534:On September 9, 2020,
500:
495:
474:
428:Nationalist government
417:
225:
7756:New Southbound Policy
7297:São Tomé and Príncipe
7125:Foreign Relations Law
7100:China's peaceful rise
6189:São Tomé and Príncipe
5818:Annexation of Austria
4969:Cornwallis South Reef
4185:Cornwallis South Reef
2458:"Uncharted territory"
1499:"PCA Case Nº 2013-19"
1395:on 29 September 2013.
1132:. BBC. 1 April 2015.
941:Vietnamese government
628:
565:
472:
420:Further information:
409:
7383:Taiwan Relations Act
6632:United Arab Emirates
5478:annexation of Taiwan
4974:Discovery Great Reef
4431:Battle of Leyte Gulf
4406:Territorial disputes
4390:Tambelan Archipelago
3298:Agence France-Presse
3186:Agence France-Presse
2949:Agence France-Presse
2885:. pp. 109–110.
2088:. 11 November 2015.
1779:10 June 2016 at the
1023:are disputed by the
872:Born Pink World Tour
793:DreamWorks Animation
480:UN Secretary General
455:retreating to Taiwan
390:organized under the
386:On 12 July 2016, an
7904:Chinese irredentism
7150:Chinese unification
7110:Confucius Institute
6647:Northern Domination
6385:Trinidad and Tobago
6270:Antigua and Barbuda
5977:Bilateral relations
5084:Royal Captain Shoal
5057:Unoccupied features
4959:Central London Reef
4874:Second Thomas Shoal
4283:Royal Captain Shoal
4230:Central London Reef
4137:Second Thomas Shoal
3932:Vietnamese DK1 rigs
3466:The Philippine Star
2538:2014MarPB..87....1.
2474:2011Natur.478Q.285.
2410:2019NatSR...9.4856J
2347:2011Natur.478..293C
1866:. 5 September 2023.
1839:. 11 May 2014, p. 3
1275:Wu, Shicun (2013).
359:eleven-segment line
220:Vietnamese alphabet
175:eleven-segment line
7348:Dominican Republic
6325:Dominican Republic
5362:Western Azerbaijan
5296:Dominican Republic
5131:Great Wall of Sand
5094:Third Thomas Shoal
5064:First Thomas Shoal
4949:Barque Canada Reef
4799:Investigator Shoal
4749:Johnson South Reef
4367:Tudjuh Archipelago
4200:Investigator Shoal
4168:Johnson South Reef
4122:First Thomas Shoal
4101:Third Thomas Shoal
3922:Great Wall of Sand
3765:South Vereker Bank
3758:North Vereker Bank
3005:. 16 October 2019.
2522:"Publisher's note"
2398:Scientific Reports
2009:on 14 January 2013
1434:Limits in the Seas
632:
572:Benigno Aquino III
568:
475:
418:
7817:
7816:
7711:Oceania countries
7388:Taiwan Travel Act
7219:
7218:
7215:
7214:
7197:Theater diplomacy
7162:Stadium diplomacy
7082:
7070:
7067:General Secretary
7042:
7041:
6949:
6948:
6945:
6944:
6069:Equatorial Guinea
5924:
5923:
5891:Related concepts:
5170:
5169:
5052:
5051:
4681:Occupied features
4657:North Danger Reef
4619:East Sea Campaign
4566:
4565:
4558:Oceans portal
4322:
4321:
4213:
4212:
3964:North Danger Reef
3899:Scarborough Shoal
3887:Macclesfield Bank
3870:
3869:
3671:Antonio T. Carpio
3641:Library resources
3003:The Daily Tribune
2951:. 18 October 2019
2892:978-1-5036-3088-8
2830:The Straits Times
2775:978-1-5036-3088-8
2341:(7369): 293–294.
2286:. 22 August 2014.
2061:VietnamNet Global
1657:on 5 January 2010
1162:. 31 March 2015.
831:pulled TV series
671:Naval War College
598:cow's tongue line
524:Scarborough Shoal
520:Macclesfield Bank
388:arbitral tribunal
369:Republic of China
311:Nánhǎi Duànxùxiàn
284:Scarborough Shoal
280:Macclesfield Bank
260:Republic of China
244:
243:
236:nine-segment line
209:
208:
190:Standard Mandarin
130:
129:
111:Standard Mandarin
96:nine-segment line
16:(Redirected from
7921:
7846:
7845:
7834:
7833:
7832:
7825:
7796:Political status
7246:
7239:
7232:
7223:
7167:String of Pearls
7079:Foreign Minister
7076:
7064:
7048:
6955:
6896:Papua New Guinea
5984:
5973:
5963:
5962:
5951:
5944:
5937:
5928:
5875:Papua New Guinea
5197:
5190:
5183:
5174:
5113:Related articles
5044:West London Reef
4979:East London Reef
4929:
4928:
4899:
4898:
4884:West York Island
4824:
4823:
4774:
4773:
4734:Fiery Cross Reef
4719:
4718:
4694:
4693:
4685:
4642:Dangerous Ground
4593:
4586:
4579:
4570:
4556:
4555:
4488:Coconut Princess
4327:Southeastern SCS
4257:Fiery Cross Reef
4245:West London Reef
4240:East London Reef
4058:West York Island
3954:
3943:
3882:Zhongsha Islands
3875:Northeastern SCS
3785:Amphitrite Group
3781:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3706:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3679:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3575:Voice of America
3565:
3559:
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3534:
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3141:
3139:
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3118:
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3115:
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3098:
3092:
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3087:
3072:
3066:
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3063:
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3040:
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3037:
3035:
3013:
3007:
3006:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2709:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2677:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2613:. 12 July 2016.
2603:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2586:
2579:
2567:
2558:
2557:
2518:
2512:
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2454:
2448:
2447:
2437:
2389:
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2326:
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2317:
2315:
2304:Voice of America
2294:
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2247:
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2205:
2196:
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2191:
2172:
2166:
2165:
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2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2124:
2117:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1971:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1923:. The Diplomat.
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1846:
1840:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1805:
1798:
1790:
1784:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1751:. Archived from
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1724:on 25 March 2014
1720:. Archived from
1709:
1703:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1653:. Archived from
1642:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1608:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1585:. 12 July 2016.
1573:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1544:
1535:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1495:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1442:
1431:
1422:
1397:
1396:
1384:
1375:
1374:
1356:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1327:. The Diplomat.
1321:
1312:
1311:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1243:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1110:on 19 April 2011
1106:. Archived from
1093:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1057:
1040:
1017:
1011:
1000:
933:Voice of America
894:
868:YG Entertainment
749:paramount leader
686:Voice of America
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
586:
558:Ongoing disputes
505:
493:
441:
440:
435:
434:
415:
414:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
347:
346:
341:
335:
332:
329:
326:
323:
319:
318:
313:
307:
306:
301:
288:land reclamation
252:eleven-dash line
228:
205:
204:
181:
167:
166:
151:
150:
135:Eleven-dash line
126:
125:
102:
88:
87:
72:
71:
48:
32:
21:
7929:
7928:
7924:
7923:
7922:
7920:
7919:
7918:
7889:South China Sea
7854:
7853:
7852:
7840:
7830:
7828:
7820:
7818:
7813:
7800:
7774:
7730:
7674:
7665:Solomon Islands
7628:
7579:North Macedonia
7512:
7404:
7311:
7255:
7250:
7220:
7211:
7140:Panda diplomacy
7105:Chinese Century
7053:
7038:
6960:
6941:
6920:
6906:Solomon Islands
6849:
6658:
6404:
6258:
5978:
5967:
5957:
5955:
5925:
5920:
5884:
5858:
5774:
5756:Northern Europe
5751:
5725:Italian Grisons
5688:
5655:North Macedonia
5609:Southern Europe
5604:
5529:
5456:
5420:
5328:
5302:
5237:
5206:
5201:
5171:
5166:
5108:
5069:Half Moon Shoal
5048:
5019:Sin Cowe Island
4923:
4918:
4893:
4888:
4818:
4813:
4768:
4763:
4713:
4708:
4688:
4676:
4662:Reed Tablemount
4630:
4602:
4600:Spratly Islands
4597:
4567:
4562:
4550:
4542:
4472:
4394:
4380:Anambas Islands
4361:
4338:
4334:Palawan Passage
4318:
4292:
4288:Half Moon Shoal
4271:
4209:
4173:Sin Cowe Island
4141:
4105:
4096:Reed Tablemount
4074:
3948:
3941:
3909:Spratly Islands
3903:
3866:
3845:
3817:
3776:Paracel Islands
3770:
3738:
3736:South China Sea
3733:
3686:
3684:
3677:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3637:
3632:
3631:
3621:
3619:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3584:
3582:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3552:
3550:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3527:
3525:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3499:
3497:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3471:
3469:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3443:
3441:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3415:
3413:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3389:
3387:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3361:
3359:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3335:
3333:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3303:
3301:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3277:
3275:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3251:
3249:
3246:The Independent
3238:
3237:
3233:
3223:
3221:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3191:
3189:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3165:
3163:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3137:
3135:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3111:
3109:
3108:. 12 March 2022
3100:
3099:
3095:
3085:
3083:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3059:
3057:
3048:
3047:
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3033:
3031:
3015:
3014:
3010:
2997:
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2982:
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2969:
2968:
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2952:
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2913:
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2908:
2893:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2855:
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2850:
2840:
2838:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2807:
2805:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2776:
2768:. p. 108.
2757:
2756:
2752:
2742:
2740:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2679:
2678:
2661:
2651:
2649:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2620:
2618:
2611:Financial Times
2605:
2604:
2600:
2590:
2588:
2587:on 12 July 2016
2584:
2577:
2569:
2568:
2561:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2483:10.1038/478285a
2456:
2455:
2451:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2355:10.1038/478293a
2328:
2327:
2323:
2313:
2311:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2267:
2265:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2240:
2238:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2207:
2206:
2199:
2189:
2187:
2182:. 25 May 2012.
2174:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2157:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2095:
2093:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2065:
2063:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2037:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2012:
2010:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1985:
1983:
1973:
1972:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1951:thediplomat.com
1945:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1928:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1903:
1901:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1833:Wayback Machine
1823:
1819:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1781:Wayback Machine
1772:
1768:
1758:
1756:
1755:on 10 July 2013
1742:
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1727:
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1711:
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1697:
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1685:
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1471:
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1386:
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1149:
1139:
1137:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1113:
1111:
1095:
1094:
1085:
1075:
1073:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1021:Spratly Islands
1018:
1014:
1004:Paracel Islands
1001:
997:
992:
965:
905:
900:Map drawing in
888:
789:
724:
718:
649:According to a
600:
597:
594:
591:
560:
551:
494:
491:
424:
404:
361:
358:
355:
352:
333:
330:
327:
324:
272:Spratly Islands
268:Paracel Islands
264:South China Sea
233:Literal meaning
226:Đường chín đoạn
214:Vietnamese name
172:Literal meaning
93:Literal meaning
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7927:
7925:
7917:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7899:Neocolonialism
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7856:
7855:
7851:
7850:
7838:
7815:
7814:
7812:
7811:
7805:
7802:
7801:
7799:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7786:Chinese Taipei
7782:
7780:
7776:
7775:
7773:
7772:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7744:
7738:
7736:
7732:
7731:
7729:
7728:
7723:
7721:United Nations
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7701:European Union
7698:
7693:
7688:
7682:
7680:
7676:
7675:
7673:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7636:
7634:
7630:
7629:
7627:
7626:
7624:United Kingdom
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7524:Czech Republic
7520:
7518:
7514:
7513:
7511:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
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7428:
7418:
7412:
7410:
7406:
7405:
7403:
7402:
7397:
7396:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7319:
7317:
7313:
7312:
7310:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
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7257:
7256:
7251:
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7248:
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7234:
7226:
7217:
7216:
7213:
7212:
7210:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7183:
7182:
7177:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7153:
7152:
7142:
7137:
7135:Nine-dash line
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7083:
7071:
7058:
7055:
7054:
7051:
7044:
7043:
7040:
7039:
7037:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7024:United Nations
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7004:European Union
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6965:
6962:
6961:
6958:
6951:
6950:
6947:
6946:
6943:
6942:
6940:
6939:
6934:
6928:
6926:
6922:
6921:
6919:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6857:
6855:
6851:
6850:
6848:
6847:
6842:
6840:United Kingdom
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6705:Czech Republic
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6666:
6664:
6660:
6659:
6657:
6656:
6651:
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6649:
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6609:
6604:
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6572:
6567:
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6557:
6552:
6551:
6550:
6540:
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5805:
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5803:
5793:
5788:
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5779:Western Europe
5776:
5775:
5773:
5772:
5771:
5770:
5759:
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5752:
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5592:
5591:
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5573:
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5546:Czechoslovakia
5543:
5537:
5535:
5531:
5530:
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5527:
5522:
5517:
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5507:
5502:
5497:
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5283:
5278:
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5208:
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5162:Nine-dash line
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5122:
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5107:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5074:Luconia Shoals
5071:
5066:
5060:
5058:
5054:
5053:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5034:Spratly Island
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4994:Lansdowne Reef
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4935:
4933:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4914:Zhongzhou Reef
4911:
4909:Taiping Island
4905:
4903:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4864:Nanshan Island
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4834:Commodore Reef
4830:
4828:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4806:
4804:Mariveles Reef
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4780:
4778:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4729:Cuarteron Reef
4725:
4723:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4700:
4698:
4682:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4674:
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4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4638:
4636:
4632:
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4608:
4607:Confrontations
4604:
4603:
4598:
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4595:
4588:
4581:
4573:
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4416:Nine-dash line
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4408:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4395:
4393:
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4387:
4382:
4377:
4375:Natuna Islands
4371:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4357:Luconia Shoals
4354:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4336:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4320:
4319:
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4316:
4311:
4306:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4267:Spratly Island
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4235:Cuarteron Reef
4232:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4205:Mariveles Reef
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4149:
4147:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4117:Commodore Reef
4113:
4111:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4091:Nanshan Island
4088:
4082:
4080:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4043:Zhongzhou Reef
4040:
4038:Taiping Island
4035:
4030:
4025:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3978:
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3878:
3876:
3872:
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3868:
3867:
3865:
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3859:
3853:
3851:
3850:Other features
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3827:
3825:
3823:Crescent Group
3819:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3789:
3787:
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3772:
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3646:Nine-dash line
3639:
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3636:
3635:External links
3633:
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2815:
2803:The Strategist
2789:
2774:
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2701:
2694:
2659:
2628:
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2103:
2073:
2047:
2020:
1993:
1963:
1938:
1911:
1884:
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1855:
1841:
1817:
1806:on 29 May 2009
1785:
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1367:resrep32231.11
1342:
1313:
1294:
1288:978-1780633558
1287:
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961:
959:brotherhood."
904:
898:
799:animated film
788:
785:
780:Graham Allison
769:Taiping Island
731:appointed the
720:Main article:
717:
714:
640:Nansha Islands
612:Natuna islands
559:
556:
550:
547:
489:
459:ROC government
403:
400:
377:Gulf of Tonkin
339:Shíyīduàn xiàn
293:People's Daily
248:nine-dash line
242:
241:
238:
237:
234:
230:
229:
222:
216:
215:
211:
210:
207:
206:
203:shíyīduàn xiàn
199:
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192:
186:
185:
184:Transcriptions
177:
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169:
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159:
153:
152:
143:
137:
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105:Transcriptions
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74:
73:
64:
58:
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53:
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41:
40:
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35:Nine-dash line
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18:Nine-Dash Line
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7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7706:Latin America
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
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7683:
7681:
7677:
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7407:
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7398:
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7386:
7384:
7381:
7380:
7379:
7378:United States
7376:
7374:
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7364:
7361:
7359:
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7349:
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7009:Latin America
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
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6977:
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6927:
6925:Former states
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6390:United States
6388:
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6107:
6105:
6104:Guinea-Bissau
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5961:
5952:
5947:
5945:
5940:
5938:
5933:
5932:
5929:
5919:
5918:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5904:Reunification
5901:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5861:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5826:
5825:Pan-Germanism
5823:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5809:
5806:
5802:
5799:
5798:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5777:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5754:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5691:
5685:
5682:
5678:
5675:
5674:
5673:
5670:
5666:
5663:
5662:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5649:
5646:
5645:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5617:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5607:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5579:
5576:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5538:
5536:
5532:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5459:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5425:Southern Asia
5423:
5417:
5414:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5363:
5360:
5359:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5331:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5307:South America
5305:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5272:
5271:United States
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5242:North America
5240:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5198:
5193:
5191:
5186:
5184:
5179:
5178:
5175:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5132:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5111:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5029:Southwest Cay
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4999:Namyit Island
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4984:Grierson Reef
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4954:Bombay Castle
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4927:
4921:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4897:
4891:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4869:Northeast Cay
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4859:Loaita Island
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4822:
4816:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4784:Ardasier Reef
4782:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4772:
4766:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4754:Mischief Reef
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4717:
4711:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4692:
4686:
4683:
4679:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4633:
4626:
4623:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4594:
4589:
4587:
4582:
4580:
4575:
4574:
4571:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4512:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4468:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4435:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4397:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4385:Badas Islands
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4364:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4341:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4252:Bombay Castle
4250:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4180:Ardasier Reef
4178:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4127:Mischief Reef
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4028:Namyit Island
4026:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4012:
4011:Loaita Island
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3974:Southwest Cay
3972:
3970:
3969:Northeast Cay
3967:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3944:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3900:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3863:
3862:Triton Island
3860:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3842:
3841:Yagong Island
3839:
3837:
3836:Robert Island
3834:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3753:
3752:Pratas Island
3750:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3744:Pratas Island
3741:
3737:
3730:
3725:
3723:
3718:
3716:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3700:
3699:event release
3696:
3683:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3634:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3596:
3593:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3564:
3561:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3536:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3511:
3508:
3496:
3495:
3494:Daily Tribune
3490:
3483:
3480:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3455:
3452:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3427:
3424:
3412:
3408:
3401:
3398:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3373:
3370:
3358:
3354:
3347:
3344:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3319:
3316:
3311:
3300:. 3 July 2023
3299:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3274:. 3 July 2023
3273:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3235:
3232:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3207:
3204:
3199:
3188:. 6 July 2023
3187:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3149:
3146:
3134:
3130:
3123:
3120:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3082:
3078:
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3068:
3056:
3052:
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3042:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3012:
3009:
3004:
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2979:
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2973:
2966:
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2907:
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2898:
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2800:
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2723:
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2714:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2697:
2695:9780197757512
2691:
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2643:
2639:
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2612:
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2599:
2583:
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2560:
2555:
2551:
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2107:
2104:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2062:
2058:
2051:
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2035:
2031:
2024:
2021:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1994:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1926:
1922:
1915:
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1529:
1526:
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1500:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1452:public domain
1439:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1387:Euan Graham.
1383:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1343:
1330:
1326:
1320:
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1234:
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1135:
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1125:
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1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1005:
999:
996:
989:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
966:
962:
960:
957:
953:
952:
946:
942:
938:
934:
929:
926:
922:
918:
917:
912:
911:
903:
899:
897:
892:
887:
885:
884:Flight to You
879:
877:
873:
869:
865:
860:
855:
853:
852:
846:
843:
842:
836:
835:
830:
825:
823:
818:
816:
812:
808:
804:
803:
798:
794:
786:
784:
781:
776:
774:
770:
765:
762:
756:
753:
750:
744:
742:
736:
734:
730:
723:
713:
711:
706:
705:
699:
695:
691:
687:
682:
680:
675:
672:
668:
663:
659:
654:
652:
647:
645:
641:
637:
627:
623:
619:
617:
613:
609:
604:
585:
584:Đường lưỡi bò
579:
577:
573:
564:
557:
555:
548:
546:
544:
539:
537:
532:
529:
528:Pratas Island
525:
522:grouped with
521:
517:
513:
507:
504:
503:
488:
483:
481:
471:
467:
464:
460:
457:in 1949, the
456:
451:
449:
448:North Vietnam
445:
429:
423:
408:
401:
399:
397:
393:
389:
384:
382:
381:North Vietnam
378:
374:
370:
365:
340:
312:
300:
295:
294:
289:
285:
281:
277:
276:Pratas Island
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
221:
217:
212:
200:
198:
194:
191:
187:
182:
178:
174:
170:
165:
160:
158:
154:
149:
144:
142:
138:
133:
121:
119:
115:
112:
108:
103:
99:
95:
91:
86:
81:
79:
75:
70:
65:
63:
59:
54:
47:
42:
38:
33:
30:
19:
7770:requirements
7679:Multilateral
7488:Saudi Arabia
7307:South Africa
7267:Burkina Faso
7134:
6932:Soviet Union
6845:Vatican City
6627:Turkmenistan
6575:Saudi Arabia
6214:South Africa
6204:Sierra Leone
6014:Burkina Faso
5900:Partitionism
5894:
5893:
5890:
5447:Pashtunistan
5333:Western Asia
5266:Saint Martin
5233:South Africa
5161:
5104:Whitsun Reef
5099:Western Reef
5089:Sabina Shoal
5039:Tennent Reef
5004:Pearson Reef
4964:Collins Reef
4879:Thitu Island
4809:Swallow Reef
4652:London Reefs
4529:Swallow Reef
4486:
4415:
4349:
4343:Southern SCS
4314:Swallow Reef
4225:London Reefs
4158:Collins Reef
4132:Sabina Shoal
4068:Western Reef
3984:Thitu Island
3980:Thitu Reefs
3892:Walker Shoal
3831:Money Island
3808:Woody Island
3793:Rocky Island
3763:
3756:
3685:. Retrieved
3681:
3645:
3620:. Retrieved
3605:
3595:
3583:. Retrieved
3573:
3563:
3553:21 September
3551:. Retrieved
3547:
3538:
3526:. Retrieved
3520:
3510:
3498:. Retrieved
3492:
3482:
3470:. Retrieved
3464:
3454:
3442:. Retrieved
3436:
3426:
3414:. Retrieved
3411:ABS-CBN News
3410:
3400:
3388:. Retrieved
3382:
3372:
3360:. Retrieved
3356:
3346:
3334:. Retrieved
3327:
3318:
3308:– via
3302:. Retrieved
3288:
3276:. Retrieved
3271:
3262:
3250:. Retrieved
3244:
3234:
3222:. Retrieved
3216:
3206:
3196:– via
3190:. Retrieved
3176:
3164:. Retrieved
3158:
3148:
3136:. Retrieved
3133:INQUIRER.net
3132:
3122:
3110:. Retrieved
3105:
3096:
3086:23 September
3084:. Retrieved
3080:
3070:
3060:23 September
3058:. Retrieved
3054:
3044:
3032:. Retrieved
3021:
3011:
3002:
2993:
2981:. Retrieved
2975:
2965:
2953:. Retrieved
2939:
2927:. Retrieved
2919:The Guardian
2918:
2909:
2877:
2870:
2862:The Diplomat
2861:
2851:
2839:. Retrieved
2828:
2818:
2806:. Retrieved
2802:
2792:
2760:
2753:
2741:. Retrieved
2733:The Guardian
2732:
2722:
2713:
2704:
2681:
2650:. Retrieved
2641:
2631:
2619:. Retrieved
2610:
2601:
2589:. Retrieved
2582:the original
2572:
2529:
2525:
2516:
2465:
2461:
2452:
2401:
2397:
2387:
2338:
2334:
2324:
2312:. Retrieved
2302:
2292:
2278:
2266:. Retrieved
2251:
2239:. Retrieved
2221:
2188:. Retrieved
2179:
2170:
2158:. Retrieved
2150:The Diplomat
2149:
2144:Zheng Wang.
2139:
2127:. Retrieved
2106:
2094:. Retrieved
2085:
2076:
2064:. Retrieved
2060:
2050:
2038:. Retrieved
2023:
2011:. Retrieved
2007:the original
1996:
1984:. Retrieved
1954:. Retrieved
1950:
1941:
1929:. Retrieved
1914:
1902:. Retrieved
1887:
1878:
1872:
1858:
1844:
1837:Taipei Times
1836:
1820:
1808:. Retrieved
1801:the original
1788:
1769:
1757:. Retrieved
1753:the original
1748:
1738:
1726:. Retrieved
1722:the original
1717:
1707:
1698:
1686:. Retrieved
1671:
1659:. Retrieved
1655:the original
1650:
1625:. Retrieved
1616:
1591:. Retrieved
1580:
1556:. Retrieved
1528:
1519:
1510:
1472:. Retrieved
1468:
1459:
1433:
1393:the original
1370:
1358:
1352:"Appendix B"
1345:
1333:. Retrieved
1308:The Atlantic
1307:
1297:
1277:
1270:
1262:
1255:. Retrieved
1250:
1228:
1221:. Retrieved
1216:
1207:
1195:. Retrieved
1180:
1168:. Retrieved
1160:The Guardian
1159:
1150:
1138:. Retrieved
1124:
1112:. Retrieved
1108:the original
1101:
1074:. Retrieved
1065:
1055:
1027:, PRC, ROC,
1015:
1010:and the ROC.
998:
949:
936:
931:Speaking to
930:
921:Warner Bros.
914:
908:
906:
901:
882:
880:
856:
849:
847:
839:
832:
826:
820:In 2019, an
819:
801:
797:Pearl Studio
790:
777:
766:
757:
745:
741:Shunji Yanai
737:
725:
703:
683:
676:
655:
648:
633:
620:
605:
580:
569:
552:
540:
533:
508:
502:note verbale
496:
485:
476:
463:Lee Teng-hui
452:
425:
416:) circa 1947
385:
366:
291:
251:
247:
245:
197:Hanyu Pinyin
124:jiǔduàn xiàn
118:Hanyu Pinyin
56:Chinese name
29:
7766:Visa policy
7716:Third World
7655:New Zealand
7589:Netherlands
7493:South Korea
7478:Philippines
7468:North Korea
7019:Third World
6984:Arab League
6886:New Zealand
6830:Switzerland
6780:Netherlands
6585:South Korea
6565:Philippines
6543:North Korea
6416:Afghanistan
6335:El Salvador
6219:South Sudan
6109:Ivory Coast
5912:Revisionism
5854:Switzerland
5849:Netherlands
5510:Philippines
5409:Pan-Turkism
5204:Irredentism
5009:Petley Reef
4944:Amboyna Cay
4939:Alison Reef
4849:Lankiam Cay
4844:Irving Reef
4839:Flat Island
4826:Philippines
4789:Dallas Reef
4744:Hughes Reef
4739:Gaven Reefs
4704:Louisa Reef
4672:Union Banks
4667:Tizard Bank
4647:Loaita Bank
4351:James Shoal
4309:Louisa Reef
4304:Amboyna Cay
4190:Dallas Reef
4163:Hughes Reef
4153:Union Banks
4086:Flat Island
4053:Irving Reef
4023:Gaven Reefs
4018:Tizard Bank
4001:Lankiam Cay
3996:Loaita Bank
3857:Bombay Reef
3798:Tree Island
2404:(1): 4856.
2268:22 February
2241:22 February
1931:18 November
1810:20 February
1688:18 November
1469:pca-cpa.org
1335:18 November
1025:Philippines
956:UC Berkeley
889: [
807:Philippines
773:coast guard
636:James Shoal
578:(UNCLOS)".
7858:Categories
7691:Arab World
7416:Bangladesh
7393:TAIPEI Act
7302:Somaliland
6937:Yugoslavia
6876:Micronesia
6810:San Marino
6775:Montenegro
6765:Luxembourg
6637:Uzbekistan
6612:Tajikistan
6503:Kyrgyzstan
6498:Kazakhstan
6451:East Timor
6431:Bangladesh
6426:Azerbaijan
6315:Costa Rica
6199:Seychelles
6164:Mozambique
6149:Mauritania
6134:Madagascar
6029:Cape Verde
5916:Rump state
5908:Revanchism
5835:Lebensraum
5684:Yugoslavia
5452:Tamil Nadu
5432:Bangladesh
5357:Azerbaijan
5218:Mauritania
5024:South Reef
4854:Loaita Cay
4794:Erica Reef
4524:Spratly Is
4195:Erica Reef
4006:Loaita Cay
3687:6 December
3329:Tiền Phong
3106:Thanh Niên
3034:27 October
2929:18 October
2901:1331741429
2784:1331741429
2190:3 February
1749:Asia Times
1718:Asia Times
1651:Asia Times
1257:31 October
1223:31 October
1047:References
945:Article 19
916:Tiền Phong
802:Abominable
752:Xi Jinping
373:Mao Zedong
299:Duànxùxiàn
282:, and the
7836:Geography
7751:in Taiwan
7696:Caribbean
7640:Australia
7574:Lithuania
7483:Singapore
7438:Indonesia
7426:Hong Kong
7400:Venezuela
7353:Guatemala
7323:Argentina
7052:Diplomacy
6994:Caribbean
6861:Australia
6760:Lithuania
6597:Sri Lanka
6580:Singapore
6560:Palestine
6466:Indonesia
6400:Venezuela
6365:Nicaragua
6275:Argentina
6154:Mauritius
5870:Australia
5485:Indonesia
5374:Kurdistan
5314:Argentina
5281:Greenland
4989:Ladd Reef
4759:Subi Reef
4499:Pratas Is
4495:Airports
4477:Transport
4262:Ladd Reef
3989:Subi Reef
3947:Dangerous
3813:Qilian Yu
3803:West Sand
3612:Vox Media
3310:France 24
3198:France 24
2554:0025-326X
2508:203013009
2492:1476-4687
2426:2045-2322
2363:1476-4687
1558:25 August
864:Blackpink
851:Uncharted
827:In 2021,
778:Academic
684:In 2020,
638:) in the
630:1984 map.
622:fishing.
610:near the
482:stating:
7848:Politics
7791:Passport
7645:Kiribati
7614:Slovakia
7554:Holy See
7498:Thailand
7473:Pakistan
7458:Mongolia
7453:Malaysia
7368:Paraguay
7316:Americas
7277:Eswatini
7192:Treaties
7090:in China
6871:Kiribati
6795:Portugal
6690:Bulgaria
6617:Thailand
6555:Pakistan
6528:Mongolia
6523:Maldives
6518:Malaysia
6446:Cambodia
6380:Suriname
6350:Honduras
6310:Colombia
6285:Barbados
6263:Americas
6254:Zimbabwe
6229:Tanzania
6079:Ethiopia
6059:Djibouti
6024:Cameroon
6009:Botswana
5801:Wallonia
5715:Dalmatia
5633:Bulgaria
5595:Slovenia
5515:Thailand
5505:Mongolia
5500:Malaysia
5468:Cambodia
5324:Colombia
5014:Sand Cay
4776:Malaysia
4534:Thitu Is
4507:Woody Is
4033:Sand Cay
3616:Archived
3548:The Star
3138:27 April
3112:12 March
3028:Archived
2923:Archived
2835:Archived
2737:Archived
2646:Archived
2615:Archived
2500:22012346
2444:30890749
2371:22012361
2262:Archived
2235:Archived
2213:Archived
2184:Archived
2154:Archived
2120:Archived
2090:Archived
2034:Archived
1980:Archived
1925:Archived
1898:Archived
1829:Archived
1783:, p. 91.
1777:Archived
1774:Pak 2000
1728:10 March
1682:Archived
1680:. Time.
1621:Archived
1587:Archived
1582:BBC News
1552:Archived
1438:Archived
1329:Archived
1191:Archived
1164:Archived
1134:Archived
1070:Archived
1066:GMA News
1033:Malaysia
963:See also
876:netizens
834:Pine Gap
815:Malaysia
764:media."
710:Elsevier
549:Analysis
516:Zhongsha
490:—
7822:Portals
7779:Related
7633:Oceania
7619:Ukraine
7549:Germany
7539:Finland
7534:Estonia
7529:Denmark
7508:Vietnam
7463:Myanmar
7180:Albania
7014:Oceania
6974:BIMSTEC
6916:Vanuatu
6854:Oceania
6835:Ukraine
6800:Romania
6770:Moldova
6745:Ireland
6740:Iceland
6735:Hungary
6725:Germany
6715:Finland
6710:Denmark
6695:Croatia
6685:Belgium
6680:Belarus
6675:Austria
6670:Albania
6642:Vietnam
6590:History
6548:History
6533:Myanmar
6513:Lebanon
6491:history
6456:Georgia
6421:Armenia
6395:Uruguay
6355:Jamaica
6340:Grenada
6330:Ecuador
6290:Bolivia
6280:Bahamas
6239:Tunisia
6209:Somalia
6194:Senegal
6179:Nigeria
6169:Namibia
6159:Morocco
6124:Liberia
6119:Lesotho
6074:Eritrea
6044:Comoros
6019:Burundi
5994:Algeria
5863:Oceania
5844:Ireland
5813:Austria
5808:Germany
5791:Celtics
5786:Belgium
5768:Karelia
5763:Finland
5710:Corsica
5677:Galicia
5638:Croatia
5616:Albania
5600:Ukraine
5588:Ukraine
5566:Romania
5556:Moldova
5551:Hungary
5541:Belarus
5525:Vietnam
5352:Assyria
5345:Artsakh
5340:Armenia
5228:Somalia
5223:Morocco
4931:Vietnam
4635:Regions
4519:Itu Aba
4399:History
3682:IMOA.ph
3622:20 July
3585:14 July
3528:12 July
3500:12 July
3472:12 July
3444:12 July
3416:11 July
3384:Reuters
3357:Variety
3272:Reuters
3252:12 July
3224:12 July
3218:Variety
3192:10 July
3166:10 July
3160:Reuters
3081:Gizmodo
3023:Reuters
2983:4 April
2977:Reuters
2955:4 April
2841:13 July
2743:13 July
2652:13 July
2621:13 July
2591:13 July
2534:Bibcode
2470:Bibcode
2435:6425038
2406:Bibcode
2379:9901398
2343:Bibcode
2314:15 July
2180:Reuters
2129:30 June
2086:Reuters
2040:12 June
2032:. BBC.
2013:12 June
1986:30 June
1956:20 June
1904:20 June
1627:13 July
1593:22 June
1474:12 July
1189:. BBC.
1076:19 July
1037:Vietnam
1008:Vietnam
886:
829:Netflix
811:Vietnam
592:
536:Wang Yi
512:Spratly
439:中国南海岛屿图
433:南海諸島位置圖
413:南海諸島位置圖
353:
325:
7686:Africa
7670:Tuvalu
7609:Sweden
7599:Russia
7594:Poland
7584:Norway
7569:Latvia
7564:Kosovo
7544:France
7517:Europe
7503:Turkey
7443:Israel
7363:Mexico
7338:Canada
7333:Brazil
7328:Belize
7292:Malawi
7282:Gambia
7260:Africa
7175:Soviet
6979:Africa
6825:Sweden
6815:Serbia
6805:Russia
6790:Poland
6785:Norway
6755:Kosovo
6730:Greece
6720:France
6700:Cyprus
6663:Europe
6622:Turkey
6607:Taiwan
6481:Israel
6441:Brunei
6436:Bhutan
6370:Panama
6360:Mexico
6300:Canada
6295:Brazil
6249:Zambia
6244:Uganda
6184:Rwanda
6139:Malawi
6099:Guinea
6089:Gambia
5999:Angola
5987:Africa
5796:France
5745:Ticino
5720:Istria
5665:Kosovo
5660:Serbia
5648:Enosis
5643:Greece
5583:Crimea
5578:Russia
5561:Poland
5404:Cyprus
5399:Turkey
5389:Israel
5369:Cyprus
5286:Mexico
5276:Canada
5261:Mexico
5249:Canada
5211:Africa
4901:Taiwan
4696:Brunei
4627:(1988)
4621:(1975)
4483:Ships
4469:(2014)
4463:(2012)
4457:(2012)
4451:(1988)
4445:(1975)
4439:(1974)
4433:(1944)
3949:Ground
3643:about
3390:7 July
3362:7 July
3336:7 July
3304:7 July
3278:3 July
2899:
2889:
2808:22 May
2782:
2772:
2692:
2552:
2506:
2498:
2490:
2462:Nature
2442:
2432:
2424:
2377:
2369:
2361:
2335:Nature
2160:16 May
2096:1 July
2066:7 July
1881:: 124.
1759:14 May
1661:18 May
1365:
1285:
1197:29 May
1170:22 May
1140:22 May
1114:2 June
1103:Malaya
1035:, and
1029:Brunei
937:Barbie
910:Barbie
902:Barbie
729:UNCLOS
704:Nature
526:) and
453:After
274:, the
270:, the
7660:Palau
7650:Nauru
7604:Spain
7559:Italy
7448:Japan
7433:India
7421:China
7358:Haiti
7343:Chile
7287:Libya
6989:BRICS
6911:Tonga
6901:Samoa
6881:Nauru
6820:Spain
6750:Italy
6654:Yemen
6602:Syria
6570:Qatar
6538:Nepal
6486:Japan
6461:India
6345:Haiti
6305:Chile
6224:Sudan
6174:Niger
6129:Libya
6114:Kenya
6094:Ghana
6084:Gabon
6064:Egypt
6004:Benin
5880:Samoa
5740:Savoy
5730:Malta
5705:Corfu
5700:Italy
5693:Italy
5672:Spain
5520:Timor
5495:Korea
5490:Japan
5473:China
5442:Nepal
5437:India
5416:Yemen
5394:Syria
5319:Chile
4721:China
4297:South
3678:(PDF)
2585:(PDF)
2578:(PDF)
2504:S2CID
2375:S2CID
2123:(PDF)
2116:(PDF)
1804:(PDF)
1797:(PDF)
1502:(PDF)
1441:(PDF)
1430:(PDF)
1363:JSTOR
1355:(PDF)
990:Notes
893:]
667:ASEAN
317:南海断续线
308:) or
7409:Asia
7373:Peru
7272:Chad
6891:Niue
6866:Fiji
6508:Laos
6476:Iraq
6471:Iran
6409:Asia
6375:Peru
6320:Cuba
6234:Togo
6144:Mali
6039:Chad
5735:Nice
5384:Iraq
5379:Iran
5291:Cuba
4276:East
4218:West
4064:WNW
4049:NNW
3689:2022
3624:2023
3587:2023
3555:2023
3530:2023
3502:2023
3474:2023
3446:2023
3418:2023
3392:2023
3364:2023
3338:2023
3306:2023
3280:2023
3254:2023
3226:2023
3194:2023
3168:2023
3140:2022
3114:2021
3088:2021
3062:2021
3036:2019
2985:2021
2957:2021
2931:2019
2897:OCLC
2887:ISBN
2843:2016
2810:2024
2780:OCLC
2770:ISBN
2745:2016
2690:ISBN
2654:2016
2642:TIME
2623:2016
2593:2016
2550:ISSN
2496:PMID
2488:ISSN
2440:PMID
2422:ISSN
2367:PMID
2359:ISSN
2316:2023
2270:2013
2243:2013
2192:2014
2162:2016
2131:2015
2098:2017
2068:2023
2042:2011
2015:2011
1988:2015
1958:2024
1933:2018
1906:2011
1812:2015
1761:2014
1730:2014
1690:2018
1663:2020
1629:2016
1595:2018
1560:2024
1476:2016
1337:2018
1283:ISBN
1259:2021
1225:2021
1199:2015
1172:2015
1142:2015
1116:2011
1078:2015
1019:The
1002:The
822:ESPN
813:and
791:The
589:lit.
350:lit.
345:十一段線
322:lit.
246:The
164:十一段线
148:十一段線
3607:Vox
2542:doi
2478:doi
2466:478
2430:PMC
2414:doi
2351:doi
2339:478
1217:人民网
951:Vox
603:).
364:).
305:断续线
85:九段线
69:九段線
7860::
7768:/
7749:/
7088:/
5914:·
5910:·
5906:·
5902:·
5898:·
4146:SW
4110:SE
4079:NE
3957:NW
3680:.
3673:.
3614:.
3610:.
3604:.
3578:.
3572:.
3546:.
3519:.
3491:.
3463:.
3435:.
3409:.
3381:.
3355:.
3326:.
3296:.
3270:.
3243:.
3215:.
3184:.
3157:.
3131:.
3104:.
3079:.
3053:.
3026:.
3020:.
3001:.
2974:.
2947:.
2917:.
2895:.
2860:.
2833:.
2827:.
2801:.
2778:.
2735:.
2731:.
2688:.
2684:.
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2644:.
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2609:.
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2548:.
2540:.
2530:87
2528:.
2524:.
2502:.
2494:.
2486:.
2476:.
2464:.
2460:.
2438:.
2428:.
2420:.
2412:.
2400:.
2396:.
2373:.
2365:.
2357:.
2349:.
2337:.
2333:.
2307:.
2301:.
2260:.
2233:.
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2178:.
2152:.
2148:.
2118:.
2084:.
2059:.
1978:.
1966:^
1949:.
1896:.
1835:.
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1716:.
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1568:^
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1467:.
1432:.
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1379:^
1369:.
1357:.
1316:^
1306:.
1261:.
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1227:.
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1064:.
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891:zh
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