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of stone, situated on the shore, and that on learning of Saint Martin's death, Ninian dedicated the church to him; that a certain rich and powerful "King
Tuduvallus" was converted by him; that he died after having converted the Picts and returned home, being buried in a stone sarcophagus near the altar of his church; and that he had once travelled with his brother, named "Plebia".
487:
1744:
382:. These are the sources of information about Ninian of Whithorn, and all provide seemingly innocuous personal details about his life. However, there is no unchallenged historical evidence to support any of their stories, and all sources had political and religious agendas that were served by their accounts of Saint Ninian (discussed below).
227:. Linguistic variations across the territories associated with each saint have provided evidence that the Ninian preserved in literary tradition originated from this individual. This article discusses the particulars and origins of what has come to be known as the "traditional" stories of Saint Ninian.
561:
in
Ireland, and eventually died in Ireland; that his mother was a Spanish princess; that his father wished to regain him after having assented to his training for an ecclesiastical state; that a bell comes from heaven to call together his disciples; that a wooden church was raised by him, with beams
515:
includes the following incidental information regarding Saint Ninian: that his father was a
Christian king; that he was consecrated a bishop in Rome and that he met Saint Martin in Tours; that Saint Martin sent masons with him on his homeward journey, at his request; that these masons built a church
312:
There is as yet no unchallenged connection of the historical record to the person who was Bede's Ninian. However, the unlikelihood that the reputable historian Bede invented Ninian without some basis in the historical record, combined with an increased knowledge of
Ireland's early saints and
647:
Dedications to Saint Ninian are expressions of respect for the good works that are attributed to him, and the authenticity of the stories about him are not relevant to that point. Almost all of the dedications have their origins in the medieval era, after Aelred wrote his account.
581:
Ussher's contribution is often disparaged, as he both invented fictitious histories and misquoted legitimate manuscripts to suit his own purposes. Still, he had access to legitimate manuscripts, and he has contributed to some versions of the traditional stories.
411:, and that he is buried at Whithorn. Variations of the story add that he had actually met St Martin, that his father was a Christian king, and that he was buried in a stone sarcophagus near the altar of his church. Further variations assert that he left for
535:), all of whom would have been pleased to have a manuscript with such a glowing description of a Galwegian and Scottish saint. His work is what Thomas Heffernan refers to as a "sacred biography", probably intended for a politically ambitious audience.
566:
with no experience at architecture was the builder of the church. He adds that a smith and his son, named respectively "Terna" and "Wyn", witnessed a miracle by Ninian and that the saint was granted lands to be called "Wytterna".
1284:, which contained a request for the intercession of Saint Ninian; however, Ussher edited the manuscript to change parts of it, and among his changes was the omission of Alcuin's request, but leaving other parts of it intact.
870:
2815:
780:
960:
807:
709:
was traditionally known as St Ninian's Point, where the missionary reputedly landed after a voyage from
Scotland. These connections reflect a strong Ulster-Scots heritage in both areas of Ulster.
1253::44 "The Irish Life was written long after Ninian's death, by an author of little discretion, who wished to adjust the conduct of the Saint to the usages of his own time." in the
590:
Others who wrote of Saint Ninian used the accounts of Bede, Aelred, or Ussher, or used derivatives of them in combination with information from various manuscripts. This includes
286:. The full nature of the relationship is uncertain. Also at this time, Northumbria was establishing bishoprics in its sphere of influence, to be subordinate to the Northumbrian
282:'s account in 731, the Northumbrians had enjoyed an unbroken relationship with Galloway for a century or longer, beginning with the Northumbrian predecessor state of
263:
in the 6th century because they were not yet
Christian, and thus could not be called 'apostate'. Northumbria had established a bishopric among the Southern Picts at
961:
https://api.researchrepository.uwa.edu.au/portalfiles/portal/14262963/O_Neill._Six_Degrees_of_Whiteness_Finbarr_Finnian_Finnian_Ninian_Candida_Casa_and_Hwiterne.pdf
2932:
2520:
735:
680:
2967:
2182:
2810:
2273:
1776:
1448:
959:
O'Neill, Pamela. (2007). "Six degrees of whiteness: "Finbarr, Finnian, Finnian, Ninian, Candida Casa and
Hwiterne." JAMEA (2007) vol. 3. pp. 259-268.
2658:
2153:
854:
211:
Ninian's identity is uncertain, and historians have identified the name "Ninian" with other historical figures. A popular hypothesis proposed by
2283:
2034:
758:
335:
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2007:
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for 'White House'). Nothing is known about his teachings, and there is no unchallenged authority for information about his life.
527:
sometime after spending ten years at the
Scottish court and thus had close connections both to the Scottish royal family and to
215:, a researcher and professor of Celtic studies, posits that Ninian can be identified with three other historical figures: Saint
2937:
2854:
2212:
2002:
1885:
2952:
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2293:
2029:
2019:
1081:
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is a Roman
Catholic church constructed in 1932 that is dedicated to Ninian. St Martin and St Ninian is a Catholic church in
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2318:
2240:
1855:
1769:
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2413:
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1815:
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2024:
2014:
1987:
1830:
519:
Aelred said that in addition to finding information about Ninian in Bede, he took much additional information for his
415:, and died there in 432. Dates for his birth are derived from the traditional mention of St Martin, who died in 397.
819:
2753:
2547:
2255:
2249:
2099:
2044:
1925:
1682:
523:
from a source written in a "barbarous language"; there is no further information about this text. Aelred wrote his
294:
in 731, and Bede's account serves to support the legitimacy of the new
Northumbrian bishopric. The Bernician name
235:
The Southern Picts, for whom Ninian is held to be the apostle, were the Picts south of the mountains known as the
2832:
2827:
2509:
2177:
1992:
1060:, Religion, Politics and Society in Britain (ed. Keith Robbins), Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, p. 113,
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1962:
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356:
169:, and there are numerous dedications to him in those parts of Scotland with a Pictish heritage, throughout the
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430:
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20:
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1900:
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731:, save for Kilninian and the Holy Spring of St Ninian of the Orthodox Mull Monastery on the Isle of Mull.
272:
2800:
2715:
2687:
2663:
2503:
2428:
2363:
2143:
2094:
1947:
1935:
1235::11 "The Irish life referred to by Archbishop Ussher does not appear entitled to much consideration" in
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1977:
1957:
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1031:
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314:
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Whithorn's early Christian connections, has led to serious scholarly efforts to find Bede's basis.
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1997:
1972:
1967:
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712:
There are also dedications elsewhere in the world where there is a Scottish heritage, such as
574:
attributes the "traditional" date of Ninian's death (16 September 432) ultimately to Ussher's
170:
95:
1523:
1369:
1271:
1035:
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1700:
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2725:
2705:
2323:
2207:
1295:
1144:
1086:
1003:
676:
468:
400:
309:, or 'white house' in modern English, and it has survived as the modern name of Whithorn.
259:
Picts'. Patrick could not have been referring to the Northern Picts who were converted by
224:
135:
118:
995:
2710:
1552:
Descriptive Catalogue of Materials Relating to the History of Great Britain and Ireland
698:
684:
660:
656:
244:
240:
58:
639:
271:. This effort was abandoned shortly after the Picts defeated the Northumbrians at the
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375:
247:. That they had once been Christian is known from a 5th-century mention of them by
201:
150:
1728:
694:
date from the time of medieval Scottish dominance, and are not natively inspired.
463:; that he made his church of stone, which was unusual among the Britons; that his
52:
1657:
1643:
1609:
1598:
1587:
1576:
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1539:
1512:
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691:
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340:
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90:
1704:
631:) is discounted as a non-historical account, and copies are not widely extant.
1895:
885:
717:
154:
1058:
The Conversion of Britain: Religion, Politics and Society in Britain, 600–800
942:
2232:
754:
321:(The Book of Hymns of the Ancient Church of Ireland), suggested that it was
278:
Christianity had flourished in Galloway in the 6th century. By the time of
1743:
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2313:
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702:
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27:
1042:, Dublin: The Irish Archaeological and Celtic Society, pp. 98–108
2639:
1564:
Insula Sanctorum Et Doctorum (Ireland's Ancient Schools and Scholars)
1281:
664:
236:
112:
1754:
1278:, vol. I, London: C. Kegan Paul & Co, p. 55 (footnote)
333:
The earliest mention of Ninian of Whithorn is in a short passage of
1567:(5th ed.), Dublin: Sealy, Bryers & Walker (published 1908)
1541:
The Historians of Scotland: The Lives of S. Ninian and S. Kentigern
1530:, London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, pp. 23–32
1374:
The Historians of Scotland: The Lives of S. Ninian and S. Kentigern
1129:
The Historians of Scotland: The Lives of S. Ninian and S. Kentigern
1040:
Leabhar Imuinn (The Book of Hymns of the Ancient Church of Ireland)
1627:(8), Glasgow: James Maclehose and Sons (published 1905): 378–388,
1619:
Scott, Archibald Black (July 1905), "Nynia in Northern Pictland",
1173:
Sacred Biography: Saints and their Biographers in the Middle Ages,
845:
652:
542:
485:
472:
451:
says that Ninian (whose name he only renders in the ablative case
429:
404:
303:
205:
158:
39:
1504:
1018:
563:
460:
448:
435:
390:
344:
279:
1758:
1589:
Influence of the Pre-Reformation Church on Scottish Place-Names
1557:— many references to, and comments upon, sources of information
753:
In Scotland the date 16 September is celebrated as St Ninian's
57:
Saint Ninian as intercessor ("Ora pro nobis, Sancte Niniane").
651:
The dedications are found throughout the lands of the ancient
483:; and that he was buried there, along with many other saints.
1296:"Letter of Alcuin to the Monks of Candid Casa, A.D. 782–804"
153:
saint, first mentioned in the 8th century as being an early
1555:, vol. I, London: Longman, green, Longman, and Roberts
325:, and that view has gained traction among modern scholars.
1611:
Lives of the English Saints: St. Aelred, Abbot of Rievaulx
1517:, vol. II, London: Whittaker and Co. (published 1863)
643:
Dedications to St Ninian (England, Scotland, Isle of Man).
655:
of Scotland, throughout Scotland south of the Firths of
1659:
The Whole Works of the Most Reverend James Ussher, D.D.
1648:, vol. II (2nd ed.), Edinburgh: David Douglas
789:, Glasserton, Wigtownshire by Sir Herbert Maxwell. 1885
1693:"Ninian [St Ninian] (supp. fl. 5th–6th cent.)"
1608:
Newman, John Henry; Hutton, Arthur Wollaston (1845),
506:
Leaving aside the stories regarding miracles, in the
1302:, Glasgow: James Maclehose and Sons, pp. 226–27
1202::199–209, 228, 251 – claims regarding Ninian in his
2776:
2724:
2686:
2677:
2474:
2461:
2340:
2231:
2080:
2071:
2062:
1934:
1806:
1686:. Vol. XVII (9th ed.). 1884. p. 513.
876:
St Martin and St Ninian Catholic Church in Whithorn
134:
124:
109:
83:
75:
70:
37:
1656:(1639), "Britannicarum Ecclesiarum Antiquitates",
360:records some of the miracles attributed to him. A
723:There is a noticeable lack of dedications in the
621:The anonymously written 8th-century hagiographic
471:; that he preached to and converted the southern
1280:– Ussher printed a manuscript of the letters of
336:The Ecclesiastical History of the English People
1600:The Surnames and Place-names of the Isle of Man
1544:, vol. V, Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas
1113:When the nation of the Picts received the faith
983:, Dublin: Hodges, Smith, & Co., p. 384
578:, noting that the date is "without authority".
550:, Archbishop of Armagh, Primate of All Ireland.
1276:History of the Holy Eucharist in Great Britain
393:, that he established an episcopal see at the
239:, which cross Scotland north of the Firths of
1770:
1002:– Excavations at the predecessor building of
8:
1478:. Church Publishing, Inc. 17 December 2019.
1232:
490:Saint Ailred (or Aelred), from an 1845 book.
63:Book of Hours of the Virgin and Saint Ninian
1645:Celtic Scotland: A History of Ancient Alban
618:), and many others, up to the present day.
2683:
2471:
2467:
2346:
2077:
2068:
1940:
1777:
1763:
1755:
1300:Early Scottish Charters Prior to A.D. 1153
736:St Ninian and Triduana's Church, Edinburgh
681:St Ninian and Triduana's Church, Edinburgh
51:
34:
1514:The Miscellaneous Works of Venerable Bede
1401:
1327:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
1241:, for example; and elsewhere in the book.
16:5th-century bishop, missionary, and saint
638:
557:wrote that Ninian left Candida Casa for
290:. One such bishopric was established at
1697:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1592:, Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons
933:
776:
399:in Whithorn, that he named the see for
1365:
1199:
1184:
1156:
1139:
1124:
1000:, Edinburgh: David Douglas, p. 21
716:. St Ninian's Cathedral is located in
705:; and a spot formerly on the shore of
380:Brittanicarum Ecclesiarum Antiquitates
2933:Bishops of Galloway (pre-Reformation)
1384:
1348:
1325:Koch, John T. (2005), "Ninian, St.",
1312:
1250:
1215:
1189:Introduction to the Life of S. Ninian
997:Studies in the Topography of Galloway
165:. For this reason he is known as the
7:
2105:Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland
1578:An Ecclesiastical History of Ireland
1082:"Not a saint but a spelling mistake"
949:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
813:Votives at St Ninian's Cave entrance
671:, and in parts of northern England.
1370:List of dedications to Saint Ninian
1294:Lawrie, Archibald Campbell (1905),
1107:
697:There are dedications to Ninian in
479:, which was in the province of the
2968:Christian missionaries in Scotland
1021:found on them are later additions.
744:Roman Catholic Diocese of Galloway
385:Tradition holds that Ninian was a
200:, where he is associated with the
14:
2531:Scottish Qualifications Authority
2268:Office of the Accountant of Court
2193:Member of the Scottish Parliament
1404:mentions are throughout the book.
1080:Christopher Howse (6 June 2014).
1036:"Note B: St. Finnian of Maghbile"
994:Maxwell, Herbert Eustace (1887),
848:seal, depicting St Ninian (1906).
403:, that he converted the southern
317:, in his 1855 publication of the
1742:
1586:Mackinlay, James Murray (1904),
1270:Bridgett, Thomas Edward (1881),
888:
869:
864:seal, depicting St Ninian (1906)
853:
837:
818:
806:
794:
779:
742:, constructed in 1959–60 in the
1145:The Life of S. Ninian by Ailred
1110::271, 273 Book III Chapter IV,
981:St. Patrick, Apostle of Ireland
594:(1393–1464), John of Tinmouth (
562:delivered by stags; and that a
1621:The Scottish Historical Review
1597:Moore, Arthur William (1890),
1272:"Catholicity of North-Britons"
1175:Oxford University Press, 1992.
675:is the Episcopal cathedral in
255:, where he refers to them as '
181:heritage. He is also known as
1:
1549:Hardy, Thomas Duffus (1862),
1528:The Celtic Church in Scotland
612:
600:
496:
420:
370:) was written around 1160 by
348:
192:Ninian's major shrine was at
167:Apostle to the Southern Picts
71:Apostle to the Southern Picts
2963:5th-century Scottish bishops
2958:5th-century Christian saints
1881:Colonisation of the Americas
1729:UK public library membership
1475:Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018
801:Entrance to St Ninian's Cave
757:. Ninian is honoured in the
748:Harry Stuart Goodhart-Rendel
687:church dedicated to Ninian.
140:Episcopal, Bell of St Ninian
1699:. Oxford University Press.
475:; that his base was called
459:who had been instructed in
173:, and in parts of Northern
2989:
2553:Inventions and discoveries
2256:Supreme Courts of Scotland
1438:accessdate=18 October 2017
1354:Nynia in Northern Pictland
1329:, ABC-CLIO, p. 1358,
977:"The Epistle on Coroticus"
25:
18:
2943:Northern Brythonic saints
2881:
2828:Scottish Episcopal Church
2510:Curriculum for Excellence
2470:
2349:
1943:
1793:
1536:Forbes, Alexander Penrose
947:The Catholic Encyclopedia
629:Miracles of Bishop Ninian
531:(who would resurrect the
50:
2264:High Court of Justiciary
1524:"The Life of St. Ninian"
1233:Newman & Hutton 1845
1221:The Churches in the West
923:("Life of Saint Ninian")
635:Dedications to St Ninian
378:discusses Ninian in his
357:Miracula Nyniae Episcopi
26:Not to be confused with
2838:Free Church of Scotland
2125:International relations
1683:Encyclopædia Britannica
1238:St. Ninian's early days
624:Miracula Nynie Episcopi
354:. The 8th-century poem
161:peoples of what is now
21:Ninian (disambiguation)
2938:People from Cumberland
2419:Royal Bank of Scotland
2115:Great Seal of Scotland
1705:10.1093/ref:odnb/20198
1691:Braun, Dauvit (2004).
1662:, vol. VI, Dublin
1614:, London: James Toovey
1603:, London: Elliot Stock
1161:The Life of St. Ninian
941:Huddleston, G (1911).
644:
551:
491:
445:
273:Battle of Dun Nechtain
2953:Romano-British saints
2716:British Sign Language
2183:Members of Parliament
2110:Deputy First Minister
1948:Anglo-Scottish border
1916:Industrial Revolution
1640:Skene, William Forbes
1581:, vol. I, Dublin
1522:Dowden, John (1894),
1453:The Church of England
673:St Ninian's Cathedral
642:
546:
533:Bishopric of Galloway
489:
469:Saint Martin of Tours
433:
401:Saint Martin of Tours
189:in Northern England.
2659:World Heritage Sites
1856:Wars of Independence
1751:at Wikimedia Commons
1561:Healy, John (1890),
1032:Todd, James Henthorn
973:Todd, James Henthorn
746:. The architect was
363:Life of Saint Ninian
185:in Scotland, and as
19:For other uses, see
2449:International trade
2003:Mountains and hills
1911:Highland Clearances
1886:Glorious Revolution
1851:Davidian Revolution
1798:Outline of Scotland
1390:Distinctive Affixes
1315:throughout the book
1008:Saint Ninian's Cave
920:Vita Sancti Niniani
734:In the modern era,
690:Dedications on the
509:Vita Sancti Niniani
389:who had studied in
368:Vita Sancti Niniani
315:James Henthorn Todd
253:Letter to Coroticus
2806:Church of Scotland
2598:Royal National Mòd
2536:Education Scotland
2309:Scots property law
2304:College of Justice
2213:Secretary of State
2035:Biosphere reserves
1906:Lowland Clearances
1891:1707 Acts of Union
1171:Thomas Heffernan,
1014:from this period.
725:Scottish Highlands
645:
552:
529:Fergus of Galloway
492:
446:
436:The Venerable Bede
372:Ailred of Rievaulx
323:Finnian of Moville
288:Archbishop of York
221:Finnian of Clonard
217:Finnian of Moville
213:Thomas Owen Clancy
101:Anglican Communion
2910:
2909:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2865:Ethnic minorities
2823:Roman Catholicism
2772:
2771:
2457:
2456:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2319:Prison population
2299:Sheriff principal
2294:Solicitor General
2289:Procurator fiscal
2198:Political parties
2058:
2057:
1836:Early Middle Ages
1747:Media related to
1727:(subscription or
1714:978-0-19-861412-8
1677:"St Ninian"
1485:978-1-64065-235-4
1336:978-1-85109-440-0
1268:for example, see
1067:978-0-582-77292-2
1010:, had discovered
831:Bell of St Ninian
759:Church of England
525:Life of S. Ninian
521:Life of S. Ninian
477:Ad Candidam Casam
329:Traditional story
171:Scottish Lowlands
144:
143:
96:Eastern Orthodoxy
84:Venerated in
2980:
2890:
2811:General Assembly
2701:Scottish English
2696:Highland English
2684:
2573:Oldest buildings
2472:
2468:
2414:Renewable energy
2359:Bank of Scotland
2347:
2260:Court of Session
2241:Advocate General
2171:Military history
2149:Local government
2078:
2069:
1941:
1861:Late Middle Ages
1846:High Middle Ages
1779:
1772:
1765:
1756:
1746:
1732:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1687:
1679:
1663:
1649:
1635:
1615:
1604:
1593:
1582:
1568:
1556:
1545:
1531:
1518:
1490:
1489:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1445:
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1387::214–15, 306 In
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914:St Ninian's Well
909:St Ninian's Isle
904:Isle of Whithorn
898:
893:
892:
891:
873:
857:
841:
822:
810:
798:
787:St Ninian's Cave
783:
763:Episcopal Church
617:
614:
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501:
498:
467:was named after
425:
422:
353:
350:
115:
55:
35:
2988:
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2706:Scottish Gaelic
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2578:Performing arts
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2324:Police Scotland
2227:
2208:Scotland Office
2054:
2015:Protected areas
1930:
1802:
1789:
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1669:Further reading
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1087:Daily Telegraph
1079:
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1004:Whithorn Priory
993:
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865:
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790:
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720:, Nova Scotia.
637:
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438:translates John
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269:Bishop Trumwine
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225:Finbarr of Cork
119:Whithorn Priory
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2045:Municipalities
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2017:
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1449:"The Calendar"
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1419:Mull Monastery
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1402:Mackinlay 1904
1394:
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1317:
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1259:, for example.
1243:
1225:
1208:
1204:Life of Ninian
1192:
1177:
1164:
1149:
1132:
1127::frontispiece
1117:
1100:
1072:
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1054:Yorke, Barbara
1045:
1034:, ed. (1855),
1023:
1012:Celtic crosses
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576:Life of Ninian
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374:, and in 1639
330:
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319:Leabhar Imuinn
267:in 681, under
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2209:
2206:
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2203:Republicanism
2201:
2199:
2196:
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1573:Lanigan, John
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896:Saints portal
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750:(1887–1959).
749:
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707:Belfast Lough
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592:John Capgrave
586:Other sources
585:
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579:
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570:In addition,
568:
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539:Ussher (1639)
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442:J. D. Penrose
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2796:Christianity
2786:Baháʼí Faith
2679:Demographics
2623:coat of arms
2593:Prostitution
2526:Universities
2508:
2484:Architecture
2444:Unemployment
2439:Silicon Glen
2399:Oil industry
2384:Harris Tweed
2274:Crown Office
2166:Armed forces
2144:Independence
2132:Human rights
1963:Conservation
1953:Central Belt
1871:Early modern
1749:Saint Ninian
1718:. Retrieved
1696:
1681:
1658:
1644:
1624:
1620:
1610:
1599:
1588:
1577:
1563:
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1540:
1527:
1513:
1509:Giles, J. A.
1497:Bibliography
1474:
1468:
1456:. Retrieved
1452:
1443:
1434:
1422:. Retrieved
1418:
1409:
1397:
1388:
1380:
1373:
1361:
1352:
1344:
1326:
1320:
1308:
1299:
1289:
1275:
1264:
1254:
1246:
1236:
1228:
1219:
1211:
1203:
1195:
1188:
1180:
1172:
1167:
1160:
1152:
1143:
1135:
1128:
1120:
1111:
1103:
1091:. Retrieved
1085:
1075:
1057:
1048:
1039:
1026:
996:
989:
980:
967:
955:
946:
943:"St. Ninian"
936:
918:
830:
826:
767:16 September
752:
733:
722:
711:
699:East Donegal
696:
689:
650:
646:
628:
622:
620:
589:
580:
575:
569:
559:Cluayn-coner
558:
555:James Ussher
553:
548:James Ussher
524:
520:
518:
507:
505:
476:
452:
447:
434:
409:Christianity
396:Candida Casa
394:
384:
379:
376:James Ussher
367:
361:
355:
341:Northumbrian
334:
332:
318:
311:
307:candida casa
306:
295:
277:
252:
234:
223:, and Saint
210:
202:Candida Casa
191:
186:
182:
179:Northumbrian
166:
146:
145:
130:16 September
62:
32:
2354:Agriculture
2218:Nationalism
2137:LGBT rights
2040:Environment
1921:Romanticism
1876:Reformation
1866:Renaissance
1831:Middle Ages
1826:Roman times
1821:Prehistoric
1424:29 December
1415:"Kilninian"
1368::xiii–xvii
1366:Forbes 1874
1200:Ussher 1639
1185:Forbes 1874
1157:Dowden 1894
1140:Forbes 1874
1125:Forbes 1874
1016:Old English
761:and in the
714:Nova Scotia
692:Isle of Man
616: 1657
609:John Colgan
604: 1366
500: 1160
300:Old English
91:Catholicism
2928:432 deaths
2923:360 births
2917:Categories
2816:Moderators
2759:Scientists
2645:regimental
2588:Placenames
2583:Philosophy
2558:Literature
2188:Parliament
2120:Government
2090:Devolution
2073:Government
2030:Ecoregions
2020:Waterfalls
1896:Jacobitism
1385:Moore 1890
1349:Scott 1905
1313:Hardy 1862
1251:Hardy 1862
1216:Skene 1887
1206:, in Latin
1159::23–32 In
928:References
827:Clog-rinny
718:Antigonish
481:Bernicians
444:, c. 1902.
424: 731
352: 731
231:Background
157:among the
155:missionary
136:Attributes
2801:Christmas
2754:Musicians
2749:Inventors
2688:Languages
2664:Festivals
2504:Education
2429:Transport
2369:Companies
2364:Charities
2095:Elections
1983:Highlands
1936:Geography
1731:required)
1351::378–388
1006:, and at
860:Burgh of
844:Burgh of
755:Feast Day
151:Christian
2897:Category
2845:Hinduism
2791:Buddhism
2778:Religion
2608:Surnames
2548:Identity
2543:Hogmanay
2521:Colleges
2379:Forestry
2314:Udal law
2223:Unionism
2178:Monarchs
2082:Politics
2064:Politics
1998:Lowlands
1816:Timeline
1786:Scotland
1720:31 March
1642:(1887),
1633:25517649
1575:(1822),
1538:(1874),
1458:27 March
1256:footnote
1218::3–4 In
1108:Bede 731
1056:(2007),
975:(1864),
882:See also
862:Whithorn
740:Whithorn
669:Shetland
495:Aelred (
455:) was a
302:for the
296:hwit ærn
292:Whithorn
284:Bernicia
275:in 685.
265:Abercorn
257:apostate
219:, Saint
198:Galloway
194:Whithorn
187:Trynnian
163:Scotland
2888:Outline
2860:Sikhism
2855:Judaism
2764:Writers
2744:Artists
2652:unicorn
2613:Symbols
2563:Museums
2516:Schools
2499:Cuisine
2476:Culture
2463:Society
2424:Tourism
2389:Housing
2374:Fishing
2342:Economy
2154:History
2008:Highest
1988:Islands
1978:Geology
1958:Climate
1841:Kingdom
1808:History
1511:(ed.),
1507:(731),
773:Gallery
703:Belfast
599:
413:Ireland
339:by the
251:in his
177:with a
175:England
159:Pictish
61:in the
28:Nennius
2902:Portal
2739:Actors
2726:People
2669:Comedy
2640:tartan
2618:anthem
2434:Whisky
2246:Courts
2159:Cities
1926:Modern
1711:
1631:
1482:
1333:
1282:Alcuin
1187::iv–v
1142::1–26
1093:9 June
1064:
665:Orkney
611:(died
564:harper
513:Aelred
457:Briton
419:Bede (
387:Briton
237:Mounth
183:Ringan
147:Ninian
113:shrine
111:Major
79:AD 432
45:Ninian
2850:Islam
2711:Scots
2628:flags
2603:Sport
2568:Music
2494:Clans
2394:Media
2050:Munro
2025:Glens
1993:Lochs
1973:Flora
1968:Fauna
1629:JSTOR
1019:runes
846:Nairn
829:, or
729:Isles
683:is a
677:Perth
663:, in
661:Forth
657:Clyde
653:Picts
572:Skene
473:Picts
453:Nynia
440:, by
405:Picts
343:monk
304:Latin
245:Forth
241:Clyde
206:Latin
149:is a
126:Feast
40:Saint
2730:list
2250:List
1722:2021
1709:ISBN
1505:Bede
1480:ISBN
1460:2021
1426:2021
1331:ISBN
1095:2014
1062:ISBN
825:The
727:and
701:and
667:and
659:and
461:Rome
449:Bede
391:Rome
345:Bede
280:Bede
243:and
76:Died
2489:Art
2233:Law
1701:doi
765:on
607:),
596:fl.
407:to
347:in
298:is
196:in
2919::
2266:,
2262:,
1707:.
1695:.
1680:.
1625:II
1623:,
1526:,
1451:.
1417:.
1372:,
1298:,
1274:,
1084:.
1038:,
979:,
945:.
769:.
679:.
613:c.
601:c.
497:c.
421:c.
349:c.
2732:)
2728:(
2405:)
2401:(
2270:)
2258:(
2252:)
2248:(
1778:e
1771:t
1764:v
1724:.
1703::
1488:.
1462:.
1428:.
1097:.
627:(
502:)
426:)
366:(
204:(
30:.
23:.
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