125:. Possibly the type of springs she was associated with was perceived as a symbol of death. However, Steiger notes that future studies of her character will need to take into account that salt also had positive associations in Mesopotamian culture, chiefly as a valuable ware or as an agent of
192:. She also appears in the fourth ritual from a series pertaining to funerary rites of the same monarch which has been discovered in Puzrish-Dagan. According to this text, she received an offering of sacrificial animals alongside deities such as
118:, but more recent publications by Dina Katz (2007), Annabelle Staiger (2010) and Jose Hernández (2013) consistently use the reading "Ninpumuna." Mark E. Cohen already referred to her as "Ninpumunna" in a monograph published in 1993.
114:
255:
and a deity whose name is not fully preserved. Similar associations between her and underworld deities are commonly attested in other available sources. She is also attested in association with
168:
of
Ninpumuna" appears in a document from the same location dealing with deliveries for Usaga, a possible member of the royal family, and to an
608:
589:
Staiger, Annabelle (2010). "Ninpumuna, die Herrin des
Salzbrunnens". In Shehata, Dahlia; Weiershäuser, Frauke; Zand, Kamran V. (eds.).
263:. Based on her connection to Ningishzida, Annabelle Steiger suggests that she might have been worshiped in his cult center, Gishbanda.
571:
523:
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is stated to be responsible for offering sheep to
Ninpumuna. However, she also had her own clergy, as evidenced by the fact that a "
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592:
Von Göttern und
Menschen: Beiträge zu Literatur und Geschichte des Alten Orients. Festschrift für Brigitte Groneberg
161:
252:
108:, "salt spring," is first attested in a document from the Early Dynastic period. The theonym is rendered as
643:
64:. It is assumed she was also an underworld deity. She is only attested in a handful of texts from the
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201:
564:
Performing death: social analyses of funerary traditions in the ancient Near East and
Mediterranean
126:
235:
In Ur
Nipumuna appears in two offering lists, in both of which she receives offerings alongside
232:, the deified king Amar-Sin, and others. The order in which they are arranged might be random.
84:. It has been proposed she was also worshiped in the cult center of the latter god, Gishbanda.
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Hernández, Jorge (2013). "The Role of the Saĝĝa in Ur III Based on the Puzriš-Dagān Texts".
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595:. Cuneiform Monographs (in German). Vol. 41. Brill. pp. 225–236.
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administrator." One ceremony involving
Ninpumuna took place in a temple of
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145:. All have been dated to roughly the same forty years old section of the
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559:
566:. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
188:, and apparently was overseen by the reigning king at the time,
149:, and most were specifically written during the reigns of kings
115:
Reallexikon der
Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie
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In a text from the latter of these two sites, a priestess of
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The only known texts which mention
Ninpumuna come from
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It is presumed that
Ninpumuna was associated with the
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76:, in which she can appear alongside deities such as
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36:
21:
545:. Penn State University Press. pp. 689–704.
495:Cavigneaux, Antoine; Krebernik, Manfred (1998),
516:The cultic calendars of the ancient Near East
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543:Time and History in the Ancient Near East
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92:Ninpumuna's name can be translated from
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560:"Sumerian Funerary Rituals in Context"
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7:
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335:
14:
289:Cavigneaux & Krebernik 1998
1:
518:. Bethesda, Md.: CDL Press.
501:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
228:, the underworld gatekeeper
208:, various manifestations of
562:. In Laneri, Nicola (ed.).
660:
601:10.1163/9789004187474_014
551:10.1515/9781575068565-059
26:
514:Cohen, Mark E. (1993).
634:Mesopotamian goddesses
239:, and in one also and
180:can be translated as "
639:Underworld goddesses
96:as "mistress of the
58:Mesopotamian goddess
47:, possibly Gishbanda
16:Mesopotamian goddess
558:Katz, Dina (2007).
418:, pp. 226–227.
394:, pp. 231–232.
382:, pp. 232–233.
127:ritual purification
610:978-90-04-18748-1
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428:Hernández 2013
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351:Hernández 2013
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110:Nin-TÚL-mun-na
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644:Salt springs
614:. Retrieved
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489:Bibliography
479:Staiger 2010
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443:Staiger 2010
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416:Staiger 2010
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404:Staiger 2010
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392:Staiger 2010
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304:Staiger 2010
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202:Belet-Šuḫnir
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113:
109:
101:
100:." The term
91:
62:salt springs
53:
52:
30:salt springs
503:(in German)
245:Ningishzida
218:Geshtinanna
176:. The term
98:salt spring
82:Ningishzida
28:Goddess of
628:Categories
616:2022-10-01
507:2022-10-01
368:Cohen 1993
267:References
162:Meslamtaea
123:underworld
582:156832396
467:Katz 2007
455:Katz 2007
336:Katz 2007
249:Ninazimua
241:Ningirida
226:Gilgamesh
194:Ninshubur
88:Character
54:Ninpumuna
22:Ninpumuna
534:27431674
261:Ninurima
174:Naplānum
155:Ibbi-Sin
151:Amar-Sin
94:Sumerian
257:Alammuš
222:Allatum
214:Shamash
190:Shu-Sin
170:Amorite
133:Worship
112:in the
607:
580:
570:
532:
522:
237:Ninazu
210:Inanna
186:Ninsun
182:temple
172:named
78:Ninazu
56:was a
178:saĝĝa
166:saĝĝa
68:from
605:ISBN
578:OCLC
568:ISBN
530:OCLC
520:ISBN
259:and
253:Alla
230:Bitu
206:Haya
153:and
141:and
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80:and
72:and
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198:Bau
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