216:
944:
328:
Witzel, Michael. “Macrocosm, Mesocosm, and
Microcosm: The Persistent Nature of 'Hindu' Beliefs and Symbolic Forms.” International Journal of Hindu Studies, vol. 1, no. 3, 1997, pp. 501–539. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/20106493. Accessed 10 Mar.
128:, mostly to seek protection from her or imploring for her during a possible departure. In one hymn (X.59), she is mentioned several times. This hymn, after summing up her nature, also asks for her in departure from the sacrificial site. In the
702:
The
Complete Hindoo Pantheon, Comprising the Principal Deities Worshipped by the Natives of British India Throughout Hindoostan: Being a Collection of the Gods and Goddesses Accompanied by a Succinct History and Descriptive of the
195:, he is presented as Aprajaḥ (one without children) who takes Adharma and Mṛṣā (untruth), two of Brahma's sons or creations, as adopted sons. Some texts identify Nirṛti with other inauspicious goddess,
250:
states that Nirṛti has a terrific appearance with ill-looking eyes, gaping mouth, and exposed teeth. The same scripture also gives a varying account that Nirṛti's vahana is a donkey and he holds a
110:
This term was used in Vedic texts to indicate a realm of non-existence and absolute darkness, which threatened to consume those who failed in their duties to sacrifice and procreate. In
175:(death), Bhaya (fear) and Mahabhaya (terror)—who were collectively referred to as Nairrita. Other texts portray her as the daughter of Adharma and Himsa (violence, the opposite of
790:
146:(X.1.2.9), she is associated with the southwest quarter as her region. But elsewhere in the same text (V.2.3.3.) she is mentioned as living in the kingdom of the dead.
107:
has the meaning of "absence of ṛta", meaning 'disorder', or 'lawlessness', specifically the guardian to the absence of divine or cosmic disorder.
783:
663:
636:
609:
582:
555:
528:
501:
425:
350:
306:
759:
395:
374:
776:
260:
also mentions that Nirṛti has four consorts named Devi, Krishnangi, Krishavandana and
Krishnapasha. According to the scripture
236:
and described as the son of Sthanu. Varying descriptions of the god Nirṛti are found in different scriptures. According to the
296:
518:
223:
According to some scholars and authors, the goddess Nirṛti transformed into a male in later Hindu mythology and became a
140:(I.6.1.4), Nirṛtī is described as dark, dressed in dark clothes and her sacrificial shares are dark husks. In the sacred
1127:
599:
71:
491:
1314:
720:
Puranic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and
Puranic literature
452:
Puranic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and
Puranic literature
1299:
1294:
1247:
1083:
246:
32:
149:
In later Hindu texts, Nirṛti was re-conceptualized as a deity. According to some texts, she is the wife of
545:
340:
417:
114:, there was no light, no food, and no children: none of the necessary elements of Vedic life and ritual.
262:
1254:
1062:
653:
601:
The Myths and Gods of India: The
Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism from the Princeton Bollingen Series
520:
The Myths and Gods of India: The
Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism from the Princeton Bollingen Series
1304:
1177:
932:
237:
142:
136:
700:
683:
751:
572:
1309:
1115:
755:
659:
632:
626:
605:
578:
551:
524:
497:
421:
391:
370:
346:
302:
196:
23:
1047:
191:
266:, Nirṛti resides in a city named Krishnajana, which is located in the southwestern part of
1273:
1002:
987:
811:
431:
204:
67:
718:
450:
901:
740:
723:. Robarts - University of Toronto. Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 62, 540.
1288:
1238:
799:
747:
160:
455:. Robarts - University of Toronto. Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass. p. 540.
1231:
1206:
1147:
943:
921:
803:
367:
Hindu
Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition
130:
51:
1213:
1142:
856:
267:
240:, Nirrti is dark-skinned with a large body and draped in yellow garments. His
215:
1201:
1132:
1022:
965:
881:
435:
413:
466:
768:
101:
1268:
1224:
1196:
1166:
1152:
1072:
1032:
1017:
876:
819:
225:
200:
168:
181:
92:
1218:
1191:
1052:
1027:
1007:
975:
970:
960:
886:
866:
861:
851:
846:
272:
219:
A painting of Nirrti riding a man and accompanied by servants, c. 1820.
164:
150:
124:
62:
who is lives in the kingdom of the dead. In later
Hinduism, Nirṛti and
1162:
1157:
1122:
1110:
1100:
1067:
1057:
992:
911:
891:
829:
824:
241:
233:
186:
176:
155:
1186:
1105:
1037:
997:
982:
906:
871:
834:
655:
Encyclopaedia of Indian
Iconography: Hinduism - Buddhism - Jainism
252:
214:
172:
90:(lit. 'to separate'). It can be interpreted as meaning "devoid of
55:
229:. Nirṛti is regarded as the guardian of the southwest direction.
1137:
1077:
1042:
1012:
952:
926:
916:
896:
841:
59:
772:
203:. In this context, she is described to have emerged from the
298:
In Praise of the Goddess: The Devimahatmya and Its Meaning
134:(V.7.9), she is described as having golden locks. In the
37:
1175:
1093:
951:
810:
739:
74:("guardian of the directions") of the southwest.
189:(personification of the hell) and Bhaya. In the
631:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 246.
490:Benard, Elisabeth; Moon, Beverly (2000-09-21).
685:Elements Of Hindu Iconography, Vol. II Part II
784:
167:who dwell in forests and the mother of three
8:
54:, personifying death, decay, and sorrow. In
652:Rao, Saligrama Krishna Ramachandra (2003).
625:Dikshitar, V. R. Ramachandra (1996-01-31).
388:The Indian Theogony: Brahmā, Viṣṇu and Śiva
270:. The city is said to have an area of 2500
232:Nirṛti is sometimes included as one of the
159:) that signifies an important component of
791:
777:
769:
547:Encyclopaedia of Hindu Gods and Goddesses
342:Encyclopaedia of Hindu Gods and Goddesses
324:
322:
320:
318:
122:Nirṛti is mentioned in the hymns of the
738:Dallapiccola, Anna L. (December 2002).
285:
179:); she married her brother—Arita (not
365:Kinsley, David (1987, reprint 2005).
7:
677:
675:
604:. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co.
577:. Penguin Books India. p. 283.
291:
289:
742:Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend
86:means 'decay' and is derived from
14:
550:. Sarup & Sons. p. 238.
301:. Nicolas-Hays, Inc. 2003-12-01.
96:", a state of disorder or chaos.
942:
408:Margaret Stutley (2019-04-09) .
574:Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide
386:Bhattacharji, Sukumari (2000).
244:is either a man or a lion. The
517:Daniélou, Alain (1991-12-01).
369:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass,
1:
682:Gopinatha Rao, T. A. (1916).
207:(the churning of the ocean).
658:. Sri Satguru Publications.
258:The Vishnudharmottara Purana
496:. Oxford University Press.
185:) and became the mother of
102:
38:
1331:
1264:
940:
699:Rodrigues, E. A. (1842).
467:"Śrīmad-bhāgavatam 4.8.2"
27:
1248:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
598:Daniélou, Alain (1991).
544:Chandra, Suresh (1998).
410:A Dictionary of Hinduism
339:Chandra, Suresh (1998).
247:Vishnudharmottara Purana
70:, who is regarded as a
571:Dalal, Roshen (2010).
523:. Simon and Schuster.
390:, New Delhi: Penguin,
220:
56:early Hindu scriptures
717:Mani, Vettam (1975).
449:Mani, Vettam (1975).
263:Devi-Bhagavata Purana
218:
345:. Sarup & Sons.
42:) sometimes spelled
752:Thames & Hudson
688:. pp. 527–529.
143:Shatapatha Brahmana
137:Taittiriya Brahmana
493:Goddesses Who Rule
221:
82:The Sanskrit word
1282:
1281:
706:. E.A. Rodrigues.
665:978-81-7030-763-1
638:978-81-208-1273-4
611:978-0-89281-354-4
584:978-0-14-341421-6
557:978-81-7625-039-9
530:978-1-59477-733-2
503:978-0-19-535294-8
427:978-0-429-62754-5
352:978-81-7625-039-9
308:978-0-89254-616-9
36:
1322:
1315:Rigvedic deities
946:
793:
786:
779:
770:
765:
745:
725:
724:
714:
708:
707:
696:
690:
689:
679:
670:
669:
649:
643:
642:
628:The Purana Index
622:
616:
615:
595:
589:
588:
568:
562:
561:
541:
535:
534:
514:
508:
507:
487:
481:
480:
478:
477:
463:
457:
456:
446:
440:
439:
405:
399:
384:
378:
363:
357:
356:
336:
330:
326:
313:
312:
293:
205:Samudra Manthana
192:Bhagavata Purana
105:
41:
31:
29:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1300:Death goddesses
1295:Hindu goddesses
1285:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1274:Hindu mythology
1260:
1171:
1089:
947:
938:
806:
797:
762:
737:
734:
729:
728:
716:
715:
711:
698:
697:
693:
681:
680:
673:
666:
651:
650:
646:
639:
624:
623:
619:
612:
597:
596:
592:
585:
570:
569:
565:
558:
543:
542:
538:
531:
516:
515:
511:
504:
489:
488:
484:
475:
473:
465:
464:
460:
448:
447:
443:
428:
407:
406:
402:
385:
381:
364:
360:
353:
338:
337:
333:
327:
316:
309:
295:
294:
287:
282:
213:
120:
80:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1328:
1326:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1287:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1228:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1183:
1181:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1103:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
979:
978:
973:
968:
957:
955:
949:
948:
941:
939:
937:
936:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
838:
837:
832:
827:
816:
814:
808:
807:
798:
796:
795:
788:
781:
773:
767:
766:
760:
733:
730:
727:
726:
709:
691:
671:
664:
644:
637:
617:
610:
590:
583:
563:
556:
536:
529:
509:
502:
482:
458:
441:
426:
400:
379:
358:
351:
331:
314:
307:
284:
283:
281:
278:
256:in his hands.
212:
209:
119:
116:
79:
76:
58:, Nirṛti is a
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1327:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1239:Bhagavad Gita
1236:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1174:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1094:Other deities
1092:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
963:
962:
959:
958:
956:
954:
950:
945:
935:
934:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
822:
821:
818:
817:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
800:Hindu deities
794:
789:
787:
782:
780:
775:
774:
771:
763:
761:0-500-51088-1
757:
753:
749:
744:
743:
736:
735:
731:
722:
721:
713:
710:
705:
704:
695:
692:
687:
686:
678:
676:
672:
667:
661:
657:
656:
648:
645:
640:
634:
630:
629:
621:
618:
613:
607:
603:
602:
594:
591:
586:
580:
576:
575:
567:
564:
559:
553:
549:
548:
540:
537:
532:
526:
522:
521:
513:
510:
505:
499:
495:
494:
486:
483:
472:
468:
462:
459:
454:
453:
445:
442:
437:
433:
429:
423:
419:
415:
411:
404:
401:
397:
396:0-14-029570-4
393:
389:
383:
380:
376:
375:81-208-0394-9
372:
368:
362:
359:
354:
348:
344:
343:
335:
332:
325:
323:
321:
319:
315:
310:
304:
300:
299:
292:
290:
286:
279:
277:
275:
274:
269:
265:
264:
259:
255:
254:
249:
248:
243:
239:
235:
230:
228:
227:
217:
210:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
193:
188:
184:
183:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
157:
152:
147:
145:
144:
139:
138:
133:
132:
127:
126:
117:
115:
113:
108:
106:
104:
97:
95:
94:
89:
85:
77:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
40:
34:
25:
21:
1253:
1246:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1148:Gramadevatas
1082:
931:
748:New York, NY
741:
719:
712:
701:
694:
684:
654:
647:
627:
620:
600:
593:
573:
566:
546:
539:
519:
512:
492:
485:
474:. Retrieved
470:
461:
451:
444:
409:
403:
387:
382:
366:
361:
341:
334:
297:
271:
261:
257:
251:
245:
231:
224:
222:
190:
180:
154:
148:
141:
135:
129:
123:
121:
111:
109:
100:
98:
91:
87:
83:
81:
63:
47:
43:
19:
18:
1232:Mahabharata
1143:Kuladevatas
922:Vishvakarma
471:vedabase.io
131:Atharvaveda
52:Hindu deity
16:Hindu deity
1305:Hindu gods
1289:Categories
1214:Upanishads
1133:Gandharvas
857:Dattatreya
476:2021-12-12
416:. p.
412:. London:
280:References
268:Mount Meru
66:is also a
1153:Rakshasas
1023:Mahavidya
966:Saraswati
953:Goddesses
882:Kartikeya
436:35543927M
414:Routledge
398:, pp.80–1
169:rakshasas
99:The name
78:Etymology
33:romanized
1310:Lokapala
1269:Hinduism
1225:Ramayana
1167:Yakshini
1073:Shashthi
1033:Matrikas
1018:Mahadevi
820:Trimurti
201:Alakshmi
197:Jyeshtha
163:for the
161:Prakriti
72:dikapala
68:male god
24:Sanskrit
1219:Puranas
1207:Atharva
1176:Texts (
1163:Yakshas
1158:Vahanas
1128:Dikpāla
1101:Apsaras
1053:Rukmini
1028:Matangi
976:Parvati
971:Lakshmi
961:Tridevi
887:Krishna
867:Hanuman
862:Ganesha
852:Chandra
847:Ashvins
732:Sources
273:yojanas
226:dikpala
211:Dikpala
165:Purusha
151:Adharma
125:Rigveda
118:Goddess
60:goddess
50:, is a
48:Nirriti
44:Nirruti
35::
28:निर्ऋति
1123:Devata
1116:Danava
1111:Daitya
1106:Asuras
1068:Shakti
1058:Sanjna
1048:Rohini
1008:Shachi
993:Chhaya
912:Varuna
902:Shasta
892:Kubera
830:Vishnu
825:Brahma
758:
662:
635:
608:
581:
554:
527:
500:
434:
424:
394:
377:, p.13
373:
349:
305:
242:vahana
238:Agamas
234:rudras
187:Naraka
177:Ahimsa
173:Mrityu
156:dharma
112:nirṛti
103:nirṛti
84:Nirṛti
64:Nirṛta
39:Nirṛti
20:Nirṛti
1202:Yajur
1187:Vedas
1038:Radha
1003:Ganga
998:Durga
988:Bhumi
983:Aditi
907:Surya
872:Indra
835:Shiva
804:texts
703:Idols
329:2020.
253:danda
153:(not-
93:ṛta/i
1255:more
1197:Sama
1178:list
1138:Gana
1084:more
1078:Sita
1063:Sati
1043:Rati
1013:Kali
933:more
927:Yama
917:Vayu
897:Rama
877:Kama
842:Agni
812:Gods
802:and
756:ISBN
660:ISBN
633:ISBN
606:ISBN
579:ISBN
552:ISBN
525:ISBN
498:ISBN
422:ISBN
392:ISBN
371:ISBN
347:ISBN
303:ISBN
88:nirṛ
1192:Rig
418:210
199:or
182:ṛta
46:or
1291::
1165:/
754:.
750::
746:.
674:^
469:.
432:OL
430:.
420:.
317:^
288:^
276:.
30:,
26::
1180:)
792:e
785:t
778:v
764:.
668:.
641:.
614:.
587:.
560:.
533:.
506:.
479:.
438:.
355:.
311:.
171:—
22:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
