350:
366:
349:
358:
306:
314:
322:
17:
342:
330:
81:, with visits to around twenty temples and shrines along the way. During the journey, the author laments his separation from his beloved Si Thip. The journey takes two or three days. The poem ends at a festival in the reliquary, attended by a queen and her son. The original may date to 1517/18 CE. The poem was little appreciated until recently owing to the difficulty of the old language.
365:
281:, initiated the constructed of a great preaching hall in the reliquary, and had the city walls strengthened, following several armed raids from Ayutthaya in recent years. Winai suggests that the visit in 1517/8 was thus to inspect the new walls and hold a ceremony to inaugurate the new preaching hall.
159:
to expand and publish his work. The result was printed in the journal of the Thai
Society of Language and Literature in 1960. In 1973 Prasert published an expanded edition with the transcribed Lanna text, the Siamese text, annotations, a rendering in modern Thai, a short introduction, mostly on the
547:, now the Old Chiang Mai Lamphun Road, Route 106, a distance of 25 kilometers. He mentions only one reasonably likely landmark (now Wat Kong Sai), and two probable other locations. He overnights at an unidentified âBanyan Marketâ, probably about halfway, in
513:, he proceeds east along todayâs Ratchadamnoen Road, south down todayâs Phra Pokklao Road, out the Chiang Mai Gate, and south down todayâs Suriwong Road to the outer wall, a total distance of 2.4 kilometers. Along the way he visits seventeen
204:
The opening verse gives the date of composition in the sixty-year cycle as âyear of the ox, ninth of the decadeâ. This could be 1457/8, 1517/8, 1577/8, 1637/8, and so on. Prince
Damrong surmised it was 1637/8 in the reign of King
558:, and a first overnight stay around here may have gone missing from the narrative. Otherwise the first day would seem very long, given the number of temple visits and the likely pace of a large cavalcade of bullock carts.
462:
111â145: Overnight. He contrasts his solitariness with courting couples; listens to singing and recitation; makes offerings at several places within the reliquary and dedicates the fruit to Thip and his own progress to
1594:
Kreangkrai
Kirdsiri (2010). "Khlong nirat hariphunchai: mueang chiang mai lae mueang lamphun nai wannakhadi lanna" [Nirat Hariphunchai: Chiang Mai and Lamphun in Lan Na literature]. In Winai Pongsripian (ed.).
154:
began transcribing the Lanna text into modern Thai characters. The result was circulated privately and published a year later as a cremation book. Around 1959, the author and scholar Phya Anuman
Rajadhon encouraged
163:
In 1989, Lamoon Janhom completed an MA thesis at Chiang Mai
University with a comparison of six Lanna texts (see table), and her harmonized version which she claimed as âthe closest to the original.â
1609:
506:
The journey begins on 18 February 1517 CE (Julian). He thus travels in the later part of the cool, dry season, when water in the river is low and many forest trees are in bloom.
480:
146â158. Wat Phra Yuen. He notes that the wat is deserted; reflects on the five
Buddhas of the current era; returns to the reliquary and is saddened by a tableau of the Buddhaâs
1245:
created the first annotated edition and proposed the date of 1517/8. His 1973 edition included a glossary of places and other items in the poem prepared by Wijit
Yotsuwan.
459:, the reliquary. He comments on the newly built city walls; recalls the history of the city; describes and praises the reliquary; notes how crowded it is at all times.
434:; notes the shallowness of the dry-season river; admires girls playing in the stream; describes forest trees and birds; watches hunters burning the forest; visits two
438:
and comments on the number of ruins; reaches Banyan Market (unknown) which seems like a city in the forest; listening to birdsong at dusk increases his loneliness.
489:
159â166. The royal party. In the evening, he witnesses the kingâs son and the queen arrive at the reliquary and praises her beauty; watches a firework display.
169:
In 2019 Winai
Pongsripian completed a new edition with new renderings in modern Thai and in English along with historical research on the poemâs background.
1663:
1268:
Lamoon Janhom wrote a thesis on the poem, discussing the dating, authorship and significance, and incorporated the findings in a broader study of local
150:
composed in
Ayutthaya and down to Bangkok.â However, the work was little read because the language is obscure. In 1943, the historian and linguist
238:
From vocabulary used in the poem, it is clear that the author and his beloved were of royal lineage. For example, he refer to his offerings as
1377:
452:
with images of soldiers, and another occupied by Thai wayfaring monks; misses Thip and reaffirms his love; the way becomes hot and dusty.
1254:
Winai
Pongsripian provided historical background to the poem and explained its importance for understanding the history and culture of
357:
554:
The poem mentions only one overnight stay, suggesting the journey took two days. However, evening arrives when the party is at
1736:
Ruthirat ramphan (khlong nirat hariphunchai) lae jaruek wat phra yuen morakot khwam songjam haeng aphinawaburi-si hariphunchai
139:
120:
166:
In 1992, Thiu Wichaikhatkha and Phaithun Dokbua published another Lanna text which they dubbed the âLamphun version.â
1201:
456:
270:
232:, which was true only from 1407 to 1548. The only year within these ranges that matches the animal year is 1517/8.
78:
269:
in 1517/8, and that the beloved Si Thip was his major queen. Like other Chiang Mai rulers, Mueang Kaeo patronised
419:. He describes the procession of bullock carts; describes many trees in bloom; feels lonely without his beloved.
53:
word meaning âwithoutâ, is a genre of Thai poetry that involves travel and love-longing for a separated beloved.
473:
overnight; watches dancers, singers and acrobats; visits other shrines, including Sangkachai and a reclining
302:
meter, with many different variations of rhyme and tone, and no chain rhymes linking one verse to the next.
305:
1780:
90:
42:
1610:"Un pÃĻlerinage bouddhique au Lanna entre le XVIe et le XVIIe siÃĻcle d'aprÃĻs le Khlong Nirat Hariphunchai"
492:
167â171. Departure. He stays awake in the reliquary overnight and makes final offerings to take leave.
1248:
Aroonrat Wichienkeeo made a proposal on the authorship and explained details of the places visited.
321:
143:
441:
84â87: Overnight. He listens to music and storytelling; watches the forest come alive at dawn.
313:
16:
1242:
551:. François Lagirarde suggests a route somewhat to the west. The total trip was 30 kilometers.
379:
156:
151:
128:
1624:
548:
212:
Prasert na Nagara proposed it was 1517/8. The poem mentions that the Phra Kaeo Morakot, the
135:âs military expedition in 1661, and adapted into Siamese Thai, though there is no evidence.
470:
398:
217:
181:
1697:
Kan sueksa rongroi thang nam kao khong maenam ping nai boriwen thi rap chiang mai lamphun
265:
Winai Pongsripian proposed that the author was King Mueang Kaeo (r. 1495â1525), ruler of
123:, in four copies with similar content. It is believed that a manuscript was brought from
1762:
521:
510:
427:
394:
386:
225:
213:
235:
Some scholars have cast doubts on this date on grounds of other evidence in the poem.
1774:
555:
532:
525:
431:
423:
416:
255:
243:
189:
30:
1261:
François Lagirarde used the poem to study the beliefs and practices of Buddhism in
536:
445:
341:
274:
224:, which was true only from 1468 to 1548, and the Phra Sihing Buddha is resident in
206:
54:
329:
1251:
Kreangkrai Kirdsiri made a detailed study of the journey within Chiang Mai city.
284:
Aroonrat Wichienkeeo proposed that the author was a noble called Maha-Ammat from
481:
405:; dedicates the merit made to Thip; notes the strength of the newly built gate.
297:
1164:
544:
266:
250:, Pali: rÄjÄkusala), âroyal good worksâ (v.126), and describes the beloved as
229:
221:
114:
102:
98:
70:
1754:
1701:
The study of Mae Ping riverâs old channel traces in Chiang Mai-Lamphun Basin
1628:
426:
to Banyan Market. He describes the tiered pagoda of Wat Ku Kham Luang (now
50:
288:
and that Si Thip was his wife, Pongnoi, the mother of King Mueang Kaeo.
540:
464:
402:
285:
278:
106:
74:
66:
58:
1740:
RudhirÄja Ramban (Nirat Hariphunchai). Heritage of Chiang MaiâLamphun)
1269:
1262:
1255:
474:
124:
110:
94:
62:
1716:]. Chiang Mai: Social Research Institute, Chiang Mai University.
378:
1â9: Invocation and introduction. Date of composition; honoring the
1755:
Thai text of Nirat Hariphunchai from the Vajirayana Digital Library
1520:
1518:
1469:
1467:
1535:
1533:
364:
356:
348:
340:
328:
320:
312:
304:
132:
15:
1664:"The emergence and development of the Nirat genre in Thai poetry"
408:
28â32: From the city gate to the outer wall. He visits four more
1325:
1323:
1389:
1387:
1340:
1338:
160:
dating, and an appendix on words and places by Wijit Yodsuwan.
1286:
1284:
41:) is an old poem of around 720 lines, originally composed in
1763:
Map and description of temples visited in Nirat Hariphunchai
495:
172â179. He summarizes eight other tales of parted couples.
317:
Phra Sihing Buddha in Wat Phra Singh. Photo by Photo Dharma.
1355:
1353:
69:
in the late 13th century. The poem recounts a journey from
1219:
the mother-queen has skin as fine as nine-gold flowers 161
20:'Wat Phra That Hariphunchai. Photo by Ritthichai Siangdee.
57:(Pali: HaribhuÃąjaya) was an ancient kingdom, centered at
1430:
1428:
1426:
325:
Wat Chedi Luang, Chiang Mai. Photo by Flying Pharmacist.
309:
Wat Phra Singh, Chiang Mai, 1976. Photo by Gerd Eichmann
1597:
100 ekkasan samkhan: sappasan prawatisat thai lem thi 3
1231:
her smile bests heavenâs maids, her walk is like a vine
1603:]. Bangkok: Thailand Research Fund. pp. 5â43.
262:, Pali: agga chÄya), âprimary consort/queenâ (v.127).
1742:]. Bangkok: Mulnithi Phrathep Ratthanaratchasuda.
1376:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFThiu_Wichaikhatkha1992 (
345:
Wat Chai Prakiat, Chiang Mai. Photo by ÐÐūÐēÐ°Ð― ÐŅКÐūÐēÐļŅ.
1601:
100 key documents: essence of Thai history, volume 3
1524:
1473:
498:
180â181. Afterword. He commends the work to others.
1539:
1497:
1485:
1194:
fear-fettered in this world life-long until nibbana
273:. In 1512/3, he built a palace on the outskirts of
1638:Khlong nirat hariphunchai kan winitchai ton chabap
1371:
1329:
146:, stating that the work âmay be the model for the
1657:] (Thesis). Chiang Mai: Suriwong Book Center.
1458:
1446:
1417:
1393:
1344:
1314:
1302:
369:Wat Phra Yuen, Lamphun. Photo by āļāļēāļĒāļāļīāļāļīāļ āļāļģāļāļļāļĢāļĩ.
353:Wat Yang Kuang, Chiang Mai. Photo by Littlecat98.
1642:Nirat Hariphunchai: a critical study of the text
1290:
1190:not seeing lovely you, my loving heart will wilt
520:He proceeds southeast, passing no landmarks, to
337:of Wat Chedi Luang. Photo by Kittipong Khunnen.
1227:the cloth wrapped round her bosomâs fitly fine
1223:her face and coiffured hair seem like the moon
1200:In verses 161, he admires a queen arriving at
1163:now known as Wat Yang Kuang on Suriwong Road,
361:Wat Chedi Liam, Wiang Ku Kam. Photo by KayEss.
1551:
1405:
1359:
543:, he probably follows the old course of the
180:genre had developed. In one manuscript from
8:
1708:Thiu Wichaikhatkha; Phaithun Dokbua (1992).
138:The Siamese text was first printed by the
1509:
1434:
1182:a splendid wat here, bright and beautiful
1589:]. Chiang Mai: Suriwong Book Center.
565:
1280:
176:may have been applied later, after the
567:Places visited in Nirat Hariphunchai
296:The poem has 181 four line verses in
7:
77:to venerate the Buddhist reliquary,
1714:Nirat Hariphunchai, Lamphun version
1710:Nirat Hariphunchai (chabap lamphun)
1587:Abandoned monasteries in Chiang Mai
389:to the city gate. He visits twelve
382:; dedication to his beloved, Thip.
1703:] (MS). Chiang Mai University.
1644:] (MA). Chiang Mai University.
1576:]. Chiang Mai: Airada Copytex.
1186:the cityâs pride, by name Nang Rua
14:
1729:]. Bangkok: Bamrung Nukunkit.
1570:500 phi khlong nirat hariphunchai
1215:āļĒāļĨāļĒāļīāđāļāļāļēāļāļāđāļēāđāļĒāđāļĄ āļĒāđāļēāļāļĒāđāļēāļĒāļĨāļāļēāļ§āļąāļĨāļĒāđ
1178:āļāļąāļāļāļ·āđāļāļāļĩāļāļīāļāļāļąāđāļ§ āđāļĨāļāļāļĩāđāļāļēāļĄāļāļīāļāļēāļ
917:maybe Wat Chiang Khong, a ruined
142:in 1924 with a preface by Prince
119:in Siamese Thai is lodged in the
1213:āļāļēāļāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāđāļāļąāļāļāļēāļ āđāļāļīāļāđāļāđāļ āļāļēāļĄāđāļāļĒ
93:on palm leaf have been found in
1574:500 years of Nirat Hariphunchai
1031:maybe Wat Phra Non Nong Phueng
415:33â43: From the outer wall to
1:
1583:Wat rang nai wiang chiang mai
1581:Aroonrat Wichienkeeo (1996).
1568:Aroonrat Wichienkeeo (2019).
1176:āļāđāļŦāđāļāļāļēāļāļāļāļĢāļēāļĄ āļāļ§āļĢāļŠāļ§āļēāļ āļŠāļĒāļāđāļāļĒ
1167:, and thinks of his beloved:
1695:Suttinee Tongsa-ard (1988).
1608:Lagirarde, François (2004).
121:National Library of Thailand
1721:Vajirayana Library (1924).
1671:Journal of the Siam Society
196:), the Lamphun recitation.
85:Manuscripts and publication
1797:
1734:Winai Pongsripian (2019).
1682:Prasert na Nagara (1973).
1655:Local literature of Lan Na
1202:Wat Phra That Hariphunchai
1174:āđāļāđāļāļāļīāđāļāļāļļāļĢāļĩāļāļēāļĄ āļāđāļēāļāļĢāļąāđāļ§
1172:āļāļēāļĢāļēāļĄāđāļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļĢāļļāđāļāļŦāļąāđāļ āđāļāļēāļāļēāļĄ
1159:In verse 31, he admires a
1119:Wat Phra That Hariphunchai
923:south side of Chang Lor Rd
599:phra worachet choi si sing
457:Wat Phra That Hariphunchai
271:Wat Phra That Hariphunchai
79:Wat Phra That Hariphunchai
1723:Khlong Nirat Hariphunchai
1684:Khlong Nirat Hariphunchai
1662:Manas Chitakasem (1972).
1525:Aroonrat Wichienkeeo 1996
1474:Aroonrat Wichienkeeo 2019
1211:āđāļāļāļēāļĻāļŠāļąāļāđāļāļĨāļīāļĄāļāļēāļ āđāļāđāļāđāļāđāļĄ
528:, around 2.5 kilometers.
401:, and the shrine of King
259:
247:
193:
39:Khlong nirat hariphunchai
34:
1690:]. Bangkok: Phrajan.
1651:Wannakam thongthin lanna
1540:Kreangkrai Kirdsiri 2010
1498:Suttinee Tongsa-ard 1988
1486:Kreangkrai Kirdsiri 2010
1137:phra phutthajao jatu ton
61:, incorporated into the
1629:10.3406/asean.2004.1829
1372:Thiu Wichaikhatkha 1992
1330:Vajirayana Library 1924
1028:(Buddha blocking river)
799:in Phutthisophon School
89:Seven texts written in
1649:Lamoon Janhom (1995).
1636:Lamoon Janhom (1989).
1459:Winai Pongsripian 2019
1447:Winai Pongsripian 2019
1418:Prasert na Nagara 1973
1394:Winai Pongsripian 2019
1345:Prasert na Nagara 1973
1315:Prasert na Nagara 1973
1303:Winai Pongsripian 2019
1235:
1198:
370:
362:
354:
346:
338:
326:
318:
310:
91:Northern Thai language
43:Northern Thai language
21:
1291:Manas Chitakasem 1972
1209:āļāļēāļāļēāļāļŦāđāļāļĒāđāļāļ·āđāļ āļāļīāļāļĄāļēāļĨ
1206:
1169:
893:(new Chiang Mai gate)
595:āļāļĢāļ°āļ§āļĢāđāļāļĐāļāļāđāļāļĒāļĻāļĢāļĩāļŠāļīāļāļŦāđ
368:
360:
352:
344:
332:
324:
316:
308:
19:
1139:(four Buddha images)
891:chiang mai ma thawan
444:88â100: Day two, to
713:King Mangrai shrine
568:
200:Date and authorship
184:the poem is called
131:, possibly by King
1727:Nirat Hariphunchai
1688:Nirat Hariphunchai
1552:Lamoon Janhom 1995
1406:Lamoon Janhom 1989
1360:Lamoon Janhom 1989
942:maybe Wat Saen Sae
816:(elephant artists)
566:
371:
363:
355:
347:
339:
333:18-cubit image in
327:
319:
311:
174:Nirat Hariphunchai
144:Damrong Rajanubhab
140:Vajirayana Library
113:. Another text on
35:āđāļāļĨāļāļāļīāļĢāļēāļĻāļŦāļĢāļīāļ āļļāļāļāļąāļĒ
26:Nirat Hariphunchai
22:
1243:Prasert na Nagara
1152:
1151:
1148:18.5763, 99.0193
1125:18.5772, 99.0082
1083:18.7133, 99.0362
1060:18.7304, 99.0205
1051:(many yang trees)
1037:18.7386, 99.0124
1014:18.7539, 98.9959
992:18.7760, 98.9890
970:18.7774, 98.9886
948:18.7786, 98.9885
926:18.7809, 98.9884
901:18.7813, 98.9890
887:āđāļāļĩāļĒāļāđāļŦāļĄāđāļŦāļĄāđāļēāļāļ§āļēāļĢ
863:18.7825, 98.9885
841:18.7837, 98.9880
802:18.7858, 98.9891
780:18.7869, 98.9865
771:(great monastery)
741:18.7869, 98.9865
719:18.7888, 98.9882
697:18.7886, 98.9859
675:18.7882, 98.9840
653:18.7887, 98.9842
631:18.7897, 98.9811
609:18.7884, 98.9818
216:, is resident in
157:Prasert na Nagara
152:Prasert na Nagara
49:, derived from a
1788:
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1449:, p. 33-36.
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1133:āļāļĢāļ°āļāļļāļāļāđāļāđāļēāļāļāļļāļāļ
694:Ratchadamnoen Rd
672:Ratchadamnoen Rd
650:Ratchadamnoen Rd
569:
469:; practices the
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209:or before then.
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774:Wat Chedi Luang
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735:Wat Chedi Luang
716:Phra Pokklao Rd
691:Wat Chi Prakiat
628:Intrawarorot Rd
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1134:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1008:Wat Chedi Liam
1006:
1001:
998:
994:
993:
990:
987:
986:Wat Yang Kuang
984:
979:
976:
972:
971:
968:
965:
962:
957:
954:
950:
949:
946:
943:
940:
935:
932:
928:
927:
924:
921:
915:
910:
907:
903:
902:
899:
897:
894:
888:
885:
881:
880:
877:
872:
869:
865:
864:
861:
858:
855:
850:
847:
843:
842:
839:
836:
833:
828:
825:
821:
820:
817:
811:
808:
804:
803:
800:
797:
794:
789:
786:
782:
781:
778:
775:
772:
766:
763:
759:
758:
755:
750:
747:
743:
742:
739:
736:
733:
728:
725:
721:
720:
717:
714:
711:
706:
703:
699:
698:
695:
692:
689:
684:
681:
677:
676:
673:
670:
667:
662:
659:
655:
654:
651:
648:
645:
640:
637:
633:
632:
629:
626:
623:
618:
615:
611:
610:
607:
604:
603:Wat Phra Singh
601:
596:
593:
589:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
563:
562:Places visited
560:
522:Wat Chedi Liam
511:Wat Phra Singh
503:
500:
471:eight precepts
448:. He visits a
428:Wat Chedi Liam
395:Wat Phra Singh
387:Wat Phra Singh
375:
372:
293:
290:
226:Wat Phra Singh
214:Emerald Buddha
201:
198:
86:
83:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1793:
1782:
1781:Poems in Thai
1779:
1778:
1776:
1764:
1761:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1553:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1512:, p. 86.
1511:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1411:
1408:, p. 26.
1407:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1373:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1308:
1305:, p. 24.
1304:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1266:
1265:in the past.
1264:
1259:
1257:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1237:
1233:
1205:
1203:
1196:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1147:
1144:
1142:Wat Phra Yuen
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1099:Banyan Market
1098:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1011:Wiang Kum Kam
1010:
1007:
1005:
1004:ku kham luang
1002:
999:
996:
995:
991:
988:
985:
983:
980:
977:
974:
973:
969:
966:
964:Wat That Kham
963:
961:
958:
955:
952:
951:
947:
944:
941:
939:
936:
933:
930:
929:
925:
922:
920:
916:
914:
911:
908:
905:
904:
900:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
883:
882:
878:
876:
873:
870:
867:
866:
862:
859:
856:
854:
851:
848:
845:
844:
840:
837:
834:
832:
829:
826:
823:
822:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
805:
801:
798:
796:Wat Settharam
795:
793:
790:
787:
784:
783:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
760:
756:
754:
751:
748:
745:
744:
740:
737:
734:
732:
729:
726:
723:
722:
718:
715:
712:
710:
707:
704:
701:
700:
696:
693:
690:
688:
685:
682:
679:
678:
674:
671:
668:
666:
663:
660:
657:
656:
652:
649:
646:
644:
641:
638:
635:
634:
630:
627:
624:
622:
619:
616:
613:
612:
608:
605:
602:
600:
597:
594:
591:
590:
586:
583:
580:
578:Transcription
577:
574:
571:
570:
561:
559:
557:
556:Wiang Kum Kam
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
533:Wiang Kum Kam
529:
527:
526:Wiang Kum Kam
523:
518:
516:
512:
507:
501:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
485:
484:
478:
476:
472:
468:
467:
460:
458:
453:
451:
447:
442:
439:
437:
433:
432:Wiang Kum Kam
429:
425:
424:Wiang Kum Kam
420:
418:
417:Wiang Kum Kam
413:
411:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
383:
381:
373:
367:
359:
351:
343:
336:
331:
323:
315:
307:
303:
301:
300:
291:
289:
287:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
263:
257:
253:
245:
241:
236:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
210:
208:
199:
197:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
170:
167:
164:
161:
158:
153:
149:
145:
141:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
84:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
32:
28:
27:
18:
1739:
1735:
1726:
1722:
1713:
1709:
1700:
1696:
1687:
1683:
1674:
1670:
1654:
1650:
1641:
1637:
1620:
1616:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1582:
1573:
1569:
1547:
1505:
1493:
1488:, p. 6.
1481:
1454:
1442:
1413:
1401:
1367:
1310:
1298:
1272:literature.
1267:
1260:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1241:
1208:
1199:
1171:
1160:
1158:
1136:
1116:(holy relic)
1113:
1094:
1071:
1054:Wat Kong Sai
1048:
1025:
1003:
981:
959:
937:
918:
912:
890:
879:disappeared
874:
852:
830:
819:disappeared
813:
791:
768:
757:disappeared
752:
730:
708:
686:
664:
642:
620:
598:
587:Coordinates
553:
537:Hariphunchai
530:
519:
517:or shrines.
514:
509:Starting at
508:
505:
497:
494:
491:
488:
482:
479:
465:
461:
454:
449:
446:Hariphunchai
443:
440:
435:
421:
414:
409:
407:
393:, including
390:
384:
377:
334:
298:
295:
283:
275:Hariphunchai
264:
251:
239:
237:
234:
211:
207:Prasat Thong
203:
185:
177:
173:
171:
168:
165:
162:
147:
137:
115:
88:
55:Hariphunchai
46:
38:
25:
24:
23:
1420:, p. .
1317:, p. .
1095:kat ton rai
1080:Nong Phueng
1077:Wat Hua Fai
1074:(dyke head)
1057:Nong Phueng
1034:Nong Phueng
1026:phra khwang
989:Suriwong Rd
967:Suriwong Rd
945:Suriwong Rd
875:chiang song
857:Wat Fon Soi
835:Wat Jet Lin
792:phra settha
669:Wat Si Koet
647:Wat Tung-yu
581:Modern name
483:parinibbana
240:ratchakuson
65:kingdom by
1677:: 135-168.
1623:: 69-107.
1276:References
1165:Chiang Mai
938:thiang sao
814:chang taem
625:Wat Prasat
545:Ping River
380:Triple Gem
267:Chiang Mai
230:Chiang Mai
222:Chiang Mai
116:samut thai
103:Chiang Rai
99:Chiang Mai
71:Chiang Mai
1766:(in Thai)
1758:(in Thai)
1114:phra that
1000:āļāļđāđāļāļģāļŦāļĨāļ§āļ
960:kuti kham
934:āđāļāļĩāļĒāļāđāļŠāđāļē
913:phan ngom
849:āļāđāļāļāļŠāļĢāđāļāļĒ
769:maha awat
606:Samlan Rd
502:The route
455:101â110:
299:khlong si
186:lamlaphun
172:The name
129:Ayutthaya
1775:Category
1102:unknown
1091:āļāļēāļāļāđāļāđāļĢ
1049:yang num
1045:āļĒāļēāļāļŦāļāļļāđāļĄ
982:nang rua
978:āļāđāļēāļāļĢāļąāđāļ§
810:āļāđāļēāļāđāļāđāļĄ
765:āļĄāļŦāļēāļāļēāļ§āļēāļŠ
731:kutharam
683:āļāļĢāļēāđāļāļĩāļĒāļĢ
643:thung-yu
374:Synopsis
252:akkhacha
51:Sanskrit
1617:AsÃĐanie
1561:Sources
1155:Samples
1145:Lamphun
1122:Lamphun
1110:āļāļĢāļ°āļāļēāļāļļ
1072:hua fai
1022:āļāļĢāļ°āļāļ§āļēāļ
871:āđāļāļĩāļĒāļāļŠāļ
853:fon soi
831:jet lin
827:āđāļāđāļāļĨāļīāļ
788:āļāļĢāļ°āđāļŠāļāļ
709:mangrat
687:prakian
665:si koet
661:āļĻāļĢāļĩāđāļāļīāļ
584:Address
549:Saraphi
541:Lamphun
466:nibbana
422:44â83:
403:Mangrai
385:10â27:
286:Lampang
279:Lamphun
248:āļĢāļēāļāļāļļāļĻāļĨ
107:Lamphun
75:Lamphun
67:Mangrai
59:Lamphun
1270:Lan Na
1263:Lan Na
1256:Lan Na
1068:āļŦāļąāļ§āļāļēāļĒ
956:āļāļļāļāļīāļāļģ
909:āļāļąāļāļāļāļĄ
753:uppaen
749:āļāļļāļāđāļāļ
727:āļāļļāļāļĢāļēāļĄ
705:āļĄāļąāļāļĢāļēāļ
621:prasat
617:āļāļĢāļēāļŠāļēāļ
475:Buddha
260:āļāļąāļāļāļāļē
194:āļĨāļģāļĨāļāļļāļ
125:Lan Na
111:Phayao
95:Lan Na
63:Lan Na
1738:[
1725:[
1712:[
1699:[
1686:[
1675:60, 2
1667:(PDF)
1653:[
1640:[
1613:(PDF)
1599:[
1585:[
1572:[
919:chedi
639:āļāļļāļāļĒāļđ
572:verse
531:From
430:) in
335:wihan
178:nirat
148:nirat
133:Narai
47:Nirat
1378:help
575:Thai
397:and
292:Form
256:Thai
244:Thai
190:Thai
109:and
31:Thai
1625:doi
1161:wat
1130:146
1107:104
535:to
524:in
515:wat
486:.
450:wat
436:wat
410:wat
391:wat
127:to
97:at
73:to
1777::
1673:.
1669:.
1621:14
1619:.
1615:.
1532:^
1517:^
1466:^
1425:^
1386:^
1352:^
1337:^
1322:^
1283:^
1258:.
1204::
1088:77
1065:73
1042:67
1019:49
997:45
975:31
953:30
931:29
906:28
884:24
868:23
846:21
824:20
807:19
785:19
762:16
746:15
724:15
702:14
680:12
658:12
636:12
614:11
592:10
477:.
412:.
258::
246::
228:,
220:,
192::
105:,
101:,
45:.
37:,
33::
1631:.
1627::
1554:.
1542:.
1527:.
1476:.
1437:.
1396:.
1380:)
1374:.
1362:.
1347:.
1332:.
1293:.
539:-
277:-
254:(
242:(
188:(
29:(
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