Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra

1551: 1567: 1372: 2501: 1268:). This figure is connected with the teaching of the eternity of the Buddha and is said to have been born during the a Śātavāhana king (a prophesy placed in the mouth of the Buddha himself in some sources). According to Hodge, Sarvasattvapriyadarśana may have been a historical figure connected to the Nirvana sutra lineage (even its founder) in south India. After the situation in the south became unfavorable for this tradition, it was taken to Kashmir, where later parts of the text were written, reflecting the decline narrative of some parts of the text. 2465:. Hodge argues that the earliest portion of the sutra was written in India by people who believed they were living in an age of decline in which the Buddha-dharma would perish. The sutra states that during the age of Dharma decline, the Mahayana sutras will be lost (including the Nirvana sutra itself), false teachings will spread, and monks will act unethically, owning servants, cattle and horses, and engaging in lay jobs like farming, smithing, painting, sculpture and divination (instead of focusing on the Dharma). 1156: 3105:. Pao-liang interprets the buddha-nature as the innately pure mind which is "the mysterious essence of divine illumination". According to Pao-liang, "there is not one split second in which this liberating essence is not functioning (to deliver the person from ignorance)" and he also says that this "liberating function" is the same as the natural tendency to avoid pain and seek bliss. Pao-liang also says that buddha nature is both in the skandhas and transcends them, being the unity of the 44: 261: 2059: 1937:"tathagata's hidden treasury". This treasury is seen as a wondrous liberating truth that is mysteriously hidden from the view of ordinary people. Blum notes that the two major Chinese versions of the sutra don't use the literal Chinese term for embryo or womb, but speak of the "wondrous interior treasure-house of the Buddha" which is always present within all beings. This inner treasure, a pure "buddha-relic" within, is obscured by the negative 1794: 2283:, the Buddha proclaims "I do not teach that all sentient beings are without a self! I constantly teach that all sentient beings possess Buddha-nature; is Buddha-nature not the self? Hence, I have not taught an annihilationist view." The Buddha then states the reason he teaches not-self (and impermanence, suffering, and impurity) is because sentient beings do not see the buddha-nature. Later on in the sutra, the Buddha also states: 7852: 7863: 2790:(出三藏記集), which was written less than 100 years after the date of this translation, makes no mention of Faxian. Instead it states that the translation was done by Buddhabhadra and his assistant Baoyun (寶雲), quoting earlier catalogues to corroborate this attribution. The idea that Faxian was involved in the translation only emerges in later catalogues, compiled several hundred years after the event. 5261: 5248: 1406:(c. 385–433) is significantly longer and this has led some scholars to argue that the latter portions of this edition were composed in China. This longer edition was also the most important and popular one in China, Japan and Korea, since it promoted the universality of Buddha nature and Buddhahood. The six fascicle version on the other hand was mostly ignored according to Blum. 1136: 5238: 2043: 1712: 3096:, 大般涅槃經集解 T 1763), compiled in 509 by Baoliang (寶亮) in the Liang dynasty. This is a compilation of comments by numerous masters on the Nirvana sutra. It includes comments by Emperor Wu of the Liang, Daosheng, Sengliang, Falue, Tanji, Sengzong, Baoliang, Zhixiu, Fazhi, Faan, Tanzhun, Falang, Tan'ai, Tanqian, Mingjun, Daohui, Falian and Jiaoyi. 2738:(fl. c. 260-280), though this version is now lost. Chinese canonical records also mention that another lost translation was made by the Chinese monk Zhimeng who studied in India from 404-424 CE. According to Zhimeng's own account, he also obtained his manuscript from the same layman in Pataliputra as Faxian did some years earlier. 202:, a class of sentient beings who "have little or no chance of liberation." The icchantika idea is discussed in various ways throughout the different versions of the sutra, and the issue is complex, though as Blum writes the Nirvana sutra seems "ambivalent on whether or not icchantikas can attain buddhahood". 2195:. Early Buddhism held that living beings have four distortions in how they perceive reality: they see what is impermanent as permanent (nitya), they see what is not-self as a self (ātman), they see what is impure as pure (śubha/śuci) and they see what is suffering as being pleasant or blissful (sukha). The 2347:

Using another medicinal simile, the Nirvana sutra compares the teaching of not-self to a medicine which requires a mother to stop breast feeding her infant. The mother thus smears her breast with a pungent ointment and tells her child that it is poison. When the medicine is fully ingested, the mother

2254:

is aware that there are numerous non-buddhist accounts of a self which might sound similar to its own self theory and it argues that if they seem similar, this is due to two reasons. The first is that non-buddhist ātmavāda theories are often misinterpretations or misrememberings of what was taught by

1732:

The body of the Tathāgata is an eternal body (*nityakāya), an indestructible body (*abhedakāya), an adamant body (*vajrakāya); it is not a body sustained by various kinds of food. That is to say, it is the Dharma Body (*dharmakāya). Do not say now that the body of the Tathāgata is soft, can easily be

1249:

contains prophesies of its own emergence during a period of Dharma decline (which can be calculated to be in around 220 CE) along with prophesies that the text will be taken to Kashmir (罽賓). Hodge also discusses an important person named Sarvasattvapriyadarśana who appears in a group of texts related

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explains that because all beings have the buddha-nature, all beings without exception, even icchantikas (the most incorrigible and spiritually base of beings), can eventually attain liberation and become Buddhas. This is possible if they gain faith in buddha-nature, as the Dharmakṣema translation of

1948:

explanation of buddha-nature is multifaceted and complex. Karl Brunnholzl argues that there three main meanings of buddha-nature in the Nirvana sutra: (1) an intrinsic pure nature that merely has to be revealed, (2) a seed or potential that can grow into Buddhahood with the right conditions, (3) the

2319:

sees the Buddhist doctrine of not-self as "a very important doctrine to be expounded when the listener is attached to his or her notion of selfhood or personality, because it deconstructs that object of attachment, revealing its nature as a fantasy." However, the sutra understands both the not-self

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is related to the views and practices of itinerant dharma preachers called dharmakathikas or dharmabhānakas (說法者 or 法師). These figures frequently went on pilgrimage to stūpa sites in the company of laypeople who were allowed to protect them with swords and staves. They may have also believed in the

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composition, and some, even argue it may have been written by Dharmakṣema himself. However, other scholars like Jones and Granoff note that the latter portion knows of Indic texts which were unknown in China. Thus, Jones writes that there is "convincing evidence that this material is familiar with

2403:

In some parts, icchantikas are said to be like scorched seeds who can never sprout and thus of being incurable and incapable of Buddhahood. In other passages, they are said to also possess buddha-nature and to be able to attain buddhahood (their potential for buddhahood is also depicted much more

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could also have referred to "the chamber (garbha) for a Buddha (tathāgata): the space at the center of a stūpa, where lies hidden that which is essential to a Buddha and most precious to the world after his (apparent) departure from it." The term “chamber for a relic” (dhātugarbha) is attested in

1413:

inspired numerous sutra commentaries and is cited widely by numerous East Asian Buddhist authors. The sutra was a key scriptural source for the idea that all sentient beings have buddha-nature, which was seen as an active force in the world. It was also influential due to its teachings promoting

2917:. This edition integrates and amends the translations of the six fascicle text and Dharmakṣema's into a single edition of thirty-six fascicles. This edition changes the chapter divisions of the first part of the Dharmakṣema to match the six fascicle version and it also changes the language, 2287:

Good son, this Buddha-nature is in truth not the self; for the benefit of sentient beings is it called the self.… Buddha-nature is absence of self, the Tathāgata teaches the self : because of his permanence, the Tathāgata is the self, but he teaches absence of self, because he has achieved

2818:

kingdom. This "northern" version of the text is "around four times the length" of the "six fascicle" version and the later Tibetan translation, extending for a further thirty fascicles, beyond the first ten fascicles of the "core" sutra material. This version was also later translated into

2412:

According to Karashima, the word icchantika derives from the verb icchati (to claim, to hold, to maintain) and the term is thus best understood as "someone who claims; an opinionated ." Specifically, the icchantika is someone who rejects and is hostile to the buddha nature teaching of the

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an expanded version of this core text was then developed and would have comprised chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7 of the six fascicle text and shorter Tibetan versions, though it is believed that in their present state there is a degree of editorial addition in them from the later phases of

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is closely related to the positive elements of this docetic Buddhology, which refers to the idea that since the Buddha did not have a normal human body (nor did he gestate in a normal womb), he must have had some other transcendent type of body (which requires a transcendent womb, the

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Some scholars like Shimoda and Radich have seen the buddha-nature idea as arising from an internalization of stupa and relic worship. Instead of worshiping relics externally, the buddha-nature teaching turns inward, to the inner buddha relic in all of us. According to Jones, the term

1329:

Scholars believe that the compilation of the core portion (corresponding to the six fascicle Chinese translation and the shorter Tibetan translation) must have occurred at an early date, during or prior to the 2nd century CE, based internal evidence and on Chinese canonical catalogs.

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seems to indicate that icchantikas can redeem themselves and eventually attain Buddhahood (since all beings have buddha-nature), while the six fascicle version seems to indicate that icchantikas are hopeless. This was famously a point of contention for the leading Chinese monk

2348:

removes the ointment and invites the child to nurse at her breast again. In this simile, the medicine is the skillful notion of not-self, and the mother's milk is the teaching of "the nature of the Tathāgata, which is the supermundane, supreme self" (離世真實之我, possibly *

1550: 2246:

Paul Williams also notes that while we can speak of the tathāgatagarbha as a Self, this is a much more complex issue since the sutra also speaks of the importance of the not-self teaching, saying that those who have notions of a self cannot perceive buddha-nature.

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many Buddhist texts. Due to this, Radich argues that the term tathāgatagarbha also developed as an internalized buddha relic which came to refer to the presence of a buddha's qualities, mode of being or body which was not located in a stupa but in sentient beings.

2296:, the Buddha uses the term self when needed (to overcome nihilistic interpretations of not-self) and teaching not-self when needed (to overcome grasping at what is not the self). This is part of his skillful means (upaya) to guide beings to liberation. 2182:) in sentient beings that allows them to become Buddhas, the sutra is self consciously adopting a Buddhist version of ātmavāda (“discourse about the self”) which was popular in Indian thought, while also modifying the Buddhist doctrine of not-self ( 209:'s precise date of origin is uncertain, but its early form may have developed in or by the second century CE. The original Sanskrit text is not extant except for a small number of fragments, but it survives in Chinese and Tibetan translation. The 2399:

discusses this class of people often. According to scholars like Blum and Brunnholzl, the exact status and nature of the icchantika in the Nirvana sutra is difficult to ascertain, as the topic is discussed in different ways throughout the sutra.

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sees itself as the final teaching of the Buddha that has the power to lead people to discover their own innate buddha-nature (as long as they listen to it with faith). As such, it sees itself as the ideal solution to the era of Dharma decline.

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Monks, whatever you mentally cultivate, repeatedly and increasingly and with full acceptance, to be in all instances impermanent, unsatisfactory, without self, and impure, amid these there is that which exhibits permanence, bliss, purity and

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is the eternal nature of the Buddha. Blum notes that the sutra makes it clear that the Buddha is not subject to the processes of birth and death, but abides forever in an undying state. While the Buddha will appear to die (and manifest

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Toh 120, the first "short" translation of the sūtra, in 3. 900 ślokas (13 scrolls). It was made in the early 9th century by Jinamitra, Dhyānagarbha and Ban de btsan dra. It is titled: ཡོངས་སུ་མྱ་ངན་ལས་འདས་པ་ཆེན་པོ་ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོའི་མདོ།,

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The Indic term "ātman" generally referred to "the permanent and indestructible essence, or an unchanging central element, of any human or other sentient being", and the idea that such a thing existed was widely rejected by mainstream

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is that it can only be directly perceived by a fully awakened Buddha, though the sutra says that a bodhisattva at the tenth stage (bhūmi) can also perceive buddha-nature in an imperfect and indistinct manner. Since according to the

2335:

compares the not-self teaching to a milk-based medicine which is useful for certain ailments, but not for all. Because of this, a physician who only prescribed this single medicine would be an unskillful one. The Buddha in the

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Dharmakṣemaʼs biography records a comment by Tanwufa mentioning a missing portion, and some biographies mention that Dharmakṣema died while on his way back to India (or Central Asia) to search for the missing parts of the

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from North-Western India that Dharmakṣema brought with him, which he used for the initial translation work of his version. This version corresponds overall in content to the "six fascicle" version and the Tibetan version.

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aeons ago (and yet remains actively benefiting beings). As such, the Buddha merely appears to be born, practice the path, achieve nirvana and die in order to be "in accordance with the world" (lokānuvartanā, Ch.

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draws on this term and applies it to the true nature of a Buddha, which is permanent (nitya), pure, blissful and resides within all sentient beings (analogous to how the pure buddha relics were housed inside a

2278:

often portrays the teaching of the tathāgatagarbha as a Self as being a skillful means, a useful strategy to convert non-buddhists and to combat annihilationist interpretations of the Dharma. For example, in

2948:

Toh 119 - a translation from Chinese into Tibetan of the version of Dharmakṣema by Wang-phab-zhun, Dge-ba'i blos-gros and Rgya-mtsho'i sde in 56 scrolls, with the title ཡོངས་སུ་མྱ་ངན་ལས་འདས་པ་ཆེན་པོའི་མདོ།,

2896:

There is also a secondary Chinese version the Dharmakṣema's translation, which was completed in 453 CE. This was produced "by polishing the style and adding new section headings" according to Stephen Hodge.

2344:"the Buddha teaches that the nature of the Tathāgata (如來性) is the real self (真實我), but if with respect to this tenet one mentally cultivates that it is not the self, this is called the third distortion." 2428:

ny person, no matter whether they are a monk, a nun, a lay-man or lay-woman, who rejects this sûtra with abusive words, and does not even ask for forgiveness afterwards, has entered the icchantika path.

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says he taught not-self in order to get rid of certain mistaken views of self in order that the correct teaching about the self (i.e. the buddha-nature) could be given. This is why according to the

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Many scholars doubt the Indian provenance of the extra material found in the northern edition (the content beyond the first ten fascicles). The chief reasons for this skepticism are the following:

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is somewhat unsystematic and this made it a fruitful sutra for later commentators who drew on it for various doctrinal and exegetical purposes. King notes that the most important innovation of the

2271:"is not a Self in the worldly sense taught by non-Buddhist thinkers, or maintained to exist by the much-maligned ‘man in the street’", since these are considered to lead to egoistic grasping. 2255:

a bodhisattva and the second is that they may be skillful means taught to non-buddhists by Buddhas and bodhisattvas. Furthermore, numerous non-buddhist doctrines of a self are rejected in the

4943: 2216:

claims that buddha-nature (and the Buddha's body, his Dharmakaya) is characterized by four perfections (pāramitās) or qualities (which are denied in classic Buddhist doctrine): permanence (

1813:, the idea that the Buddha's physical birth and death on earth was a mere appearance, a conventional show for the sake of helping sentient beings (a doctrine which was already found in the 3019:

There are several associated texts which are considered to be part of the Nirvana sutra "family". These are found in the "Nirvana" section (涅槃部) in the Chinese Buddhist canon. It includes:

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The real self is the nature of the Tathāgata ( 如來性). Know that all sentient beings have this, but as those sentient beings are enshrouded by immeasurable afflictions, it is not manifested.

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According to Sally King, the sutra speaks about Buddha-nature in many different ways. This led Chinese scholars to create a list of types of buddha-nature that could be found in the text.

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or "dharma body" (which is equivalent to the buddha-body). The sutra also states that the Buddha's body (buddhakaya) is an eternal, unchanging, unimpeded, and indivisible adamantine body (

1566: 5050:

Matsuda, Kazunobu (1988). "Sanskrit Fragments of the Mahāyāna Mahāparinivāṇa-sūtra. A Study of the Central Asian Documents of the Stein/Hoernle Collection of the India Office Library".

4922: 3325:

Corresponding to the shorter Tibetan translation, the six fascicle (juan) Chinese translation attributed to Faxian, and the first ten fascicles of the Dharmakṣema Chinese translation.

4789:"A Study of the Early-Stage Translations of Foxing佛性 in Chinese Buddhism: The Da Banniepan Jing大般涅槃經 Trans. Dharmakṣema and the Da Fangdeng Rulaizang Jing大方等如來藏經 Trans. Buddhabhadra" 1733:

broken, and is the same as that of common mortals. O good man! Know now that for countless billions of kalpas, the body of the Tathāgata has been strong, firm, and indestructible.

3032:, 大般涅槃經後分, Taisho no. 377) translated by Tang dynasty monk Huining and the Indian monk *Jñānabhadra (若那跋陀羅) in Heling. This is purported to be an even further missing part of the 6002: 2842:

have been found over the past hundred years in various parts of Asia; Likewise, there are no quotations from this latter portion in any Indian commentaries or sutra anthologies.

3266: 3061:), translated by Dharmarakṣa. The first six chapters are similar to Taisho no. 379, while the rest of the text focuses on Śākyamuniʼs buddhafield and the Buddha's parinirvāṇa. 2441:

states: "If an icchantika were to have faith in the existence of Buddha-nature, know that he will not descend into the three bad , and also is then not called an icchantika."

2234: 587: 2131:

itself and in the buddha-nature, saying that "only one who follows the teachings of the Tathāgata, faithfully committing oneself to them, after that sees their equality ."

5392: 2838:

No traces of an extended Sanskrit text has ever been found. Sanskrit manuscript fragments of twenty four separate pages distributed right across the core portion of the

2032:

Furthermore, other similes reject the idea that buddha-nature abides in sentient beings at all, stating that buddha-nature abides nowhere, like how the sound made by a

1371: 1117: 2689: 7145: 2010:

contain slightly different characterizations of buddha-nature. For example, one simile compares the buddha nature to a treasure buried under the earth, or a to a

1728:, his final nirvana, the apparent death of his body), he is in fact eternal and immortal, since he was never born, and had no beginning or end. The sutra states: 5004: 5362: 5173: 1907:). According to King, this can be understood as an "embryonic tathāgata" or as the "womb of the tathāgata". The Chinese typically translated the term as 如來藏 4960:

Corrected and revised version of a paper presented in July 2010 at the Second International Workshop on the Mahaparinirvana Sutra held at Munich University.

194:, and how they are incomplete unless they are complemented by the teaching of "non-emptiness" and the true self, which is buddha-nature. Furthermore, the 5470: 2873:

suggesting an Indic origin. Furthermore, as Jones notes, both Chinese and Tibetan tradition understood the additional content as being of Indic origin.

5227: 2884:(heretics who cling to wrong views and reject the teachings of the Nirvana sutra) is much more negative and harsh. The Dharmakṣema translation of the 163:, who is described in this sutra as undying and eternal, without beginning or end. The text also discusses the associated doctrine of buddha-nature ( 2500: 260: 7737: 7189: 4952: 1715:

Shakyamuni Buddha's transcendent body arising from his golden tomb (絹本著色釈迦金棺出現図), 11th century Heian period Hanging scroll, Kyoto National Museum.

1186:, likely the 2nd century CE. The Śātavāhana rulers gave rich patronage to Buddhism, and were involved with the development of the cave temples at 603: 6921: 4869: 2893:(c. 360–434), who rejected the Faxian translation and was exiled, until he was vindicated when the new translation of Dharmakṣema was released. 7392: 5372: 4931: 4758:

Granoff, Phyllis. 2012. “After Sinning: Some Thoughts on Remorse, Responsibility, and the Remedies for Sin in Indian Religious Tradition.” In

2367:: "the wise know that the existence of the self and absence of self are non-dual." In making this claim, the sutra also cites two sutras, the 2311:. Likewise, those who see everything as not-self but fail to see what is Self also fail to see the true middle way, which is the buddha nature 3007: 2992: 2972:, 3 Volumes, Karinbunko, Ube City, Japan. A limited run of 500 copies, currently out of print. This is actually a translation from Shimajiʼs 2858:

Indian literature unknown to any other Chinese materials that we know from Dharmakṣema’s time." Granoff notes for example, that the story of

2000:

criticizes those who think that buddha-nature means that all beings are already full Buddhas and do not need to practice the bodhisattva path

1444:. This school taught the universality of Buddha nature and the capacity for even icchantikas to attain Buddhahood. The school thrived in the 375: 1941:

of each sentient being. Once these negative mental states have been eliminated, however, buddha-nature is said to shine forth unimpededly.

1352:, which was, he argues, probably not distinctively Mahāyāna, but quasi-Mahāsāṃghika in origin and would date to 100 CE, if not even earlier; 1110: 5555: 5397: 4884:

The Indian Buddhist Missionary Dharmakṣema (385-433): A New dating of his Arrival in Guzang and of his Translations, T'oung Pao 90, 215–263

3672: 1241:

indicates that these texts initially circulated in South India, but then gradually began to be propagated in the northwest (especially in

640: 7732: 213:

was translated into Chinese various times. The most important editions are the 416 CE "six fascicle text" and the 421 CE translation of

7629: 7179: 5274: 5205: 5073: 3763: 2710:) has survived only in a number of fragments, which were discovered in Central Asia, Afghanistan and Japan. Four full editions of the 7722: 3051:

as the main interlocutor. It also teaches that the Buddha is eternally embodied in the dharmakaya and is always preaching the Dharma.

5475: 3922: 419: 5618: 2774:(法顯), this attribution is probably inaccurate. According to Faxian's own account, the manuscript copy forming the basis of the six 4900: 2571: 523: 7407: 7152: 1103: 959: 7908: 7799: 7789: 2675: 1893: 1422: 1252: 1227: 3411: 2395:("extremists" or "dogmatists") which are either excluded from Buddhahood or will find it very difficult to ever reach it. The 1911:("tathāgata storehouse," "tathāgata matrix", or "tathāgata chamber"). However, according to Mark Blum, Dharmaksema translates 7744: 7397: 7199: 7090: 7035: 5608: 5165: 1916: 1642:

womb/chamber). The buddha-dhātu (buddha-nature, buddha-element) is presented as a timeless, eternal (nitya) and pure "Self" (

69: 4006: 2984: 1764:

to die, his "transcendent, indestructible mode of being" is something that never truly dies, being uncompounded (asaṃskṛta).

1163:

The history of the text is extremely complex, but the consensus view is that the core portion of this sutra was compiled in

2782:

from the house of a layman known as Kālasena, during his travels in India. The earliest surviving Chinese sutra catalogue,

7714: 7412: 7095: 5387: 5220: 2682: 4924:

On the Eschatology of the Mahaparinirvana Sutra and Related Matters (lecture delivered at the University of London, SOAS)

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and its teachings on the eternal nature of the Buddha. All these doctrines became central teachings of Chinese Buddhism.

7297: 7169: 7140: 6842: 2955:

Toh 121 which preserves 16 verses translated by Kamalagupta and Rin Chen Bzang Po titled ཡོངས་སུ་མྱ་ངན་ལས་འདས་པའི་མདོ།,

2175: 6532: 3440:

Kritische Ausgabe des Sanskrittextes und seiner tibetischen Übertragung im Vergleich mit den chinesischen Übersetzungen

633: 580: 6988: 6897: 6793: 6727: 6367: 6012: 5525: 5420: 1778:

According to Shimoda and Radich, this theme is the central theme of what is perhaps the earliest textual layer of the

1004: 469: 3278: 2016: 1580: 1298: 1182:

The language used in the sūtra and related texts seems to indicate a region in southern India during the time of the

222: 5016: 2976:

a classic Japanese translation of the Southern version, rather than a direct translation from Dharmakṣema's Chinese.

7893: 7837: 7317: 6279: 5402: 5200: 4965: 3207: 5751: 2763: 1833:, 隨順世間) so that people would trust him as a human sage. However, in reality, his nature is eternal and unchanging. 7727: 7540: 7530: 7402: 6385: 5965: 5726: 5701: 3962: 3837: 2759: 769: 6025: 5025: 3709: 3308:, but is quite different in form and content. It is therefore generally referred to by its full Sanskrit title, 3133: 2389:

Despite the fact that the Buddha-nature is innate in all sentient beings, there is a class of people who called

7913: 7888: 7832: 7184: 6998: 6976: 6969: 6872: 6405: 5841: 5786: 5407: 5213: 3084:

Numerous commentaries on the Nirvana sutra were written in China. The most important Chinese commentary on the

2854: 2715: 2191:

The teaching that the buddha-nature is a self is one of the "four inversions" (viparyāsas), a key theme in the

2067: 3245: 3047:), translated by Jñānagupta in the Sui dynasty. Its setting is also the Buddha's final nirvana, though it has 2845:

No other translator in China or Tibet ever found Sanskrit copies of this portion. The Chinese monk-translator

1337:

and related texts, Stephen Hodge estimates a compilation period between 100 CE and 220 CE for the core sutra.

3121: 2803: 2751: 2461:, describing how in the times of Dharma decline, there will be false monks, false teachings and all sorts of 7769: 7749: 7080: 7060: 6817: 6547: 6348: 6109: 5791: 5741: 4186: 3218: 1970: 1957:

states that buddha-nature as buddhahood is endowed with the powers and qualities of a buddha is free of any

954: 167:) which is said to be a "hidden treasury" within all living beings that is eternal (nitya), blissful, Self ( 5065:

The Mahāparinivāṇa-mahasūtra and the Emergence of Tathagatagarba Doctrine (Hamburg Buddhist Studies Vol. 5)

2849:

traveled to India and searched for this material but only found manuscripts corresponding to the core text.

1814: 1215: 1203: 1140: 929: 869: 137: 7903: 7779: 7619: 7287: 7257: 7030: 6981: 6822: 6770: 6765: 6527: 6245: 5997: 5992: 2492: 2454: 2263:), in which the self is "some kernel of identity hidden within the body" which is a "person" (pudgala), a 2075: 1155: 555: 4966:"The Tathagatagarbha Theory Reconsidered. Reflections on Some Recent Issues in Japanese Buddhist Studies" 919: 619: 7784: 7754: 7335: 7267: 7100: 7015: 7010: 6934: 6929: 6847: 5377: 3902:

A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms: With Sanskrit and English Equivalents and a Sanskrit-Pali Index.

3300: 2906: 2827: 1084: 570: 35: 6400: 3338:, 大唐西域求法高僧傳 T2066. He travelled widely through India and parts of Southeast Asia over a 25-year period. 2199:

claims that while these four do apply to samsaric phenomena, when it comes to the "supreme dharma(s)" (

1302:

to reshape the worship of the śarīra into worship of the inner Buddha as a principle of salvation: the

1233: 43: 6917: 6057: 4746:, edited by Jonathan A. Silk, Oskar von Hinüber, and Vincent Eltschinger, 264-66. Leiden: Brill, 2015. 7807: 7774: 7759: 7647: 7277: 7174: 7120: 7005: 6944: 6912: 6907: 6892: 6877: 6867: 6832: 6745: 6437: 6360: 6262: 6131: 5933: 5671: 5663: 5603: 5352: 5319: 5269: 3234: 1903: 1089: 1079: 1074: 731: 345: 218: 5588: 5515: 5108:

A Study of the Mahāparinivāṇasūtra ~ with a Focus on the Methodology of the Study of Mahāyāna Sūtras

1612: 1402:. It was translated various times and two major Chinese translations are extant. The translation by 464: 217:, which is about four times longer than the earlier one. This sutra should not be confused with the 7614: 7493: 7327: 7302: 7292: 7252: 7229: 7112: 7085: 7045: 6964: 6954: 6882: 6809: 6240: 6097: 5878: 5856: 5808: 5628: 5428: 5284: 5264: 3213: 3106: 2630: 2537: 2520: 2203:真實法, *paramadharma, like Buddha and buddha-nature), the opposite is the case. As the sutra states: 2148: 1647: 1643: 1399: 1049: 654: 539: 530: 355: 315: 168: 145: 7476: 2647: 7677: 7582: 7424: 7387: 7382: 7312: 7262: 7209: 7204: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7055: 7040: 7025: 7020: 6959: 6939: 6902: 6827: 6632: 6333: 6257: 6135: 6077: 5918: 5818: 5746: 5721: 5367: 5297: 3461: 3250: 2918: 2587: 2473: 2063: 1962: 1938: 1825: 1344:

underwent a number of stages in its composition. Masahiro Shimoda discerns several main stages:

1183: 1069: 1034: 696: 626: 548: 335: 5150:

New Sanskrit fragments of the Mahāyāna Mahāparinivāṇa-sūtra: Central Asian manuscript collection

2754:

no. 376.12.853-899), is the shortest and earliest translation into Chiense. It is attributed to

2527: 2407:

As such, the icchantika doctrine has caused much controversy and debate in East Asian Buddhism.

1501: 1195: 5593: 1771:

further equates the Dharmakāya with the buddha-nature and states that it has four perfections (

7898: 7855: 7817: 7513: 7498: 7461: 7446: 7219: 7135: 7050: 6887: 6852: 6837: 6799: 6564: 6554: 6235: 6082: 6067: 5938: 5861: 5781: 5716: 5648: 5535: 5493: 5292: 5041:

Liu, Ming-Wood (2005), "The Doctrine of Buddha-nature in the Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra",

4810: 3918: 3223: 3003: 2988: 2820: 2123: 2058: 1958: 1497: 1489: 1059: 1044: 1039: 1022: 701: 612: 562: 439: 242: 87: 6582: 2328:

also affirms the truth of "non-emptiness", which is a real genuine self, the buddha-nature.

2028:

understanding of buddha-nature in which the buddha element is merely something to be revealed

1650:) is a radical one which caused much controversy and was interpreted in many different ways. 759: 7503: 7456: 7451: 7307: 7272: 7247: 7242: 6993: 6949: 6862: 6537: 6193: 6186: 5970: 5960: 5846: 5510: 5382: 4800: 3943: 3884: 2914: 2910: 2566: 2117:, "the nature of the Tathāgata is difficult to see", the sutra emphasizes the importance of 1742: 1682: 1474: 1426: 1219: 1054: 1027: 894: 711: 691: 515: 479: 141: 6602: 5766: 5756: 5520: 5088: 3775: 3255: 3072: 2811: 2735: 2734:(歷代三寶紀), a part of the core portion of the sutra was translated previously into Chinese by 1666: 1452:

school. During the Liang, the school's teachings were supplemented by the teachings of the

1430: 1403: 1383: 774: 459: 310: 214: 7867: 7812: 7764: 7692: 7562: 7360: 7340: 7282: 7194: 6857: 6755: 6338: 6321: 6306: 6284: 5836: 5706: 5540: 4010: 3228: 2267:, a "doer" (kartṛ) or a "master" (zhu 主). According to Williams, the "Self" taught in the 1793: 1276:

eternal nature of the Buddha and his vajra body. According to Shimoda, the authors of the

1207: 999: 934: 492: 474: 350: 330: 227: 6612: 6326: 5573: 5436: 1481:

even saw the sutra as a final teaching of the Buddha and as being of equal status to the

794: 3110: 2876:

One significant difference between the Dharmakṣema edition and the earlier six fascicle

2162: 1876:, "all sentient beings possess buddha-nature without distinction" (Chinese:一切眾生皆有佛性而無差別) 7822: 7525: 7375: 7157: 6737: 6717: 6637: 6316: 6250: 6225: 6087: 4906: 3934:

Ming-Wood, L. (1981). The P'an-Chiao System of the Hua-Yen School in Chinese Buddhism.

2905:

The "Southern text" (Taisho no. 375.12.605-852), in 36 fascicles, was edited c. 453 by

2853:

Some textual scholars argue the latter portion of the northern edition may have been a

2815: 2556: 2542: 2532: 2373: 2047: 1977: 1798: 1488:

Due to its status in these doctrinal traditions, it also became important for numerous

1176: 1172: 1064: 979: 736: 500: 399: 305: 300: 171:), and pure (shudda). Due to this buddha nature, all beings have the capacity to reach 97: 6750: 6050: 6040: 1868:), which refers to the fundamental nature of the Buddha, is a central teaching of the 1296:

of the Buddha. According to Shimoda's theory, these figures used the teachings of the

7882: 7592: 7441: 6652: 6510: 6311: 6289: 5896: 5691: 5686: 5578: 5412: 5247: 3305: 3272: 2846: 1980:

which actualize their buddha potential into full Buddhahood. This is compared to how

1841: 1753: 1706: 1694: 1631: 1555: 1526: 1445: 1415: 1303: 1199: 1168: 964: 949: 889: 721: 681: 424: 365: 290: 164: 123: 31: 7637: 6542: 6420: 5776: 5771: 3875:

Lai, Whalen. “Sinitic Speculations on Buddha-Nature: The Nirvāṇa School (420-589).”

2468:

The sutra responds to this situation of decline with the proclamation of the innate

2355:

Another important element of the relationship between not-self and true self in the

2082:

of a Buddha as well as to basic constituents of reality or "raw material" (like the

1748: 1198:. During this time, the Śātavāhana dynasty also maintained extensive links with the 7682: 7667: 7587: 7577: 7419: 7214: 6707: 6208: 6203: 6030: 5901: 5237: 3192: 2658: 2551: 1976:

However, in order to become true Buddhas, sentient beings need to practice the six

1493: 1454: 1211: 1191: 989: 974: 814: 6465: 6450: 6410: 5347: 1639: 1289: 804: 4003: 3101:

Another important commentary was the Nirvana school scholar Pao-liang's (d. 509)

1805:

developed out of earlier miraculous accounts of the Buddha's gestation and birth.

1673:

that paves the way for the ultimate buddha-nature teachings, the doctrine of the

7652: 7642: 7481: 6622: 6607: 6390: 6198: 6126: 5906: 5736: 5638: 5485: 5357: 5074:"Review Article: The Mahaparinirvana Sutra and the Origins of Mahayana Buddhism" 3442:, Indica et Tibetica 51 (Marburg : lndica et Tibetica, 2007), pp. xliii–li. 3240: 3137: 2868: 2859: 2779: 2714:

of varying lengths survive in Chinese and Tibetan. The fragments are written in

2561: 2458: 2011: 1725: 1602: 1187: 1164: 1148: 1144: 849: 824: 809: 506: 449: 404: 392: 275: 156: 48: 7862: 5796: 3347:

Qualified by Stephen Hodge as a "sadly unreliable, though pioneering, attempt".

1860:

The doctrine of the "buddha-dhātu" (buddha-nature, buddha-element, Chinese: 佛性

1809:

A key element of the doctrine of the eternal buddha-body is a kind of Mahayana

7597: 7555: 7431: 7237: 7162: 6776: 6760: 6722: 6702: 6617: 6597: 6572: 6480: 6415: 6395: 6141: 6072: 5943: 5826: 5731: 5681: 5613: 5339: 5329: 5302: 3259: 2881: 2766:

between 416 and 418. Though the translation of this version in six fascicles (

2605: 2600: 2469: 2391: 2360: 2308: 2260: 2144: 1686: 1674: 1578:'s setting is the final hours of the Buddha's life. Unlike the early Buddhist 1387: 1135: 969: 879: 864: 799: 789: 784: 661: 409: 388: 340: 285: 280: 199: 172: 160: 5911: 4814: 3075:. It also describes the final nirvana and teaches that the Buddha is eternal. 17: 7572: 7545: 6712: 6587: 6299: 6215: 6092: 5982: 5955: 5948: 5868: 5831: 5598: 5563: 5530: 5505: 5460: 3947: 2610: 2363:(advaya), as two sides of the same coin so to speak. Thus, according to the 2025: 1608: 1593: 1306:. Sasaki states that a key premise of Shimoda's work is that the origins of 994: 754: 706: 444: 434: 429: 414: 360: 320: 191: 7345: 6181: 6035: 5801: 5583: 5452: 5444: 5183:

Sanskrit fragments of the Mahāyāna Mahāparinivāṇa-sūtra: Koyasan manuscript

4840: 3048: 2183: 2153:), a “supreme essence” (Tibetan: snying po’i mchog) and as a "great self" ( 2042: 1662: 1658: 1585: 924: 854: 187: 6107: 5005:"The Doctrine of the Buddha-Nature in the Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra." 3764:"The Transmission of the Mahāyāna Mahāparinivāṇa-sūtra ( 略論大乘《大般涅槃經》的傳譯定)" 2046:

Buddha relics which were originally housed inside the chamber (garbha) of

1711: 600: 568: 536: 513: 7702: 7657: 7602: 7567: 7471: 7130: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6677: 6662: 6642: 6577: 6495: 6485: 6460: 6455: 6355: 6116: 5987: 5975: 5886: 5623: 5545: 5242: 5175:

The Mahāparinivāṇa-mahasūtra and the Emergence of Tathagatagarba Doctrine

4762:, edited by Phyllis Granoff and Koichi Shinohara, 175–215. Leiden: Brill. 2890: 2707: 2462: 2051: 1810: 1678: 1559: 1509: 1505: 1441: 1375: 1307: 944: 914: 909: 899: 859: 839: 764: 716: 666: 454: 250: 115: 65: 5043:

Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies (Vol. V), Paul Williams

4977: 4805: 4788: 2232:

The four perfections as a feature of buddha-nature is also found in the

1600:

also ends with the Buddha lying down, but it does not depict his actual

175:. Some scholars like Michael Radich and Shimoda Masahiro think that the 7607: 7550: 7535: 6682: 6672: 6647: 6522: 6517: 6475: 6445: 6377: 6343: 6294: 6230: 6171: 6166: 6062: 6020: 5923: 5761: 5711: 5498: 5324: 5127:

Mahayanism: A Critical Exposition of the Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra

3464:

Die zentralasiatischen Sanskrit‐Fragmente des Mahāparinirvāṇa‐mahāsūtra

3148: 3114: 2930: 2807: 2783: 2719: 2158: 2083: 1966: 1844:

of a billion worlds, and yet, ultimately, I do not take parinirvāṇa.”

1535: 1521: 1513: 1466: 1449: 1242: 904: 834: 829: 726: 671: 370: 325: 3966: 2303:

states that those who see everything as empty and fail to see what is

2157:大我) that is eternal, pure and blissful, and is also separate from the 1611:, and other episodes after his death, like the division of relics and 7687: 7672: 7508: 7370: 7350: 7125: 6787: 6667: 6657: 6592: 6220: 6176: 6161: 6151: 6121: 6102: 6045: 5928: 5696: 5568: 5312: 5307: 5026:"The Problem of the Icchantica in the Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra" 3177: 3166: 2983:(of a projected 4), Berkeley, Calif.: BDK America (distr.: Honolulu: 2771: 2755: 2592: 1989: 1924: 1470: 939: 874: 844: 779: 676: 79: 3888: 3298:

It shares its title with another well-known Buddhist scripture, the

2944:

Phags pa yong su Mya ngan las 'Das pa chen po theg pa chen po'i mdo.

144:

school. The sutra was particularly important for the development of

4945:

The Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra. The text & its Transmission

2746:

This translation, often called the "Six fascicle text", and titled

7827: 7662: 7520: 7486: 7466: 7436: 7365: 6782: 6627: 6505: 6500: 6470: 6425: 6272: 6267: 6146: 5851: 5676: 5643: 5633: 3181: 2826:

The first ten fascicles of the northern edition may be based on a

2321: 2118: 2092: 2079: 2057: 2041: 1985: 1801:). Some scholar like Radich have argued that the doctrines of the 1792: 1710: 1690: 1670: 1565: 1549: 1478: 1293: 1281: 1202:. Hodge argues that it is likely that the text was composed "in a 1154: 1134: 984: 884: 819: 295: 119: 7697: 6490: 6156: 5653: 4376:, 2nd edition, Routledge, London and New York, 2009, pp. 108-109 3191:《涅槃玄義發源機要》by the Tiantai master Zhi Yuan (976-1022 C.E.) in the 2264: 2062:

Illustration of the reliquary and relic chamber of found in the

2033: 1981: 1797:

Gandharan depiction of the Miraculous birth of the Buddha (from

1321:

might be the earliest source for the tathāgatagarbha doctrine.

5209: 3000:

Nirvana Sutra: A Translation of Dharmakshema's Northern version

2432:

In spite of their hostile dogmatism, the longer version of the

1741:

thus presents the Buddha as an eternal and transcendent being (

1448:(502-557) and many of its teachings were incorporated into the 1386:

and the universality of buddha-nature and Buddhahood, even for

1317:

Scholars like Shimoda as well as Michael Radich argue that the

136:) and the earliest version of the text was associated with the 7355: 5891: 5195: 5141:

Blum, Mark (2003). Nirvana Sutra, in: Buswell, Robert E. ed.,

4305: 4303: 4068: 4066: 3600: 3598: 3596: 686: 2933:

collection (vols. 77-78) there are three translations of the

2178:. In teaching the existence of a permanent element (Tibetan: 1225:

According to Stephen Hodge, internal textual evidence in the

179:

might be the earliest source for the idea of buddha-nature.

5178:, Hamburg Buddhist Studies Vol. 5, Hamburg University Press. 5030:

Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies

5009:

Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies

3985: 3983: 3010:. This is Dr. Tony Page's re-editing of Yamamoto's original. 4682: 4680: 4678: 2472:

that is present in all (though it remains concealed by the

1646:). This notion of a buddhist theory of a true self (i.e. a 4744:

Brill's Encyclopedia of Buddhism: Literature and Languages

4742:

Radich, Michael. "Tathāgatagarbha Scriptures." In Vol. 1,

4083: 4081: 3562: 3560: 1504:. The work is cited by key Japanese Buddhist figures like 5162:

Lai, Whalen (1982). Sinitic speculations on buddha-nature

4014:

Japanese Journal o f Religious Studies 4/4 December 1977.

3412:"Mahāparinirvāṇasūtra (Buddha-nature, Tsadra Foundation)" 2108:

Another key aspect of the buddha-nature as taught in the

5169:(420-589), Philosophy East and West 32 (2), 135-149 4235: 4233: 4134: 4132: 3679:

Lecture held at University of London, SOAS, Spring 2006.

3090:

Compendium of Commentaries on the *Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra

2730:

According to early Chinese sutra catalogues such as the

1786:

sutra refers to itself by alternative titles, including

1697:, and a teaching on the decline of the Buddha's Dharma. 1271:

Shimoda Masahiro proposes that the earliest part of the

4770: 4768: 4041: 4039: 1534:

for the more theoretical elaboration of the meaning of

1214:. Hiromi Habata likewise associated the sutra with the 4726: 4724: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4500: 4498: 4344: 4342: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4260: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 1520:

is among the most important sources and influences on

4902:

Textual History of the Mahāyāna-mahāparinirvāna-sūtra

4026: 4024: 4022: 4020: 3732: 3730: 3535: 3533: 2951:

Phags pa yongs su mya ngan las 'das pa chen po'i mdo.

2718:

and indicate that they were written by speakers of a

1847:

According to Radich, the tathāgatagarbha idea in the

4617: 4615: 4613: 4196: 4194: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3493: 1745:) who is beyond being and non-being and is Thusness 1588:, the Buddha's attendant, is mostly absent from the 7798: 7713: 7628: 7326: 7228: 7111: 6808: 6736: 6563: 6436: 6376: 6011: 5877: 5817: 5662: 5554: 5484: 5338: 5283: 5152:, The International Institute for Buddhist Studies. 4760:

Sins and Sinners: Perspectives from Asian Religions

3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3336:

Eminent Monks who Went West in Search of the Dharma

1542:is a key source for Dōgen's view of buddha-nature. 5145:, New York: Macmillan Reference Lib., pp. 605–606. 1382:. His work promoted the "northern" translation by 1362:Ch. 5, and Ch. 9 onwards of the six fascicle text. 1159:Illustration of a chaitya cave temple, Karla Caves 2404:positively in the longer versions of the sutra). 2188:) that completely rejected any notion of a self. 1378:, a great Chinese commentator and scholar of the 5201:Revised translation of the Mahaparinirvana Sutra 3963:"Soka Gakkai Dictionary of Buddhism, T'ien-T'ai" 3622:The Buddhist Self: On Tathāgatagarbha and Ātman, 3606:The Buddhist Self: On Tathāgatagarbha and Ātman, 1436:, which was simply called the "Nirvana School" ( 1260:(he is also called Sarvalokapriyadarśana in the 4987:The Buddhist Self: On Tathāgatagarbha and Ātman 3030:The Latter Portion of the Mahāparinirvāṇa sūtra 3002:, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. 2426: 1790:which indicate the eternity of the Tathāgata. 1788:Tathāgataśāśvata-sūtra/Tathāgatanityatva-sūtra, 4523:, BDK Berkeley, California, 2013, pp. xvi-xvii 3900:William Edward Soothill, Lewis Hodous (1977). 3158:《大般涅槃經疏》by Guanding in the Sui in 33 fascicles 2921:and syntax to a more accessible and readable. 2259:(including some of the theories taught in the 1530:. Shinran relies on crucial passages from the 91: 5221: 4475:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations, 3799: 3797: 3436:Die zentralasialischen Sanskrit-Pragmente des 2957:Phags pa yongs su mya ngan las 'das pa'i mdo. 2683: 2135:Buddhadhātu as ātman and the four perfections 1111: 73: 8: 6003:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna 4374:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations 2793: 1891:(which is also done by other texts like the 1775:): permanence, bliss, purity, and selfhood. 134:Great Scripture of the Great Perfect Nirvāṇa 3917:, p. 91, York Beach, Maine: Samuel Weiser, 3067:(佛垂般涅槃略說教誡經 Taisho no. 389), also known as 2814:(c. 385–433 CE) between 421 and 430 in the 2802:(大般涅槃經), is a translation in 40 fascicles ( 2377:sutra (the most likely candidate being the 126:class. The original title of the sutra was 5228: 5214: 5206: 3915:Basic Buddhism: Exploring Buddhism and Zen 2690: 2676: 2488: 2165:phenomena. For example, the sutra states: 1949:idea that the Mahayana path is open to all 1465:was also seen as a key sutra for both the 1440:) and was also influenced by the works of 1118: 1104: 237: 4804: 1887:also equates buddha-nature with the term 1570:Chinese illustration of the Nirvana sutra 4580: 4309: 4251: 4111: 4072: 4004:The Buddha-nature in Dogen's Shobogenzo. 3065:Fo chui banniepan lüe shuo jiao jie jing 2806:no. 374.12.365c-603c), completed by the 1653:Other important doctrinal themes in the 1370: 42: 7190:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal 4715: 4703: 4686: 4657: 4645: 3788: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3654: 3642: 3608:pp. 29-30. University of Hawaiʻi Press. 3358: 3291: 3151:monk Guanding in the Sui in 2 fascicles 2778:Chinese version was obtained by him in 2507: 2491: 2242:"Self" and "not-self" as skillful means 1473:schools, the main doctrinal schools of 1284:worship, would have known how the term 249: 7393:List of Buddhist architecture in China 5120:, Taylor & Francis, Kindle Edition 4754: 4752: 4187:T12n0376, p. 79, buddhism.lib.ntu.edu. 4174: 4162: 4150: 4138: 4099: 4057: 3736: 3721: 3705: 3551: 2036:is not located in any part of the lute 1840:"at times, I show parinirvāṇa in the 5081:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 4970:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 4827: 4730: 4621: 4604: 4568: 4556: 4544: 4532: 4515: 4513: 4504: 4489: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4454: 4442: 4421: 4409: 4397: 4385: 4360: 4348: 4333: 4294: 4282: 4270: 4123: 3957: 3955: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3616: 3614: 3539: 3503: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3136:scholar Hui Yuan (慧遠 523–592) in the 2998:Yamamoto, Kosho; Page, Tony. (2015). 2968:Yamamoto, Kosho, trans. (1973-1975). 1752:), the ultimate reality, the eternal 1458:by scholars like Pao-liang (d. 509). 1398:is an extremely influential work for 7: 4774: 4669: 4633: 4239: 4224: 4212: 4200: 4087: 4030: 3989: 3879:, vol. 32, no. 2, 1982, pp. 135–49. 3824: 3812: 3587: 3566: 3524: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 2371:(possibly Taisho no. 381–382) and a 1558:, late 2nd to early 3rd century CE, 5045:, Taylor & Francis, p. 190 4592: 4321: 4045: 3624:p. 30. University of Hawaiʻi Press. 2880:is that the six fascicle's view of 2644:25. Additional Sutra Clarifications 2086:that make up any personality). The 1592:(instead, the main interlocutor is 1359:Chapter 8 of the six fascicle text. 7180:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 3120:Other Chinese commentaries in the 3057:(方等般泥洹經 Taisho no. 378, Sanskrit: 3043:(四童子三昧經 Taisho no. 379, Sanskrit: 2970:The Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra 2929:In the 6th section of the Tibetan 2147:and buddha-nature as a true self ( 1852:tathāgata-garbha, "buddha womb"). 155:uses the backdrop of the Buddha's 25: 5196:Tony Page's Nirvana Sutra website 3904:p. 256. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. 3466:. Indo‐Iranian Journal 58: 71–78. 2770:卷) is conventionally ascribed to 2320:and emptiness teachings as being 2074:The Indic term dhātu was used in 1618:According to Sallie B. King, the 1139:Cave complex associated with the 7861: 7851: 7850: 7408:Thai temple art and architecture 7153:Huichang persecution of Buddhism 5393:Iconography in Laos and Thailand 5259: 5246: 5236: 3712:, Digital Dictionary of Buddhism 3103:On the Middle Path Buddha-nature 2794:Dharmakṣema's "northern" edition 2663:30. Shōwa Treasures of the Faith 2499: 2024:). These similes suggest a more 2020:, which is cited by name in the 1615:paying respect to his body etc. 259: 186:also discusses the teachings of 5260: 1390:, the most dogmatic of persons. 7398:Japanese Buddhist architecture 7200:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 6280:Seven Factors of Enlightenment 5471:Places where the Buddha stayed 5087:(1–2): 189–197, archived from 3312:, or more commonly simply the 3310:Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra 2006:However, other similes in the 1929: 1920: 1657:include re-interpretations of 1425:(420-589) period, there was a 1335:Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra 1333:Using textual evidence in the 1250:to the Nirvana sutra like the 74: 61:Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra 1: 7413:Tibetan Buddhist architecture 3891:. Accessed 29 September 2023. 3189:Niepan Xuan Yi Fa Yuan Ji Yao 2862:in the latter portion of the 2014:(both which are found in the 1992:through additional conditions 1554:Parinirvana scene in schist, 159:to discuss the nature of the 114:for short, is an influential 7170:Buddhism and the Roman world 7146:Decline of Buddhism in India 7141:History of Buddhism in India 5241: Topics in 4989:, University of Hawaii Press 4976:(1–2): 73–83, archived from 2798:The "Northern text", titled 2453:are very concerned with the 2315:According to Mark Blum, the 1719:A key teaching found in the 6368:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar 6108: 5148:Bongard-Levin, G.M (1986). 4165:, p. 105-107, 132-134. 3673:“On the Eschatology of the 3438:Mahāparinirvāṇa-mahāsūtra: 3267:Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra 2985:University of Hawai'i Press 2981:The Nirvana Sutra: Volume 1 2979:Blum, Mark, trans. (2013). 2424:describes them as follows: 2379:Suvikrāntavikrāmiparipṛcchā 2324:, not ultimate truths. The 2307:empty do not know the true 1782:Radich also notes that the 1626:is the linking of the term 1206:environment" like Karli or 601: 569: 537: 514: 7930: 7318:The unanswerable questions 5106:Shimoda, Masahiro (1997). 5067:, Hamburg University Press 5015:(2): 63–94, archived from 3768:Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal 3208:Anunatva-Apurnatva-Nirdesa 3145:Da Ban Niepan Jing Xuan Yi 1836:As the Buddha says in the 1704: 1477:. The key Tiantai exegete 1340:The Indian version of the 1194:, and also with the Great 198:discusses the idea of the 29: 27:Sutra in Mahāyāna Buddhism 7846: 7403:Buddhist temples in Korea 5966:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 5869:Three planes of existence 5476:Buddha in world religions 5255: 4964:Jikido, Takasaki (2000), 4894:, Oxford University Press 4871:The Nirvana Sutra, Vol. 1 3774:: 103–127. Archived from 3163:Da Ban Niepan Jing You Yi 3059:Caturdhārakasamādhi sūtra 3045:Caturdhārakasamādhi sūtra 2359:is that they are seen as 1965:), transcending the five 1693:-kaya), the promotion of 1689:and his adamantine body ( 101: 7185:Persecution of Buddhists 6406:Four stages of awakening 5787:Three marks of existence 5373:Physical characteristics 5172:Radich, Michael (2015). 5143:Encyclopedia of Buddhism 5125:Yamamoto, Kosho (1975), 5072:Sasaki, Shizuka (1999), 5063:Radich, Michael (2015), 4994:King, Sallie B. (1991), 4009:14 February 2022 at the 3877:Philosophy East and West 3169:in the Sui in 1 fascicle 3130:Da Ban Niepan Jing Yi Ji 2716:Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit 2369:Sarvapuṇyasamuccayasūtra 2068:Frederick Charles Maisey 1969:and the twelve links of 1245:). Hodge notes that the 129:Mahāparinirvāṇamahāsūtra 6548:Ten principal disciples 5431:(aunt, adoptive mother) 5185:, The Reiyukai Library. 5116:Williams, Paul (2002), 5024:Liu, Ming-Wood (1984), 5003:Liu, Ming-Wood (1982), 4942:Hodge, Stephen (2012), 4921:Hodge, Stephen (2006), 4899:Hodge, Stephen (2004), 4892:Foundations of Buddhism 4890:Gethin, Rupert (1998), 4787:Li, Zijie (July 2022). 4473:Williams, Paul (2008). 4177:, p. 105-107, 132. 3948:10.1163/156853281X00038 3913:Huai-Chin, Nan (1997), 3416:buddhanature.tsadra.org 3219:Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen 3055:Fangdeng bannihuan jing 3026:Dabanniepan jing houfen 2810:Indian monk translator 2742:The "six fascicle text" 2292:Thus, according to the 1607:nor does it depict the 1288:originally referred to 604:Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra 7909:Buddhist vegetarianism 7258:Buddhism and democracy 6771:Tibetan Buddhist canon 6766:Chinese Buddhist canon 5998:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 5993:Early Buddhist schools 5181:Yuyama, Akira (1981). 5159:, Somerset Hall Press. 4868:Blum, Mark L. (2013), 4001:Takashi James Kodera, 3762:Wang, Bangwei (1993). 3156:Da Ban Niepan Jing Shu 3094:Dabanniepanjing ji jie 2901:The "southern" edition 2702:The Indic text of the 2638:23. Non-Buddhist Texts 2562:4. Saddharma Pundarika 2493:Chinese Buddhist Canon 2430: 2290: 2210: 2171: 2071: 2055: 1806: 1735: 1716: 1571: 1563: 1429:school devoted to the 1391: 1160: 1152: 634:Tathāgataguhyaka Sūtra 581:Tathāgatagarbha sūtras 92: 55: 7268:Eight Consciousnesses 5378:Life of Buddha in art 4882:Chen, Jinhua (2004), 4433:see Ruegg 1989a: 21-6 3677:and Related Matters.” 3675:Mahâparinirvâṇa-sûtra 3301:Mahaparinibbana Sutta 3279:Tathāgatagarbha Sūtra 3071:(遺教經), translated by 3041:Si tongzi sanmei jing 2840:Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra 2828:birch-bark manuscript 2764:Jin dynasty (266–420) 2704:Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra 2455:decline of the Dharma 2445:Decline of the Dharma 2285: 2205: 2167: 2061: 2045: 1866:sangs rgyas gyi khams 1796: 1730: 1714: 1581:Mahaparanibbana sutta 1569: 1553: 1374: 1342:Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra 1299:Tathāgatagarbha Sūtra 1158: 1138: 595:Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra 572:Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra 516:Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra 501:Prajñāpāramitā sūtras 223:Mahāparinibbāna Sutta 106:Kinh Đại Bát Niết Bàn 46: 36:Mahaparinibbana Sutta 30:For the sutta of the 7745:East Asian religions 7175:Buddhism in the West 6746:Early Buddhist texts 6361:Four Right Exertions 5827:Ten spiritual realms 5320:Noble Eightfold Path 5155:Ito, Shinjo (2009). 5110:. Tokyo, Shunjū-sha. 4985:Jones, C.V. (2020), 4958:on December 19, 2013 4535:, p. 36-39, 42. 3992:, p. xviii-xix. 3778:on October 15, 2006. 3620:Jones, C. V. (2020) 3604:Jones, C. V. (2020) 2963:English translations 2017:Tathāgatagarbhasūtra 1175:or some part of the 346:Bodhisattva Precepts 306:Transcendent Virtues 7868:Religion portal 7615:Temple of the Tooth 7494:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 6533:Upāsaka and Upāsikā 6026:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā 5809:Two truths doctrine 5629:Mahapajapati Gotamī 5429:Mahapajapati Gotamī 5166:The Nirvaana school 5157:Shinjo: Reflections 5019:on October 16, 2013 4806:10.3390/rel13070619 4075:, pp. 163–164. 3569:, p. xiv-xvii. 2974:Kokuyaku issai kyō, 2350:lokottaraparamātman 1872:. According to the 1824:the Buddha entered 1455:Tattvasiddhi-Śāstra 1400:East-Asian Buddhism 1017:Regional traditions 556:Lalitavistara Sūtra 531:Mahāsaṃnipāta Sūtra 524:Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra 420:Prajñāpāramitā Devī 336:Non-abiding Nirvana 301:Transcendent Wisdom 146:East Asian Buddhism 70:traditional Chinese 7790:Western philosophy 7388:Dzong architecture 7210:Vipassana movement 7205:Buddhist modernism 6633:Emperor Wen of Sui 6401:Pratyekabuddhayāna 6334:Threefold Training 6136:Vipassana movement 5852:Hungry Ghost realm 5672:Avidyā (Ignorance) 5619:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta 5368:Great Renunciation 5363:Eight Great Events 5245: 5094:on August 11, 2011 4583:, p. 153–154. 4312:, p. 107–108. 4153:, p. 112, 42. 4102:, p. 130-131. 4090:, p. xv-xvii. 3791:, pp. 446–48. 3554:, p. 101-102. 3462:Review of Habata, 3334:In his account of 3262:school of Buddhism 3251:Nirvana (Buddhism) 2919:Chinese characters 2823:from the Chinese. 2597:12. Sutravyakarana 2072: 2064:Sanchi Stupa No. 2 2056: 1939:mental afflictions 1807: 1760:As such, while he 1717: 1701:The Eternal Buddha 1677:, the eternal and 1648:Buddhist ātma-vada 1572: 1564: 1423:Southern Dynasties 1392: 1228:Aṅgulimālīya Sūtra 1184:Śātavāhana dynasty 1161: 1153: 641:Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra 627:Golden Light Sutra 540:Vimalakirtinirdeśa 356:Bodhisattva stages 321:Consciousness-only 56: 51:manuscript of the 7894:Nichiren Buddhism 7876: 7875: 7514:Om mani padme hum 7220:Women in Buddhism 7136:Buddhist councils 7006:Western countries 6794:Madhyamakālaṃkāra 6555:Shaolin Monastery 6132:Samatha-vipassanā 5742:Pratītyasamutpāda 5546:Metteyya/Maitreya 5464: 5456: 5448: 5440: 5432: 5424: 5416: 5293:Four Noble Truths 4718:, pp. 163–4. 4689:, pp. 12–13. 4672:, pp. 221–2. 4521:The Nirvana Sutra 4477:p. 108. Routledge 4227:, p. xv-xxi. 3258:, founder of the 3235:Kulayarāja Tantra 3224:Faith in Buddhism 3187:Taisho no. 1766, 3172:Taisho no. 1769, 3161:Taisho no. 1768, 3154:Taisho no. 1767, 3143:Taisho no. 1765, 3128:Taisho no. 1764, 3109:and the unity of 3008:978-1-5176-3172-7 2993:978-1-886439-46-7 2821:Classical Tibetan 2700: 2699: 2659:29. Illustrations 2624:19. Sastravibhasa 2621:18. Vinayavibhasa 2557:3. Prajnaparamita 2235:Śrīmālādevī sūtra 2084:eighteen "dhātus" 2070:, published 1850. 1971:dependent arising 1820:According to the 1758:abhedavajrakāya). 1687:Shakyamuni Buddha 1538:. Similarly, the 1490:Japanese Buddhist 1128: 1127: 613:Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra 588:Śrīmālādevī Sūtra 563:Samādhirāja Sūtra 286:Mind of Awakening 252:Mahāyāna Buddhism 102:མྱ ངནལས་དསཀྱི མྡོ 93:Daihatsunehan-gyō 16:(Redirected from 7921: 7866: 7865: 7854: 7853: 7693:Sacred languages 7541:Maya Devi Temple 7504:Mahabodhi Temple 7308:Secular Buddhism 7273:Engaged Buddhism 6113: 5961:Tibetan Buddhism 5912:Vietnamese Thiền 5511:Mahāsthāmaprāpta 5462: 5454: 5446: 5438: 5430: 5422: 5414: 5263: 5262: 5250: 5240: 5230: 5223: 5216: 5207: 5130: 5121: 5118:Buddhist Thought 5111: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5093: 5078: 5068: 5059: 5046: 5037: 5020: 4999: 4990: 4981: 4980:on July 27, 2014 4959: 4957: 4951:, archived from 4950: 4938: 4937:on June 14, 2013 4936: 4930:, archived from 4929: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4909:on June 22, 2009 4905:, archived from 4895: 4886: 4878: 4876: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4851: 4837: 4831: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4808: 4784: 4778: 4772: 4763: 4756: 4747: 4740: 4734: 4728: 4719: 4713: 4707: 4701: 4690: 4684: 4673: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4608: 4602: 4596: 4595:, p. 71-72. 4590: 4584: 4578: 4572: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4517: 4508: 4502: 4493: 4487: 4481: 4471: 4458: 4457:, p. 55-59. 4452: 4446: 4440: 4434: 4431: 4425: 4419: 4413: 4412:, p. 35-36. 4407: 4401: 4400:, p. 33-34. 4395: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4370: 4364: 4358: 4352: 4346: 4337: 4336:, p. 55-60. 4331: 4325: 4319: 4313: 4307: 4298: 4292: 4286: 4280: 4274: 4268: 4255: 4254:, p. 94–96. 4249: 4243: 4242:, p. xv-xx. 4237: 4228: 4222: 4216: 4210: 4204: 4198: 4189: 4184: 4178: 4172: 4166: 4160: 4154: 4148: 4142: 4136: 4127: 4121: 4115: 4109: 4103: 4097: 4091: 4085: 4076: 4070: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4048:, p. 66-67. 4043: 4034: 4028: 4015: 3999: 3993: 3987: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3974: 3965:. Archived from 3959: 3950: 3932: 3926: 3911: 3905: 3898: 3892: 3873: 3852: 3851: 3849: 3848: 3842:Oxford Reference 3834: 3828: 3822: 3816: 3815:, p. xviii. 3810: 3804: 3801: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3759: 3740: 3734: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3710:涅槃經 (2022-03-03) 3707: 3680: 3671:Hodge, Stephen. 3669: 3658: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3633:Chen 1993 p103-5 3631: 3625: 3618: 3609: 3602: 3591: 3585: 3570: 3564: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3528: 3522: 3507: 3501: 3468: 3458: 3443: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3422: 3408: 3348: 3345: 3339: 3332: 3326: 3323: 3317: 3296: 3214:Ātman (Buddhism) 3132:《大般涅槃經義記》by the 3122:Taisho Tripitaka 2925:Tibetan editions 2915:Liu Song dynasty 2800:Dabanniepan jing 2788:Chu Sanzang Jiji 2748:Dabannihuan jing 2692: 2685: 2678: 2618:17. Sutravibhasa 2584:9. Sutrasanipata 2581:8. Mahasannipata 2503: 2489: 2078:to refer to the 2048:Kanishka's stupa 1931: 1922: 1524:'s magnum opus, 1475:Chinese Buddhism 1427:Chinese Buddhist 1280:as advocates of 1120: 1113: 1106: 895:Hongzhi Zhengjue 712:Tibetan Buddhism 620:Ghanavyūha sūtra 608: 576: 549:Pure Land Sutras 544: 519: 480:Wrathful deities 263: 253: 238: 103: 95: 84:Dàbānnièpán-jīng 77: 76: 21: 7929: 7928: 7924: 7923: 7922: 7920: 7919: 7918: 7914:Vaipulya sutras 7889:Mahayana sutras 7879: 7878: 7877: 7872: 7860: 7842: 7794: 7709: 7624: 7361:Ordination hall 7322: 7224: 7195:Buddhist crisis 7107: 6804: 6756:Mahayana sutras 6732: 6728:Thích Nhất Hạnh 6559: 6432: 6372: 6322:Bodhisattva vow 6007: 5873: 5813: 5772:Taṇhā (Craving) 5707:Five hindrances 5658: 5550: 5480: 5334: 5279: 5251: 5234: 5192: 5138: 5136:Further reading 5133: 5124: 5115: 5105: 5097: 5095: 5091: 5076: 5071: 5062: 5052:Studia Tibetica 5049: 5040: 5023: 5002: 4993: 4984: 4963: 4955: 4948: 4941: 4934: 4927: 4920: 4912: 4910: 4898: 4889: 4881: 4874: 4867: 4863: 4858: 4849: 4847: 4839: 4838: 4834: 4826: 4822: 4786: 4785: 4781: 4777:, p. xiii. 4773: 4766: 4757: 4750: 4741: 4737: 4729: 4722: 4714: 4710: 4702: 4693: 4685: 4676: 4668: 4664: 4656: 4652: 4644: 4640: 4632: 4628: 4620: 4611: 4603: 4599: 4591: 4587: 4579: 4575: 4567: 4563: 4555: 4551: 4543: 4539: 4531: 4527: 4518: 4511: 4503: 4496: 4488: 4484: 4472: 4461: 4453: 4449: 4441: 4437: 4432: 4428: 4420: 4416: 4408: 4404: 4396: 4392: 4384: 4380: 4372:Paul Williams, 4371: 4367: 4359: 4355: 4347: 4340: 4332: 4328: 4320: 4316: 4308: 4301: 4293: 4289: 4281: 4277: 4269: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4238: 4231: 4223: 4219: 4211: 4207: 4199: 4192: 4185: 4181: 4173: 4169: 4161: 4157: 4149: 4145: 4137: 4130: 4122: 4118: 4110: 4106: 4098: 4094: 4086: 4079: 4071: 4064: 4056: 4052: 4044: 4037: 4029: 4018: 4011:Wayback Machine 4000: 3996: 3988: 3981: 3972: 3970: 3961: 3960: 3953: 3933: 3929: 3912: 3908: 3899: 3895: 3889:10.2307/1398712 3874: 3855: 3846: 3844: 3838:"Nirvāṇa Sūtra" 3836: 3835: 3831: 3823: 3819: 3811: 3807: 3802: 3795: 3787: 3783: 3761: 3760: 3743: 3735: 3728: 3720: 3716: 3708: 3683: 3670: 3661: 3653: 3649: 3641: 3637: 3632: 3628: 3619: 3612: 3603: 3594: 3586: 3573: 3565: 3558: 3550: 3546: 3538: 3531: 3523: 3510: 3502: 3471: 3460:Baums, Stefan. 3459: 3446: 3434:Hiromi Habata, 3433: 3429: 3420: 3418: 3410: 3409: 3360: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3342: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3320: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3284: 3246:Mahāyāna sūtras 3229:God in Buddhism 3202: 3195:in 4 fascicles. 3174:Niepan Zong Yao 3140:in 10 fascicles 3082: 3017: 2965: 2927: 2903: 2796: 2744: 2732:Lidai Sanbao ji 2728: 2696: 2667: 2666: 2627:20. Sarvasamaya 2548: 2516: 2487: 2447: 2387: 2244: 2228:), and purity ( 2176:Indian Buddhism 2159:five aggregates 2137: 2102:tathāgatagarbha 1961:or affliction ( 1946:Nirvana sutra's 1913:tathāgatagārbha 1889:tathāgatagarbha 1858: 1831:suishun shijian 1709: 1703: 1669:(Śūnyatā) as a 1636:tathagatagarbha 1548: 1369: 1327: 1312:Mahāparinirvāṇa 1266:Mahābherīhāraka 1234:Mahābheri Sūtra 1196:Amarāvati Stupa 1171:), possibly in 1133: 1124: 1095: 1094: 1018: 1010: 1009: 1005:Thích Nhất Hạnh 1000:14th Dalai Lama 935:Abhayākaragupta 750: 742: 741: 657: 647: 646: 495: 493:Mahayana sutras 485: 484: 395: 381: 380: 351:Bodhisattva vow 271: 251: 236: 226:which is not a 165:tathāgatagarbha 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7927: 7925: 7917: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7881: 7880: 7874: 7873: 7871: 7870: 7858: 7847: 7844: 7843: 7841: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7804: 7802: 7796: 7795: 7793: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7741: 7740: 7735: 7725: 7719: 7717: 7711: 7710: 7708: 7707: 7706: 7705: 7700: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7634: 7632: 7626: 7625: 7623: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7611: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7559: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7517: 7516: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7490: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7428: 7427: 7425:Greco-Buddhist 7417: 7416: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7379: 7378: 7376:Burmese pagoda 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7332: 7330: 7324: 7323: 7321: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7234: 7232: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7166: 7165: 7158:Greco-Buddhism 7155: 7150: 7149: 7148: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7117: 7115: 7109: 7108: 7106: 7105: 7104: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7091:United Kingdom 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7036:Czech Republic 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7003: 7002: 7001: 6996: 6986: 6985: 6984: 6974: 6973: 6972: 6967: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6926: 6925: 6915: 6910: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6814: 6812: 6806: 6805: 6803: 6802: 6800:Abhidharmadīpa 6797: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6742: 6740: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6718:B. R. Ambedkar 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6638:Songtsen Gampo 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6569: 6567: 6561: 6560: 6558: 6557: 6552: 6551: 6550: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6514: 6513: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6442: 6440: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6430: 6429: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6382: 6380: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6370: 6365: 6364: 6363: 6353: 6352: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6331: 6330: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6317:Eight precepts 6314: 6304: 6303: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6277: 6276: 6275: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6254: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6212: 6211: 6206: 6196: 6191: 6190: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6105: 6095: 6090: 6088:Five Strengths 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6054: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6028: 6023: 6017: 6015: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5979: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5953: 5952: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5915: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5883: 5881: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5871: 5866: 5865: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5829: 5823: 5821: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5811: 5806: 5805: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5727:Mental factors 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5668: 5666: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5579:Mahamoggallāna 5576: 5571: 5566: 5560: 5558: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5502: 5501: 5494:Avalokiteśvara 5490: 5488: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5467: 5466: 5458: 5450: 5442: 5434: 5426: 5418: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5344: 5342: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5316: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5295: 5289: 5287: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5256: 5253: 5252: 5235: 5233: 5232: 5225: 5218: 5210: 5204: 5203: 5198: 5191: 5190:External links 5188: 5187: 5186: 5179: 5170: 5160: 5153: 5146: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5131: 5122: 5113: 5103: 5069: 5060: 5047: 5038: 5021: 5000: 4991: 4982: 4961: 4939: 4918: 4896: 4887: 4879: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4856: 4832: 4820: 4779: 4764: 4748: 4735: 4720: 4708: 4691: 4674: 4662: 4650: 4648:, p. 157. 4638: 4626: 4609: 4597: 4585: 4573: 4561: 4549: 4537: 4525: 4519:Mark L. Blum, 4509: 4494: 4482: 4459: 4447: 4435: 4426: 4414: 4402: 4390: 4388:, p. 1-3. 4378: 4365: 4363:, p. 1-2. 4353: 4338: 4326: 4314: 4299: 4287: 4275: 4256: 4244: 4229: 4217: 4205: 4190: 4179: 4167: 4155: 4143: 4141:, p. 112. 4128: 4116: 4104: 4092: 4077: 4062: 4050: 4035: 4016: 3994: 3979: 3951: 3927: 3906: 3893: 3853: 3829: 3827:, p. xix. 3817: 3805: 3793: 3781: 3741: 3726: 3714: 3681: 3659: 3657:, p. 156. 3647: 3635: 3626: 3610: 3592: 3590:, p. xvi. 3571: 3556: 3544: 3529: 3508: 3469: 3444: 3427: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3349: 3340: 3327: 3318: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3282: 3275: 3270: 3263: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3211: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3197: 3196: 3185: 3170: 3159: 3152: 3141: 3081: 3078: 3077: 3076: 3062: 3052: 3038: 3034:Nirvana sutra. 3016: 3015:Related sutras 3013: 3012: 3011: 2996: 2977: 2964: 2961: 2960: 2959: 2953: 2946: 2926: 2923: 2902: 2899: 2851: 2850: 2843: 2816:Northern Liang 2795: 2792: 2743: 2740: 2727: 2724: 2698: 2697: 2695: 2694: 2687: 2680: 2672: 2669: 2668: 2665: 2664: 2661: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2645: 2642: 2641:24. Catalogues 2639: 2636: 2635:22. Cyclopedia 2633: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2608: 2606:14. Madhyamaka 2603: 2601:13. Abhidharma 2598: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2547: 2546: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2523: 2517: 2514: 2513: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2504: 2496: 2495: 2486: 2483: 2446: 2443: 2386: 2383: 2374:Prajñāpāramitā 2342:Nirvana sutra, 2322:skillful means 2243: 2240: 2214:Nirvana sutra 2180:yang dag khams 2136: 2133: 2127:) in both the 2076:early Buddhism 1857: 1854: 1838:Nirvana sutra, 1822:Nirvana sutra, 1780:Nirvana sutra. 1705:Main article: 1702: 1699: 1671:skillful means 1556:Kushan dynasty 1547: 1544: 1409:Dharmakṣema's 1368: 1365: 1364: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1353: 1348:a short proto- 1326: 1323: 1314:are entwined. 1278:Nirvana sutra, 1132: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1123: 1122: 1115: 1108: 1100: 1097: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1031: 1030: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1002: 997: 992: 987: 982: 977: 972: 967: 962: 960:Rangjung Dorje 957: 952: 947: 942: 937: 932: 930:Ratnākaraśānti 927: 922: 920:Śaṅkaranandana 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 870:Shāntarakshita 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 751: 748: 747: 744: 743: 740: 739: 737:Chung Tai Shan 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 658: 653: 652: 649: 648: 645: 644: 637: 630: 623: 616: 609: 598: 591: 584: 577: 566: 559: 552: 545: 534: 527: 520: 511: 504: 496: 491: 490: 487: 486: 483: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 440:Avalokiteśvara 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 396: 387: 386: 383: 382: 379: 378: 376:Three Turnings 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 331:Three vehicles 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 296:Skillful Means 293: 288: 283: 278: 272: 269: 268: 265: 264: 256: 255: 247: 246: 235: 232: 228:Mahayana sutra 219:early Buddhist 104:; Vietnamese: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7926: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7904:Buddha-nature 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7857: 7849: 7848: 7845: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7805: 7803: 7801: 7797: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7730: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7720: 7718: 7716: 7712: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7695: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7635: 7633: 7631: 7630:Miscellaneous 7627: 7621: 7620:Vegetarianism 7618: 7616: 7613: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7585: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7533: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7515: 7512: 7511: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7464: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7442:Buddha in art 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7426: 7423: 7422: 7421: 7418: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7377: 7374: 7373: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7338: 7337: 7334: 7333: 7331: 7329: 7325: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7235: 7233: 7231: 7227: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7164: 7161: 7160: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7147: 7144: 7143: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7114: 7110: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7096:United States 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7008: 7007: 7004: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6991: 6990: 6987: 6983: 6980: 6979: 6978: 6975: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6962: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6923: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6905: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6815: 6813: 6811: 6807: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6795: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6778: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6743: 6741: 6739: 6735: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6653:Padmasambhava 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6565:Major figures 6562: 6556: 6553: 6549: 6546: 6545: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6512: 6511:Western tulku 6509: 6508: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6443: 6441: 6439: 6435: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6379: 6375: 6369: 6366: 6362: 6359: 6358: 6357: 6354: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6336: 6335: 6332: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6312:Five precepts 6310: 6309: 6308: 6305: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6290:Dhamma vicaya 6288: 6286: 6283: 6282: 6281: 6278: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6201: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6137: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6100: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6058:Buddhābhiṣeka 6056: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6033: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6014: 6010: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5958: 5957: 5954: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5893: 5890: 5889: 5888: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5876: 5870: 5867: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5834: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5816: 5810: 5807: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5789: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5702:Enlightenment 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5692:Dhamma theory 5690: 5688: 5687:Buddha-nature 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5661: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5553: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5526:Samantabhadra 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5500: 5497: 5496: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5465: 5459: 5457: 5451: 5449: 5443: 5441: 5435: 5433: 5427: 5425: 5419: 5417: 5411: 5410: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5337: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5300: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5282: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5258: 5257: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5231: 5226: 5224: 5219: 5217: 5212: 5211: 5208: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5193: 5189: 5184: 5180: 5177: 5176: 5171: 5168: 5167: 5161: 5158: 5154: 5151: 5147: 5144: 5140: 5139: 5135: 5128: 5123: 5119: 5114: 5112:(in Japanese) 5109: 5104: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5075: 5070: 5066: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5048: 5044: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5001: 4997: 4996:Buddha Nature 4992: 4988: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4962: 4954: 4947: 4946: 4940: 4933: 4926: 4925: 4919: 4908: 4904: 4903: 4897: 4893: 4888: 4885: 4880: 4877:, BDK America 4873: 4872: 4866: 4865: 4860: 4846: 4845:ntireader.org 4842: 4836: 4833: 4829: 4824: 4821: 4816: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4783: 4780: 4776: 4771: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4755: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4739: 4736: 4733:, p. 30. 4732: 4727: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4712: 4709: 4705: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4666: 4663: 4659: 4654: 4651: 4647: 4642: 4639: 4635: 4630: 4627: 4623: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4610: 4607:, p. 63. 4606: 4601: 4598: 4594: 4589: 4586: 4582: 4581:Yamamoto 1975 4577: 4574: 4571:, p. 61. 4570: 4565: 4562: 4559:, p. 60. 4558: 4553: 4550: 4547:, p. 46. 4546: 4541: 4538: 4534: 4529: 4526: 4522: 4516: 4514: 4510: 4507:, p. 66. 4506: 4501: 4499: 4495: 4492:, p. 65. 4491: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4476: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4451: 4448: 4445:, p. 58. 4444: 4439: 4436: 4430: 4427: 4424:, p. 36. 4423: 4418: 4415: 4411: 4406: 4403: 4399: 4394: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4379: 4375: 4369: 4366: 4362: 4357: 4354: 4351:, p. 44. 4350: 4345: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4330: 4327: 4324:, p. 66. 4323: 4318: 4315: 4311: 4310:Yamamoto 1975 4306: 4304: 4300: 4297:, p. 43. 4296: 4291: 4288: 4285:, p. 42. 4284: 4279: 4276: 4273:, p. 19. 4272: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4252:Yamamoto 1975 4248: 4245: 4241: 4236: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4221: 4218: 4215:, p. 48. 4214: 4209: 4206: 4202: 4197: 4195: 4191: 4188: 4183: 4180: 4176: 4171: 4168: 4164: 4159: 4156: 4152: 4147: 4144: 4140: 4135: 4133: 4129: 4126:, p. 31. 4125: 4120: 4117: 4113: 4112:Yamamoto 1975 4108: 4105: 4101: 4096: 4093: 4089: 4084: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4073:Williams 2002 4069: 4067: 4063: 4060:, p. 52. 4059: 4054: 4051: 4047: 4042: 4040: 4036: 4033:, p. 14. 4032: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4012: 4008: 4005: 3998: 3995: 3991: 3986: 3984: 3980: 3969:on 2014-05-30 3968: 3964: 3958: 3956: 3952: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3931: 3928: 3924: 3923:1-57863-020-7 3920: 3916: 3910: 3907: 3903: 3897: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3854: 3843: 3839: 3833: 3830: 3826: 3821: 3818: 3814: 3809: 3806: 3800: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3782: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3733: 3731: 3727: 3724:, p. 73. 3723: 3718: 3715: 3711: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3676: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3636: 3630: 3627: 3623: 3617: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3563: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3548: 3545: 3542:, p. 32. 3541: 3536: 3534: 3530: 3527:, p. xv. 3526: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3431: 3428: 3417: 3413: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3359: 3353: 3344: 3341: 3337: 3331: 3328: 3322: 3319: 3315: 3314:Nirvāṇa Sūtra 3311: 3307: 3303: 3302: 3295: 3292: 3286: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3274: 3273:Buddha-nature 3271: 3269: 3268: 3264: 3261: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3184:in 1 fascicle 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3157: 3153: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3118: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3099: 3098: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3086:Nirvana sutra 3079: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3024: 3023: 3022: 3021: 3014: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2952: 2947: 2945: 2940: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2935:Nirvana sutra 2932: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2892: 2887: 2886:Nirvana sutra 2883: 2879: 2878:Nirvana sutra 2874: 2872: 2870: 2866:draws on the 2865: 2864:Nirvana sutra 2861: 2856: 2855:Central Asian 2848: 2844: 2841: 2837: 2836: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2824: 2822: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2791: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2733: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2712:Nirvana sutra 2709: 2705: 2693: 2688: 2686: 2681: 2679: 2674: 2673: 2671: 2670: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2631:21. Histories 2629: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2611:15. Yogachara 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2567:5. Avatamsaka 2565: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2518: 2512: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2497: 2494: 2490: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2478:Nirvana sutra 2475: 2471: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2451:Nirvana Sutra 2449:Parts of the 2444: 2442: 2440: 2435: 2434:Nirvana Sutra 2429: 2425: 2423: 2422:Nirvana sutra 2418: 2416: 2415:Nirvana sutra 2410: 2409: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2397:Nirvana sutra 2394: 2393: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2375: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2357:Nirvana sutra 2353: 2351: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2338:Nirvana sutra 2334: 2333:Nirvana sutra 2329: 2327: 2326:Nirvana sutra 2323: 2318: 2317:Nirvana sutra 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2301:Nirvana sutra 2297: 2295: 2294:Nirvana sutra 2289: 2288:sovereignty . 2284: 2282: 2281:Nirvana sutra 2277: 2276:Nirvana sutra 2272: 2270: 2269:Nirvana sutra 2266: 2262: 2258: 2257:Nirvana sutra 2253: 2252:Nirvana sutra 2248: 2241: 2239: 2238: 2236: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2212:As such, the 2209: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2197:Nirvana sutra 2194: 2193:Nirvana sutra 2189: 2187: 2186: 2181: 2177: 2170: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2151: 2146: 2142: 2141:Nirvana sutra 2134: 2132: 2130: 2129:Nirvana sutra 2126: 2125: 2120: 2116: 2115:Nirvana sutra 2111: 2110:Nirvana sutra 2106: 2103: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2088:Nirvana sutra 2085: 2081: 2077: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2040: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2022:Nirvana sutra 2019: 2018: 2013: 2009: 2008:Nirvana sutra 2004: 2003: 1999: 1998:Nirvana sutra 1996:As such, the 1995: 1991: 1987: 1984:is made into 1983: 1979: 1975: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1955:Nirvana sutra 1952: 1947: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1926: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1905: 1900: 1896: 1895: 1890: 1886: 1885:Nirvana sutra 1881: 1879: 1875: 1874:Nirvana sutra 1871: 1870:Nirvana sutra 1867: 1863: 1856:Buddha-nature 1855: 1853: 1850: 1849:Nirvana sutra 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1832: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1816: 1812: 1804: 1803:Nirvana sutra 1800: 1799:Lorian Tangai 1795: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1769:Nirvana sutra 1766: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1750: 1744: 1740: 1739:Nirvana sutra 1734: 1729: 1727: 1722: 1721:Nirvana sutra 1713: 1708: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1695:vegetarianism 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1655:Nirvana sutra 1651: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1632:buddha-nature 1629: 1625: 1621: 1620:Nirvana sutra 1616: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1604: 1599: 1598:Nirvana sutra 1595: 1591: 1590:Nirvana sutra 1587: 1584: 1582: 1577: 1576:Nirvana sutra 1568: 1561: 1557: 1552: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1532:Nirvana Sutra 1529: 1528: 1527:Kyogyoshinsho 1523: 1519: 1518:Nirvana Sutra 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1502:Shin Buddhism 1499: 1495: 1492:schools like 1491: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1463:Nirvana sutra 1459: 1457: 1456: 1451: 1447: 1446:Liang dynasty 1443: 1439: 1435: 1434:Nirvana sutra 1432: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1417: 1416:vegetarianism 1412: 1411:Nirvana sutra 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1396:Nirvana sutra 1389: 1385: 1381: 1380:Nirvana sutra 1377: 1373: 1366: 1361: 1358: 1354: 1351: 1350:Nirvāṇa Sūtra 1347: 1346: 1345: 1343: 1338: 1336: 1331: 1324: 1322: 1320: 1319:Nirvana sutra 1315: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1304:Buddha-nature 1301: 1300: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1274: 1273:Nirvana sutra 1269: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1254: 1248: 1247:Nirvana sutra 1244: 1240: 1236: 1235: 1230: 1229: 1223: 1221: 1220:Lokottaravāda 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1200:Kuṣāṇa Empire 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1157: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1130: 1121: 1116: 1114: 1109: 1107: 1102: 1101: 1099: 1098: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1029: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1014: 1013: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 950:Sakya Pandita 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 890:Dahui Zonggao 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 752: 746: 745: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 722:Fo Guang Shan 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 659: 656: 655:Major schools 651: 650: 643: 642: 638: 636: 635: 631: 629: 628: 624: 622: 621: 617: 615: 614: 610: 607: 606: 605: 599: 597: 596: 592: 590: 589: 585: 583: 582: 578: 575: 574: 573: 567: 565: 564: 560: 558: 557: 553: 551: 550: 546: 543: 542: 541: 535: 533: 532: 528: 526: 525: 521: 518: 517: 512: 510: 509: 505: 503: 502: 498: 497: 494: 489: 488: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 470:Samantabhadra 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 425:Bhaiṣajyaguru 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 397: 394: 390: 385: 384: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 366:Luminous mind 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 291:Buddha-nature 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 273: 267: 266: 262: 258: 257: 254: 248: 244: 240: 239: 233: 231: 229: 225: 224: 220: 216: 212: 211:Nirvana sutra 208: 207:Nirvana sutra 203: 201: 197: 196:Nirvana sutra 193: 189: 185: 184:Nirvana sutra 180: 178: 177:Nirvana sutra 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 157:final nirvana 154: 153:Nirvana sutra 149: 147: 143: 142:Lokottaravāda 139: 135: 131: 130: 125: 124:Buddha-nature 121: 117: 113: 112: 111:Nirvana Sutra 107: 99: 94: 89: 85: 81: 71: 67: 63: 62: 54: 53:Nirvāṇa Sūtra 50: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 18:Nirvana Sutra 7808:Bodhisattvas 7728:Christianity 7723:Baháʼí Faith 7588:Dharmachakra 7578:Prayer wheel 7568:Prayer beads 7336:Architecture 7215:969 Movement 6999:Saudi Arabia 6977:Central Asia 6970:South Africa 6792: 6775: 6708:Panchen Lama 6613:Buddhapālita 6209:Satipatthana 6204:Mindful Yoga 6117:Recollection 6031:Brahmavihara 5902:Japanese Zen 5897:Chinese Chan 5857:Animal realm 5664:Key concepts 5486:Bodhisattvas 5298:Three Jewels 5182: 5174: 5163: 5156: 5149: 5142: 5129:, Karinbunko 5126: 5117: 5107: 5096:, retrieved 5089:the original 5084: 5080: 5064: 5055: 5051: 5042: 5033: 5029: 5017:the original 5012: 5008: 4998:, SUNY Press 4995: 4986: 4978:the original 4973: 4969: 4953:the original 4944: 4932:the original 4923: 4911:, retrieved 4907:the original 4901: 4891: 4883: 4870: 4848:. Retrieved 4844: 4841:"NTI Reader" 4835: 4830:, p. 2. 4823: 4796: 4792: 4782: 4759: 4743: 4738: 4716:Shimoda 1997 4711: 4704:Matsuda 1988 4687:Matsuda 1988 4665: 4658:Shimoda 1997 4653: 4646:Shimoda 1997 4641: 4629: 4600: 4588: 4576: 4564: 4552: 4540: 4528: 4520: 4485: 4478: 4474: 4450: 4438: 4429: 4417: 4405: 4393: 4381: 4373: 4368: 4356: 4329: 4317: 4290: 4278: 4247: 4220: 4208: 4203:, p. 4. 4182: 4170: 4158: 4146: 4119: 4107: 4095: 4053: 4002: 3997: 3971:. Retrieved 3967:the original 3942:(1), 10-47. 3939: 3935: 3930: 3914: 3909: 3901: 3896: 3880: 3876: 3845:. Retrieved 3841: 3832: 3820: 3808: 3789:Shimoda 1997 3784: 3776:the original 3771: 3767: 3717: 3674: 3655:Shimoda 1997 3650: 3645:, p. 5. 3643:Matsuda 1988 3638: 3629: 3621: 3605: 3547: 3463: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3419:. Retrieved 3415: 3343: 3335: 3330: 3321: 3313: 3309: 3299: 3294: 3277: 3265: 3233: 3206: 3188: 3173: 3162: 3155: 3147:《大般涅槃經玄義》by 3144: 3129: 3119: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3083: 3080:Commentaries 3069:Yi jiao jing 3068: 3064: 3058: 3054: 3044: 3040: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3020: 3018: 2999: 2980: 2973: 2969: 2956: 2950: 2943: 2934: 2928: 2904: 2895: 2885: 2877: 2875: 2867: 2863: 2852: 2839: 2833: 2825: 2799: 2797: 2787: 2775: 2767: 2760:Buddhabhadra 2747: 2745: 2731: 2729: 2711: 2703: 2701: 2655:28. Doubtful 2576: 2572:6. Ratnakuta 2477: 2467: 2450: 2448: 2438: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2421: 2419: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2401: 2396: 2390: 2388: 2378: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2356: 2354: 2349: 2346: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2330: 2325: 2316: 2312: 2304: 2300: 2298: 2293: 2291: 2286: 2280: 2275: 2273: 2268: 2256: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2211: 2206: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2190: 2184: 2179: 2172: 2168: 2154: 2149: 2140: 2138: 2128: 2122: 2114: 2109: 2107: 2101: 2096: 2087: 2073: 2037: 2029: 2021: 2015: 2007: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1973: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1943: 1934: 1930:rúlái mìzàng 1928: 1912: 1908: 1904:Uttaratantra 1902: 1898: 1894:Aṅgulimālīya 1892: 1888: 1884: 1882: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1859: 1848: 1846: 1837: 1834: 1830: 1821: 1818: 1815:Mahāsāṃghika 1808: 1802: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1777: 1772: 1768: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1746: 1738: 1736: 1731: 1720: 1718: 1685:) nature of 1654: 1652: 1635: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1617: 1601: 1597: 1589: 1579: 1575: 1573: 1539: 1531: 1525: 1517: 1487: 1482: 1462: 1460: 1453: 1437: 1433: 1420: 1410: 1408: 1395: 1393: 1379: 1367:In East Asia 1356:development. 1349: 1341: 1339: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1318: 1316: 1311: 1297: 1292:or physical 1285: 1277: 1272: 1270: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1251: 1246: 1238: 1232: 1226: 1224: 1216:Mahāsāṃghika 1212:Dhanyakaṭaka 1204:Mahāsāṃghika 1181: 1169:dakṣiṇāpatha 1162: 1141:Mahāsāṃghika 990:D. T. Suzuki 795:Buddhapālita 639: 632: 625: 618: 611: 602: 594: 593: 586: 579: 571: 561: 554: 547: 538: 529: 522: 507: 499: 393:Bodhisattvas 326:Three bodies 221: 210: 206: 204: 195: 183: 181: 176: 152: 150: 138:Mahāsāṃghika 133: 128: 127: 110: 109: 105: 86:; 83: 78:; 60: 59: 57: 52: 40: 7653:Dharma talk 7482:Asalha Puja 7278:Eschatology 7081:Switzerland 7061:New Zealand 6989:Middle East 6898:Philippines 6818:Afghanistan 6623:Bodhidharma 6608:Buddhaghosa 6528:Householder 6438:Monasticism 6391:Bodhisattva 6246:Prostration 6199:Mindfulness 6127:Anapanasati 6110:Kammaṭṭhāna 5907:Korean Seon 5847:Asura realm 5842:Human realm 5782:Ten Fetters 5737:Parinirvana 5639:Uppalavanna 5604:Mahākaccana 5589:Mahākassapa 5521:Kṣitigarbha 5516:Ākāśagarbha 5413:Suddhodāna 5358:Four sights 5285:Foundations 4175:Radich 2015 4163:Radich 2015 4151:Radich 2015 4139:Radich 2015 4100:Radich 2015 4058:Gethin 1998 3737:Sasaki 1999 3722:Jikido 2000 3552:Radich 2015 3241:Parinirvana 2913:during the 2882:icchantikas 2869:Mahābhārata 2812:Dharmakṣema 2780:Pāṭaliputra 2762:during the 2736:Dharmarakṣa 2652:27. Ancient 2648:26. Siddham 2474:defilements 2459:eschatology 2392:icchantikas 2385:Icchantikas 2208:selfhood... 2161:and beyond 2054:, Pakistan. 1864:, Tibetan: 1842:Jambudvīpas 1726:parinirvāṇa 1628:buddhadhātu 1613:Mahakasyapa 1603:parinirvāṇa 1483:Lotus Sutra 1438:nièpán-zong 1431:Dharmakṣema 1404:Dharmakṣema 1388:icchantikas 1384:Dharmakṣema 1286:buddhadhātu 1258:Lotus sutra 1165:South India 1145:Karla Caves 1028:Han Chinese 850:Amoghavajra 825:Bodhidharma 815:Candrakīrti 810:Dharmakīrti 805:Bhāvaviveka 760:Ashvaghosha 749:Key figures 508:Lotus Sūtra 465:Ākāśagarbha 460:Kṣitigarbha 450:Vajrasattva 341:One Vehicle 276:Bodhisattva 215:Dharmakṣema 200:icchantikas 49:Sui dynasty 7883:Categories 7770:Psychology 7750:Gnosticism 7738:Comparison 7733:Influences 7715:Comparison 7598:Bhavacakra 7556:Kushinagar 7531:Pilgrimage 7477:Māgha Pūjā 7432:Bodhi Tree 7248:Buddhology 7238:Abhidharma 7230:Philosophy 7163:Menander I 7031:Costa Rica 6982:Uzbekistan 6823:Bangladesh 6777:Dhammapada 6761:Pali Canon 6723:Ajahn Chah 6703:Dalai Lama 6603:Kumārajīva 6598:Vasubandhu 6573:The Buddha 6481:Zen master 6416:Sakadagami 6396:Buddhahood 6327:Pratimokṣa 6142:Shikantaza 6098:Meditation 6073:Deity yoga 5944:Madhyamaka 5837:Deva realm 5732:Mindstream 5682:Bodhicitta 5594:Aṅgulimāla 5461:Devadatta 5437:Yaśodharā 5340:The Buddha 5330:Middle Way 5098:21 January 5036:(1): 57–82 4913:21 January 4850:2023-09-29 4828:Hodge 2012 4799:(7): 619. 4731:Jones 2020 4622:Hodge 2004 4605:Jones 2020 4569:Jones 2020 4557:Jones 2020 4545:Jones 2020 4533:Jones 2020 4505:Jones 2020 4490:Jones 2020 4455:Jones 2020 4443:Jones 2020 4422:Jones 2020 4410:Jones 2020 4398:Jones 2020 4386:Jones 2020 4361:Jones 2020 4349:Jones 2020 4334:Jones 2020 4295:Jones 2020 4283:Jones 2020 4271:Jones 2020 4124:Jones 2020 3973:2011-09-03 3936:T'oung Pao 3847:2023-09-28 3540:Jones 2020 3504:Hodge 2006 3421:2023-09-28 3354:References 3306:Pāli Canon 3260:Shinnyo-en 3256:Shinjō Itō 3165:《涅槃經遊意》by 3107:two truths 3073:Kumārajīva 2860:Ajatasatru 2722:language. 2615:16. Sastra 2593:11. Vinaya 2588:10. Tantra 2577:7. Nirvana 2470:Buddhahood 2463:calamities 2309:middle way 2274:Thus, the 2261:Upanishads 2220:), bliss ( 2145:Buddhahood 2143:describes 1933:or simply 1909:rúlái zàng 1754:Dharmakāya 1707:Dharmakāya 1675:icchantika 1253:Aṅgulimāla 1237:, and the 1149:Mahārāṣtra 970:Longchenpa 965:Tsongkhapa 880:Mazu Daoyi 865:Shāntideva 790:Sthiramati 785:Vasubandhu 775:Kumārajīva 732:Fa Gu Shan 662:Mādhyamaka 410:Adi-Buddha 400:Shakyamuni 361:Pure Lands 316:Two truths 281:Buddhahood 173:Buddhahood 32:Pāli Canon 7838:Festivals 7818:Buddhists 7780:Theosophy 7583:Symbolism 7573:Hama yumi 7546:Bodh Gaya 7313:Socialism 7288:Evolution 7263:Economics 7101:Venezuela 7016:Australia 7011:Argentina 6935:Sri Lanka 6930:Singapore 6848:Indonesia 6810:Countries 6751:Tripiṭaka 6713:Ajahn Mun 6588:Nagarjuna 6583:Aśvaghoṣa 6466:Anagārika 6461:Śrāmaṇerī 6456:Śrāmaṇera 6451:Bhikkhunī 6411:Sotāpanna 6300:Passaddhi 6241:Offerings 6216:Nekkhamma 6093:Iddhipada 6013:Practices 5983:Theravada 5956:Vajrayana 5949:Yogachara 5919:Pure Land 5832:Six Paths 5819:Cosmology 5599:Anuruddha 5574:Sāriputta 5564:Kaundinya 5556:Disciples 5531:Vajrapāṇi 5383:Footprint 5348:Tathāgata 4815:2077-1444 4793:Religions 4775:Blum 2013 4670:Chen 2004 4634:Chen 2004 4240:Blum 2013 4225:Blum 2013 4213:King 1991 4201:King 1991 4088:Blum 2013 4031:King 1991 3990:Blum 2013 3825:Blum 2013 3813:Blum 2013 3588:Blum 2013 3567:Blum 2013 3525:Blum 2013 3176:《涅槃宗要》by 3124:include: 2552:2. Jataka 2457:and with 2224:), self ( 2201:zhenshifa 2155:mahātman, 2012:gold mine 1978:pāramitās 1899:Mahābherī 1773:pāramitās 1743:lokottara 1683:lokottara 1667:emptiness 1640:tathagata 1609:cremation 1546:Teachings 1262:Mahāmegha 1208:Amaravatī 1085:Indonesia 995:Sheng-yen 770:Lokakṣema 755:Nāgārjuna 707:Vajrayāna 697:Pure Land 445:Vajrapāṇi 430:Vairocana 415:Akshobhya 311:Emptiness 270:Teachings 192:emptiness 120:scripture 118:Buddhist 7899:Shentong 7856:Category 7785:Violence 7755:Hinduism 7703:Sanskrit 7658:Hinayana 7643:Amitābha 7603:Swastika 7472:Uposatha 7462:Holidays 7447:Calendar 7293:Humanism 7131:Kanishka 7121:Timeline 6945:Thailand 6913:Kalmykia 6908:Buryatia 6893:Pakistan 6878:Mongolia 6873:Maldives 6868:Malaysia 6833:Cambodia 6698:Shamarpa 6693:Nichiren 6643:Xuanzang 6578:Nagasena 6496:Rinpoche 6226:Pāramitā 6068:Devotion 5988:Navayana 5976:Dzogchen 5939:Nichiren 5887:Mahayana 5879:Branches 5757:Saṅkhāra 5506:Mañjuśrī 5463:(cousin) 5455:(cousin) 5423:(mother) 5415:(father) 5403:Miracles 5353:Birthday 5270:Glossary 5243:Buddhism 4593:Liu 1984 4322:Liu 1982 4046:Liu 1982 4007:Archived 3200:See also 2891:Daosheng 2808:Magadhan 2750:(大般泥洹經, 2708:Sanskrit 2543:Ekottara 2538:Samyukta 2533:Madhyama 2521:1. Agama 2515:Sections 2508:Sections 2361:non-dual 2230:śuddha). 2163:samsaric 2052:Peshawar 2026:immanent 1967:skandhas 1817:school). 1811:docetism 1659:not-self 1594:Mañjuśrī 1560:Gandhara 1510:Nichiren 1498:Nichiren 1469:and the 1442:Daosheng 1376:Daosheng 1310:and the 1308:Mahayana 1256:and the 1222:school. 1080:Malaysia 1075:Mongolia 915:Nichiren 840:Xuanzang 765:Āryadeva 717:Dzogchen 702:Nichiren 667:Yogācāra 455:Maitreya 435:Mañjuśrī 405:Amitabha 243:a series 241:Part of 188:not-self 116:Mahāyāna 88:Japanese 66:Sanskrit 7833:Temples 7813:Buddhas 7775:Science 7765:Judaism 7760:Jainism 7678:Lineage 7638:Abhijñā 7608:Thangka 7551:Sarnath 7536:Lumbini 7457:Funeral 7452:Cuisine 7328:Culture 7303:Reality 7253:Creator 7243:Atomism 7113:History 7086:Ukraine 7046:Germany 6965:Senegal 6955:Vietnam 6883:Myanmar 6683:Shinran 6673:Karmapa 6648:Shandao 6618:Dignāga 6543:Śrāvaka 6523:Donchee 6518:Kappiya 6476:Sayadaw 6446:Bhikkhu 6421:Anāgāmi 6378:Nirvana 6344:Samadhi 6231:Paritta 6172:Tonglen 6167:Mandala 6122:Smarana 6103:Mantras 6051:Upekkha 6021:Bhavana 5971:Shingon 5924:Tiantai 5777:Tathātā 5767:Śūnyatā 5762:Skandha 5752:Saṃsāra 5747:Rebirth 5722:Kleshas 5712:Indriya 5614:Subhūti 5499:Guanyin 5453:Ānanda 5445:Rāhula 5325:Nirvana 5265:Outline 4861:Sources 3304:of the 3180:in the 3167:Ji Zang 3149:Tiantai 3115:nirvana 3111:samsara 3088:is the 2931:Kangyur 2907:Huiguan 2784:Sengyou 2726:Chinese 2720:Prakrit 2476:). The 2439:Nirvana 2365:Nirvana 2185:anātman 2124:śraddhā 1935:mìzàng, 1917:Chinese 1826:nirvāṇa 1784:Nirvana 1762:appears 1749:tathata 1679:docetic 1663:anātman 1634:) with 1624:Nirvana 1596:). The 1540:Nirvana 1536:shinjin 1522:Shinran 1514:Shinran 1467:Tiantai 1450:Tiantai 1421:In the 1243:Kashmir 1239:Nirvāṇa 1151:, India 1131:Origins 1055:Tibetan 1050:Vietnam 980:Hanshan 955:Dolpopa 905:Shinran 835:Shandao 830:Huineng 800:Dignāga 727:Tzu Chi 692:Shingon 672:Tiantai 389:Buddhas 371:Dharani 234:History 122:of the 98:Tibetan 7828:Sutras 7823:Suttas 7688:Siddhi 7673:Koliya 7648:Brahmā 7563:Poetry 7509:Mantra 7499:Kasaya 7371:Pagoda 7351:Kyaung 7346:Vihāra 7341:Temple 7283:Ethics 7126:Ashoka 7076:Sweden 7071:Poland 7066:Norway 7056:Mexico 7041:France 7026:Canada 7021:Brazil 6960:Africa 6940:Taiwan 6903:Russia 6828:Bhutan 6788:Vinaya 6668:Naropa 6658:Saraha 6593:Asanga 6349:Prajñā 6258:Refuge 6221:Nianfo 6182:Tertön 6177:Tantra 6162:Ganana 6152:Tukdam 6078:Dhyāna 6046:Mudita 6041:Karuṇā 5934:Risshū 5929:Huayan 5862:Naraka 5802:Anattā 5797:Dukkha 5792:Anicca 5697:Dharma 5649:Channa 5584:Ānanda 5569:Assaji 5536:Skanda 5439:(wife) 5408:Family 5388:Relics 5313:Sangha 5308:Dharma 5303:Buddha 4813: 3921: 3178:Wŏnhyo 3049:Ananda 3037:sutra. 3006: 2991: 2911:Huiyan 2847:Yijing 2804:Taisho 2772:Faxian 2756:Faxian 2752:Taisho 2528:Dirgha 2080:relics 1990:butter 1963:klesha 1927:: 1925:pinyin 1919:: 1901:, and 1862:foxing 1665:) and 1586:Ananda 1516:. The 1471:Huayan 1325:Dating 1294:relics 1290:śarīra 1192:Ajaṇṭā 1177:Deccan 1173:Andhra 1143:sect. 1070:Bhutan 1035:Taiwan 975:Hakuin 945:Atisha 940:Nāropā 925:Virūpa 875:Wohnyo 855:Saichō 845:Fazang 780:Asanga 682:Huayan 677:Tendai 161:Buddha 80:pinyin 34:, see 7800:Lists 7668:Kalpa 7663:Iddhi 7526:Music 7521:Mudra 7487:Vassa 7467:Vesak 7437:Budai 7383:Candi 7366:Stupa 7298:Logic 7051:Italy 6950:Tibet 6888:Nepal 6858:Korea 6853:Japan 6843:India 6838:China 6783:Sutra 6738:Texts 6688:Dōgen 6678:Hōnen 6663:Atiśa 6628:Zhiyi 6538:Achar 6506:Tulku 6501:Geshe 6486:Rōshi 6471:Ajahn 6426:Arhat 6386:Bodhi 6356:Vīrya 6273:Sacca 6268:Satya 6263:Sādhu 6251:Music 6194:Merit 6187:Terma 6147:Zazen 6083:Faith 6036:Mettā 5717:Karma 5677:Bardo 5644:Asita 5634:Khema 5624:Upāli 5609:Nanda 5447:(son) 5421:Māyā 5398:Films 5275:Index 5092:(PDF) 5077:(PDF) 4956:(PDF) 4949:(PDF) 4935:(PDF) 4928:(PDF) 4875:(PDF) 3881:JSTOR 3287:Notes 3182:Silla 3134:Dilun 2485:Texts 2226:ātman 2222:sukha 2218:nitya 2150:ātman 2119:faith 2093:stupa 1986:cream 1959:karma 1691:vajra 1644:ātman 1506:Dōgen 1479:Zhiyi 1282:stupa 1188:Karla 1065:Newar 1060:Nepal 1045:Korea 1040:Japan 1023:China 985:Taixu 910:Dōgen 900:Hōnen 885:Jinul 860:Kūkai 820:Zhiyi 169:atman 108:) or 75:大般涅槃經 7698:Pāḷi 7683:Māra 7593:Flag 6994:Iran 6918:Tuva 6863:Laos 6491:Lama 6339:Śīla 6307:Śīla 6295:Pīti 6285:Sati 6236:Puja 6157:Koan 6063:Dāna 5654:Yasa 5541:Tārā 5100:2012 4915:2012 4811:ISSN 3919:ISBN 3803:Chen 3193:Song 3113:and 3004:ISBN 2989:ISBN 2909:and 2776:juan 2768:juàn 2758:and 2706:(in 2437:the 2420:The 2331:The 2299:The 2265:jīva 2250:The 2139:The 2034:lute 1982:milk 1953:The 1944:The 1921:如來密藏 1883:The 1767:The 1737:The 1574:The 1512:and 1500:and 1461:The 1394:The 1264:and 1190:and 1090:West 475:Tara 391:and 205:The 190:and 182:The 151:The 58:The 7420:Art 7356:Wat 5892:Zen 4801:doi 3944:doi 3885:doi 3138:Sui 2987:). 2786:'s 2381:). 2352:). 2305:not 2066:by 2050:in 1988:or 1915:as 1494:Zen 687:Zen 7885:: 6922:ru 5164:: 5085:26 5083:, 5079:, 5056:14 5054:. 5032:, 5028:, 5011:, 5007:, 4974:27 4972:, 4968:, 4843:. 4809:. 4797:13 4795:. 4791:. 4767:^ 4751:^ 4723:^ 4694:^ 4677:^ 4612:^ 4512:^ 4497:^ 4462:^ 4341:^ 4302:^ 4259:^ 4232:^ 4193:^ 4131:^ 4080:^ 4065:^ 4038:^ 4019:^ 3982:^ 3954:^ 3940:67 3938:, 3883:, 3856:^ 3840:. 3796:^ 3772:06 3770:. 3766:. 3744:^ 3729:^ 3684:^ 3662:^ 3613:^ 3595:^ 3574:^ 3559:^ 3532:^ 3511:^ 3472:^ 3447:^ 3414:. 3361:^ 3117:. 2937:: 2417:. 1923:; 1897:, 1508:, 1496:, 1485:. 1231:, 1179:. 1147:, 245:on 230:. 148:. 100:: 96:, 90:: 82:: 72:: 68:; 47:A 6924:) 6920:( 6138:) 6134:( 5229:e 5222:t 5215:v 5058:. 5034:7 5013:5 4853:. 4817:. 4803:: 4706:. 4660:. 4636:. 4624:. 4479:. 4114:. 3976:. 3946:: 3925:. 3887:: 3850:. 3739:. 3506:. 3424:. 3316:. 3092:( 3028:( 2995:. 2871:, 2691:e 2684:t 2677:v 2545:) 2526:( 2313:. 2237:. 2121:( 2097:. 2095:) 2038:. 2030:. 2002:. 1994:. 1974:. 1951:. 1878:. 1747:( 1681:( 1661:( 1638:( 1630:( 1605:, 1583:, 1562:. 1218:- 1210:- 1167:( 1119:e 1112:t 1105:v 140:- 132:( 64:( 38:. 20:)

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