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395:. During the first stage which begins in September, a group of about 3,000 selected university professors, Nobel Laureates in Physics and Chemistry, and others are sent confidential nomination forms. The completed forms must arrive at the Nobel Committee by 31 January of the following year. The nominees are scrutinized and discussed by experts and are narrowed to approximately fifteen names. The committee submits a report with recommendations on the final candidates to the Academy, where, in the Physics Class, it is further discussed. The Academy then makes the final selection of the Laureates in Physics by a majority vote.
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confers the prizes for physics, chemistry, and economics, the
Karolinska Institute confers the prize for physiology or medicine, and the Swedish Academy confers the prize for literature. The Norwegian Nobel Committee based in Oslo confers the prize for peace. The Nobel Foundation is the legal owner and functional administrator of the funds and serves as the joint administrative body of the prize-awarding institutions, but it is not concerned with the prize deliberations or decisions, which rest exclusively with the four institutions.
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The rules for the Nobel Prize in
Physics require that the significance of achievements being recognized has been "tested by time". In practice, that means that the lag between the discovery and the award is typically on the order of 20 years and can be much longer. For example, half of the 1983 Nobel
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for his work on stellar structure and evolution that was done during the 1930s. As a downside of this tested-by-time rule, not all scientists live long enough for their work to be recognized. Some important scientific discoveries are never considered for a prize, as the discoverers have died by the
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The names of the nominees are never publicly announced, and neither are they told that they have been considered for the Prize. Nomination records are sealed for fifty years. While posthumous nominations are not permitted, awards can be made if the individual died in the months between the decision
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After Nobel's death, the Nobel
Foundation was set up to carry out the provisions of his will and to administer his funds. In his will, he had stipulated that four different institutions—three Swedish and one Norwegian—should award the prizes. From Stockholm, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
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and two different works may be selected for the Nobel Prize in
Physics. Compared with other Nobel Prizes, the nomination and selection process for the prize in physics is long and rigorous. This is a key reason why it has grown in importance over the years to become the most important prize in
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or medicine, and literature. Though Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime, the last one was written a year before he died and was signed at the
Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895. Nobel bequeathed 94% of his total assets, 31 million
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The committee and institution serving as the selection board for the prize typically announce the names of the laureates during the first week of
October. The prize is then awarded at formal ceremonies held annually in
314:($ 2.9 million USD, or €2.7 million in 2023), to establish and endow the five Nobel Prizes. Owing to the level of skepticism surrounding the will, it was not until 26 April 1897 that it was approved by the
518:. Each diploma is uniquely designed by the prize-awarding institutions for the laureate who receives it. The diploma contains a picture with the name of the laureate and a citation explaining their accomplishments.
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Gingras, Yves; Wallace, Matthew L. (2009). "Why it has become more difficult to predict Nobel Prize winners: A bibliometric analysis of nominees and winners of the chemistry and physics prizes (1901–2007)".
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At the awards ceremony, the laureate is given a document indicating the award sum. The amount of the cash award may differ from year to year, based on the funding available from the
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The members of the
Norwegian Nobel Committee who were to award the Peace Prize were appointed soon after the will was approved. The other prize-awarding organisations followed:
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on 11 June. The Nobel
Foundation then established guidelines for awarding the prizes. In 1900, the Nobel Foundation's newly created statutes were promulgated by King
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on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death. The laureates receive a diploma, a medal, and a document confirming the prize amount.
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1313:"Nobel prize for medicine shared by scientists for work on ageing and cancer | Science | guardian.co.uk"
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and Rudolf
Lilljequist, who formed the Nobel Foundation to take care of Nobel's fortune and organise the prizes.
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and is widely regarded as the most prestigious award that a scientist can receive in physics. It is presented in
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at an annual ceremony on the 10th of
December, the anniversary of Nobel's death. As of 2023, a total of 224
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A Physics Nobel Prize laureate is awarded a gold medal, a diploma bearing a citation, and a sum of money.
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461:. The Genius of Science holds the veil which covers Nature's "cold and austere face". It was designed by
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341:. According to Nobel's will, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences would award the Prize in Physics.
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1585:. Copyright © The Nobel Foundation 2006. (An article on the history of the design of the medals.)
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von Euler, U.S. (6 June 1981). "The Nobel Foundation and its Role for Modern Day Science".
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for those who have made the most outstanding contributions to mankind in the field of
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of the committee (typically in October) and the ceremony in December. Prior to 1974,
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487:. A plate below the figures is inscribed with the name of the recipient. The text "
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242:. Physics is traditionally the first award presented in the Nobel Prize ceremony.
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in recognition of the extraordinary services he rendered by the discovery of
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was created from a revision of this article dated 16 February 2016
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1344:"Three share Nobel prize for physics | Science | guardian.co.uk"
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1116:"2009 Nobel Laureates Receive Their Honors | Europe| English"
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The medal for the Nobel Prize in Physics is identical in design to the
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medal. The reverse of the physics and chemistry medals depicts the
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along with a diploma and a certificate for the monetary award. The
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1572:"The Nobel Prize Medals and the Medal for the Prize in Economics"
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Nobel laureates receive a diploma directly from the hands of the
260:
The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to German physicist
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were permitted if the candidate had died after being nominated.
222:. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of
27:
One of the five Nobel Prizes established in 1895 by Alfred Nobel
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704:. Vol. 68, no. 6. Springer-Verlag. pp. 277–281.
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depicted on the medals for Physics, Chemistry, and Literature.
198:(1845–1923), the first recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics
1545:
with graphics: National Physics Nobel Prize shares 1901–2009
1509:"Nobel Century: A Biographical Analysis of Physics Laureates"
1478:
The Politics of Excellence: Behind the Nobel Prize in Science
3929:
Nobel Memorial Prize (not one of the original Nobel Prizes).
1609:
1532:
Evolution of National Nobel Prize Shares in the 20th Century
62:
Outstanding contributions to mankind in the field of physics
148:
534:(SEK) (US$ 1.4 million), but in 2012 following the
318:(Norwegian Parliament). The executors of his will were
663:"History – Historic Figures: Alfred Nobel (1833–1896)"
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in 1895 and awarded since 1901, the others being the
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Ian Sample, Science correspondent (7 October 2008).
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1421:"The 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics – Press Release"
1209:"The Nobel Prize medal in physiology or medicine"
1179:"The Nobel Prize medals in physics and chemistry"
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359:Three Nobel Laureates in Physics. Front row L-R:
4411:Awards of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
1662:"The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies and Banquets"
939:"Nomination and Selection of Physics Laureates"
870:
351:List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Physics
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441:Nobel Prize medal § Physics and Chemistry
423:time the impact of their work is appreciated.
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578:, presented by the American Physical Society
3919:Prizes known as the "Nobel" of their fields
1294:"Nobel prize amounts to be cut 20% in 2012"
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3873:Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute
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475:inventas aut qui vitam excoluere per artes
253:of the medal displays the same profile of
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471:Inventas vitam iuvat excoluisse per artes
465:and is manufactured by Svenska Medalj in
391:that consists of five members elected by
1639:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
383:The Nobel laureates are selected by the
278:individuals have been awarded the prize.
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1547:by citizenship at the time of the award
598:
4158:Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
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3914:World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates
1401:from the original on 20 November 2012
669:from the original on 27 December 2019
503:1903 Nobel Prize diploma, awarded to
457:as she emerges from clouds holding a
393:The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
240:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
7:
1427:from the original on 19 January 2013
1323:from the original on 13 January 2020
268:. This award is administered by the
1122:from the original on 4 October 2012
913:"The Nobel Prize Selection Process"
893:from the original on 15 August 2018
793:. Infoplease.com. 13 October 1999.
730:from the original on 15 August 2018
3653:Washington University in St. Louis
1507:Hillebrand, Claus D. (June 2002).
1453:from the original on 24 April 2015
1423:. Nobelprize.org. 6 October 2009.
1248:from the original on 13 April 2015
919:from the original on 29 April 2015
797:from the original on 26 April 2013
561:List of Nobel laureates in Physics
214:) is an annual award given by the
32:List of Nobel laureates in Physics
25:
1521:Interdisciplinary Science Reviews
1300:from the original on 9 July 2012.
1274:from the original on 20 July 2018
1001:from the original on 24 July 2018
865:, accessed 15 January 2009, from
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643:from the original on 25 July 2018
613:from the original on 20 July 2018
477:" from line 663 of book 6 of the
335:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
216:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
82:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
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1656:"All Nobel Laureates in Physics"
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1354:from the original on 1 June 2019
949:from the original on 20 May 2020
828:from the original on 14 May 2013
752:. Nobelprize.org. Archived from
750:"The Nobel Foundation – History"
418:Prize in Physics was awarded to
4279:Timeline of physics discoveries
1114:Tom Rivers (10 December 2009).
3909:Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings
3673:Catholic priests and religious
1476:Friedman, Robert Marc (2001).
1311:Sample, Ian (5 October 2009).
867:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
687:
1:
3303:Heads of state and government
633:"All Nobel Prizes in Physics"
30:For a list of laureates, see
1668:"The Nobel Prize in Physics"
1480:. New York & Stuttgart:
1447:"Nobel prize award ceremony"
915:. Britannica Encyclopaedia.
4243:Quantum information science
3628:City University of New York
385:Nobel Committee for Physics
4427:
4074:Classical electromagnetism
1242:"The Nobel Prize Diplomas"
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420:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
348:
29:
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3866:Norwegian Nobel Committee
3762:PRIO Director's Shortlist
3279:
3222:
1268:"The Nobel Prize Amounts"
1045:10.1007/s11192-009-0035-9
995:"About posthumous awards"
816:Encyclopædia Britannica.
607:"The Nobel Prize amounts"
566:Fundamental Physics Prize
232:Nobel Prize in Literature
154:
49:
4180:Condensed matter physics
3227:Lists of Nobel laureates
1670:at the Nobel Foundation.
1664:at the Nobel Foundation.
1658:at the Nobel Foundation.
778:Agneta Wallin Levinovitz
489:REG. ACAD. SCIENT. SUEC.
447:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
345:Nomination and selection
228:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
116:Most recently awarded to
945:. Nobel Media AB 2016.
862:Encyclopædia Britannica
791:"Nobel Prize History –"
702:Die Naturwissenschaften
18:Nobel Prize for physics
4396:Nobel Prize in Physics
4264:Nobel Prize in Physics
4126:Relativistic mechanics
3861:Physiology or Medicine
3807:Physiology or Medicine
3734:Physiology or Medicine
3351:Physiology or Medicine
3273:Physiology or Medicine
1709:Nobel Prize in Physics
1617:
1597:Listen to this article
1577:15 August 2018 at the
969:"50 year secrecy rule"
875:
571:List of physics awards
549:Stockholm Concert Hall
511:
406:
372:
245:The prize consists of
211:
204:Nobel Prize in Physics
199:
45:Nobel Prize in Physics
4269:Philosophy of physics
1616:
1541:15 April 2016 at the
1296:. CNN. 11 June 2012.
1142:"A unique gold medal"
855:29 April 2015 at the
582:Wolf Prize in Physics
502:
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367:(1921 laureate), and
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327:Karolinska Institutet
194:
4228:Mathematical physics
3648:Princeton University
1648:More spoken articles
1563:17 June 2014 at the
1552:17 June 2014 at the
1514:13 July 2017 at the
637:The Nobel Foundation
4203:Atmospheric physics
4042:Classical mechanics
3970:branches of physics
3757:AFSC Nobel nominees
3633:Columbia University
1558:by country of birth
1528:Schmidhuber, JĂĽrgen
1083:2009NatCh...1..509.
887:"Facts and figures"
609:. The Nobel Prize.
469:. It is inscribed "
375:A maximum of three
361:Albert A. Michelson
333:on 9 June, and the
212:Nobelpriset i fysik
4259:History of physics
3643:Harvard University
1618:
1570:Lemmel, Birgitta.
1378:has generic name (
1270:. Nobelprize.org.
1244:. Nobelprize.org.
710:10.1007/BF01047469
512:
483:by the Roman poet
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373:
369:Robert A. Millikan
200:
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4274:Physics education
4223:Materials science
4190:Interdisciplinary
4148:Quantum mechanics
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1536:arXiv:1009.2634v1
1502:978-0-7167-3103-0
1092:10.1038/nchem.372
756:on 9 January 2010
451:Goddess of Nature
412:posthumous awards
363:(1907 laureate),
236:Nobel Peace Prize
189:
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16:(Redirected from
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3836:Nobel Committees
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2012:
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1997:
1989:
1981:
1973:
1961:
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1930:
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1914:
1906:
1898:
1890:
1882:
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1866:
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1859:
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1837:Kamerlingh Onnes
1831:
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1257:
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1238:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1219:on 16 April 2023
1215:. Archived from
1213:Nobel Foundation
1205:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1189:on 31 March 2023
1185:. Archived from
1183:Nobel Foundation
1175:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1152:on 11 April 2017
1148:. Archived from
1146:Nobel Foundation
1138:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1118:. .voanews.com.
1111:
1105:
1104:
1094:
1077:(7): 509. 2009.
1071:Nature Chemistry
1063:
1057:
1056:
1038:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1006:
991:
985:
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971:. Archived from
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371:(1923 laureate).
270:Nobel Foundation
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4233:Medical physics
4184:
4143:Nuclear physics
4112:
4106:Non-equilibrium
4028:
4000:
3972:
3966:
3936:
3931:
3930:
3923:
3899:Björkborn Manor
3877:
3811:
3768:
3738:
3687:
3657:
3610:
3590:South American
3575:North American
3416:
3410:
3363:
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3183:
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2914:
2898:
2882:
2866:
2850:
2834:
2827:
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2777:
2768:Cohen-Tannoudji
2761:
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2709:
2701:
2693:
2677:
2661:
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2042:
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2015:
2007:
2001:
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1992:
1984:
1976:
1964:
1956:
1945:
1933:
1925:
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1909:
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1893:
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1869:
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1632:
1629:This audio file
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1607:
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1579:Wayback Machine
1565:Wayback Machine
1554:Wayback Machine
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1067:"A noble prize"
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857:Wayback Machine
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780:: 2001, Page 13
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536:Great Recession
524:
497:
453:in the form of
443:
437:
429:
389:Nobel Committee
377:Nobel laureates
365:Albert Einstein
353:
347:
331:Swedish Academy
329:on 7 June, the
285:
262:Wilhelm Röntgen
196:Wilhelm Röntgen
128:Anne L'Huillier
120:Pierre Agostini
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
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2559:
2547:
2531:
2515:
2504:P. W. Anderson
2499:
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2448:
2432:
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2408:
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2325:Goeppert Mayer
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2049:C. D. Anderson
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2013:
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1591:External links
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1583:nobelprize.org
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690:: 1983, Page 7
688:Ragnar Sohlman
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349:Main article:
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576:Sakurai Prize
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181: →
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159:←
158:
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124:Ferenc Krausz
121:
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100:First awarded
98:
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61:
57:
53:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
4383:
4366:Solar System
4263:
4198:Astrophysics
4012:Experimental
3894:Alfred Nobel
3415:by continent
3267:
3216:Nobel Prizes
2612:von Klitzing
2604:Van der Meer
1708:
1582:
1524:27.2: 87–93.
1519:
1477:
1455:. Retrieved
1441:
1429:. Retrieved
1415:
1403:. Retrieved
1388:
1356:. Retrieved
1347:
1337:
1325:. Retrieved
1316:
1306:
1288:
1276:. Retrieved
1262:
1250:. Retrieved
1221:. Retrieved
1217:the original
1203:
1191:. Retrieved
1187:the original
1154:. Retrieved
1150:the original
1136:
1124:. Retrieved
1109:
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1070:
1061:
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1003:. Retrieved
989:
977:. Retrieved
973:the original
963:
951:. Retrieved
942:
933:
921:. Retrieved
907:
895:. Retrieved
880:
871:
866:
860:
850:"Nobel Prize
830:. Retrieved
821:
811:
799:. Retrieved
785:
758:. Retrieved
754:the original
744:
732:. Retrieved
718:
701:
695:
683:
671:. Retrieved
657:
645:. Retrieved
627:
617:29 September
615:. Retrieved
601:
545:
525:
513:
509:Pierre Curie
488:
478:
474:
470:
444:
430:
416:
408:
382:
374:
324:
310:
288:Alfred Nobel
286:
259:
255:Alfred Nobel
244:
224:Alfred Nobel
203:
201:
174:
164:
138:John Bardeen
108:Last awarded
78:Presented by
36:
4401:Nobel Prize
4354:Outer space
4342:Spaceflight
4101:Statistical
4017:Theoretical
3994:Engineering
3717:Individuals
3419:nationality
2656:Steinberger
2572:K. Siegbahn
2564:Bloembergen
2285:Chamberlain
2018:Schrödinger
1928:M. Siegbahn
1857:W. H. Bragg
1853:W. L. Bragg
1486:Times Books
1431:10 February
1358:10 February
522:Award money
505:Marie Curie
403:Abdus Salam
134:Most awards
91:11 million
59:Awarded for
4390:Categories
4218:Geophysics
4208:Biophysics
4052:Analytical
4005:Approaches
3851:Literature
3709:Literature
3692:by subject
3638:ETH Zurich
3604:Venezuelan
3569:Australian
3484:Vietnamese
3362:population
3336:Literature
3319:by subject
3258:Literature
3173:L'Huillier
3137:Hasselmann
3093:Strickland
3061:Kosterlitz
2985:Perlmutter
2724:Brockhouse
2429:Schrieffer
2301:Hofstadter
2253:C. N. Yang
2010:Heisenberg
1987:De Broglie
1644:Audio help
1635:2016-02-16
1405:15 January
1350:. London.
1327:15 January
1319:. London.
1029:(2): 401.
588:References
467:Eskilstuna
459:cornucopia
304:physiology
283:Background
251:front side
4318:Astronomy
4168:Molecular
4069:Acoustics
4062:Continuum
4057:Celestial
4047:Newtonian
4034:Classical
3977:Divisions
3846:Economics
3841:Chemistry
3797:Economics
3792:Chemistry
3775:Clarivate
3747:by groups
3704:Economics
3699:Chemistry
3599:Brazilian
3594:Argentine
3565:Oceanian
3514:Hungarian
3490:European
3479:Pakistani
3381:Christian
3331:Economics
3326:Chemistry
3292:Laureates
3253:Economics
3248:Chemistry
3157:Zeilinger
2977:Novoselov
2945:Kobayashi
2869:Abrikosov
2716:J. Taylor
2696:de Gennes
2688:R. Taylor
2580:K. Wilson
2528:R. Wilson
2512:Van Vleck
2483:1976–2000
2473:Rainwater
2469:Mottelson
2445:Josephson
2393:Gell-Mann
2357:Schwinger
2345:Prokhorov
2305:Mössbauer
2265:Cherenkov
2257:T. D. Lee
2181:Cockcroft
2172:1951–1975
1971:C. Wilson
1950:1926–1950
1896:Guillaume
1785:Michelson
1745:Becquerel
1716:1901–1925
1705:Laureates
1368:cite news
1278:24 August
1036:0808.2517
953:6 October
647:3 October
593:Citations
380:Physics.
296:chemistry
274:Stockholm
88:Reward(s)
71:Stockholm
3666:Nominees
3579:American
3534:Romanian
3469:Japanese
3454:Filipino
3432:Egyptian
3165:Agostini
3053:Thouless
3045:McDonald
3033:Nakamura
3001:Wineland
2933:GrĂĽnberg
2889:Politzer
2873:Ginzburg
2861:Giacconi
2841:Ketterle
2796:'t Hooft
2780:Laughlin
2772:Phillips
2752:Osheroff
2680:Friedman
2652:Schwartz
2648:Lederman
2568:Schawlow
2544:Weinberg
2353:Tomonaga
2245:Brattain
2237:Shockley
2146:Blackett
2138:Appleton
2130:Bridgman
2077:Lawrence
2057:Davisson
2037:Chadwick
1920:Millikan
1904:Einstein
1793:Lippmann
1761:Rayleigh
1753:M. Curie
1749:P. Curie
1646: ·
1575:Archived
1561:Archived
1550:Archived
1539:Archived
1530:(2010).
1512:Archived
1451:Archived
1425:Archived
1399:Archived
1352:Archived
1348:Guardian
1321:Archived
1317:Guardian
1298:Archived
1272:Archived
1246:Archived
1120:Archived
1101:21378920
1053:23293903
999:Archived
947:Archived
917:Archived
891:Archived
853:Archived
826:Archived
795:Archived
728:Archived
667:Archived
641:Archived
611:Archived
555:See also
542:Ceremony
495:Diplomas
339:Oscar II
316:Storting
309:Swedish
73:, Sweden
67:Location
4378:Science
4306:Physics
4292:Portals
4252:Related
4136:General
4131:Special
3989:Applied
3882:Related
3856:Physics
3802:Physics
3729:Physics
3678:Couples
3584:Mexican
3549:Swedish
3544:Spanish
3539:Russian
3524:Italian
3494:Belgian
3464:Israeli
3449:Chinese
3427:African
3371:Bengali
3346:Physics
3310:by year
3268:Physics
3153:Clauser
3117:Penrose
3101:Peebles
3057:Haldane
3025:Akasaki
3013:Englert
3005:Haroche
2989:Schmidt
2949:Maskawa
2901:Glauber
2893:Wilczek
2877:Leggett
2857:Koshiba
2837:Cornell
2828:present
2812:Kroemer
2808:Alferov
2800:Veltman
2784:Störmer
2704:Charpak
2684:Kendall
2668:Dehmelt
2636:Bednorz
2536:Glashow
2524:Penzias
2520:Kapitsa
2492:Richter
2465:A. Bohr
2441:Giaever
2421:Bardeen
2385:Alvarez
2369:Kastler
2361:Feynman
2241:Bardeen
2205:Zernike
2197:Purcell
1967:Compton
1912:N. Bohr
1801:Marconi
1733:Lorentz
1725:Röntgen
1707:of the
1633: (
1604:minutes
1470:Sources
1223:20 June
1193:20 June
1156:20 June
1079:Bibcode
665:. BBC.
292:physics
247:a medal
220:physics
208:Swedish
145:Website
4163:Atomic
4118:Modern
3968:Major
3785:Female
3753:Peace
3713:Peace
3529:Polish
3504:German
3499:Danish
3474:Korean
3459:Indian
3401:Muslim
3391:Jewish
3386:Female
3241:Prizes
3169:Krausz
3163:2023:
3149:Aspect
3147:2022:
3141:Manabe
3133:Parisi
3131:2021:
3121:Genzel
3115:2020:
3109:Queloz
3099:2019:
3089:Mourou
3085:Ashkin
3083:2018:
3077:Thorne
3073:Barish
3067:2017:
3051:2016:
3041:Kajita
3039:2015:
3023:2014:
3011:2013:
2999:2012:
2983:2011:
2971:2010:
2955:2009:
2939:2008:
2927:2007:
2917:Mather
2915:2006:
2909:Hänsch
2899:2005:
2883:2004:
2867:2003:
2851:2002:
2845:Wieman
2835:2001:
2806:2000:
2794:1999:
2778:1998:
2762:1997:
2748:D. Lee
2746:1996:
2740:Reines
2734:1995:
2722:1994:
2710:1993:
2702:1992:
2694:1991:
2678:1990:
2664:Ramsey
2662:1989:
2646:1988:
2640:MĂĽller
2634:1987:
2628:Rohrer
2624:Binnig
2618:1986:
2610:1985:
2600:Rubbia
2598:1984:
2592:Fowler
2586:1983:
2578:1982:
2562:1981:
2552:Cronin
2550:1980:
2534:1979:
2518:1978:
2502:1977:
2490:1976:
2463:1975:
2457:Hewish
2451:1974:
2435:1973:
2425:Cooper
2419:1972:
2411:1971:
2401:Alfvén
2399:1970:
2391:1969:
2383:1968:
2375:1967:
2367:1966:
2351:1965:
2337:Townes
2335:1964:
2329:Jensen
2321:Wigner
2319:1963:
2313:Landau
2311:1962:
2299:1961:
2293:Glaser
2291:1960:
2279:1959:
2263:1958:
2251:1957:
2235:1956:
2223:1955:
2211:1954:
2203:1953:
2191:1952:
2185:Walton
2179:1951:
2162:Powell
2160:1950:
2154:Yukawa
2152:1949:
2144:1948:
2136:1947:
2128:1946:
2120:1945:
2112:1944:
2104:1943:
2075:1939:
2067:1938:
2055:1937:
2043:1936:
2035:1935:
2016:1933:
2008:1932:
1993:1930:
1985:1929:
1977:1928:
1965:1927:
1959:Perrin
1957:1926:
1936:Franck
1934:1925:
1926:1924:
1918:1923:
1910:1922:
1902:1921:
1894:1920:
1886:1919:
1880:Planck
1878:1918:
1872:Barkla
1870:1917:
1851:1915:
1843:1914:
1835:1913:
1827:1912:
1819:1911:
1811:1910:
1799:1909:
1791:1908:
1783:1907:
1775:1906:
1769:Lenard
1767:1905:
1759:1904:
1743:1903:
1737:Zeeman
1731:1902:
1723:1901:
1500:
1492:
1099:
1051:
485:Virgil
480:Aeneid
435:Medals
427:Prizes
311:kronor
266:X-rays
238:, and
177:
163:
126:, and
95:(2023)
4330:Stars
3683:Women
3559:Welsh
3554:Swiss
3519:Irish
3509:Greek
3444:Asian
3376:Black
3364:group
3341:Peace
3263:Peace
3105:Mayor
3069:Weiss
3029:Amano
3017:Higgs
2993:Riess
2965:Smith
2961:Boyle
2941:Nambu
2921:Smoot
2885:Gross
2853:Davis
2826:2001–
2816:Kilby
2728:Shull
2712:Hulse
2620:Ruska
2556:Fitch
2540:Salam
2437:Esaki
2413:Gabor
2377:Bethe
2341:Basov
2281:Segrè
2269:Frank
2229:Kusch
2217:Bothe
2193:Bloch
2122:Pauli
2106:Stern
2069:Fermi
2022:Dirac
1995:Raman
1940:Hertz
1888:Stark
1829:Dalén
1805:Braun
1457:4 May
1252:3 May
1126:3 May
1049:S2CID
1031:arXiv
1005:4 May
979:6 May
923:4 May
897:4 May
832:3 May
801:3 May
760:3 May
734:4 May
673:3 May
300:peace
39:Award
4089:Wave
3984:Pure
3417:and
3125:Ghez
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