487:. The high density of ankyrin at the nodes may be functionally significant because several of the proteins that are populated at the nodes share the ability to bind to ankyrin with extremely high affinity. All of these proteins, including ankyrin, are enriched in the initial segment of axons which suggests a functional relationship. Now the relationship of these molecular components to the clustering of sodium channels at the nodes is still not known. Although some cell-adhesion molecules have been reported to be present at the nodes inconsistently; however, a variety of other molecules are known to be highly populated at the glial membranes of the paranodal regions where they contribute to its organization and structural integrity.
542:
around the axon, giving rise to the paranodal regions. This movement along the axon contributes significantly to the overall formation of the nodes of
Ranvier by permitting heminodes formed at the edges of neighboring glial cells to fuse into complete nodes. Septate-like junctions form at the paranodes with the enrichment of NF155 in glial paranodal loops. Immediately following the early differentiation of the nodal and paranodal regions, potassium channels, Caspr2 and TAG1 accumulate in the juxta-paranodal regions. This accumulation coincides directly with the formation of compact myelin. In mature nodal regions, interactions with the intracellular proteins appear vital for the stability of all nodal regions. In the CNS,
273:
427:
outer collar of
Schwann cells and come very close to nodal axolemma of large fibers. The projections of the Schwann cells are perpendicular to the node and are radiating from the central axons. However, in the CNS, one or more of the astrocytic processes come in close vicinity of the nodes. Researchers declare that these processes stem from multi-functional astrocytes, as opposed to from a population of astrocytes dedicated to contacting the node. On the other hand, in the PNS, the basal lamina that surrounds the Schwann cells is continuous across the node.
622:, and sites of action potential initiation and regeneration, such as the nodes of Ranvier. In the synaptic terminals, mitochondria produce the ATP needed to mobilize vesicles for neurotransmission. In the nodes of Ranvier, mitochondria serve as an important role in impulse conduction by producing the ATP that is essential to maintain the activity of energy-demanding ion pumps. Supporting this fact, about five times more mitochondria are present in the PNP axoplasm of large peripheral axons than in the corresponding internodal regions of these fibers.
762:
476:
whereas they are highly concentrated in the paranodal axolemma and
Schwann cell membranes at the node. The exact function of potassium channels have not quite been revealed, but it is known that they may contribute to the rapid repolarization of the action potentials or play a vital role in buffering the potassium ions at the nodes. This highly asymmetric distribution of voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels is in striking contrast to their diffuse distribution in unmyelinated fibers.
59:
366:, whereas the cytoplasm-filled paranodal loops of myelinating cells are spirally wrapped around the axon at both sides of the nodes. This organization demands a tight developmental control and the formation of a variety of specialized zones of contact between different areas of the myelinating cell membrane. Each node of Ranvier is flanked by paranodal regions where helicoidally wrapped glial loops are attached to the axonal membrane by a septate-like junction.
418:, the paranodal region, and the node itself. In the internodal region, the Schwann cell has an outer collar of cytoplasm, a compact myelin sheath, and inner collar of cytoplasm, and the axolemma. At the paranodal regions, the paranodal cytoplasm loops contact thickenings of the axolemma to form septate –like junctions. In the node alone, the axolemma is contacted by several Schwann microvilli and contains a dense cytoskeletal undercoating.
665:
774:
506:
be accounted solely by the increase in length of axon covered by each successive turn of the spiral, as previously explained. At the junction of two
Schwann cells along an axon, the directions of the lamellar overhang of the myelin endings are of opposite sense. This junction, adjacent of the Schwann cells, constitutes the region designated as the node of Ranvier.
501:
in-folding of the
Schwann cell surface so that a double membrane of the opposing faces of the in-folded Schwann cell surface is formed. This membrane stretches and spirally wraps itself over and over as the in-folding of the Schwann cell surface continues. As a result, the increase in the thickness of the extension of the
47:
647:
It has been shown previously that OMgp (oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein) clusters at nodes of
Ranvier and may regulate paranodal architecture, node length and axonal sprouting at nodes. However, a follow-up study showed that the antibody used previously to identify OMgp at nodes crossreacts with
523:
is also reported to be one of the first proteins to accumulate at newly forming nodes of
Ranvier. They are also found to provide the nucleation site for attachment of ankyrin G, Nav channels, and other proteins. The recent identification of the Schwann cell microvilli protein gliomedin as the likely
446:
has been found to be bounded to βIV spectrin, a spectrin isoform enriched at nodes of
Ranvier and axon initial segments. The PNS nodes are surrounded by Schwann cell microvilli, which contain ERMs and EBP50 that may provide a connection to actin microfilaments. Several extracellular matrix proteins
435:
The nodes of
Ranvier Na+/Ca2+ exchangers and high density of voltage-gated Na+ channels that generate action potentials. A sodium channel consists of a pore-forming α subunit and two accessory β subunits, which anchor the channel to extra-cellular and intra-cellular components. The nodes of Ranvier
426:
Although freeze fracture studies have revealed that the nodal axolemma in both the CNS and PNS is enriched in intra-membranous particles (IMPs) compared to the internode, there are some structural differences reflecting their cellular constituents. In the PNS, specialized microvilli project from the
617:
and other membranous organelles are normally enriched in the PNP region of peripheral myelinated axons, especially those large caliber axons. The actual physiological role of this accumulation and factors that regulate it are not understood; however, it is known that mitochondria are usually present
401:
The structure of the node and the flanking paranodal regions are distinct from the internodes under the compact myelin sheath, but are very similar in CNS and PNS. The axon is exposed to the extra-cellular environment at the node and is constricted in its diameter. The decreased axon size reflects
505:
sheath in its cross-sectional diameter is easily ascertained. It is also evident that each of the consecutive turns of the spiral increases in size along the length of the axon as the number of turns increase. However, it is not clear whether or not the increase in length of the myelin sheath can
573:
across the membrane occurs only at the nodes of
Ranvier. As a result, the action potential signal jumps along the axon, from node to node, rather than propagating smoothly, as they do in axons that lack a myelin sheath. The clustering of voltage-gated sodium and potassium ion channels at the nodes
546:
do not possess microvilli, but appear capable to initiate the clustering of some axonal proteins through secreted factors. The combined effects of such factors with the subsequent movements generated by the wrapping of oligodendrocyte periaxonal extension could account for the organization of CNS
541:
The first event appears to be the accumulation of cell adhesion molecules such as NF186 or NrCAM. The intra-cellular regions of these cell-adhesion molecules interact with ankyrin G, which serves as an anchor for sodium channels. At the same time, the periaxonal extension of the glial cell wraps
518:
is initially expressed at all forming nodes of Ranvier. Upon maturation, nodal Nav1.2 is down-regulated and replaced by Nav1.6. Nav1.2 is also expressed during PNS node formation, which suggests that the switching of Nav-channel subtypes is a general phenomenon in the CNS and PNS. In this same
500:
The complex changes that the Schwann cell undergoes during the process of myelination of peripheral nerve fibers have been observed and studied by many. The initial envelopment of the axon occurs without interruption along the entire extent of the Schwann cell. This process is sequenced by the
475:
The molecular organization of the nodes corresponds to their specialized function in impulse propagation. The level of sodium channels in the node versus the internode suggests that the number IMPs corresponds to sodium channels. Potassium channels are essentially absent in the nodal axolemma,
397:
segments and the gaps between are referred to as nodes. The size and the spacing of the internodes vary with the fiber diameter in a curvilinear relationship that is optimized for maximal conduction velocity. The size of the nodes span from 1–2 μm whereas the internodes can be up to (and
638:
in myelinated axons requires organization of the nodes of Ranvier, whereas voltage-gated sodium channels are highly populated. Studies show that αII-Spectrin, a component of the cytoskeleton is enriched at the nodes and paranodes at early stages and as the nodes mature, the expression of this
564:
is a spike of both positive and negative ionic discharge that travels along the membrane of a cell. The creation and conduction of action potentials represents a fundamental means of communication in the nervous system. Action potentials represent rapid reversals in voltage across the plasma
596:
Saltatory conduction provides one advantage over conduction that occurs along an axon without myelin sheaths. This is that the increased speed afforded by this mode of conduction assures faster interaction between neurons. On the other hand, depending on the average firing rate of the neuron,
532:
also indicates that neurofascin accumulates before Nav channels and is likely to have crucial roles in the earliest events associated with node of Ranvier formation. Thus, multiple mechanisms may exist and work synergistically to facilitate clustering of Nav channels at nodes of Ranvier.
406:
in this region, which are less heavily phosphorylated and are transported more slowly. Vesicles and other organelles are also increased at the nodes, which suggest that there is a bottleneck of axonal transport in both directions as well as local axonal-glial signaling.
519:
investigation, it was shown that Nav1.6 and Nav1.2 colocalize at many nodes of Ranvier during early myelination. This also led to the suggestion that early clusters of Nav1.2 and Nav1.6 channels are destined to later become nodes of Ranvier.
436:
in the central and peripheral nervous systems mostly consist of αNaV1.6 and β1 subunits. The extra-cellular region of β subunits can associate with itself and other proteins, such as tenascin R and the cell-adhesion molecules
750:. Soon afterwards, he discovered gaps in sheaths of nerve fibers, which were later called the Nodes of Ranvier. This discovery later led Ranvier to careful histological examination of myelin sheaths and Schwann cells.
582:
Since an axon can be unmyelinated or myelinated, the action potential has two methods to travel down the axon. These methods are referred to as continuous conduction for unmyelinated axons, and
639:
molecule disappears. It is also proven that αII-Spectrin in the axonal cytoskeleton is absolutely vital for stabilizing sodium channel clusters and organizing the mature node of Ranvier.
260: 'leap, jump') due to the manner in which the action potential seems to "jump" from one node to the next along the axon. This results in faster conduction of the action potential.
593:
to the next node of Ranvier to depolarize it to threshold which will then trigger an action potential in this region which will then passively spread to the next node and so on.
524:
binding partner of axonal neurofascin brings forward substantial evidence for the importance of this protein in recruiting Nav channels to the nodes of Ranvier. Furthermore,
652:
V2 and that OMgp is not required for the integrity of nodes and paranodes, arguing against the previously reported localization and proposed functions of OMgp at nodes.
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fibers became world-renowned. His observations on fiber nodes and the degeneration and regeneration of cut fibers had a great influence on Parisian neurology at the
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and contactin. Contactin is also present at nodes in the CNS and interaction with this molecule enhances the surface expression of Na+ channels.
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704:
1398:
Huang, JK; Phillips, GR; Roth, AD; Pedraza, L; Shan, W; Belkaid, W; Mi, S; Fex-Svenningsen, A; Florens, L; Yates III, JR; Colman, DR (2005).
1156:"Morphogenesis of the node of Ranvier: co-clusters of ankyrin and ankyrin-binding integral proteins define early developmental intermediates"
761:
747:
373:, and its outermost part that is in contact with paranodes is referred to as the juxtaparanodal region. The nodes are encapsulated by
618:
in areas of the cell that expresses a high energy demand. In these same regions, they are also understood to contain growth cones,
205:
695:
The proteins in these excitable domains of neuron when injured may result in cognitive disorders and various neuropathic ailments.
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of oligodendrocytes can outweigh the energy savings of action potentials. So, axon myelination does not necessarily save energy.
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for myelinated axons. Saltatory conduction is defined as an action potential moving in discrete jumps down a myelinated axon.
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359:(PNS) - are wrapped around the axon, leaving the axolemma relatively uncovered at the regularly spaced nodes of Ranvier.
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1614:
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984:"Differential control of clustering of the sodium channels Na(v)1.2 and Na(v)1.6 at developing CNS nodes of Ranvier"
1890:
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1813:
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of the late 19th century. Ranvier abandoned pathological studies in 1867 and became an assistant of physiologist
356:
51:
Drawing of a peripheral nerve axon (labeled "axis cylinder"), showing a node of Ranvier along with other features
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1906:
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V2. At CNS nodes, the axonal proteins also include contactin; however, Schwann cell microvilli are replaced by
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display a very high level of spatial and temporal organization in myelinated fibers. The myelinating
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1105:"Compact myelin dictates the differential targeting of two sodium channel isoforms in the same axon"
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occasionally even greater than)1.5 millimetres long, depending on the axon diameter and fiber type.
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2215:
2210:
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1523:"Über das ausgebreitete Vorkommen einer dem Nervenmark analogen Substanz in den tierischen Geweben"
1294:"Disrupted Axo-Glial Junctions Result in Accumulation of Abnormal Mitochondria at Nodes of Ranvier"
229:
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membrane of axons. These rapid reversals are mediated by voltage-gated ion channels found in the
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1457:"Oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein does not influence node of Ranvier structure or assembly"
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The filamentous network subjacent to the nodal membrane contains cytoskeletal proteins called
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933:"Clustering sodium channels at the node of Ranvier: close encounters of the axon-glia kind"
875:"Clustering sodium channels at the node of Ranvier: close encounters of the axon-glia kind"
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1966:
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1056:"Electron microscope studies of the formation of nodes of Ranvier in mouse sciatic nerves"
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later discovered the nodes, or gaps, in the myelin sheath that now bear his name. Born in
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1103:
Boiko T, Rasband MN, Levinson SR, Caldwell JH, Mandel G, Trimmer JS, et al. (2001).
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1415:
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1343:"alphaII-spectrin is essential for assembly of the nodes of Ranvier in myelinated axons"
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2018:
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1596:- Comparative Organology at University of California, Davis – "PNS, nerve (LM, Medium)"
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Many vertebrate axons are surrounded by a myelin sheath, allowing rapid and efficient
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Kaplan M.R.; Cho M.H.; Ullian E.M.; Isom L.L.; Levinson S.R.; Barres B.A. (2001).
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2002:
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Chang, KJ; Susuki, K; Dours-Zimmermann, MT; Zimmermann, DR; Rasband, MN (2010).
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569:. The action potential travels from one location in the cell to another, but
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His refined histological techniques and his work on both injured and normal
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Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für klinische Medicin
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Voas MG, Lyons DA, Naylor SG, Arana N, Rasband MN, Talbot WS (Mar 2007).
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at the node, three distinctive segments are represented: the stereotypic
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The myelin sheath of long nerves was discovered and named by German
46:
1400:"Glial membranes at the node of Ranvier prevent neurite outgrowth"
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Black, J.A., Sontheimer, H., Oh, Y., and Waxman, S.G. (1995).
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237:
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calculations show that the energetic cost of maintaining the
185:
197:
194:
410:
When a longitudinal section is made through a myelinating
232:. Nodes of Ranvier are uninsulated and highly enriched in
422:
Differences in the central and peripheral nervous systems
362:
The internodal glial membranes are fused to form compact
244:. Nerve conduction in myelinated axons is referred to as
676:
335:
of action potentials. The contacts between neurons and
1562:"Les étranglements annulaires de Louis Ranvier (1871)"
369:
The segment between nodes of Ranvier is termed as the
643:
Possible regulation via the recognition molecule OMgp
381:
membrane in the PNS, or by perinodal extensions from
206:
188:
30:"Nodes of Ranvier" redirects here. For the band, see
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2017:
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1996:
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Medullated nerve fibers stained with silver nitrate
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27:
Gaps between myelin sheaths on the axon of a neuron
236:, allowing them to participate in the exchange of
610:Paranode regulation via mitochondria accumulation
735:. He was the chairman of General Anatomy at the
1060:Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology
514:Researchers prove that in the developing CNS,
2446:
1615:
8:
447:are enriched at nodes of Ranvier, including
1292:Einheber S, Bhat MA, Salzer JL (Aug 2006).
719:in 1854. French pathologist and anatomist
2453:
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2294:
2014:
2007:
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1713:
1643:
1622:
1608:
1600:
1036:, S. Waxman, J. Kocsis, and P. Stys, eds.
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45:
1480:
1423:
1366:
1317:
1265:
1181:
1122:
1079:
1001:
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892:
1594:Anatomy photo: nervous/pns/nerve2/nerve5
1589:Cell Centered Database – Node of Ranvier
727:, Ranvier was one of the most prominent
1287:
1285:
1154:Lambert S, Davis JQ, Bennett V (1997).
1054:Uzmman B. G.; Nogueira-Graf G. (1957).
816:
757:
589:This process is outlined as the charge
926:
924:
922:
920:
377:stemming from the outer aspect of the
148:
36:
7:
1242:"The Energetics of CNS White Matter"
1205:Fry, C (2007). "Cell physiology I".
455:, and proteoglycan NG2, as well as
1174:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-18-07025.1997
25:
707:Louis Antoine Ranvier (1835–1922)
333:saltatory ("jumping") propagation
772:
760:
663:
648:another node-enriched component
271:
175:
145:Anatomical terms of microanatomy
1786:Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell
1473:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1698-10.2010
1258:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3430-11.2012
859:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1:
1124:10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00265-3
1003:10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00266-5
952:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80323-2
894:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80323-2
767:Complete neuron cell diagram
402:a higher packing density of
2531:Peripheral membrane protein
1896:Postganglionic nerve fibers
1219:10.1016/j.mpsur.2007.07.007
496:Myelination of nerve fibers
240:required to regenerate the
2648:
2522:Integral membrane proteins
1891:Preganglionic nerve fibers
29:
2401:Olfactory receptor neuron
2065:Neurofibril/neurofilament
1368:10.1016/j.cub.2007.01.071
1310:10.1017/S1740925X06000275
357:peripheral nervous system
143:
56:
44:
1569:Lettre des Neurosciences
873:gxnSalzer J. L. (1997).
2566:Lipid raft/microdomains
1425:10.1126/science.1118313
1246:Journal of Neuroscience
1240:Harris; Atwood (2012).
1161:Journal of Neuroscience
1038:Oxford University Press
836:Oxford University Press
574:permits this behavior.
393:The internodes are the
32:Nodes of Ranvier (band)
2571:Membrane contact sites
2535:Lipid-anchored protein
2517:Membrane glycoproteins
2348:Neuromuscular junction
2211:III or Aδ or fast pain
708:
471:Molecular organization
467:perinodal extensions.
349:central nervous system
254:
2526:transmembrane protein
1560:Barbara J.G. (2005).
931:Salzer J. L. (1997).
832:UK English Dictionary
721:Louis-Antoine Ranvier
706:
656:Clinical significance
2551:Caveolae/Coated pits
2366:Meissner's corpuscle
2331:Postsynaptic density
2228:Efferent nerve fiber
2216:IV or C or slow pain
2158:Afferent nerve fiber
1984:Satellite glial cell
842:on October 16, 2021.
636:Saltatory conduction
605:Formation regulation
584:saltatory conduction
578:Saltatory conduction
246:saltatory conduction
2632:Signal transduction
2371:Merkel nerve ending
1416:2005Sci...310.1813H
1359:2007CBio...17..562V
1298:Neuron Glia Biology
1072:10.1083/jcb.3.4.589
591:passively spreading
230:extracellular space
2576:Membrane nanotubes
2461:Structures of the
2406:Photoreceptor cell
2376:Pacinian corpuscle
2307:Electrical synapse
2261:Lower motor neuron
2256:Upper motor neuron
1977:Internodal segment
1917:Connective tissues
1887:Autonomic ganglion
1539:10.1007/BF02116709
1521:Virchow R (1854).
862:. Merriam-Webster.
791:Internodal segment
709:
675:. You can help by
620:synaptic terminals
547:nodes of Ranvier.
228:is exposed to the
215:myelin-sheath gaps
138:H2.00.06.2.03015
2609:
2608:
2509:Membrane proteins
2428:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2391:Free nerve ending
2358:Sensory receptors
2286:
2285:
2201:Ib or Golgi or Aα
2109:
2108:
1992:
1991:
1869:Ramus communicans
1808:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1674:Commissural fiber
1669:Association fiber
1664:Projection fibers
1410:(5755): 1813–17.
1168:(18): 7025–7036.
854:"node of Ranvier"
825:"node of Ranvier"
754:Additional images
737:Collège de France
693:
692:
599:resting potential
213:), also known as
159:
158:
154:
16:(Redirected from
2639:
2622:Membrane biology
2591:Nuclear envelope
2586:Nodes of Ranvier
2455:
2448:
2441:
2432:
2321:Synaptic vesicle
2316:Chemical synapse
2295:
2015:
2008:
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1467:(43): 14476–81.
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1207:Surgery (Oxford)
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979:
973:
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928:
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896:
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864:
863:
850:
844:
843:
838:. Archived from
821:
776:
764:
688:
685:
667:
660:
631:Via αII-Spectrin
626:Nodal regulation
562:action potential
556:Action potential
544:oligodendrocytes
345:oligodendrocytes
275:
242:action potential
217:, occur along a
209:
204:
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171:nodes of Ranvier
151:edit on Wikidata
114:incisura myelini
63:Nodes of Ranvier
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37:
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18:Nodes of Ranvier
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2640:
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2471:Membrane lipids
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2206:II or Aβ and Aγ
2161:
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2095:Apical dendrite
2090:Dendritic spine
2069:
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2001:
1988:
1972:Node of Ranvier
1967:Myelin incisure
1939:
1911:
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1791:Oligodendrocyte
1774:Ependymal cells
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1347:Current Biology
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1213:(10): 425–429.
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2627:Neurohistology
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2598:
2596:Phycobilisomes
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
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2556:Cell junctions
2553:
2547:
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2416:Taste receptor
2413:
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2398:
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2386:Muscle spindle
2383:
2381:Ruffini ending
2378:
2373:
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2343:Ribbon synapse
2340:
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2313:
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2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2167:
2165:
2163:Sensory neuron
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2138:
2133:
2131:Pseudounipolar
2128:
2123:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2099:Basal dendrite
2092:
2087:
2079:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2050:Axon terminals
2047:
2041:
2039:
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2023:
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2012:
2005:
1994:
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1902:Nerve fascicle
1899:
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1635:
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1631:Nervous tissue
1629:
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1612:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1591:
1584:
1583:External links
1581:
1579:
1578:
1552:
1533:(4): 562–572.
1513:
1496:
1447:
1390:
1333:
1304:(3): 165–174.
1281:
1252:(1): 356–371.
1232:
1197:
1146:
1095:
1066:(4): 589–597.
1046:
1044:, pp. 116–143.
1025:
996:(1): 105–119.
974:
945:(6): 843–846.
916:
887:(6): 843–846.
865:
845:
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793:
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733:Claude Bernard
717:Rudolf Virchow
700:
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526:Lambert et al.
511:
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404:neurofilaments
390:
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2581:Myelin sheath
2579:
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2494:Sphingolipids
2492:
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2484:Phospholipids
2482:
2480:
2479:Lipid bilayer
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2463:cell membrane
2456:
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2276:γ motorneuron
2274:
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2271:β motorneuron
2269:
2267:
2266:α motorneuron
2264:
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2028:
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2013:
2009:
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2004:
1999:
1995:
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1574:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1510:Who Named It?
1507:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
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1189:
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1179:
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1163:
1162:
1157:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1117:(1): 91–104.
1116:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1099:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1004:
999:
995:
991:
990:
985:
978:
975:
970:
966:
962:
958:
953:
948:
944:
940:
939:
934:
927:
925:
923:
921:
917:
912:
908:
904:
900:
895:
890:
886:
882:
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876:
869:
866:
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849:
846:
841:
837:
833:
831:
826:
820:
817:
811:
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804:
802:
799:
797:
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792:
789:
788:
784:
775:
770:
763:
758:
753:
751:
749:
745:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
705:
698:
696:
687:
678:
674:
671:This section
669:
666:
662:
661:
655:
653:
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642:
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637:
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625:
623:
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616:
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604:
602:
600:
594:
592:
587:
585:
577:
575:
572:
568:
563:
555:
550:
548:
545:
536:
534:
531:
527:
522:
517:
509:
507:
504:
495:
490:
488:
486:
482:
477:
470:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
445:
441:
439:
430:
428:
421:
419:
417:
413:
408:
405:
399:
396:
388:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
367:
365:
360:
358:
354:
353:Schwann cells
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
321:
320:Myelin sheath
316:
311:
310:Axon terminal
306:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
263:
261:
259:
258:
257:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
220:
216:
212:
211:
202:
172:
168:
164:
152:
146:
142:
139:
136:
134:
130:
127:
124:
122:
118:
115:
112:
110:
106:
101:
98:
94:
91:
88:
84:
81:
78:
76:
72:
67:
60:
55:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
2585:
2489:Lipoproteins
2311:Gap junction
2233:Motor neuron
2027:Axon hillock
2003:nerve fibers
1971:
1957:Schwann cell
1867:
1850:
1828:
1746:Medium spiny
1659:White matter
1647:Tissue Types
1572:
1568:
1555:
1530:
1526:
1516:
1503:
1499:
1464:
1460:
1450:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1353:(6): 562–8.
1350:
1346:
1336:
1301:
1297:
1249:
1245:
1235:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1165:
1159:
1149:
1114:
1108:
1098:
1063:
1059:
1049:
1033:
1028:
993:
987:
977:
942:
936:
884:
878:
868:
857:
848:
840:the original
828:
819:
796:Schwann cell
741:
729:histologists
713:pathological
710:
694:
681:
677:adding to it
672:
646:
634:
615:Mitochondria
613:
595:
588:
581:
559:
540:
530:Eshed et al.
529:
525:
513:
510:Early stages
499:
478:
474:
442:
434:
425:
412:Schwann cell
409:
400:
392:
385:in the CNS.
379:Schwann cell
368:
361:
330:
315:Schwann cell
302:
293:Axon hillock
253:
234:ion channels
214:
170:
163:neuroscience
160:
113:
2326:Active zone
2291:Termination
2141:Interneuron
2045:Telodendron
1953:Myelination
1935:Endoneurium
1930:Perineurium
1751:Interneuron
1741:Von Economo
1689:Decussation
1684:Nerve tract
1654:Grey matter
1034:In The Axon
748:Salpêtrière
521:Neurofascin
491:Development
438:neurofascin
431:Composition
351:(CNS), and
341:glial cells
337:glial cells
103:Identifiers
2616:Categories
2561:Glycocalyx
2396:Nociceptor
2136:Multipolar
2085:Nissl body
1962:Neurilemma
1925:Epineurium
1710:Cell Types
1461:J Neurosci
812:References
715:anatomist
684:March 2018
457:phosphacan
449:tenascin-R
383:astrocytes
375:microvilli
248:(from
224:where the
219:myelinated
90:Myelinated
2601:Porosomes
2411:Hair cell
1945:Neuroglia
1907:Funiculus
1796:Microglia
1769:Astrocyte
1726:Pyramidal
1679:Lemniscus
1505:synd/3816
739:in 1875.
465:astrocyte
416:internode
389:Structure
371:internode
2196:Ia or Aα
2126:Unipolar
2075:Dendrite
2060:Axolemma
2055:Axoplasm
1839:Ganglion
1779:Tanycyte
1731:Purkinje
1718:Neuronal
1701:Meninges
1696:Neuropil
1547:20120269
1491:20980605
1442:17410200
1434:16293723
1385:14537696
1377:17331725
1328:17460780
1276:22219296
1227:57536809
1133:11343647
1090:13449102
1042:New York
1020:10252129
1012:11343648
785:See also
650:versican
571:ion flow
551:Function
481:spectrin
461:versican
278:Dendrite
264:Overview
226:axolemma
86:Location
2499:Sterols
2338:Autapse
2299:Synapse
2146:Renshaw
2121:Bipolar
1998:Neurons
1851:Ventral
1822:General
1736:Granule
1482:2976578
1412:Bibcode
1404:Science
1355:Bibcode
1319:1855224
1267:3272449
1192:9278538
1183:6573274
1141:7168889
1081:2224104
969:6743084
961:9208851
911:6743084
903:9208851
699:History
485:ankyrin
444:Ankyrin
355:in the
347:in the
305:Ranvier
303:Node of
298:Nucleus
210:-vee-ay
167:anatomy
126:D011901
69:Details
2191:fibers
1829:Dorsal
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1110:Neuron
1088:
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989:Neuron
967:
959:
938:Neuron
909:
901:
880:Neuron
830:Lexico
806:Myelin
516:Nav1.2
503:myelin
453:Bral-1
395:myelin
364:myelin
256:saltus
75:System
2544:Other
2114:Types
2011:Parts
1880:White
1861:Ramus
1844:Ramus
1761:Glial
1565:(PDF)
1543:S2CID
1438:S2CID
1381:S2CID
1223:S2CID
1137:S2CID
1016:S2CID
965:S2CID
907:S2CID
744:nerve
252:
250:Latin
149:[
109:Latin
97:nerve
95:of a
2037:Axon
2019:Soma
1875:Gray
1856:Root
1834:Root
1487:PMID
1430:PMID
1373:PMID
1324:PMID
1272:PMID
1188:PMID
1129:PMID
1086:PMID
1008:PMID
957:PMID
899:PMID
725:Lyon
528:and
483:and
459:and
288:Axon
283:Soma
238:ions
222:axon
208:RAHN
165:and
121:MeSH
93:axon
2251:SVE
2246:GVE
2241:GSE
2186:SVA
2181:SSA
2176:GVA
2171:GSA
1814:PNS
1639:CNS
1535:doi
1508:at
1477:PMC
1469:doi
1420:doi
1408:310
1363:doi
1314:PMC
1306:doi
1262:PMC
1254:doi
1215:doi
1178:PMC
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