513:
33:
55:
260:-like in appearance, with red, black, and yellow colors prevailing, and with smoky (infuscated) wings or wing tips. They vary greatly in appearance between species, and can be stripeless, or have yellow or white integumental markings on their abdomen. There are specialized patches of hair on the tip of the abdomen of female
381:
may sometimes leave multiple eggs into one host cell, a frequent trait of kleptoparasitic bees. Using their mandibles, the parasite larvae kill the host offspring and any conspecific larvae until only one is alive. This larva then consumes the host's provisions. This type of parasitism is also known
376:
oviposits in the host's cells before host oviposition and nest cell closure. The female cuckoo bee will lay her eggs in the host's nest and leave. Some species are known to bury the egg at right angles into the cell wall, while some only partially insert the egg. Additionally,
297:
occur worldwide. All known species parasitize ground-nesting bees, and their habitats and seasonality correlate with their hosts. Ground nesting bees nest in soil, either in open habitats or in ones covered with vegetation, with a good floral source nearby.
248:, and are mostly hairless, as they do not collect pollen to feed their offspring. Like non-parasitic bees, adults are known to visit flowers and feed on nectar. Given the lack of scopa and general behavior, they are considered poor pollinators.
365:
find a nest to deposit eggs. Furthermore, when male and female bees mate, there is evidence that part of the male's secreted scent rubs off onto female bees, which will actually provide an advantage to her finding and entering a host nest.
436:
from the male to the female and may make the female unattractive to other males, as well as provide chemical cues to the location of a host nest. The pheromone transfer may also disguise the scent of the female
441:, allowing her to enter the host nest undetected. The pheromones are transferred when the males hold the female bees down with their feet, while they use their antennae to grab the females’ antennae.
342:
are guided by visual cues to locate host nest entrances. In early spring, they can be spotted flying low to the ground, searching for nests to parasitize. Once a nest is found, studies show that
494:
are species-specific to their hosts, and that males mimic the specific scents of the species they parasitize. However, not much research has been done to understand the specialization of
354:
senses to determine if the nest is provisioned with pollen, if a host bee is nearby or in the nest, if the nest has been parasitized before, and if there are other parasitic bees nearby.
346:
females assess their hosts nests based on three guiding principles: 1) vulnerability and quality of the host cell, 2) threat of a maternal host's presence, 3) competition with other
264:. Males have an obvious, often notched pygidial plate. In general, females are easily identifiable by the lack of scopa, reduced body hair, thick exoskeleton, and mandibles.
1075:
Bogusch, Petr; KratochvĂl, Lukáš; Straka, Jakub (2006-07-01). "Generalist cuckoo bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Sphecodes) are species-specialist at the individual level".
1806:
1845:
196:. Cuckoo bees are so named because they enter the nests of a host and lay eggs there, stealing resources that the host has already collected. The name "
512:
425:
suggest this chemical odor may provide camouflage to protect her from the host females because physically, these genera do not resemblance each other.
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will fly locally secreting a scent which mimics the host female. Male cuckoo bees will secrete this scent near host nests to help female
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will deposit 1-2 eggs. These eggs hatch and the larvae use their mandibles to kill other eggs and larvae. These larvae feed on the
372:
parasitizes their host cells by laying eggs in host nests while the female host bee is foraging for pollen, or nectar. The female
487:
are highly variable in behavior and habitat specialization. Occurring worldwide, their active periods vary based on their hosts.
1824:
286:
exhibit an unusual behavior where adult bees are observed to be sleeping by using only their mandibles to hold onto plants.
1832:
842:
Cane, James H. (1991). "Soils of Ground-Nesting Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea): Texture, Moisture, Cell Depth and
Climate".
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1121:
1689:
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interact with the male's secretion during the matting process. There is evidence these secretions help the female
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1535:
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141:
475:. The offspring pupate in the host cell and finally emerge as adults the following season along with the hosts.
1883:
160:
54:
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and they follow the general process of: (1) egg (2) larvae (3) pupa (4) adult. In one egg cell, the female
417:
bees recognize the host nests. Furthermore, reports of non-lethal and non-threatening interactions between
336:” which states that social parasites tend to be either closely related to or sister species of their host.
1629:
620:
502:
1301:
1694:
1003:"Courtship behaviour in the genus Nomada – antennal grabbing and possible transfer of male secretions"
386:, where the parasite's offspring develop on the nutrients gathered by the host for its own offspring.
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The role of male and female cuckoos bees in the parasitism process differs. Before mating, male
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Renner, Susanne S.; Wittmann, Dieter; Hofmann, Michaela M.; Schindler, Matthias (2018-08-27).
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mating are relatively rare, however there are reports of mating behavior as described below.
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929:"IV. BETRACHTUNG DER WICHTIGSTEN THEORIEN ĂśBER URSPRUNG UND VERBREITUNG DER WINDMĂśHLE",
796:
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can be difficult; details of the wing venation, and the nature of the patch of silvery
214:
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Tengö, Jan; Bergstrom, Gunnar (1977). "Cleptoparasitism and Odor
Mimetism in Bees: Do
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1286:
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1223:
316:, but have also been observed parasitizing other ground-nesting bees in the families
230:
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There is evidence of “antennal grabbing” during copulation, in which the male
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Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
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498:, and it is known that some species are more generalist than others.
329:
234:
189:
116:
96:
76:
1623:
576:"nomad | Origin and meaning of nomad by Online Etymology Dictionary"
1746:
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405:, the main component of male odor secretions was identical to the
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1343:
1173:
272:
257:
1627:
1138:
1733:
882:"Under the radar: detection avoidance in brood parasitic bees"
332:. As is the case for other nomadines, this behavior violates “
217:
of many different types of bees as hosts, primarily the genus
1042:
Wilson, Joseph S.; Messinger Carril, Olivia J. (2016-01-31).
645:
Cane, James H. (February 1983). "Olfactory evaluation of
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bees. These three factors are assessed by the bees'
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1583:
1503:
1401:
1392:
1370:
1351:
1342:
1310:
1252:
1199:
1181:
1172:
432:strokes the female antenna. This process transfers
962:
409:secretions of the female host species. The female
965:The encyclopedia of land invertebrate behaviour
622:Bee Basics: An Introduction to Our Native Bees
1150:
244:. As parasites, they lack a pollen-carrying
8:
844:Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society
188:is one of the largest genera in the family
1624:
1398:
1348:
1178:
1157:
1143:
1135:
619:Moisset, Beatriz; Buchmann, Steve (2010).
31:
20:
1046:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1018:
905:
649:host nest suitability by kleptoparasitic
614:
612:
310:most often parasitize bees of the genus
770:
768:
531:
490:There is evidence that most species of
933:, DE GRUYTER, 1972, pp. 281–296,
279:are the best distinguishing features.
996:
994:
875:
873:
207:), meaning "roaming" or "wandering."
7:
1773:10ba97fc-06f7-4768-a59b-65c2e751ec3a
720:
718:
716:
697:"lively cuckoo bee - Nomada fervida"
640:
638:
636:
634:
632:
597:
595:
537:
535:
267:Separation of this genus from other
1077:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
729:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
14:
200:" is derived from the Greek word
182:With over 850 species, the genus
880:Litman Jessica R. (2019-04-01).
452:” willow and gooseberry plants.
53:
1007:Journal of Hymenoptera Research
256:They are often extraordinarily
653:bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)".
1:
805:10.1126/science.196.4294.1117
667:10.1016/s0003-3472(83)80181-x
542:O'Toole, Christopher (2004).
252:Appearance and identification
961:Rod Preston-Mafham (1993).
603:"Genus Nomada - Nomad Bees"
192:, and the largest genus of
1900:
779:Males Imitate the Odor of
1536:Dolichovespula adulterina
1089:10.1007/s00265-006-0182-4
1044:The Bees in Your Backyard
939:10.1515/9783110815511-009
275:at the tip of the female
173:
168:
50:Scientific classification
48:
39:
30:
23:
725:Michener, C.D. (2007).
625:. USDA, Forest Service.
448:mating includes males “
898:10.1098/rstb.2018.0196
522:
1302:Channel-billed cuckoo
1052:10.1515/9781400874156
759:"Nomada Distribution"
727:The bees of the world
515:
509:for a complete list.
483:Species of the genus
1768:Fauna Europaea (new)
1585:Lycaenid butterflies
1297:Great spotted cuckoo
1229:Brown-headed cowbird
1020:10.3897/jhr.65.24947
797:1977Sci...196.1117T
791:(4294): 1117–1119.
401:In five species of
1567:Vespula infernalis
1530:Cuckoo paper wasps
1514:Ammophila sabulosa
1480:Bombus (Psithyrus)
1330:Greater honeyguide
892:(1769): 20180196.
701:entnemdept.ufl.edu
580:www.etymonline.com
523:
306:Bees of the genus
1861:
1860:
1630:Taxon identifiers
1621:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1560:Vespula austriaca
1388:
1387:
1338:
1337:
1325:Lesser honeyguide
1234:Screaming cowbird
1191:Black-headed duck
969:. The MIT Press.
546:. Facts On File.
544:Bees of the world
473:stored provisions
444:Other reports of
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1670:
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1608:Phengaris rebeli
1574:Vespula squamosa
1399:
1379:Pungtungia herzi
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394:Observations of
384:brood parasitism
175:>850 species
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42:Nomada succincta
35:
21:
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1601:Phengaris arion
1594:Phengaris alcon
1579:
1499:
1384:
1366:
1334:
1306:
1292:Diederik cuckoo
1272:Pheasant cuckoo
1248:
1244:Bronzed cowbird
1195:
1168:
1166:Brood parasites
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518:Nomada maculata
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1362:Cuckoo catfish
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1322:
1316:
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1304:
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1282:Jacobin cuckoo
1279:
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1267:Striped cuckoo
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1083:(3): 422–429.
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850:(4): 406–413.
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661:(1): 138–144.
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465:holometabolous
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1122:Image Gallery
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1525:Cuckoo wasps
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1469:Protepeolini
1441:
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1430:Ericrocidini
1417:
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1254:Cuculiformes
1214:Cuckoo-finch
1183:Anseriformes
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1794:iNaturalist
1662:Wikispecies
1520:Ceropalinae
1403:Cuckoo bees
1130:at BugGuide
783:Females?".
282:Species of
241:Exomalopsis
227:Agapostemon
194:cuckoo bees
123:Subfamily:
107:Hymenoptera
1879:Bee genera
1868:Categories
1474:Rhathymini
1449:Isepeolini
1320:Honeyguide
1312:Piciformes
1277:Asian koel
931:WindmĂĽhlen
706:2019-04-25
585:2019-05-02
526:References
456:Life cycle
434:pheromones
326:Halictidae
322:Melittidae
318:Andrenidae
302:Parasitism
87:Arthropoda
1874:Nomadinae
1553:Stizoides
1547:Sapygidae
1542:Nyssonini
1487:Sphecodes
1459:Nomadinae
1454:Melectini
1419:Coelioxys
1097:1432-0762
1029:1314-2607
1013:: 47–59.
985:473339370
856:0022-8567
813:0036-8075
745:200096465
675:0003-3472
463:bees are
352:olfactory
269:Nomadinae
224:but also
142:Latreille
127:Nomadinae
73:Kingdom:
67:Eukaryota
1703:BugGuide
1653:Q1714895
1647:Wikidata
1443:Exaerete
1425:Dioxyini
1219:Viduidae
1105:22872125
916:30967087
864:25085307
829:17778551
683:53273459
562:54407628
521:, female
503:list of
450:swarming
277:metasoma
169:Species
137:Nomadini
113:Family:
83:Phylum:
77:Animalia
63:Domain:
1812:1292916
1786:1343230
1464:Osirini
1436:Euaspis
1394:Insects
1209:Cowbird
907:6388046
821:1744445
793:Bibcode
785:Science
781:Andrena
647:Andrena
507:species
479:Species
423:Andrena
313:Andrena
231:Melitta
220:Andrena
202:nomas (
161:Scopoli
150:Genus:
133:Tribe:
103:Order:
97:Insecta
93:Class:
1825:154382
1760:196637
1747:1NOMDG
1682:Nomada
1668:Nomada
1638:Nomada
1494:Stelis
1128:Nomada
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469:Nomada
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446:Nomada
439:Nomada
430:Nomada
419:Nomada
415:Nomada
411:Nomada
403:Nomada
396:Nomada
379:Nomada
374:Nomada
370:Nomada
363:Nomada
359:Nomada
348:Nomada
344:Nomada
340:Nomada
330:Apidae
328:, and
308:Nomada
295:Nomada
284:Nomada
262:Nomada
235:Eucera
211:Nomada
198:Nomada
190:Apidae
185:Nomada
163:, 1770
155:Nomada
144:, 1802
117:Apidae
25:Nomada
1851:95295
1807:IRMNG
1799:53648
1734:13810
1505:Wasps
1412:Aglae
1174:Birds
1116:links
1101:S2CID
860:JSTOR
817:JSTOR
679:S2CID
273:setae
246:scopa
204:νομάς
1846:NCBI
1820:ITIS
1781:GBIF
1742:EPPO
1721:64QG
1708:5211
1695:2011
1690:BOLD
1344:Fish
1093:ISSN
1056:ISBN
1025:ISSN
981:OCLC
971:ISBN
943:ISBN
912:PMID
852:ISSN
825:PMID
809:ISSN
741:OCLC
731:ISBN
671:ISSN
558:OCLC
548:ISBN
501:See
258:wasp
238:and
213:are
1833:NBN
1729:EoL
1716:CoL
1677:AFD
1352:Of
1085:doi
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