972:). Descriptive names are problematic, once that, if a taxon is split, it is not obvious which new group takes the existing name. Meanwhile, with typified names, the existing name is taken by the new group that still bears the type of this name. However, typified names present special problems for microorganisms.
688:, would provide a unified context for them, referring to them when necessary. Changes in the existing codes are slowly being made in the proposed directions. However, participants of the last serious discussion of the draft BioCode concluded that it would probably not be implemented in their lifetimes.
702:
Many authors encountered problems in using the
Linnean system in phylogenetic classification. In fact, early proponents of rank-based nomenclature, such as Alphonse de Candolle and the authors of the 1886 version of the American Ornithologists' Union code of nomenclature already envisioned that in
721:. This new approach requires using phylogenetic definitions that refer to "specifiers", analogous to "type" under rank-based nomenclature. Such definitions delimit taxa under a given phylogeny, and this kind of nomenclature does not require use of absolute ranks. The
1842:
1523:
Greuter, W.; Garrity, G.; Hawksworth, D. L.; Jahn, R.; Kirk, P. M.; Knapp, S.; McNeill, J.; Michel, E.; Patterson, D. J.; Pyle, R.; Tindall, B. J. (2011). "Draft BioCode (2011): Principles and rules regulating the naming of organisms".
2039:
Turland, N. J.; Wiersema, J. H.; Barry, F. R.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D. L.; Herendeen, P. S.; Knapp, S.; Kusber, W. H.; Li, D.-Z.; Marhold, K.; May, T. W.; McNeill, J.; Monro, A. M.; Prado, J.; Price, M. J.; Smith, G. F. (2018).
2017:
McNeill, J.; Barrie, F. R.; Buck, W. R.; Demoulin, V.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D. L.; Herendeen, P. S.; Knapp, S.; Marhold, K.; Prado, J.; Prud'homme Van Reine, W. F.; Smith, G. F.; Wiersema, J. H.; Turland, N. J. (2012).
1059:
47:
are the various rulebooks that govern the naming of living organisms. Standardizing the scientific names of biological organisms allows researchers to discuss findings (including the discovery of new species).
204:
With all naturalists worldwide adopting binominal nomenclature, there arose several schools of thought about the details. It became ever more apparent that a detailed body of rules was necessary to govern
304:
226:
1143:
1837:
Dubois, A. (2006). Proposed Rules for the incorporation of nomina of higher-ranked zoological taxa in the
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 2. The proposed Rules and their rationale.
320:
929:
does not regulate names of taxa lower than subspecies or higher than superfamily. There are many attempts to introduce some order on the nomenclature of these taxa, including the
640:
are used. The bacteriological code prefers living type cultures, but allows other kinds. There has been ongoing debate regarding which kind of type is more useful in a case like
1043:
336:
1806:
Elbrächter, M. et al. Establishing an Agenda for
Calcareous Dinoflagellates Research (Thoracosphaeraceae, Dinophyceae) including a nomenclatural synopsis of generic names.
2021:
International Code of
Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011
62:, and other taxa of higher ranks, it may not be noticeable that there is more than one code, but beyond this basic level these are rather different in the way they work.
276:
1055:
662:
406:
started anew, making a clean sweep in 1980 (Skerman et al., "Approved Lists of
Bacterial Names"), although maintaining the original authors and dates of publication.
209:. From the mid-19th century onwards, there were several initiatives to arrive at worldwide-accepted sets of rules. Presently nomenclature codes govern the naming of:
2043:
International Code of
Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017
373:
The starting point, that is the time from which these codes are in effect (usually retroactively), varies from group to group, and sometimes from rank to rank. In
347:
1016:
926:
256:
236:
1891:"New concepts and methods for phylogenetic taxonomy and nomenclature in zoology, exemplified by a new ranked cladonomy of recent amphibians (Lissamphibia)"
673:
with an harmonization of them. The originally planned implementation date for the BioCode draft was
January 1, 2000, but agreement to replace the existing
1155:
1650:
658:
196:
was a welcome simplification because as our knowledge of biodiversity expanded, so did the length of the names, many of which had become unwieldy.
192:) containing many names of genera that were later adopted by Linnaeus. The introduction of two-part names (binominal nomenclature) for species by
31:
726:
2051:
2029:
1625:
1226:
1090:
1048:
1942:
Kluge, N. J. (1999). "A system of alternative nomenclatures of supra-species taxa. Linnaean and post-Linnaean principles of systematics".
1795:
1182:
944:
is applied primarily to the ranks of superfamily and below. There are some rules for names above the rank of superfamily, but the
2125:
1208:
500:
396:
1151:
1011:
2089:
51:
As the study of biology became increasingly specialized, specific codes were adopted for different types of organism.
1006:
616:
uses "valid" in "valid publication of a name" (=the act of publishing a formal name), with "establishing a name" as the
2103:
2120:
2067:
957:
555:
421:
1243:
949:
714:
1747:"The ambiregnal protists and the codes of nomenclature: A brief review of the problem and of proposed solutions"
1681:
1101:
612:
These codes differ in terminology, and there is a long-term project to "harmonize" this. For instance, the
1021:
986:
934:
129:
991:
981:
945:
903:
718:
574:
532:
71:
54:
To an end-user who only deals with names of species, with some awareness that species are assignable to
1315:
1870:
Dubois, Alain (2015). "The
Duplostensional Nomenclatural System for higher zoological nomenclature".
1811:
1056:"Article 5. Principle of Binominal Nomenclature | International Code of Zoological Nomenclature"
355:
1858:
1348:
883:
1727:
1673:
1631:
1371:
1263:
899:
849:
769:. The resulting double language throughout protist classification schemes resulted in confusion.
77:
1700:"The PhyloCode : The logical outcome of millennia of evolution of biological nomenclature?"
1509:
2130:
2081:
2047:
2025:
1929:
Klüge, N. J. (2010). Circumscriptional names of higher taxa in
Hexapoda. Bionomina, 1, 15-55,
1912:
1719:
1621:
1491:
1454:
1222:
1001:
387:
331:
176:
159:
145:– distinguishes the species within the genus. For example, modern humans belong to the genus
2003:
1902:
1758:
1711:
1665:
1613:
1564:
1533:
1444:
1418:. Fourth Edition. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, UK. 306 pp.,
1363:
1327:
1294:
1255:
1214:
1178:
837:
813:
504:
206:
59:
2019:
875:
637:
2095:
1552:
1089:
harvnb error: no target: CITEREFInternational_Commission_on_Zoological_Nomenclature1999 (
1047:
harvnb error: no target: CITEREFInternational_Commission_on_Zoological_Nomenclature1999 (
1433:"A proposal for further integration of the cyanobacteria under the Bacteriological Code"
1651:"Phylogeny as a Central Principle in Taxonomy: Phylogenetic Definitions of Taxon Names"
1617:
953:
941:
785:
773:
579:
181:
35:
2114:
2008:
1991:
1731:
1635:
1607:
961:
914:
910:
641:
468:
435:
413:
382:
193:
171:
93:
1144:"What's in a name? A history of taxonomy: Linnaeus and the birth of modern taxonomy"
96:, although they can be based on words from other languages. Such a name is called a
1139:
1081:
1039:
833:
821:
809:
729:, a monograph that includes a list of the first names established under that code.
544:
528:
514:
453:
417:
403:
153:
1594:
1582:
1492:"Chapter 2. The BioCode: Integrated biological Nomenclature for the 21st Century?"
17:
1930:
996:
825:
817:
805:
797:
789:
777:
489:
445:
92:
of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use
1472:
1419:
1496:
Proceedings of a Mini-Symposium on
Biological Nomenclature in the 21st Century
1299:
1282:
891:
871:
867:
859:
855:
841:
829:
801:
793:
518:
1916:
1723:
2041:
1907:
1890:
1210:
The Advent of PhyloCode: The Continuing Evolution of Biological Nomenclature
930:
709:
697:
665:
International Committee on Bionomenclature (ICB) presented the long debated
449:
295:
267:
2073:
1458:
1332:
624:
uses "valid" in "valid name" (="correct name"), with "correct name" as the
1763:
1449:
1432:
1218:
1889:
Dubois, Alain; Ohler, Annemarie; Pyron, R. Alexander (26 February 2021).
781:
754:
746:
597:
378:
315:
703:
the future, rank-based nomenclature would have to be abandoned. Another
1677:
1568:
1537:
1375:
1267:
895:
879:
738:
392:
299:
271:
89:
1715:
761:, and names for these have been published under either or both of the
1790:
Adl, S. M. et al. Diversity, Nomenclature, and Taxonomy of Protists.
887:
863:
845:
570:
551:
374:
251:
217:
1746:
1699:
1669:
1367:
1316:"The designation of official names for higher taxa of invertebrates"
1259:
1414:
ICZN - International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1999).
592:
There are also differences in the way codes work. For example, the
1990:
Lahr, Daniel J. G.; Lara, Enrique; Mitchell, Edward A. D. (2012).
1097:
1085:
758:
750:
483:
464:
431:
343:
221:
213:
134:
55:
1437:
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
305:
Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes Described from Sequence Data
147:
1098:"Glossary | International Code of Zoological Nomenclature"
960:. In some circumstances, a taxon has two possible names (e.g.,
349:
The International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature
227:
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
2024:. Vol. Regnum Vegetabile 154. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG.
170:
introduction of this system of naming species is credited to
137:
to which the species belongs, whereas the second part – the
2046:. Vol. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books.
628:
equivalent. Harmonization is making very limited progress.
1593:
Werner Greuter (2011) BioCode 2011. Explanatory prologue.
1609:
in Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria
1281:
Skerman, V. B. D.; McGowan, V.; Sneath, P. H. A. (1980).
1044:
Chapter 2, Article 5. Principle of Binominal Nomenclature
1853:
Frost, D. R. et al. (2006). The Amphibian Tree of Life.
1082:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999
1040:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999
321:
International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants
124:
a typographic error, meaning "two-name naming system".
120:, "binomi'N'al" with an "N" before the "al", which is
952:
is optional. These names may be either automatically
684:
was proposed that, instead of replacing the existing
2092:
with Standing in Nomenclature (1997), by J.P. Euzéby
337:
International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature
36:
International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature
1992:"Time to regulate microbial eukaryote nomenclature"
1512:. International Committee on Bionomenclature (ICB).
112:; more informally it is also historically called a
1855:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
657:A more radical approach was made in 1997 when the
636:There are differences in respect of what kinds of
1581:DL Hawksworth (2011) BioCode 2011. Introduction.
277:International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes
933:, the Duplostensional Nomenclatural System, and
866:" organisms claimed by both protozoologists and
1595:http://www.bionomenclature.net/biocode2011.html
1583:http://www.bionomenclature.net/biocode2011.html
1086:Glossary – "binomen", "nomenclature, binominal"
596:(the code for algae, fungi and plants) forbids
456:), suprageneric names: 4 August 1789 (Jussieu,
100:(which may be shortened to just "binomial"), a
27:Rulebooks of taxonomic nomenclature, in biology
1649:de Queiroz, K.; Gauthier, J. (December 1990).
537:Monographie und Iconographie der Oedogoniaceen
286:International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria
1416:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
725:took effect in 2020, with the publication of
257:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
246:International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature
8:
237:International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
499:Nostocaceae heterocysteae: 1 January 1886 (
713:, which now regulates names defined under
381:, the starting point is often 1 May 1753 (
163:is likely the most widely known binomial.
2007:
1996:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1906:
1762:
1448:
1331:
1298:
116:. In the ICZN, the system is also called
1202:
1200:
475:(treated as animals), and see below for
84:("two-term naming system"), also called
1820:
1818:
1248:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
1124:Busby, Arthur III; et al. (1997).
1032:
554:excepted) and fungi: 31 December 1820 (
32:International Code of Area Nomenclature
1553:"Introducing the Draft BioCode (2011)"
509:Révision des Nostocacées hétérocystées
492:homocysteae: 1 January 1892 (Gomont, "
434:(except Sphagnaceae): 1 January 1801 (
174:, effectively beginning with his work
1244:"A history of botanical nomenclature"
707:that was developed since 1998 is the
420:, suprageneric names: 4 August 1789 (
302:described from sequence data –
151:and within this genus to the species
7:
1185:from the original on 17 October 2016
1104:from the original on 6 February 2023
890:claimed by both protozoologists and
1751:Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature
1612:(1 ed.). Wiley. p. 1-12.
1283:"Approved lists of bacterial names"
669:, proposed to replace all existing
234:), which in July 2011 replaced the
1618:10.1002/9781118960608.bm00004.pub2
1062:from the original on 29 March 2023
745:, have been considered to be both
395:, it is 1 January 1758 (Linnaeus,
25:
1490:McNeill, John (4 November 1996).
909:Other problematic groups are the
604:, (the animal code) allows them.
127:The first part of the name – the
2009:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01962.x
1349:"Later starting points in algae"
1207:Laurin, Michel (3 August 2023).
948:does not apply to them, and the
200:Codification of Scientific Names
190:Illustrated exposition of plants
2070:at the Smithsonian Ocean Portal
1698:Laurin, Michel (23 July 2023).
180:in 1753. But as early as 1622,
88:, is a formal system of naming
1152:Natural History Museum, London
1012:List of taxa named by anagrams
935:circumscriptional nomenclature
284:), which in 2008 replaced the
1:
1007:Glossary of scientific naming
1974:
1961:
1778:
1402:
1389:
1181:. Kyoto University Library.
1126:A Guide to Rocks and Fossils
494:Monographie des Oscillariées
717:instead of the traditional
2147:
1551:Hawksworth, D. L. (2011).
1510:"The Draft BioCode (2011)"
695:
69:
29:
2090:List of Prokaryotic names
2086:: the "green book" (1999)
1825:
1300:10.1099/00207713-30-1-225
950:principle of typification
715:phylogenetic nomenclature
364:Differences between codes
1810:57, p. 1289–1303, 2008,
1314:Chitwood, B. G. (1958).
1179:"Pinax theatri botanici"
2126:Biological nomenclature
1908:10.11646/megataxa.5.1.1
1745:Corliss, J. O. (1995).
1287:Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol
1017:Zoological nomenclature
772:Groups claimed by both
566:Exceptions in zoology:
184:introduced in his book
94:Latin grammatical forms
2078:: Shenzhen Code (2018)
1333:10.5962/bhl.part.19410
1242:Nicolson, Dan (1991).
1022:Tree of life (biology)
987:Botanical nomenclature
409:Exceptions in botany:
402:). On the other hand,
186:Pinax theatri botanici
118:binominal nomenclature
1764:10.5962/bhl.part.6717
1606:Oren, Aharon (2019).
1450:10.1099/ijs.0.03008-0
1431:Oren, Aharon (2004).
1347:Silva, P. C. (1958).
1219:10.1201/9781003092827
992:Chemical nomenclature
982:Binomial nomenclature
946:principle of priority
719:Linnaean nomenclature
82:binomial nomenclature
72:Binomial Nomenclature
66:Binomial Nomenclature
45:codes of nomenclature
1944:Entomological Review
1794:, p. 684-689, 2007,
1687:on 13 November 2017.
1443:(Pt. 5): 1895–1902.
884:labyrinthulomycetess
471:are governed by the
356:virus classification
2100:introduction (2011)
1975:Turland et al. 2018
1962:McNeill et al. 2012
1841:, 28 (1): 165‒258,
1779:McNeill et al. 2012
1403:Turland at al. 2018
1390:Turland et al. 2018
1320:Bull. Zool. Nomencl
850:chlorarachniophytes
743:ambiregnal protists
741:, sometimes called
733:Ambiregnal protists
680:In 2011, a revised
517:: 1 January 1848 (
86:binary nomenclature
2121:Nomenclature codes
1792:Systematic Biology
1658:Systematic Zoology
1569:10.1002/tax.601018
1538:10.1002/tax.601019
1158:on 18 October 2014
531:: 1 January 1900 (
523:British Desmidieae
332:Plant associations
244:) and the earlier
41:Nomenclature codes
18:Nomenclature Codes
2068:Biocode in Action
2053:978-3-946583-16-5
2031:978-3-87429-425-6
1716:10.1111/zsc.12625
1704:Zoologica Scripta
1627:978-1-118-96060-8
1228:978-1-003-09282-7
1177:Bauhin, Gaspard.
1002:Gene nomenclature
968:; Hibberd, 1976,
958:descriptive names
862:forms and other "
838:choanoflagellates
824:), some monadoid
814:silicoflagellates
677:was not reached.
560:Flora der Vorwelt
388:Species plantarum
316:Cultivated plants
177:Species Plantarum
160:Tyrannosaurus rex
133:– identifies the
16:(Redirected from
2138:
2057:
2035:
2013:
2011:
1978:
1971:
1965:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1939:
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1927:
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1880:
1879:
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1826:Lahr et al. 2012
1822:
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1782:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1742:
1736:
1735:
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1688:
1686:
1680:. Archived from
1655:
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1640:
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1603:
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1591:
1585:
1579:
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1572:
1548:
1542:
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1412:
1406:
1405:, Article F.1.1)
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1232:
1204:
1195:
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1174:
1168:
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1163:
1154:. Archived from
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1130:
1129:
1121:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1094:
1079:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1052:
1037:
970:nom. typificatum
921:Unregulated taxa
876:plasmodiophorids
620:equivalent. The
458:Genera plantarum
440:Species muscorum
426:Genera plantarum
207:scientific names
143:specific epithet
21:
2146:
2145:
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2139:
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2110:
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1989:
1986:
1981:
1972:
1968:
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1955:
1941:
1940:
1936:
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1924:
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1887:
1883:
1869:
1868:
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1852:
1848:
1836:
1832:
1823:
1816:
1805:
1801:
1789:
1785:
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1744:
1743:
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1670:10.2307/2992353
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1368:10.2307/1216399
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1260:10.2307/2399589
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1080:
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1063:
1054:
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1038:
1034:
1030:
978:
964:Pascher, 1914,
927:zoological code
923:
913:(ICNP/ICN) and
786:dinoflagellates
774:protozoologists
735:
700:
694:
655:
650:
634:
610:
590:
398:Systema Naturae
371:
366:
202:
110:scientific name
106:binominal name,
74:
68:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
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5:
2144:
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2133:
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2093:
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2062:External links
2060:
2059:
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2014:
2002:(3): 469–476.
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1862:
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1799:
1783:
1781:, Preamble: 8)
1770:
1737:
1710:(6): 543–555.
1690:
1664:(4): 307–322.
1641:
1626:
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1574:
1563:(1): 199–200.
1543:
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1381:
1362:(7): 181–184.
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1169:
1131:
1128:. p. 103.
1116:
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1025:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
977:
974:
954:typified names
942:botanical code
922:
919:
734:
731:
696:Main article:
693:
690:
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651:
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646:
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580:Aranei Svecici
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563:
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497:
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400:, 10th Edition
370:
369:Starting point
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361:
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329:
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249:
201:
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182:Gaspard Bauhin
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70:Main article:
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2027:
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2015:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1977:, Article 16)
1976:
1970:
1967:
1964:, Article 16)
1963:
1957:
1954:
1950:(2): 133–147.
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1213:. CRC Press.
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1201:
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1184:
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1170:
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1140:Knapp, Sandra
1135:
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1103:
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988:
985:
983:
980:
979:
975:
973:
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967:
966:nom. descrip.
963:
962:Chrysophyceae
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
938:
936:
932:
928:
920:
918:
916:
915:Microsporidia
912:
911:Cyanobacteria
907:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
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881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
834:prasinophytes
831:
827:
823:
822:proteromonads
819:
815:
811:
810:raphidophytes
807:
803:
799:
795:
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783:
779:
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764:
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668:
667:Draft BioCode
664:
660:
652:
647:
645:
643:
642:cyanobacteria
639:
631:
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623:
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529:Oedogoniaceae
527:
524:
520:
516:
513:
510:
506:
502:
498:
495:
491:
488:
487:
485:
481:
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469:Microsporidia
466:
462:
459:
455:
451:
447:
444:
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437:
433:
430:
427:
423:
419:
415:
414:Spermatophyta
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411:
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172:Carl Linnaeus
169:
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139:specific name
136:
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125:
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99:
98:binomial name
95:
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65:
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57:
52:
49:
46:
42:
37:
33:
19:
2104:
2096:
2082:
2074:
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2020:
1999:
1995:
1984:Bibliography
1969:
1956:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1925:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1857:297: 1–291,
1854:
1849:
1838:
1833:
1807:
1802:
1791:
1786:
1773:
1754:
1750:
1740:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1682:the original
1661:
1657:
1644:
1608:
1601:
1589:
1577:
1560:
1556:
1546:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1504:
1495:
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1467:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1415:
1410:
1397:
1384:
1359:
1355:
1342:
1323:
1319:
1309:
1290:
1286:
1276:
1254:(1): 33–56.
1251:
1247:
1237:
1209:
1187:. Retrieved
1172:
1160:. Retrieved
1156:the original
1147:
1134:
1125:
1119:
1106:. Retrieved
1077:
1064:. Retrieved
1035:
969:
965:
939:
924:
917:(ICZN/ICN).
908:
854:
830:volvocaleans
818:xanthophytes
806:chrysophytes
798:glaucophytes
790:cryptomonads
778:phycologists
771:
766:
762:
742:
736:
722:
708:
704:
701:
685:
681:
679:
674:
670:
666:
656:
635:
625:
621:
617:
613:
611:
601:
600:, while the
593:
591:
578:
565:
559:
545:
536:
522:
515:Desmidiaceae
508:
493:
476:
472:
457:
454:Anthocerotae
439:
425:
418:Pteridophyta
408:
404:bacteriology
397:
386:
372:
353:
348:
335:
325:
319:
309:
303:
289:
285:
281:
275:
261:
255:
245:
241:
235:
231:
225:
203:
189:
185:
175:
167:
165:
158:
154:Homo sapiens
152:
146:
142:
138:
130:generic name
128:
126:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
85:
81:
75:
53:
50:
44:
40:
39:
1532:: 201–212.
1326:: 860–895.
1293:: 225–420.
997:Common name
900:blastoclads
892:mycologists
872:mycetozoans
868:mycologists
864:fungus-like
856:Slime molds
842:bicosoecids
826:green algae
802:heterokonts
794:haptophytes
648:Other codes
608:Terminology
490:Nostocaceae
452:(including
446:Sphagnaceae
2115:Categories
1839:Zoosystema
1028:References
902:, and the
860:plasmodial
188:(English,
114:Latin name
30:See also:
2105:PhyloCode
1917:2703-3090
1872:Dumerilia
1757:: 11–17.
1732:260224728
1724:0300-3256
1636:240836383
1148:NHM.ac.uk
931:PhyloCode
904:gut fungi
782:euglenids
727:Phylonyms
710:PhyloCode
698:PhyloCode
692:PhyloCode
598:tautonyms
556:Sternberg
550:, algae (
450:Hepaticae
354:see also
352:(ICVCN);
2131:Virology
1895:Megataxa
1878:: 1–108.
1459:15388760
1183:Archived
1108:29 March
1102:Archived
1066:29 March
1060:Archived
976:See also
896:chytrids
894:include
880:acrasids
870:include
780:include
765:and the
755:protozoa
747:protozoa
739:protists
588:Workings
573:: 1757 (
505:Flahault
383:Linnaeus
379:mycology
346:–
334:–
318:–
296:Bacteria
274:–
268:Bacteria
254:–
224:–
194:Linnaeus
78:taxonomy
60:families
2097:BioCode
1678:2992353
1479:. 1997.
1475:BioCode
1473:"Draft
1376:1216399
1268:2399589
1189:19 June
1162:17 June
846:ebriids
816:, some
804:(e.g.,
800:, many
682:BioCode
653:BioCode
571:Spiders
552:diatoms
422:Jussieu
393:zoology
344:Viruses
339:(ICPN).
310:SeqCode
300:Archaea
272:Archaea
252:Animals
102:binomen
90:species
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548:plants
546:Fossil
503:&
501:Bornet
479:fungi;
477:fossil
436:Hedwig
391:). In
375:botany
222:Plants
168:formal
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1808:Taxon
1728:S2CID
1685:(PDF)
1674:JSTOR
1654:(PDF)
1632:S2CID
1557:Taxon
1526:Taxon
1372:JSTOR
1356:Taxon
1352:(PDF)
1264:JSTOR
888:Fungi
759:fungi
753:, or
751:algae
737:Some
686:Codes
675:Codes
671:Codes
638:types
632:Types
519:Ralfs
484:Algae
465:Fungi
432:Musci
326:ICNCP
218:Fungi
214:Algae
135:genus
108:or a
2083:ICZN
2048:ISBN
2026:ISBN
1913:ISSN
1720:ISSN
1622:ISBN
1455:PMID
1223:ISBN
1191:2016
1164:2011
1110:2023
1091:help
1068:2023
1049:help
940:The
925:The
848:and
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757:and
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705:Code
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