27:
963:
Nomina
Anatomica: Approved by the Tenth International Congress of Anatomists at Tokyo, August 1975, Together with Nomina Histologica and Nomina Embryologica By International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee, World Association of Veterinary Anatomists International Committee on Veterinary Anatomical
77:
In the late nineteenth century some 30,000 terms for various body parts were in use. The same structures were described by different names, depending (among other things) on the anatomist's school and national tradition. Vernacular translations of Latin and Greek, as well as various eponymous terms,
487:
We have inherited a number of archaic and now somewhat irrational terms which are confusing to the non-Latinistic students and scientists of today ... Knowledge of Latin is extremely limited today, and thus any Latin nomenclature must be simplified to the utmost to achieve maximum clarity,
806:
Final Report of the
Committee Appointed by the Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland on June 22nd, 1928 "to Consider Proposals to the Society for the Revision of the B.N.A., with the View of Bringing the Matter Before the Next Meeting of an International Congress of
1065:
Nomina anatomica: authorised by the
Twelfth International Congress of Anatomists in London, 1985: together with Nomina histologica, third edition, and Nomina embryologica, third edition: revised and prepared by subcommittees of the International Anatomical Nomenclature
86:
The first and last entries in the following table are not NA editions, but they are included for the sake of continuity. Although these early editions were authorized by different bodies, they are sometimes considered part of the same series.
537:
Since the first meeting, the FCAT made several contacts with the IANC aiming at the natural transition from the old approach to the approach established by the
General Assembly of the IFAA. Such initiatives, however, did not result in a
459:
An aura of scholasticism, erudition and, unfortunately, pedantry has therefore often impeded attempts to rationalize and simplify anatomical nomenclature, and such obstruction still persists. The preservation of archaic terms such as
885:
Greulich, W. W., R. L. Bacon, D. L. Bassett, C. H. Danforth, D. J. Gray, H. Kirkman, and R. S. Turner. 1945. Terms of position and direction in the NK-INA revision of the Basle Nomina
Anatomica. The Anatomical Record
400:, 1985). Contains about 6,400 terms. The title of the sixth edition includes the phrase "authorised by the Twelfth International Congress of Anatomists in London, 1985", but this authorization is disputed.
1019:
Nomina anatomica, fifth edition: approved by the
Eleventh International Congress of Anatomists at Mexico City, 1980: together with Nomina histologica, second edition and Nomina embryologica, second edition
661:
567:
263:) over the JNA's pronograde (walking with body horizontal to the ground) orientation, which led to a schism between the committee and veterinary anatomists, and the subsequent publication of the
529:. The FCAT took over the task of revising international anatomical terminology. The result was the publication, in 1998, of a "new, updated, simplified and uniform anatomical terminology", the
1292:
Fabry P, Baud R, Burgun A, Lovis C (July 2006). "Amplification of
Terminologia anatomica by French language terms using Latin terms matching algorithm: a prototype for other language".
1157:
Nomina anatomica: authorised by the
Twelfth International Congress of Anatomists in London, 1985: together with Nomina histologica, third edition, and Nomina embryologica, third edition
493:
Unless anatomical nomenclature is subject to a most rigorous revision, in terms of simplification and rationalization, general use of such an internationally official nomenclature as
666:
571:
155:
909:
Gielecki J, Zurada A, Osman N (May 2008). "Terminologia anatomica in the past and the future from perspective of 110th anniversary of Polish
Anatomical Terminology".
209:). The JNA was notable for its adoption of a pronograde (horizontal) axis, which was well suited for the use of common anatomy for humans and other vertebrates.
152:(then "Basle"), Switzerland. It became known as the Basle Nomina Anatomica (BNA). The BNA reduced the number of anatomical terms from 50,000 down to 5,528.
772:
Die anatomische
Nomenclatur. Nomina anatomica, Verzeichniss der von der anatomischen Gesellschaft auf ihrer IX. Versammlung in Basel angenommenen Namen
90:
Before these codes of terminology, approved at anatomists congresses, the usage of anatomical terms was based on authoritative works of scholars like
598:
and its derivatives are still used in some contexts (even the controversial sixth edition), and there remain some obstacles to universal adoption of
833:
Die Nomina anatomica des Jahres 1895 (B.N.A.), nach der Buchstabenreihe geordnet und gegenĂĽbergestellt den Nomina anatomica des Jahres 1935 (I.N.A.)
671:
78:
were barriers to effective international communication. There was disagreement and confusion among anatomists regarding anatomical terminology.
757:
Kachlik, D., Baca, V., Bozdechova, I., Cech, P., and Musil, V. (2008). Anatomical terminology and nomenclature: Past, present and highlights.
1335:
1189:
1164:
995:
854:
1366:
574:(IFAA). The first edition, published in 1998, supersedes all previous lists. It is the international standard for anatomical terminology.
690:
Kachlik D, Baca V, Bozdechova I, Cech P, Musil V (August 2008). "Anatomical terminology and nomenclature: past, present and highlights".
178:
The BNA was adopted by anatomists from many countries including Spain and the United States, but the reception was far from universal.
1223:
1206:
455:
The types of discussion underlying this dispute are illustrated in an article by Roger Warwick, then Honorary Secretary of the IANC:
1026:
971:
1361:
647:
264:
103:
873:
1356:
452:
of the IANC. The IANC did not believe that their work should be subject to the approval of IFAA Member Associations.
140:
Work on a new international system of anatomical terminology began in 1887. The system was approved in 1895 by the
847:
The dictionary of modern medicine: a sourcebook of currently used medical expressions, jargon, and technical terms
618:
638:
238:, to work on standardized anatomical terminology. The IANC's revision of the BNA was approved in 1955 at the
1039:
562:
449:
406:
70:
624:
632:
745:
501:
What declined, however, was the influence of the IANC on anatomical terminology. The IANC published a
614:
is available in many additional languages, which has had an impact upon international adoption of TA.
213:
The BNA and its various revisions (BR, JNA) remained standard international terminology until 1955.
260:
158:(IFAA) is the international body representing anatomical societies from throughout the world. The
95:
1328:
Terminologia Histologica: International Terms for Human Cytology and Histology, Book/CD-ROM Bundle
775:
68:) was the international standard on human anatomic terminology from 1895 until it was replaced by
723:
935:
International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee; International Federative Congress of Anatomy.
1331:
1309:
1228:
1185:
1160:
1138:
1069:
1022:
991:
967:
918:
850:
715:
707:
579:
985:
1301:
1218:
1128:
699:
740:
Sakai, T. (2007). Historical evolution of anatomical terminology from ancient to modern.
40:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
1133:
1116:
522:
421:
352:, 1975). The fourth edition introduced the Nomina Histologica and Nomina Embryologica.
99:
1350:
874:
Anatomical nomenclature of fossil vertebrates: standardized terms or 'lingua franca'?
540:
293:
1305:
727:
622:
is under development, but is not yet available. By contrast, multiple editions of
1102:
373:
792:
703:
186:
711:
1259:
341:
317:
1313:
1232:
922:
719:
1084:
Marecková, E.; Simon. F.; Cervený, L. On the new anatomical nomenclature.
259:
The committee favored the BNA's orthograde (walking upright) orientation (
1224:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0185(19990415)257:2<50::AID-AR4>3.0.CO;2-W
1142:
482:(and their numerous derivatives) provides an example of such pedantry.
256:
It contained 5,640 terms, of which 4,286 were unchanged from the BNA.
445:
397:
349:
243:
149:
107:
91:
1043:
809:. Robert Maclehose and Co., Ltd. University Press, Glasgow, 1933.
184:
British anatomists broke away from the BNA in 1933, adopting the
200:
1207:"Terminologia anatomica: new terminology for the new anatomist"
789:
Anatomical names, especially the Basle Nomina Anatomica ("BNA")
181:
French anatomists preferred to continue in their own tradition.
20:
849:. Carnforth, Lancs., U.K: Parthenon Pub. Group. p. 497.
1182:
Terminologia Anatomica: International Anatomical Terminology
662:
Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology
610:
is only available in Latin, English, and Spanish, while the
568:
Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology
1330:. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2008.
636:
underwent several editions. Until recently, there was no
1097:
Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT).
952:. 3rd ed. Excerpta Medical Foundation, Amsterdam, 1966.
897:
Nomina Anatomica Parisiensia (1955) et B. N. A. (1895)
667:
International Federation of Associations of Anatomists
572:
International Federation of Associations of Anatomists
533:. The IANC was acknowledged in this work as follows:
236:
International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee (IANC)
156:
International Federation of Associations of Anatomists
527:
Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT)
1282:, 39th edition. Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, 2005
16:
International standard on human anatomic terminology
160:First Federative International Congress of Anatomy
1245:Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology.
1180:Federative Committee on Anatomical Termi (1998).
1117:"The future of Nomina Anatomica--a personal view"
1063:International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee.
1017:International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee.
961:International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee.
948:International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee.
804:Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
566:is the joint creation of the FCAT (now FICAT—the
525:, 1989), the IFAA created a new committee – the
939:. Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica Foundation, 1961.
791:. New York, William Wood & Company, 1917.
645:There is no "Terminologia" equivalent to the
8:
1080:
1078:
642:. However, an edition was published in 2008.
234:(Oxford, 1950) established a committee, the
966:. Amsterdam-Oxford: Excerpta Medica, 1977.
474:in a world which uses and continues to use
1159:. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. 1989.
1068:. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1989.
1222:
1132:
868:
866:
424:, 1989). Contains more than 9,200 terms.
1101:. Stuttgart, Georg Thieme Verlag, 1998.
1021:. Williams & Wilkins, London, 1983.
198:itself produced a revision in 1935, the
112:
682:
672:International Morphological Terminology
509:but it was never approved by the IFAA.
570:) and the Member Associations of the
250:but later became known simply as the
7:
876:J Vert Paleontol. 2006;26:511–518.
497:will decline rather than increase.
448:, 1985), a dispute arose over the
248:Parisiensia Nomina Anatomica (PNA)
14:
1184:. Thieme Stuttgart. p. 161.
488:usefulness, and hence acceptance.
990:. Elsevier India. pp. 22–.
246:. It was originally called the
207:Ienaiensia Nomina Anatomica, INA
25:
759:Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy
1306:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2005.08.008
1:
583:(2005) explicitly recognizes
544:for harmonious collaboration.
648:Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria
265:Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria
1367:Reference works in medicine
531:Terminologia Anatomica (TA)
1383:
899:. Oosthoek, Utrecht, 1957.
1260:"anatomickenazvoslovi.cz"
1205:Whitmore I (April 1999).
835:. Leipzig, Thieme, 1937.
787:Chauncey Eycleshymer, A.
704:10.1007/s00276-008-0357-y
619:Terminologia Embryologica
34:This article needs to be
984:Singh (1 January 2008).
639:Terminologia Histologica
196:Anatomische Gesellschaft
146:Anatomische Gesellschaft
774:. Leipzig, Veit, 1895.
440:Around the time of the
162:met in Geneva in 1903.
1362:Anatomical terminology
1247:Terminologia Anatomica
1115:Warwick R (May 1978).
1099:Terminologia anatomica
1088:183(3): 201-207, 2001.
911:Folia Morphol. (Warsz)
822:. Fischer, Jena, 1936.
585:Terminologia Anatomica
563:Terminologia Anatomica
550:Terminologia Anatomica
476:Splen, Gaster, Omentum
450:editorial independence
407:Terminologia Anatomica
203:Nomina Anatomica (JNA)
71:Terminologia Anatomica
845:Segen, J. C. (1992).
431:The IANC and the FCAT
288:were approved at the
252:Nomina Anatomica (NA)
577:The 39th edition of
625:Nomina Embryologica
519:Thirteenth Congress
513:Thirteenth congress
418:Thirteenth Congress
261:anatomical position
96:Berengario da Carpi
1357:History of anatomy
633:Nomina Histologica
1337:978-0-7817-7537-3
1191:978-3-13-114361-7
1166:978-0-443-04085-6
997:978-81-312-1126-7
895:Woerdeman, M. W.
856:978-1-85070-321-1
507:Nomina Anatomica,
428:
427:
370:Eleventh Congress
55:
54:
1374:
1342:
1341:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1294:Int J Med Inform
1289:
1283:
1276:
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1269:
1267:
1266:
1256:
1250:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1226:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1136:
1112:
1106:
1095:
1089:
1082:
1073:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1042:. Archived from
1036:
1030:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1004:
981:
975:
959:
953:
950:Nomina Anatomica
946:
940:
937:Nomina Anatomica
933:
927:
926:
906:
900:
893:
887:
883:
877:
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861:
860:
842:
836:
829:
823:
820:Nomina Anatomica
816:
810:
802:
796:
785:
779:
768:
762:
755:
749:
738:
732:
731:
692:Surg Radiol Anat
687:
517:Instead, at the
495:Nomina Anatomica
442:Twelfth Congress
436:Twelfth congress
416:Approved at the
394:Twelfth Congress
392:Approved at the
382:Nomina Anatomica
368:Approved at the
358:Nomina Anatomica
336:Approved at the
326:Nomina Anatomica
312:Approved at the
302:Nomina Anatomica
290:Seventh Congress
286:Nomina Anatomica
274:Nomina Anatomica
220:Nomina Anatomica
113:
59:Nomina Anatomica
50:
47:
41:
29:
28:
21:
1382:
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1347:
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1321:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1277:
1273:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1249:. Thieme, 1998
1244:
1240:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1127:(Pt 1): 221–3.
1114:
1113:
1109:
1096:
1092:
1083:
1076:
1062:
1058:
1049:
1047:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1016:
1012:
1002:
1000:
998:
987:General Anatomy
983:
982:
978:
960:
956:
947:
943:
934:
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908:
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890:
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799:
786:
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769:
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756:
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739:
735:
689:
688:
684:
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628:were published.
593:
558:
515:
438:
433:
385:
361:
329:
314:Eighth Congress
305:
277:
223:
171:
133:
130:Anatomica (BNA)
129:
84:
51:
45:
42:
39:
30:
26:
17:
12:
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5:
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1284:
1280:Gray's Anatomy
1271:
1251:
1238:
1197:
1190:
1172:
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1148:
1107:
1090:
1074:
1056:
1040:"IFAA History"
1031:
1010:
996:
976:
954:
941:
928:
901:
888:
878:
862:
855:
837:
824:
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770:His, Wilhelm.
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733:
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669:
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580:Gray's Anatomy
557:
547:
546:
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523:Rio de Janeiro
514:
511:
499:
498:
490:
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472:Syndesmologia,
437:
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422:Rio de Janeiro
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411:
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346:Tenth Congress
338:Ninth Congress
334:
331:
322:
321:
310:
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284:Revisions of
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240:Sixth Congress
232:Fifth Congress
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182:
176:
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142:Ninth Congress
138:
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100:Gaspard Bauhin
83:
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53:
52:
33:
31:
24:
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2:
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1354:
1352:
1339:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1300:(7): 542–52.
1299:
1295:
1288:
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1281:
1278:Standring S.
1275:
1272:
1261:
1255:
1252:
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1100:
1094:
1091:
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1075:
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1060:
1057:
1046:on 2007-09-29
1045:
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1027:0-683-06550-5
1024:
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972:0-444-15259-8
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698:(6): 459–66.
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541:modus vivendi
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344:, 1970), the
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294:New York City
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242:, meeting in
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189:Revision (BR)
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128:Basle Nomina
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49:
37:
32:
23:
22:
19:
1327:
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1279:
1274:
1263:. Retrieved
1254:
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1241:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1181:
1175:
1156:
1151:
1124:
1120:
1110:
1098:
1093:
1085:
1064:
1059:
1048:. Retrieved
1044:the original
1034:
1018:
1013:
1001:. Retrieved
986:
979:
964:Nomenclature
962:
957:
949:
944:
936:
931:
917:(2): 87–97.
914:
910:
904:
896:
891:
881:
872:Wilson, JA.
846:
840:
832:
827:
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805:
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742:Anat Sci Int
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465:Ventriculus,
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480:Arthrologia
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1351:Categories
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678:References
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410:, 1st ed.
187:Birmingham
175:1933–1935
172:revisions
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1086:Ann Anat.
1066:Committee
712:0930-1038
468:Epiplooon
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318:Wiesbaden
267:in 1968.
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296:, 1960)
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350:Tokyo
333:1977
309:1966
281:1961
244:Paris
227:1955
150:Basel
137:1895
119:Year
108:Hyrtl
104:Henle
92:Galen
1332:ISBN
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