2031:
1993:
53:. Very fine particulate matter has been linked to cardiovascular disease. Multiple epidemiological studies have demonstrated that particulate matter exposure is associated with acute respiratory infections, lung cancer, and chronic respiratory and cardiovascular disease. Researchers have also found correlations between exposure to fine particulate matter and fatality rates in previous coronavirus epidemics.
2041:
2022:
2014:
111:
a variety of measures that increase the relative attractiveness of public transport and non-motorized modes relative to private vehicles. These measures can consist of disincentives for private vehicle ownership and use, i.e. measures that raise their costs and/or inconvenience, as well as incentives for alternative modes (e.g. public transit, walking, and biking).
2006:
110:
More comprehensive regulation of tires has been proposed by multiple scientists and regulators in the field. Lighter vehicles pollute less and reducing vehicle kilometers traveled is another method of mitigating non-exhaust emissions. Reducing demand for private vehicle travel can be accomplished by
77:
Emissions from road dust suspension depend on a vehicles speed, size and shape, the porosity and amount of dust on road surfaces, as well as weather conditions. Considerable uncertainty remains regarding the amount of PM that is emitted by non-exhaust sources in real world driving conditions and how
68:
Standard frictional brakes on a vehicle function by virtue of the friction between a brake pad and a rotating disc or drum when the two are forced together by application of pressure to the braking system. The frictional process causes abrasion both of the brake pad and of the surface of the disc or
98:
The friction between the tire surface and the road surface which leads to tire abrasion is also liable to abrade the road surface, especially where this is already fragmenting. Hence, road surface wear particles are also released to the
571:
477:
453:
647:
89:
The surface of a tire when in contact with the road is steadily abraded by contact with the road surface. This leads to release of large quantities of small rubber particles which cover a wide ranges of sizes.
1742:
1967:
1962:
130:
do not emit the same level of brake wear, but as of 2022 were heavier than ICE vehicles so still give off more coarse (PM10) particles from re-suspended road particles, road wear, and tire wear.
284:
Piscitello, Amelia; Bianco, Carlo; Casasso, Alessandro; Sethi, Rajandrea (2021). "Non-exhaust traffic emissions: Sources, characterization, and mitigation measures".
1980:
731:
1675:
361:"PM10 and PM2.5 emission factors for non-exhaust particles from road vehicles: Dependence upon vehicle mass and implications for battery electric vehicles"
598:
547:
435:
190:
1914:
671:
Hall, Thomas J. (2017). "A Comparison of
Braking Behavior between an IC Engine and Pure Electric Vehicle in Los Angeles City Driving Conditions".
360:
2074:
623:
1957:
142:
for non-exhaust emissions. Most policies target exhaust emissions and do not regulate non-exhaust particulate matter emissions. As of 2023
1245:
1057:
2017:
1210:
1103:
773:
1975:
1952:
1131:
791:
1764:
1650:
1144:
1139:
268:
180:
1944:
2025:
225:
1690:
1427:
817:
185:
175:
2000:
1305:
700:"Comparison of total PM emissions emitted from electric and internal combustion engine vehicles: An experimental analysis"
410:
1476:
1225:
1205:
957:
56:
Studies have shown that non-exhaust emissions of particles from vehicles can be greater than particles due to exhaust.
1581:
1235:
160:
1909:
1832:
1240:
1070:
900:
1712:
1670:
1632:
1197:
991:
195:
1707:
1230:
1171:
1082:
439:
170:
1919:
1685:
1215:
766:
251:
Non-exhaust
Particulate Emissions from Road Transport: An Ignored Environmental Policy Challenge (Report).
2064:
1878:
1268:
1848:
1680:
1556:
1464:
1154:
1047:
847:
2009:
732:"ETRMA: New tire emissions rules must be 'synchronised' with UN requirements | European Rubber Journal"
1655:
1310:
1006:
375:
293:
127:
1722:
1660:
1627:
1566:
1498:
1363:
1358:
1336:
910:
46:
2069:
2035:
1996:
1929:
1904:
1899:
1717:
1594:
1388:
1260:
1024:
895:
822:
759:
391:
338:
317:
200:
1924:
1784:
1604:
1513:
1481:
1398:
1351:
1278:
1250:
1019:
1014:
812:
309:
264:
139:
2030:
1868:
1769:
1727:
1695:
1589:
1543:
1503:
1410:
1378:
1346:
1331:
1315:
1290:
1075:
1029:
711:
680:
522:
383:
301:
256:
119:
83:
1732:
1642:
1608:
1493:
1447:
1373:
1300:
1220:
1123:
1065:
920:
155:
69:
drum leading to the release of particles, a substantial fraction of which become airborne.
379:
297:
2045:
1779:
1665:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1457:
1442:
1393:
1383:
1295:
1149:
905:
876:
123:
17:
2058:
1799:
1700:
1486:
1415:
1187:
935:
799:
395:
321:
34:
716:
699:
305:
37:
brake pads, tires, roads themselves, and unsettling of particles on the road. This
1820:
1794:
1774:
1598:
1561:
1525:
1161:
1108:
984:
940:
925:
854:
387:
38:
527:
502:
1757:
1752:
1437:
1432:
1403:
1368:
1341:
871:
165:
1934:
1551:
866:
859:
842:
827:
42:
1863:
1815:
1789:
1737:
1571:
1533:
1283:
1273:
945:
807:
782:
599:"Car tyres produce vastly more particle pollution than exhausts, tests show"
313:
27:
The emissions produced by motor vehicles, other than exhaust gas emissions
1508:
1452:
1113:
962:
930:
684:
501:
Wang, Xiaoliang; Gronstal, Steven; Lopez, Brenda; Jung, Heejung (2023).
260:
1469:
972:
950:
837:
832:
624:"Why tires — not tailpipes — are spewing more pollution from your cars"
698:
Woo, Sang-Hee; Jang, Hyungjoon; Lee, Seung-Bok; Lee, Seokhwan (2022).
1873:
1853:
1747:
1422:
915:
143:
50:
226:"Non-exhaust Particulate Emissions from Road Transport (highlights)"
95:
The road itself wears and releases particulate matter into the air.
1883:
1825:
1166:
1098:
996:
888:
78:
this amount varies with changes in the factors identified above.
1858:
979:
967:
883:
252:
232:
755:
45:-sized particles and causes negative health effects, including
134:
Regulatory agencies and policies that target exhaust emissions
411:"Health and Environmental Effects of Particulate Matter (PM)"
65:
Brake wear gets released into the air as particulate matter.
751:
341:. Royal Society of Chemistry Environmental Chemistry Group.
354:
352:
350:
348:
138:
Very few agencies are charged with implementing exhaust
74:
Particles on the road get thrown or blown into the air.
503:"Evidence of non-tailpipe emission contributions to PM
436:"Pollution Particles Lead to Higher Heart Attack Risk"
253:
Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development
233:
Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development
1943:
1892:
1841:
1808:
1641:
1580:
1542:
1524:
1324:
1259:
1196:
1122:
1091:
1056:
1040:
1005:
798:
438:. Bloomberg L.P. 17 January 2008. Archived from
220:
218:
216:
359:Beddows, David C.S.; Harrison, Roy M. (2021).
767:
8:
774:
760:
752:
715:
548:"Non-Exhaust Emissions from Road Traffic"
526:
191:United States vehicle emission standards
146:standards are still being argued about.
1915:Pollutant release and transfer register
212:
246:
244:
242:
593:
591:
542:
540:
538:
333:
331:
7:
2005:
1246:Electromagnetic radiation and health
2021:
2013:
1104:Radium and radon in the environment
511:near southern California highways"
25:
673:Brake Colloquium & Exhibition
181:Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles
2039:
2029:
2020:
2012:
2004:
1992:
1991:
704:Science of the Total Environment
286:Science of the Total Environment
818:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
736:www.european-rubber-journal.com
717:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156961
306:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144440
186:Roadway air dispersion modeling
675:. SAE Technical Paper Series.
388:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117886
339:"Non-exhaust emission sources"
176:Partial zero-emissions vehicle
1:
2075:Transport and the environment
1306:Electrical resistance heating
409:US EPA, OAR (26 April 2016).
958:Persistent organic pollutant
528:10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120691
115:Electric and hybrid vehicles
86:gets released into the air.
1968:Least polluted cities by PM
161:European emission standards
2091:
1910:Pollution haven hypothesis
1833:Brain health and pollution
1071:Ecological light pollution
901:Internal combustion engine
106:Ways of reducing emissions
1989:
1713:Nonpoint source pollution
1633:War and environmental law
992:Volatile organic compound
789:
196:Vehicle emission standard
1172:Marine mammals and sonar
1083:Radio spectrum pollution
2018:WikiProject Environment
1976:Most polluted countries
1920:Polluter pays principle
1651:Agricultural wastewater
515:Environmental Pollution
368:Atmospheric Environment
33:come from wearing down
2036:Environment portal
1269:Agricultural pollution
18:Non-tailpipe emissions
1691:Industrial wastewater
1557:Clutter (advertising)
1465:Municipal solid waste
1311:Soil guideline values
1155:Sustainable transport
1048:Information pollution
848:Open burning of waste
652:www.oecd-ilibrary.org
576:www.oecd-ilibrary.org
482:www.oecd-ilibrary.org
458:www.oecd-ilibrary.org
171:Ontario's Drive Clean
31:Non-exhaust emissions
1963:Most polluted cities
1656:Biological pollution
1567:Overhead power lines
685:10.4271/2017-01-2518
128:regenerative braking
2026:WikiProject Ecology
1723:Ocean acidification
1628:Unexploded ordnance
1499:Post-consumer waste
1359:Foam food container
1337:Biodegradable waste
911:Global distillation
628:The Washington Post
380:2021AtmEn.24417886B
298:2021ScTEn.766n4440P
261:10.1787/4a4dc6ca-en
47:respiratory disease
2046:Ecology portal
1930:Waste minimisation
1905:Industrial ecology
1900:Cleaner production
1718:Nutrient pollution
1595:Herbicidal warfare
1389:Construction waste
1025:Introduced species
896:Indoor air quality
823:Chlorofluorocarbon
235:Publishing, Paris.
201:Vehicle inspection
140:emission standards
60:Types of emissions
39:particulate matter
2052:
2051:
1925:Pollution control
1605:Nuclear holocaust
1514:Thermal treatment
1482:Plastic pollution
1399:Mercury poisoning
1352:Battery recycling
1251:Radioactive waste
1020:Genetic pollution
1015:Biological hazard
813:Air quality index
120:Electric vehicles
16:(Redirected from
2082:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2034:
2033:
2024:
2023:
2016:
2015:
2008:
2007:
1995:
1994:
1869:Legacy pollution
1728:Oil exploitation
1590:Chemical warfare
1504:Waste management
1411:Industrial waste
1379:Biomedical waste
1347:Electronic waste
1332:Advertising mail
1316:Phytoremediation
1291:Land degradation
1076:Overillumination
1030:Invasive species
776:
769:
762:
753:
746:
745:
743:
742:
728:
722:
721:
719:
695:
689:
688:
668:
662:
661:
659:
658:
644:
638:
637:
635:
634:
620:
614:
613:
611:
610:
595:
586:
585:
583:
582:
568:
562:
561:
559:
558:
552:
544:
533:
532:
530:
498:
492:
491:
489:
488:
474:
468:
467:
465:
464:
450:
444:
443:
442:on 29 June 2011.
432:
426:
425:
423:
421:
406:
400:
399:
365:
356:
343:
342:
335:
326:
325:
281:
275:
274:
248:
237:
236:
230:
222:
84:Rubber pollution
21:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2040:
2038:
2028:
1985:
1971:
1939:
1888:
1837:
1804:
1743:Pharmaceuticals
1733:Oil exploration
1637:
1609:Nuclear fallout
1576:
1538:
1520:
1494:Packaging waste
1448:Deep sea mining
1374:Hazardous waste
1320:
1301:Open defecation
1255:
1221:Nuclear fallout
1216:Nuclear fission
1192:
1118:
1087:
1058:Electromagnetic
1052:
1036:
1001:
921:Ozone depletion
794:
785:
780:
750:
749:
740:
738:
730:
729:
725:
697:
696:
692:
670:
669:
665:
656:
654:
646:
645:
641:
632:
630:
622:
621:
617:
608:
606:
597:
596:
589:
580:
578:
570:
569:
565:
556:
554:
550:
546:
545:
536:
510:
506:
500:
499:
495:
486:
484:
476:
475:
471:
462:
460:
452:
451:
447:
434:
433:
429:
419:
417:
408:
407:
403:
363:
358:
357:
346:
337:
336:
329:
283:
282:
278:
271:
250:
249:
240:
228:
224:
223:
214:
209:
156:Air quality law
152:
136:
124:hybrid vehicles
117:
108:
62:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2088:
2086:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2057:
2056:
2050:
2049:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1958:Law by country
1955:
1949:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1780:Surface runoff
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1666:Eutrophication
1663:
1658:
1653:
1647:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1623:Scorched earth
1620:
1617:nuclear winter
1613:nuclear famine
1602:
1592:
1586:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1548:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1479:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1458:Uranium mining
1455:
1450:
1445:
1443:Surface mining
1440:
1435:
1425:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1394:Lead poisoning
1391:
1386:
1384:Chemical waste
1381:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1296:Bioremediation
1293:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1265:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1211:Bioremediation
1208:
1202:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1164:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:Transportation
1128:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1062:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1022:
1017:
1011:
1009:
1003:
1002:
1000:
999:
994:
989:
988:
987:
977:
976:
975:
965:
960:
955:
954:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
923:
918:
913:
908:
906:Global dimming
903:
898:
893:
892:
891:
881:
880:
879:
877:Diesel exhaust
869:
864:
863:
862:
852:
851:
850:
845:
840:
835:
825:
820:
815:
810:
804:
802:
796:
795:
790:
787:
786:
781:
779:
778:
771:
764:
756:
748:
747:
723:
690:
663:
639:
615:
587:
563:
534:
508:
504:
493:
469:
445:
427:
401:
344:
327:
276:
269:
238:
211:
210:
208:
205:
204:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
151:
148:
135:
132:
116:
113:
107:
104:
103:
102:
101:
100:
93:
92:
91:
81:
80:
79:
72:
71:
70:
61:
58:
41:is made up of
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2087:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2065:Air pollution
2063:
2062:
2060:
2047:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2019:
2011:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1800:Water quality
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1562:Traffic signs
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1487:Microplastics
1485:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1477:Nanomaterials
1475:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1416:Lead smelting
1414:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1236:Radioactivity
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1188:Noise control
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1004:
998:
995:
993:
990:
986:
983:
982:
981:
978:
974:
971:
970:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
936:Metal working
934:
932:
929:
928:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
890:
887:
886:
885:
882:
878:
875:
874:
873:
870:
868:
865:
861:
858:
857:
856:
853:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
830:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
805:
803:
801:
797:
793:
788:
784:
777:
772:
770:
765:
763:
758:
757:
754:
737:
733:
727:
724:
718:
713:
709:
705:
701:
694:
691:
686:
682:
678:
674:
667:
664:
653:
649:
643:
640:
629:
625:
619:
616:
604:
600:
594:
592:
588:
577:
573:
567:
564:
549:
543:
541:
539:
535:
529:
524:
520:
516:
512:
497:
494:
483:
479:
473:
470:
459:
455:
449:
446:
441:
437:
431:
428:
416:
412:
405:
402:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
362:
355:
353:
351:
349:
345:
340:
334:
332:
328:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
280:
277:
272:
270:9789264452442
266:
262:
258:
254:
247:
245:
243:
239:
234:
227:
221:
219:
217:
213:
206:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
153:
149:
147:
145:
141:
133:
131:
129:
125:
121:
114:
112:
105:
97:
96:
94:
88:
87:
85:
82:
76:
75:
73:
67:
66:
64:
63:
59:
57:
54:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
35:motor vehicle
32:
19:
1879:Point source
1821:Heavy metals
1795:Urban runoff
1775:Sulfur water
1753:Septic tanks
1599:Agent Orange
1453:Mining waste
1279:Manure waste
1109:Volcanic ash
985:Black carbon
941:Oil refining
926:Particulates
855:Construction
739:. Retrieved
735:
726:
707:
703:
693:
676:
672:
666:
655:. Retrieved
651:
642:
631:. Retrieved
627:
618:
607:. Retrieved
605:. 2022-06-03
603:the Guardian
602:
579:. Retrieved
575:
566:
555:. Retrieved
518:
514:
496:
485:. Retrieved
481:
472:
461:. Retrieved
457:
448:
440:the original
430:
418:. Retrieved
414:
404:
371:
367:
289:
285:
279:
137:
118:
109:
55:
30:
29:
1849:Area source
1758:Pit latrine
1681:Groundwater
1438:Gold mining
1433:Coal mining
1404:Toxic waste
1369:Green waste
1342:Brown waste
1325:Solid waste
872:Exhaust gas
166:Exhaust gas
99:atmosphere.
2059:Categories
2001:by country
1997:Categories
1935:Zero waste
1816:Pollutants
1770:Stagnation
1708:Monitoring
1676:Freshwater
1552:Air travel
1364:Food waste
1284:Pesticides
1274:Herbicides
1178:Industrial
1007:Biological
867:Demolition
860:Renovation
843:Joss paper
828:Combustion
741:2023-03-07
710:: 156961.
657:2023-05-07
633:2024-01-22
609:2022-06-04
581:2023-05-01
557:2023-05-04
487:2023-05-01
463:2023-05-01
374:: 117886.
292:: 144440.
207:References
43:micrometre
2070:Pollution
1893:Responses
1864:Garbology
1790:Turbidity
1738:Oil spill
1671:Firewater
1572:Vandalism
1534:Satellite
1231:Poisoning
1226:Plutonium
1206:Actinides
1198:Radiation
946:Wood dust
808:Acid rain
783:Pollution
420:5 October
396:224851906
322:231437358
1981:Treaties
1953:Diseases
1765:Shipping
1661:Diseases
1509:Landfill
1184:Abstract
1181:Military
1114:Wildfire
963:Smelting
931:Asbestos
314:33421784
255:. 2020.
150:See also
2010:Commons
1785:Thermal
1686:Hypoxia
1470:Garbage
1241:Uranium
1092:Natural
1041:Digital
973:Aerosol
951:Welding
838:Biomass
833:Biofuel
792:History
376:Bibcode
294:Bibcode
1874:Midden
1854:Debris
1809:Topics
1748:Sewage
1701:debris
1696:Marine
1544:Visual
1428:Mining
1423:Litter
916:Mining
648:"Home"
572:"Home"
553:. 2019
507:and PM
478:"Home"
454:"Home"
415:US EPA
394:
320:
312:
267:
144:Euro 7
51:cancer
1945:Lists
1884:Waste
1826:Paint
1643:Water
1526:Space
1167:Sonar
1162:Urban
1140:Water
1124:Noise
1099:Ozone
1066:Light
997:Waste
889:Smoke
551:(PDF)
392:S2CID
364:(PDF)
318:S2CID
229:(PDF)
126:with
1859:Dust
1842:Misc
1261:Soil
1150:Rail
1136:Land
980:Soot
968:Smog
884:Haze
422:2019
310:PMID
265:ISBN
122:and
49:and
1970:2.5
1582:War
1145:Air
800:Air
712:doi
708:842
681:doi
523:doi
519:317
505:2.5
384:doi
372:244
302:doi
290:766
257:doi
2061::
2003:)
1615:-
1611:-
734:.
706:.
702:.
679:.
650:.
626:.
601:.
590:^
574:.
537:^
521:.
517:.
513:.
509:10
480:.
456:.
413:.
390:.
382:.
370:.
366:.
347:^
330:^
316:.
308:.
300:.
288:.
263:.
241:^
231:.
215:^
1999:(
1619:)
1607:(
1601:)
1597:(
775:e
768:t
761:v
744:.
720:.
714::
687:.
683::
677:1
660:.
636:.
612:.
584:.
560:.
531:.
525::
490:.
466:.
424:.
398:.
386::
378::
324:.
304::
296::
273:.
259::
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.