364:"The baseline FHR is determined by approximating the mean FHR rounded to increments of 5 beats per minute (bpm) during a 10-minute window, excluding accelerations and decelerations and periods of marked FHR variability (greater than 25 bpm). There must be at least 2 minutes of identifiable baseline segments (not necessarily contiguous) in any 10-minute window, or the baseline for that period is indeterminate. In such cases, it may be necessary to refer to the previous 10-minute window for determination of the baseline. An abnormal baseline is termed
592:, and contractions may further compress a cord when it is wrapped around the neck or under the shoulder of the fetus. They are defined as abrupt decreases in fetal heart rate, with less than 30 seconds from the beginning of the decrease to the nadir of heart rate. The decrease in FHR is at least 15 beats per minute, lasting at least 15 seconds but less than 2 minutes in duration. When variable decelerations are associated with uterine contractions, their onset, depth, and duration commonly vary with successive uterine contractions.
408:
extreme prematurity, congenital anomalies, or pre-existing neurological injury. Furthermore, increased (or marked) baseline FHR variability (see "Zigzag pattern" and "Saltatory pattern" sections below) is associated with adverse fetal and neonatal outcomes. Based on the duration of the change, increased (i.e. marked) baseline variability is divided into two terms: zigzag pattern and saltatory pattern of FHR. The NICHD nomenclature defines baseline FHR variability as:
771:
long-term outcomes could be shown. Continuous CTG was associated with the higher rates of caesarean sections and instrumental vaginal births. The authors see the challenge in how to discuss these results with women to enable them to make an informed decision without compromising the normality of labour. Future research should focus on events that happen in pregnancy and labour that could be the cause of long-term problems for the baby.
176:
3166:
455:, need for intubation and resuscitation, NICU admission and neonatal hypoglycemia during the first 24 hours after birth." Furthermore, the "ZigZag pattern precedes late decelerations, and the fact that normal FHR pattern precedes the ZigZag pattern in the majority of the cases suggests that the ZigZag pattern is an early sign of fetal hypoxia, which emphasizes its clinical importance."
156:
585:. Monitoring usually shows symmetrical gradual decrease and return to baseline of the fetal heart rate in association with a uterine contraction. A 'gradual' deceleration has an onset to nadir of 30 seconds or more. In contrast to early deceleration, the low point of fetal heart rate occurs after the peak of the contraction, and returns to baseline after the contraction is complete.
143:(lack of oxygen). CTG is mainly used during labour. A review found that in the antenatal period (before labour), there is no evidence to suggest that monitoring women with high-risk pregnancies benefits the mother or baby, although research around this is old and should be interpreted with caution. Up-to-date research is needed to provide more information surrounding this practice.
40:
216:
533:
Due to a standardized terminology and to avoid miscommunication on CTG interpretation, it has been recently proposed in an exhaustive BJOG review of animal and human studies that terms such as saltatory pattern, ZigZag pattern and marked variability should be abandoned, and the common term "increased
146:
A study found that CTG monitoring didn't significantly improve or worsen the outcome, in terms of preventable child death, post birth mortality, of pregnancy for high risk mothers. But the evidence examined in the study is quite old and there have been significant changes in medical care since then.
770:
from
February 2017, CTG was associated with fewer neonatal seizures but it is unclear if it had any impact on long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes. No clear differences in incidence of cerebral palsy, infant mortality, other standard measures of neonatal wellbeing, or any meaningful differences in
189:
of the uterus to measure frequency of contractions. Doppler ultrasound provides the information, which is recorded on a paper strip known as a cardiotocograph (CTG). External tocometry is useful for showing the beginning and end of contractions as well as their frequency, but not the strength of the
573:
due to compression of the fetal head during contractions. Monitoring usually shows a symmetrical, gradual decrease and return to baseline of FHR, which is associated with a uterine contraction. A 'gradual' deceleration has a time from onset to nadir of 30 seconds or more. Early decelerations begin
202:
A typical CTG reading is printed on paper and may be stored on a computer for later reference. A variety of systems for centralized viewing of CTG have been installed in maternity hospitals in industrialised countries, allowing simultaneous monitoring of multiple tracings in one or more locations.
438:
A Zigzag pattern of fetal heart rate (FHR) is defined as FHR baseline amplitude changes of more than 25 beats per minute (bpm) with a minimum duration of 2 minutes and maximum of 30 minutes. However, according to another study, even a >1 min duration of the zigzag pattern is associated with an
198:
is ruptured (either spontaneously or artificially) and the cervix is open. To gauge the strength of contractions, a small catheter (called an intrauterine pressure catheter or IUPC) is passed into the uterus past the fetus. Combined with an internal fetal monitor, an IUPC may give a more precise
179:
Schematic explanation of cardiotocography: heart rate (A) is calculated from fetal heart motion determined by ultrasound, and uterine contractions are measured by a tocodynamometer (B). These numbers are represented on a time scale with the help of a running piece of paper, producing a graphical
407:
injury to the fetus at the time it is observed. In contrast, the presence of minimal baseline FHR variability, or an absence of FHR variability, does not reliably predict fetal acidemia or hypoxia; lack of moderate baseline FHR variability may be a result of the fetal sleep cycle, medications,
193:
Internal cardiotocography uses an electronic transducer connected directly to the fetus. A wire electrode, sometimes called a spiral or scalp electrode, is attached to the fetal scalp through the cervical opening and is connected to the monitor. Internal monitoring provides a more accurate and
412:
Baseline FHR variability is determined in a 10-minute window, excluding accelerations and decelerations. Baseline FHR variability is defined as fluctuations in the baseline FHR that are irregular in amplitude and frequency. The fluctuations are visually quantitated as the amplitude of the
190:
contractions. The absolute values of pressure readings on an external tocometer are dependent on position and are not sensitive in people who are obese. In cases where information on the strength or precise timing of contractions is needed, an internal tocometer is more appropriate.
458:
Furthermore, in the recent study of 5150 deliveries, the hypoxia-related ZigZag pattern was associated with cord blood acidemia, low 5-min Apgar scores at birth, and need for neonatal resuscitation after birth, indicating increased occurrence of fetal hypoxia in GDM pregnancies.
194:
consistent transmission of the fetal heart rate, as unlike external monitoring, it is not affected by factors such as movement. Internal monitoring may be used when external monitoring is inadequate, or if closer surveillance is needed. Internal tocometry can only be used if the
184:
External cardiotocography can be used for continuous or intermittent monitoring. The fetal heart rate and the activity of the uterine muscle are detected by two transducers placed on the mother's abdomen, with one above the fetal heart to monitor heart rate, and the other at the
542:
The NICHD nomenclature defines an acceleration as a visually apparent abrupt increase in fetal heart rate. An abrupt increase is defined as an increase from the onset of acceleration to the peak in 30 seconds or less. To be called an acceleration, the peak must be at least
564:
Periodic refers to decelerations that are associated with contractions; episodic refers to those not associated with contractions. There are four types of decelerations as defined by the NICHD nomenclature, all of which are visually assessed.
517:
at birth in human fetuses. As saltatory patterns preceded late decelerations of fetal heart rate (FHR) in the majority of cases, saltatory pattern seems to be an early sign of fetal hypoxia. According to the authors, awareness on this gives
324:
a measure of how relaxed the uterus is between contractions. With external monitoring, this necessitates the use of palpation to determine relative strength. With an IUPC, this is determined by assessing actual pressures as graphed on the
224:
551:
is greater than 2 minutes but less than 10 minutes in duration, while an acceleration lasting 10 minutes or more is defined as a baseline change. Before 32 weeks of gestation, accelerations are defined as having a peak of at least
467:
A saltatory pattern of fetal heart rate is defined in cardiotocography (CTG) guidelines by FIGO as fetal heart rate (FHR) baseline amplitude changes of more than 25 beats per minute (bpm) with a duration of >30 minutes.
1717:
739:: High probability of hypoxia/acidosis, requires immediate action to correct reversible causes, adjunctive methods, or if this is not possible expedite delivery. In acute situations, delivery should happen immediately.
135:
Modern-day CTG was developed and introduced in the 1950s and early 1960s by Edward Hon, Roberto
Caldeyro-Barcia and Konrad Hammacher. The first commercial fetal monitor (Hewlett-Packard 8020A) was released in 1968.
1714:
Gracia-Perez-Bonfils, Anna; Cuadras, Daniel; Whelehan, Virginia; Archer, Abigail; Del RĂo, Maria; Chandraharan, Edwin (March 2019). "Saltatory pattern vs Zigzag pattern on the CTG, and perinatal outcomes".
439:
increased risk of adverse neonatal outcomes. Despite the similarities in the shape of the FHR patterns, the zigzag pattern is distinguished from the saltatory pattern by its duration. According to the
228:
497:
In a study by
Tarvonen et al. (2019), it was demonstrated that the occurrence of saltatory pattern (already with the minimum duration of 2 minutes) in CTG tracings during labor was associated with
1660:
Tarvonen, Mikko; Sainio, Susanna; Hämäläinen, Esa; Hiilesmaa, Vilho; Andersson, Sture; Teramo, Kari (2019-12-17). "Saltatory
Pattern of Fetal Heart Rate during Labor Is a Sign of Fetal Hypoxia".
619:
Before 2008, fetal heart rate was classified as either "reassuring" or "nonreassuring". The NICHD workgroup proposed terminology for a three-tiered system to replace the older, undefined terms.
219:
A typical CTG output for a woman not in labour. A: Fetal heartbeat; B: Indicator showing movements felt by mother (triggered by pressing a button); C: Fetal movement; D: Uterine contractions
227:
sponsored a workshop to develop a standardized nomenclature for use in interpreting
Intrapartum fetal heart rate and uterine contraction patterns. This nomenclature has been adopted by the
159:
The display of a cardiotocograph. The fetal heartbeat is shown in orange, uterine contractions are shown in green, and the small green numbers (lower right) show the mother's heartbeat.
165:
335:
The NICHD nomenclature defines uterine activity by quantifying the number of contractions present in a 10-minute window, averaged over 30 minutes. Uterine activity may be defined as:
2039:
440:
752:
Repetitive late or prolonged decelerations for >30 min, or >20 min if reduced variability (decelerations are defined as repetitive when associated with >50% contractions)
626:: Tracings with all these findings present are strongly predictive of normal fetal acid-base status at the time of observation and the fetus can be followed in a standard manner:
207:
are available in the majority of these systems. A few of them have incorporated computer analysis of cardiotocographic signals or combined cardiotocographic and ST data analysis.
2365:
247:
1199:
253:
Interpretation of a CTG tracing requires both qualitative and quantitative description of several factors. This is commonly summed up in the following acronym, DR C BRAVADO:
232:
1909:
2034:
243:
3200:
1487:
1368:
Al Wattar, Bassel H.; Honess, Emma; Bunnewell, Sarah; Welton, Nicky J.; Quenby, Siobhan; Khan, Khalid S.; Zamora, Javier; Thangaratinam, Shakila (6 April 2021).
4221:
1600:
1301:
166:
2405:
4190:
3361:
3114:
2440:
1442:; Hauth, John; Moore, Thomas (2008). "The 2008 National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Workshop Report on Electronic Fetal Monitoring".
668:
Variable decelerations with other characteristics such as slow return to baseline, overshoots of "shoulders" seen (humps on either side of deceleration)
2536:
665:
Periodic or
Episodic decelerations: Longer than 2 minutes but shorter than 10 minutes; recurrent late decelerations with moderate baseline variability
490:
In a study by Nunes et al. (2014), four saltatory patterns in CTG exceeding 20 minutes in the last 30 minutes before birth were associated with fetal
447:
bpm with durations of >30 minutes. In a recently published large obstetric cohort study of the zigzag pattern in almost 5,000 term deliveries in
1110:
1052:
471:
In a 1992 study, the saltatory pattern FHR was defined by O'Brien-Abel and
Benedetti as "etal heart baseline amplitude changes of greater than 25
55:
3588:
2934:
2524:
4386:
4316:
2809:
1880:
1821:"Factors Associated with Intrapartum ZigZag Pattern of Fetal Heart Rate: A Retrospective One-Year Cohort Study of 5150 Singleton Childbirths"
1569:
1183:
1762:"Marked variability in intrapartum electronic fetal heart rate patterns: association with neonatal morbidity and abnormal arterial cord gas"
3891:
3193:
1966:"Intrapartal cardiotocographic patterns and hypoxia-related perinatal outcomes in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus"
728:: Low probability of hypoxia/acidosis, warrants action to correct reversible causes if identified, close monitoring or adjunctive methods.
448:
2026:
1370:"Effectiveness of intrapartum fetal surveillance to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis"
1505:
4490:
3658:
574:
and end at approximately the same time as contractions, and the low point of the fetal heart rate occurs at the peak of the contraction.
236:
982:
Park, Tae Jun; Chang, Hye Jin; Choi, Byung Jin; Jung, Jung Ah; Kang, Seongwoo; Yoon, Seokyoung; Kim, Miran; Yoon, Dukyong (July 2022).
676:: Tracing is predictive of abnormal fetal acid-base status at the time of observation; this requires prompt evaluation and management.
650:: Tracing is not predictive of abnormal fetal acid-base status. Evaluation and continued surveillance and reevaluations are indicated.
4356:
3059:
2735:
2640:
4391:
4256:
2940:
494:. According to this study, saltatory pattern is a relatively rare condition; only four cases were found from three large databases.
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4495:
4195:
3720:
2398:
1224:
128:
Fetal heart sounds were described as early as 350 years ago and approximately 200 years ago mechanical stethoscopes, such as the
1596:"Intrapartum zigzag pattern of fetal heart rate is an early sign of fetal hypoxia: A large obstetric retrospective cohort study"
866:
Alfirevic, Zarko; Gyte, Gillian ML; Cuthbert, Anna; Devane, Declan (2017-02-03). Cochrane
Pregnancy and Childbirth Group (ed.).
4603:
4547:
4261:
3490:
3186:
2947:
2754:
451:, Tarvonen et al. (2020) reported: "ZigZag pattern and late decelerations of FHR were associated with cord blood acidemia, low
413:
peak-to-trough in beats per minute. Furthermore, the baseline FHR variability is categorized by the quantitated amplitude as:
4311:
3047:
2744:
164:
76:
4336:
4243:
3745:
3069:
1760:
Polnaszek, Brock; LĂłpez, Julia D.; Clark, Reece; Raghuraman, Nandini; Macones, George A.; Cahill, Alison G. (2019-10-02).
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2178:
Tarvonen, Mikko; Sainio, Susanna; Hämäläinen, Esa; Hiilesmaa, Vilho; Andersson, Sture; Teramo, Kari (February 19, 2020).
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1225:"External and Internal Heart Rate Monitoring of the Fetus - Health Encyclopedia - University of Rochester Medical Center"
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of the saltatory pattern is not well-known. It has been linked with rapidly progressing hypoxia, for example due to an
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4170:
3981:
3169:
2391:
3954:
1106:"Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour"
868:"Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour"
599:
bpm, lasting at least 2 minutes but less than 10 minutes. A deceleration of at least 10 minutes is a baseline change.
1289:
696:
FIGO has recently modified the guidelines on intrapartum fetal monitoring, proposing the following interpretation:
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2435:
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984:"Machine Learning Model for Classifying the Results of Fetal Cardiotocography Conducted in High-Risk Pregnancies"
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3788:
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3080:
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720:
No repetitive decelerations (decelerations are defined as repetitive when associated with >50% contractions)
62:
3538:
1964:
Tarvonen, Mikko; Hovi, Petteri; Sainio, Susanna; Vuorela, Piia; Andersson, Sture; Teramo, Kari (2021-06-21).
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Tarvonen, Mikko; Hovi, Petteri; Sainio, Susanna; Vuorela, Piia; Andersson, Sture; Teramo, Kari (2020-09-27).
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bpm with an oscillatory frequency of greater than 6 per minutes for a minimum duration of 1 minute". The
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2227:"Increased variability of fetal heart rate during labour: a review of preclinical and clinical studies"
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4381:
4238:
4162:
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3757:
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3308:
3127:
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have also published consensus statements on standardized nomenclature for fetal heart rate patterns.
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790:
110:
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O'Brien-Abel, Nancy E.; Benedetti, Thomas J. (March 1992). "Saltatory Fetal Heart Rate
Pattern".
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848:
491:
400:
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Grivell, Rosalie M.; Alfirevic, Zarko; Gyte, Gillian M. L.; Devane, Declan (12 September 2015).
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bpm, and the acceleration must last at least 15 seconds from the onset to return to baseline. A
2092:"Saltatory and Sinusoidal Fetal Heart Rate (FHR) Patterns and significance of FHR 'Overshoots'"
1870:
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the amount of time between the end of one contraction to the beginning of the next contraction.
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2005:
1987:
1946:
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1005:
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946:
897:
840:
832:
679:
Absence of baseline variability, with recurrent late/variable decelerations or bradycardia; or
526:
time to intensify electronic fetal monitoring and to plan possible interventions before fetal
140:
50:
27:
Technical means of recording the fetal heartbeat and the uterine contractions during pregnancy
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3037:
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1977:
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Moderate baseline fetal heart rate variability reflects the delivery of oxygen to the fetal
2383:
1248:
Nunes, InĂŞs; Ayres-de-Campos, Diogo; Figueiredo, Catarina; Bernardes, JoĂŁo (25 July 2012).
4470:
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Pani, Danilo; Rabotti, Chiara; Signorini, Maria
Gabriella; Burattini, Laura (2020-10-20).
767:
476:
186:
175:
139:
CTG monitoring is widely used to assess fetal well-being by identifying babies at risk of
106:
1820:
1104:
Alfirevic, Zarko; Devane, Declan; Gyte, Gillian M. L.; Cuthbert, Anna (3 February 2017).
932:
703:: No hypoxia or acidosis; no intervention necessary to improve fetal oxygenation state.
611:
based on their frequency (more or less than 50% of the time) within a 20-minute window.
443:(FIGO), a saltatory pattern is defined as FHR baseline amplitude changes of more than 25
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4431:
4137:
4085:
3783:
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3593:
3293:
3283:
3228:
3011:
2996:
2792:
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2600:
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2519:
2253:
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2000:
1965:
1796:
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1316:
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506:
502:
480:
1869:
Norwitz, Errol R.; Zelop, Carolyn M.; Miller, David A.; Keefe, David L. (2018-12-20).
318:
the amount of time from the start of a contraction to the end of the same contraction.
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4526:
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4180:
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3773:
3687:
3500:
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3427:
3331:
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2313:
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2211:
2107:
1933:
1852:
1697:
1488:"NICE Guideline Intrapartum care: management and delivery of care to women in labour"
498:
2164:
2123:"Prolonged saltatory fetal heart rate pattern leading to newborn metabolic acidosis"
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852:
731:
Lacking at least one characteristic of normality, but with no pathological features.
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4001:
3616:
3271:
2913:
1473:
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883:
811:"Electronic fetal monitoring or cardiotocography, 50 years later: what's in a name"
519:
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68:
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1903:
Ayres-de-Campos, Diogo; Spong, Catherine Y; Chandraharan, Edwin (October 2015).
780:
452:
376:
366:
129:
2180:"Saltatory Pattern of Fetal Heart Rate during Labor Is a Sign of Fetal Hypoxia"
1982:
1923:
1904:
827:
810:
225:
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
155:
17:
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1779:
1000:
682:
570:
118:
39:
2328:
2148:
2091:
2068:
1991:
1942:
1905:"FIGO consensus guidelines on intrapartum fetal monitoring: Cardiotocography"
1787:
1738:
1681:
1623:
1561:
Innovative Technologies and Signal Processing in Perinatal Medicine: Volume 1
1537:
1335:
1133:
1009:
950:
836:
3667:
3346:
3210:
2297:
2286:"Increased variability of fetal heart rate: from evidence to implementation"
2243:
483:
compression, and it is presumed to be caused by an instability of the fetal
204:
114:
3636:
2346:
2305:
2262:
2203:
2156:
2009:
1950:
1844:
1805:
1689:
1641:
1506:"Fetal Health Surveillance: Antepartum and Intrapartum Consensus Guideline"
1465:
1405:
1275:
1151:
1085:
1027:
968:
901:
844:
2139:
2122:
2076:
1354:
1266:
1249:
4436:
4152:
527:
523:
514:
1718:
European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
1386:
917:"Cardiotocography in Obstetrics: New Solutions for "Routine" Technology"
351:
more than 5 contractions in 10 minutes, averaged over a 30-minute window
3959:
3432:
1614:
662:
Accelerations: Absence of induced accelerations after fetal stimulation
342:
5 or fewer contractions in 10 minutes, averaged over a 30-minute window
215:
2195:
1673:
941:
595:
Prolonged deceleration: a decrease in FHR from baseline of at least 15
88:
4465:
3927:
3922:
2749:
44:
A cardiotocograph recording fetal heart rate and uterine contractions
1825:
European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology
1178:. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 43–47.
420:
Minimal – greater than undetectable, but 5 or fewer beats per minute
2225:
Tarvonen, MJ; Lear, CA; Andersson, S; Gunn, AJ; Teramo, KA (2022).
199:
reading of the baby's heart rate and the strength of contractions.
4531:
4511:
4175:
3944:
3098:
2928:
2759:
2604:
2419:
162:
154:
2361:"Available to view: FIGO Intrapartum Fetal Monitoring Guidelines"
642:
Early decelerations and accelerations may or may not be present.
305:
There are several factors used in assessing uterine activity.
3640:
3182:
2387:
2121:
Nunes, I.; Ayres-de-Campos, D.; Kwee, A.; Rosén, K. G. (2014).
203:
Display of maternal vital signs, ST signals and an electronic
360:
The NICHD nomenclature defines baseline fetal heart rate as:
229:
Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses
1250:"An overview of central fetal monitoring systems in labour"
1290:"Procedures That May Take Place During Labor and Delivery"
692:
Updated 2015 FIGO Intrapartum Fetal Monitoring Guidelines
399:. Its presence is reassuring in predicting an absence of
121:. The machine used to perform the monitoring is called a
1864:
1862:
534:
variability" should be used in clinical CTG guidelines.
749:
Reduced or increased variability or sinusoidal pattern
441:
International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics
2366:
International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics
2127:
Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics & Gynecology
2090:
Yanamandra, Niraj; Chandraharan, Edwin (2013-07-31).
248:
Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
1910:
International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics
1174:
Callahan, Tamara; Caughey, Aaron B. (January 2013).
4575:
4540:
4504:
4458:
4449:
4409:
4204:
4161:
4130:
4123:
3990:
3915:
3884:
3875:
3809:
3766:
3711:
3678:
3607:
3574:
3552:
3524:
3476:
3467:
3458:
3420:
3400:
3319:
3254:
3247:
3221:
3141:
3113:
2970:
2825:
2721:
2461:
2454:
233:
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
75:
61:
49:
32:
2035:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
1048:"Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment"
244:Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
2021:
2019:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1099:
1097:
1095:
410:
362:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
588:Variable decelerations: generally a result of
3652:
3194:
2399:
1601:Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
1041:
1039:
1037:
815:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
659:Minimal or Marked baseline variability of FHR
8:
1709:
1707:
1513:Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada
653:Bradycardia with normal baseline variability
569:Early decelerations: a result of increased
556:bpm and a duration of at least 10 seconds.
296:Changes or trends of FHR patterns over time
4455:
4127:
3881:
3659:
3645:
3637:
3473:
3464:
3362:Percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling
3251:
3201:
3187:
3179:
2458:
2441:Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures
2406:
2392:
2384:
639:Absence of late or variable decelerations,
38:
2537:Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement
2252:
2242:
2138:
1999:
1981:
1932:
1922:
1795:
1631:
1613:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1438:Macones, George A.; Hankins, Gary D. V.;
1395:
1385:
1344:
1334:
1265:
1141:
1123:
1075:
1065:
1017:
999:
958:
940:
891:
826:
380:when the baseline FHR is greater than 160
312:the number of contractions per unit time.
2580:shunt from heart chamber to blood vessel
1872:Evidence-based Obstetrics and Gynecology
1538:"How to Read a CTG | CTG Interpretation"
214:
174:
132:, were introduced in clinical practice.
2680:shunt from blood vessel to blood vessel
1111:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1053:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
872:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
801:
2327:Bailey, R. Eugene (15 December 2009).
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1176:Blueprints Obstetrics & Gynecology
370:when the baseline FHR is less than 110
29:
2810:Valve-sparing aortic root replacement
2549:enlargement of existing septal defect
1315:Neilson, James P. (6 February 1993).
463:Saltatory pattern of fetal heart rate
105:) is a technique used to monitor the
7:
2544:production of septal defect in heart
1374:Canadian Medical Association Journal
809:Ayres-de-Campos, Diogo (June 2018).
449:Helsinki University Central Hospital
426:Marked – 25 or more beats per minute
4491:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth
1519:(9). September 2007. Archived from
603:Additionally, decelerations can be
237:Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine
84:
2641:transposition of the great vessels
2566:creation of septal defect in heart
560:Periodic or episodic decelerations
434:Zigzag pattern of fetal heart rate
290:Periodic or episodic decelerations
25:
3209:Tests and procedures relating to
2941:Cardiac resynchronization therapy
2284:Tarvonen, Mikko (13 March 2023).
1200:"Types of Fetal Heart Monitoring"
4496:Postpartum physiological changes
4196:Postpartum physiological changes
3721:Assisted reproductive technology
3165:
3164:
2292:. 2023, 00:1–2 (12): 1558–1559.
2108:10.2174/157340480903140131111914
2042:from the original on 2020-07-27.
1317:"Cardiotocography during labour"
1304:from the original on 2020-07-27.
577:Late decelerations: a result of
423:Moderate – 6–25 beats per minute
4548:Adaptation to extrauterine life
3491:Artificial rupture of membranes
2948:Left atrial appendage occlusion
2027:"NICE/RCOG CTG Guidelines 2017"
915:Kodkin, Vladimir (2022-07-08).
272:Baseline fetal heart rate (FHR)
266:Contractions (uterine activity)
4191:Maternal physiological changes
2329:"Intrapartum Fetal Monitoring"
2096:Current Women's Health Reviews
1125:10.1002/14651858.CD006066.pub3
1067:10.1002/14651858.CD007863.pub4
884:10.1002/14651858.CD006066.pub3
1:
3746:partner-assisted reproduction
3070:Radionuclide ventriculography
1254:Journal of Perinatal Medicine
3380:Lecithin–sphingomyelin ratio
3357:Fetal scalp stimulation test
3055:Myocardial perfusion imaging
1837:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.12.056
1731:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2018.08.276
1458:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181841395
3982:Traditional birth attendant
2214:– via www.karger.com.
1445:Obstetrics & Gynecology
648:Category II (Indeterminate)
4625:
4214:Brain health and pollution
2662:for univentricular defect
1983:10.1007/s00592-021-01756-0
1924:10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.06.020
1298:University of Pennsylvania
828:10.1016/j.ajog.2018.03.011
755:Deceleration >5 minutes
615:FHR pattern classification
590:umbilical cord compression
4427:Chorionic villus sampling
3779:Obstetric ultrasonography
3703:Pre-conception counseling
3599:Resuscitative hysterotomy
3486:Assisted vaginal delivery
3443:External cephalic version
3352:Fetal scalp blood testing
3327:Chorionic villus sampling
3299:Vibroacoustic stimulation
3262:Obstetric ultrasonography
3162:
3002:Implantable loop recorder
2646:Arterial switch operation
2436:Interventional cardiology
2426:
2334:American Family Physician
1934:10067/1401570151162165141
1875:. John Wiley & Sons.
1780:10.1038/s41372-019-0520-9
1001:10.3349/ymj.2022.63.7.692
791:Biophysical profile (BPP)
356:Baseline fetal heart rate
284:Presence of accelerations
85:
37:
4317:Intrahepatic cholestasis
3081:Coronary catheterization
2571:Blalock–Hanlon procedure
2532:Mitral valve replacement
2515:Aortic valve replacement
1819:Tarvonen, Mikko (2021).
1336:10.1136/bmj.306.6874.347
391:Baseline FHR variability
278:Baseline FHR variability
4387:Motor vehicle emissions
4248:Concomitant conditions
4222:environmental toxicants
3965:Auxiliary nurse midwife
3726:artificial insemination
3693:Natural family planning
3562:Manual placenta removal
3289:Contraction stress test
3284:Fetal movement counting
3077:Cardiac catheterization
3019:Electrophysiology study
2919:Radiofrequency ablation
2884:Alcohol septal ablation
2298:10.1111/1471-0528.17488
2244:10.1111/1471-0528.17234
2056:Journal of Perinatology
1767:Journal of Perinatology
1322:British Medical Journal
1204:www.hopkinsmedicine.org
674:Category III (Abnormal)
579:placental insufficiency
4604:Tests during pregnancy
4481:Postpartum confinement
3741:in vitro fertilisation
3390:Fetal fibronectin test
3123:Impedance cardiography
2745:Coronary artery bypass
1229:www.urmc.rochester.edu
988:Yonsei Medical Journal
581:, which can result in
549:prolonged acceleration
485:central nervous system
429:
397:central nervous system
386:
220:
181:
172:
171:Cardiotocography sound
160:
4476:Postpartum depression
4357:Pruritic folliculitis
4101:Unassisted childbirth
3539:Wood's screw maneuver
3154:Transcutaneous pacing
2958:Heart transplantation
2879:Ventricular reduction
2695:Blalock–Taussig shunt
2140:10.12891/ceog17322014
1267:10.1515/jpm-2012-0067
636:Moderate variability,
629:Baseline rate 110–160
417:Absent – undetectable
218:
178:
170:
158:
4583:Gravidity and parity
4563:Congenital disorders
4522:Lactation consultant
4392:Pre-existing disease
4071:Childbirth positions
4061:Rupture of membranes
3758:Unintended pregnancy
3736:fertility medication
3554:Third stage of labor
3372:Kleihauer–Betke test
3309:Amniotic fluid index
3128:Ballistocardiography
2685:systemic circulation
786:Nonstress test (NST)
347:Uterine tachysystole
111:uterine contractions
4486:Sex after pregnancy
4293:Endocrine diseases
4239:Prenatal depression
4111:Placental expulsion
4029:Uterine contraction
4012:cervical effacement
3753:Fertility awareness
3609:Postpartum bleeding
3589:On maternal request
3526:Dystocia management
3506:Obstetrical forceps
3385:Lamellar body count
3304:Biophysical profile
3234:Leopold's maneuvers
3007:Cardiac stress test
2985:Electrocardiography
2924:Pacemaker insertion
2671:Kawashima procedure
2635:compound procedures
2510:Aortic valve repair
2483:Mitral valve repair
2316:– via PubMed.
2038:. 3 December 2014.
1564:. Springer Nature.
1440:Spong, Catherine Y.
1387:10.1503/cmaj.202538
933:2022Senso..22.5126K
624:Category I (Normal)
4609:Medical monitoring
4262:Hypercoagulability
4091:Natural childbirth
3940:Postterm pregnancy
3698:Male contraceptive
3544:Zavanelli maneuver
3534:McRoberts maneuver
3060:Cardiovascular MRI
2990:Vectorcardiography
2845:Pericardial window
2840:Pericardiocentesis
2781:Drug-eluting stent
2610:Rastelli procedure
2559:Balloon septostomy
2370:. 23 November 2015
1970:Acta Diabetologica
1615:10.1111/aogs.14007
501:indicated by high
492:metabolic acidosis
401:metabolic acidemia
374:bpm; it is termed
221:
182:
173:
161:
4591:
4590:
4576:Obstetric history
4571:
4570:
4532:Confinement nanny
4445:
4444:
4312:Acute fatty liver
4119:
4118:
4007:cervical dilation
3634:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3576:Caesarean section
3570:
3569:
3511:Vacuum extraction
3416:
3415:
3277:Crown-rump length
3176:
3175:
3033:Angiocardiography
2979:Electrophysiology
2966:
2965:
2909:Catheter ablation
2892:Conduction system
2817:LeCompte maneuver
2805:Bentall procedure
2666:Norwood procedure
2656:Senning procedure
2651:Mustard procedure
2554:Atrial septostomy
2505:Valve replacement
2341:(12): 1388–1396.
2237:(12): 2070–2081.
2196:10.1159/000504941
1976:(11): 1563–1573.
1882:978-1-119-07295-9
1674:10.1159/000504941
1571:978-3-030-54403-4
1380:(14): E468–E477.
1329:(6874): 347–348.
1185:978-1-4511-1702-8
942:10.3390/s22145126
781:Fetal stethoscope
766:According to the
685:fetal heart rate.
509:(EPO) levels and
168:
96:
95:
16:(Redirected from
4616:
4456:
4422:Cardiotocography
4128:
4034:Vaginal delivery
3907:Nesting instinct
3882:
3867:Rudimentary horn
3796:Prenatal testing
3661:
3654:
3647:
3638:
3474:
3469:Vaginal delivery
3465:
3408:Cardiotocography
3252:
3239:Prenatal testing
3203:
3196:
3189:
3180:
3168:
3167:
3133:Cardiotocography
3101:
3065:Ventriculography
3038:Echocardiography
3029:
2981:
2897:Maze procedure (
2894:
2860:
2836:
2789:
2788:Obstacle removal
2776:Bare-metal stent
2772:
2732:
2689:pulmonary artery
2681:
2636:
2621:pulmonary artery
2594:Fontan procedure
2589:pulmonary artery
2581:
2545:
2459:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2256:
2246:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2142:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2031:
2023:
2014:
2013:
2003:
1985:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1936:
1926:
1900:
1887:
1886:
1866:
1857:
1856:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1799:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1711:
1702:
1701:
1657:
1646:
1645:
1635:
1617:
1591:
1576:
1575:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1510:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1490:. Archived from
1484:
1478:
1477:
1435:
1410:
1409:
1399:
1389:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1348:
1338:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1269:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1171:
1156:
1155:
1145:
1127:
1101:
1090:
1089:
1079:
1069:
1043:
1032:
1031:
1021:
1003:
979:
973:
972:
962:
944:
912:
906:
905:
895:
863:
857:
856:
830:
806:
745:
742:Baseline <100
716:
713:Variability 5–25
709:
706:Baseline 110–160
632:
598:
555:
546:
511:umbilical artery
474:
446:
383:
373:
301:Uterine activity
235:(ACOG), and the
169:
99:Cardiotocography
89:edit on Wikidata
71:
42:
33:Cardiotocography
30:
21:
4624:
4623:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4567:
4536:
4500:
4471:Postpartum care
4441:
4405:
4308:Liver diseases
4302:Thyroid disease
4200:
4186:Gestational age
4157:
4115:
4081:Labor induction
3986:
3977:Perinatal nurse
3950:Birth attendant
3911:
3871:
3805:
3801:Medical imaging
3762:
3731:fertility fraud
3707:
3674:
3665:
3635:
3626:
3603:
3566:
3548:
3520:
3454:
3438:Podalic version
3412:
3396:
3315:
3243:
3217:
3207:
3177:
3172:
3158:
3137:
3109:
3105:Phonocardiogram
3097:
3027:Cardiac imaging
3025:
2977:
2962:
2890:
2874:Septal myectomy
2864:Cardiomyoplasty
2856:
2850:Pericardiectomy
2832:
2821:
2787:
2768:
2728:
2722:Cardiac vessels
2717:
2711:Glenn procedure
2679:
2634:
2617:right ventricle
2579:
2543:
2465:
2450:
2446:Cardiac imaging
2431:Cardiac surgery
2422:
2412:
2382:
2373:
2371:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2017:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1902:
1901:
1890:
1883:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1713:
1712:
1705:
1659:
1658:
1649:
1593:
1592:
1579:
1572:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1543:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1523:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1437:
1436:
1413:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1233:
1231:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1208:
1206:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1173:
1172:
1159:
1118:(2): CD006066.
1103:
1102:
1093:
1060:(9): CD007863.
1045:
1044:
1035:
981:
980:
976:
914:
913:
909:
878:(5): CD006066.
865:
864:
860:
808:
807:
803:
799:
777:
768:Cochrane review
764:
743:
714:
707:
694:
630:
617:
596:
562:
553:
544:
540:
477:pathophysiology
472:
465:
444:
436:
393:
381:
371:
358:
303:
223:In the US, the
213:
180:representation.
163:
153:
123:cardiotocograph
107:fetal heartbeat
92:
67:
45:
28:
23:
22:
18:Non-Stress Test
15:
12:
11:
5:
4622:
4620:
4612:
4611:
4606:
4596:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4579:
4577:
4573:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4544:
4542:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4517:Health visitor
4514:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4462:
4460:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4434:
4432:Nonstress test
4429:
4424:
4419:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4348:Skin diseases
4346:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4216:
4210:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4167:
4165:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4138:Amniotic fluid
4134:
4132:
4125:
4121:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4086:Multiple birth
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4009:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3925:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3892:Bradley method
3888:
3886:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3784:Pregnancy test
3781:
3776:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3717:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3684:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3641:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3622:B-Lynch suture
3619:
3613:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3594:EXIT procedure
3591:
3586:
3580:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3558:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3530:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3482:
3480:
3471:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3435:
3430:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3376:Lung maturity
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3301:
3296:
3294:Nonstress test
3291:
3286:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3258:
3256:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3229:Pregnancy test
3225:
3223:
3222:Maternal tests
3219:
3218:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3183:
3174:
3173:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3119:
3117:
3115:Function tests
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3035:
3030:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3012:Bruce protocol
3004:
2999:
2997:Holter monitor
2994:
2993:
2992:
2982:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2895:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2793:Endarterectomy
2790:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2770:Coronary stent
2765:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2738:
2733:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2601:left ventricle
2598:
2597:
2596:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2520:Ross procedure
2512:
2507:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2469:
2467:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2418:involving the
2413:
2411:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2388:
2381:
2380:
2352:
2319:
2276:
2217:
2190:(1): 111–117.
2170:
2133:(5): 507–511.
2113:
2102:(3): 175–182.
2082:
2045:
2015:
1956:
1888:
1881:
1858:
1811:
1752:
1703:
1668:(1): 111–117.
1647:
1608:(2): 252–262.
1577:
1570:
1550:
1540:. May 11, 2021
1529:
1526:on 2010-11-29.
1497:
1494:on 2011-07-27.
1479:
1452:(3): 661–666.
1411:
1360:
1307:
1281:
1240:
1216:
1191:
1184:
1157:
1091:
1033:
994:(7): 692–700.
974:
907:
858:
821:(6): 545–546.
800:
798:
795:
794:
793:
788:
783:
776:
773:
763:
760:
759:
758:
757:
756:
753:
750:
747:
734:
733:
732:
723:
722:
721:
718:
711:
693:
690:
689:
688:
687:
686:
680:
671:
670:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
645:
644:
643:
640:
637:
634:
616:
613:
601:
600:
593:
586:
583:fetal distress
575:
561:
558:
539:
536:
507:erythropoietin
503:umbilical vein
481:umbilical cord
464:
461:
435:
432:
428:
427:
424:
421:
418:
392:
389:
357:
354:
353:
352:
343:
333:
332:
326:
319:
313:
302:
299:
298:
297:
291:
285:
279:
273:
267:
261:
231:(AWHONN), the
212:
211:Interpretation
209:
152:
149:
94:
93:
86:
83:
82:
79:
73:
72:
65:
59:
58:
53:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4621:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4527:Monthly nurse
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4503:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4417:Amniocentesis
4415:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4377:Vaginal flora
4375:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4267:Substance use
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4181:Fundal height
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4126:
4122:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3933:Preterm birth
3931:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3897:Hypnobirthing
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3774:3D ultrasound
3772:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3688:Birth control
3686:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3662:
3657:
3655:
3650:
3648:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3501:Symphysiotomy
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3450:Amnioinfusion
3448:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3428:Fetal surgery
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:Interventions
3419:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3332:Amniocentesis
3330:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3246:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3204:
3199:
3197:
3192:
3190:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3171:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3149:Cardioversion
3147:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2869:Dor procedure
2867:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2704:to the right
2703:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2525:Transcatheter
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2488:Valvuloplasty
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2409:
2404:
2402:
2397:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2369:
2367:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2323:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2028:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1756:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1554:
1551:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1294:Penn Medicine
1291:
1285:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1241:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1187:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1002:
997:
993:
989:
985:
978:
975:
970:
966:
961:
956:
952:
948:
943:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
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538:Accelerations
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520:obstetricians
516:
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499:fetal hypoxia
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260:: Define Risk
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36:
31:
19:
4421:
4257:Hypertension
4244:Immunization
4227:in pregnancy
4143:Amniotic sac
4096:Silent birth
4039:Presentation
4002:Bishop score
3972:Obstetrician
3862:Interstitial
3789:home testing
3617:Hysterectomy
3407:
3272:Anomaly scan
3132:
2937:implantation
2931:implantation
2914:Cryoablation
2755:Off-pump CAB
2565:
2548:
2473:Valve repair
2463:Heart valves
2372:. Retrieved
2364:
2355:
2338:
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2322:
2289:
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2230:
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2063:(1): 13–17.
2060:
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1973:
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1959:
1917:(1): 13–24.
1914:
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1828:
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1774:(1): 56–62.
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1542:. Retrieved
1532:
1521:the original
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1492:the original
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1260:(1): 93–99.
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1228:
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1207:. Retrieved
1203:
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977:
927:(14): 5126.
924:
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765:
737:Pathological
736:
725:
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623:
618:
609:intermittent
608:
604:
602:
563:
548:
541:
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453:Apgar scores
437:
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196:amniotic sac
192:
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145:
138:
134:
127:
122:
102:
98:
97:
4553:Apgar score
4337:Hepatitis C
4323:Infections
4163:Development
4148:Endometrium
4106:Water birth
4024:Bloody show
3955:Men's roles
3885:Preparation
3837:Heterotopic
3516:Odon device
3337:Triple test
3267:Nuchal scan
3248:Fetal tests
3091:Cardiac PET
2834:Pericardium
2798:Atherectomy
2736:Angioplasty
2478:Valvulotomy
2184:Neonatology
1831:: 118–125.
1662:Neonatology
656:Tachycardia
513:(UA) blood
505:(UV) blood
377:tachycardia
367:bradycardia
130:Pinard horn
4598:Categories
4558:Child care
4451:Postpartum
4410:Procedures
4362:Dermatoses
4218:Nutrition
4076:Home birth
3998:Pelvimetry
3877:Childbirth
3857:Unintended
3713:Conception
3672:childbirth
3496:Episiotomy
3215:childbirth
3086:Cardiac CT
2953:Cardiotomy
2858:Myocardium
2626:Sano shunt
2416:procedures
2414:Tests and
2374:2017-06-26
1544:2021-06-05
1234:2022-04-15
797:References
726:Suspicious
683:Sinusoidal
571:vagal tone
310:Frequency:
4066:Caesarean
3832:Abdominal
3668:Pregnancy
3478:Induction
3347:Fetoscopy
3342:Quad test
3211:pregnancy
2466:and septa
2314:258135555
2271:248948040
2212:209408174
2149:0390-6663
2069:0743-8346
1992:1432-5233
1943:1879-3479
1853:231437287
1788:0743-8346
1739:0301-2115
1698:209408174
1682:1661-7819
1624:0001-6349
1134:1469-493X
1010:1976-2437
951:1424-8220
837:0002-9378
605:recurrent
329:Interval:
316:Duration:
205:partogram
115:pregnancy
4459:Maternal
4437:Abortion
4382:Bleeding
4332:COVID-19
4297:Diabetes
4282:Cannabis
4232:prenatal
4153:Placenta
4124:Prenatal
4054:shoulder
4049:cephalic
4017:position
3991:Delivery
3852:Postterm
3817:Cervical
3680:Planning
3584:Elective
3460:Delivery
3367:Apt test
3320:Sampling
3170:Category
2903:minimaze
2899:Cox maze
2347:20000301
2306:37055662
2263:35596699
2204:31846958
2165:42931226
2157:25864248
2040:Archived
2010:34151398
1951:26433401
1845:33421808
1806:31578422
1747:86491442
1690:31846958
1642:32981037
1466:18757666
1406:33824144
1302:Archived
1276:23093259
1209:21 March
1152:28157275
1086:26363287
1028:35748081
969:35890806
902:28157275
853:44164963
845:29793572
775:See also
762:Benefits
530:occurs.
528:asphyxia
524:midwives
515:acidosis
246:and the
51:ICD-9-CM
4368:Others
4342:Malaria
4287:Opioids
4277:Alcohol
4272:Smoking
4131:Anatomy
3960:Midwife
3928:Newborn
3847:Ovarian
3827:Ectopic
3822:Cryptic
3767:Testing
3433:Fetendo
3255:Imaging
2455:Surgery
2254:9796294
2077:1560284
2001:8505288
1797:7202403
1725:: e55.
1633:7894352
1474:1884812
1397:8049638
1355:8461676
1346:1676479
1143:6464257
1077:6510058
1019:9226828
960:9320740
929:Bibcode
921:Sensors
893:6464257
405:hypoxic
340:Normal:
151:Methods
141:hypoxia
113:during
69:D015148
4541:Infant
4466:Lochia
4252:Anemia
4171:Embryo
4044:breech
3923:Mother
3902:Lamaze
3142:Pacing
2750:MIDCAB
2741:Bypass
2691:shunt
2585:atrium
2498:mitral
2493:aortic
2368:(FIGO)
2345:
2312:
2304:
2269:
2261:
2251:
2210:
2202:
2163:
2155:
2147:
2075:
2067:
2008:
1998:
1990:
1949:
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835:
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715:
708:
701:Normal
631:
597:
554:
545:
473:
445:
382:
372:
325:paper.
187:fundus
119:labour
4512:Doula
4505:Roles
4397:Sleep
4372:Drugs
4352:Lupus
4176:Fetus
3945:Doula
3916:Roles
3842:Molar
3810:Types
3401:Other
3099:sound
2971:Tests
2929:S-ICD
2826:Other
2760:TECAB
2605:aorta
2420:heart
2310:S2CID
2267:S2CID
2208:S2CID
2161:S2CID
2030:(PDF)
1849:S2CID
1743:S2CID
1694:S2CID
1524:(PDF)
1509:(PDF)
1470:S2CID
849:S2CID
384:bpm."
87:[
81:59050
56:75.32
4206:Care
3670:and
3213:and
2901:and
2639:for
2343:PMID
2302:PMID
2290:BJOG
2259:PMID
2235:2022
2231:BJOG
2200:PMID
2153:PMID
2145:ISSN
2073:PMID
2065:ISSN
2006:PMID
1988:ISSN
1947:PMID
1939:ISSN
1877:ISBN
1841:PMID
1802:PMID
1784:ISSN
1735:ISSN
1686:PMID
1678:ISSN
1638:PMID
1620:ISSN
1566:ISBN
1462:PMID
1402:PMID
1351:PMID
1272:PMID
1211:2018
1180:ISBN
1148:PMID
1130:ISSN
1082:PMID
1058:2019
1024:PMID
1006:ISSN
965:PMID
947:ISSN
898:PMID
876:2019
841:PMID
833:ISSN
633:bpm,
522:and
403:and
270:BRA:
242:The
117:and
109:and
63:MeSH
4327:HIV
3048:TEE
3043:TTE
2935:ICD
2730:CHD
2702:SVC
2687:to
2619:to
2603:to
2587:to
2294:doi
2249:PMC
2239:doi
2192:doi
2188:117
2135:doi
2104:doi
1996:PMC
1978:doi
1929:hdl
1919:doi
1915:131
1833:doi
1829:258
1792:PMC
1776:doi
1727:doi
1723:234
1670:doi
1666:117
1628:PMC
1610:doi
1606:100
1454:doi
1450:112
1392:PMC
1382:doi
1378:193
1341:PMC
1331:doi
1327:306
1262:doi
1138:PMC
1120:doi
1072:PMC
1062:doi
1014:PMC
996:doi
955:PMC
937:doi
888:PMC
880:doi
823:doi
819:218
746:bpm
717:bpm
710:bpm
607:or
103:CTG
77:CPT
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