143:, it has been rising, even if only slowly, in Latin America. NCS production in Latin America reached an all-time high in 2011, surpassing the two million metric ton level for the first time. This compares to around 1.6 million tons 20 years earlier. In Colombia, the share of sugarcane allocated to production of NCS is now the highest worldwide, at 40%. In Brazil, output rose from an estimated 280,000 tons in 2005 to 470,000 tons in 2011. NCS is traded mostly locally in un-branded, solid presentations, such as blocks, cones or other shapes. Given the challenges associated with dealing with these solid presentations in the kitchen and in industry, such a trait restricts its consumption. In some countries (for example, Colombia,
181:
20:
1694:
1684:
50:(WCO) since 2007. WCO defines NCS as "cane sugar obtained without centrifugation". It also states that "the product contains only natural anhedral micro-crystals, of irregular shape, not visible to the naked eye, which are surrounded by molasses' residues and other constituents of sugar cane". NCS is produced in most sugarcane-growing regions of the world, being known by many different names such as
574:
589:
139:(FAO) world NCS production has been practically stagnant since the mid 1980s, after modest increases in the previous twenty years, stabilizing at about 12 to 14 million metric tons per year. The real amount produced may be greater given the difficulties in tracking small scale on-farm production. However, whilst production of NCS has been declining in
241:
Boiling, typically in open pans, either in a single pan or in a series of pans placed above a furnace, is how water gets evaporated. Vacuum pans are used in larger enterprises. Crystallization is accomplished in the final stage of evaporation by either pouring the heavy syrup into suitable molds to
95:
for export markets after 1700. Today, NCS has practically disappeared in most non-sugarcane producing countries, as it is traded internationally only in small amounts. However, NCS remains important in most sugarcane producing countries, as shown by the average share in the daily consumption of
155:
The international trade in NCS has been small and decreasing, reaching more recently levels in the order of 50,000 tons per year. Again, the true quantities are probably greater, as NCS is classified in different ways by importing countries. The introduction of the granulated presentation has
151:
and Costa Rica) solid NCS is being progressively replaced by user-friendly, branded, granulated presentations, often packed in plastic or paper bags for use at home and also as an industrial sweetener for the preparation of beverages and many other processed foods. It is also used to produce
229:
Clarification is carried out to coagulate the particulates, which come to the surface during boiling and are skimmed off. A variety of materials are used, such as plant material, ash, etc. With the aim of neutralizing the juice, which facilitates the formation of sugar crystals,
78:
or oligo-elements including iron, zinc, magnesium, copper, cobalt, nickel and chromium. The particular chemical composition of NCS depends on the cane variety used, the soils on which it was grown, the fertilization applied and the processing methods.
189:
217:
The basic manufacture process of NCS involves juice extraction, physical elimination of impurities and clarification of the juice, evaporation of the water content of the juice, crystallization, eventually drying and packaging.
172:(glucose and fructose), minerals, vitamins, organic acids, and other trace substances, many still unknown. Depending on its manufacturing process it is either presented in solid form, known as lump sugar, or granulated form.
119:
Most of NCS is produced on small scale in farms which process their own sugar cane using traditional technology. Production appears inefficient and its quality uneven. In some countries, such as India, Colombia,
221:
The cane juice is generally extracted from cleaned and eventually shredded cane stalks by mechanical processes, commonly with simple crushers consisting of three metal rollers. It is filtered to separate
540:
242:
produce solid forms or swirling the syrup to produce granular result. The granulated product may be dried to enhance its flow and shelf life. Both solid and granulated presentations are then packed.
193:
197:
195:
192:
190:
196:
330:
194:
156:
permitted the development of a small specialty market in Europe, U.S. and Japan supplied by at least a few producers from India, Costa Rica, Colombia and Brazil.
74:
being the predominant (near 80%) sugar. It also contains minerals (up to 3%), mainly calcium, potassium, sodium, chloride and phosphates, but also a number of
1435:
1358:
302:
1305:
480:
511:
458:
164:
NCS is clean dried sugar cane juice. Given the high sugar content of cane juice NCS is essentially made up of crystals of sucrose mixed with
1258:
191:
593:
1330:
1253:
1544:
1273:
1226:
180:
136:
128:, a larger scale NCS industry exists, which process cane from outside farmers using improved technology, which is centered on more
621:
1200:
19:
1104:
152:
alcoholic beverages such as rum, and as a substrate for fermentation processes to produce alcohol and other derivatives.
1134:
1368:
1288:
1283:
1268:
277:
1430:
1410:
1390:
47:
541:"centrifugal cane sugar (NCS) (panela, jaggery, gur, muscovado) process technology and the need of its innovation"
1697:
1310:
1278:
856:
1723:
1591:
1405:
1263:
861:
1665:
1445:
303:". FAO, Definition and Classification of Commodities, 3. Sugar Crops and Sweeteners and Derived Products"
1455:
1395:
901:
956:
871:
759:
169:
129:
1363:
1248:
1205:
614:
1718:
1623:
1450:
1340:
1006:
75:
1554:
1420:
1335:
809:
454:
88:
1618:
1460:
1382:
1016:
814:
446:
396:
238:
are added. In some of the larger factories the juice is filtered and chemically clarified.
1601:
1523:
1231:
1210:
1124:
231:
416:
1687:
1611:
1606:
1564:
1528:
1323:
1298:
1190:
1180:
1148:
1011:
981:
916:
799:
713:
654:
640:
607:
257:
235:
1712:
1654:
1318:
1119:
1114:
961:
846:
824:
819:
749:
92:
401:
384:
1513:
1501:
1425:
1400:
1293:
1241:
1099:
1036:
1031:
851:
829:
681:
450:
42:
juice. NCS is internationally recognized as a discrete and unique product by the
87:
Generally produced for local markets, NCS probably was the dominant form of cane
1659:
1579:
1569:
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1415:
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1173:
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1026:
966:
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932:
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881:
834:
804:
764:
744:
739:
708:
579:
1574:
1559:
1496:
1185:
1168:
1129:
1051:
1046:
896:
841:
774:
769:
754:
729:
569:
125:
101:
1633:
1628:
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1506:
1481:
1440:
1068:
991:
986:
938:
876:
734:
701:
664:
206:
148:
59:
39:
35:
358:
599:
588:
1491:
1073:
951:
891:
659:
165:
113:
105:
16:
Traditional raw sugar obtained by evaporating water from sugarcane juice
1638:
1549:
1195:
1163:
1094:
1021:
971:
911:
886:
696:
691:
686:
669:
223:
210:
202:
144:
132:
and better processing to obtain homogeneous quality and scale-savings.
97:
71:
55:
573:
1596:
1584:
1056:
1001:
674:
385:"Physical and chemical properties of granulated cane sugar 'panelas'"
226:
particles and/or allowed to settle so to eliminate solid impurities.
121:
51:
96:
caloric sweeteners (g/person/day, 2007) in the following countries:
1041:
976:
866:
791:
630:
251:
187:
179:
109:
140:
603:
1109:
383:
Guerra, Marisa
Josefina; Mujica, MarĂa Virginia (March 2010).
43:
168:, and many additional constituents of cane juice, like
1647:
1537:
1469:
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1351:
1219:
1156:
1147:
1087:
925:
790:
783:
722:
647:
506:
504:
481:"NON CENTRIFUGAL SUGAR: WORLD PRODUCTION AND TRADE"
512:"Special focus. Non-centrifugal sugar: A survey"
91:before the advent of large-scale production of
615:
34:) is the technical name given to traditional
23:Jaggery, non-centrifugal cane sugar, Myanmar.
8:
359:"PANELA / CHANCACA / RASPADURA / PILONCILLO"
1436:Slavery in the British and French Caribbean
1153:
787:
622:
608:
600:
474:
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18:
269:
7:
70:NCS contains over 90% carbohydrate,
443:The Cambridge World History of Food
38:obtained by evaporating water from
184:Sugar cane juice boiling, Myanmar.
14:
1545:Australian Aboriginal sweet foods
641:List of sugars and sugar products
441:Galloway, J. H. (2000). "Sugar".
331:"World Customs Organization 2011"
137:Food and Agriculture Organization
1693:
1692:
1683:
1682:
587:
572:
135:According to the United Nations
402:10.1590/S0101-20612010005000012
213:). Crushing and boiling stage.
1:
451:10.1017/CHOL9780521402149.045
201:Non-centrifugal cane sugar (
58:, or gur. Some varieties of
389:Food Science and Technology
1740:
1431:Reciprocity Treaty of 1875
1411:Demerara rebellion of 1823
1391:1811 German Coast uprising
997:Non-centrifugal cane sugar
594:Non-centrifugal cane sugar
48:World Customs Organization
28:Non-centrifugal cane sugar
1678:
638:
857:High-fructose corn syrup
254:(centrifugal cane sugar)
1406:Colonial molasses trade
862:High-maltose corn syrup
278:"Sugar non-centrifugal"
1666:Pure, White and Deadly
1446:Sugar Duties Acts 1846
1352:By region (historical)
214:
185:
46:since 1964 and by the
24:
1456:Taiwan Sugar Railways
1396:Amelioration Act 1798
548:www.panelamonitor.org
519:www.panelamonitor.org
488:www.panelamonitor.org
421:www.panelamonitor.org
338:www.panelamonitor.org
310:www.panelamonitor.org
252:Sugar § Refining
200:
183:
176:Manufacturing process
62:are non-centrifugal.
22:
1135:Unrefined sweeteners
957:Crystalline fructose
872:Inverted sugar syrup
596:at Wikimedia Commons
445:. pp. 437–449.
130:efficient energy use
1220:By region (current)
1120:Sugar confectionery
76:essential nutrients
1624:Sweetened beverage
1451:Sugar Intervention
1359:Danish West Indies
1341:U.S. Sugar Program
1100:Cotton candy floss
1007:Plantation Reserve
902:Steen's cane syrup
363:www.ccbolgroup.com
215:
205:) production near
186:
25:
1706:
1705:
1555:Blood sugar level
1421:Leith Sugar House
1377:
1376:
1336:Sugar Association
1143:
1142:
1105:Maple sugar foods
810:Barley malt syrup
633:as food commodity
592:Media related to
460:978-1-139-05863-6
417:"What is Panela?"
198:
89:sugar consumption
1731:
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1619:Sugar substitute
1461:Triangular trade
1154:
815:Brown rice syrup
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1602:Sugar addiction
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1524:Sugar sculpture
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1324:Tate & Lyle
1315:United Kingdom
1232:Bundaberg Sugar
1215:
1211:Sugar marketing
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170:inverted sugars
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17:
12:
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5:
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1724:Types of sugar
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1612:Residual sugar
1607:Sugars in wine
1604:
1599:
1594:
1592:Health effects
1589:
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1567:
1565:Flavored syrup
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1529:Treacle mining
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1234:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1214:
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1191:Sugarcane mill
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1054:
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1044:
1039:
1034:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
982:Molasses sugar
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
943:
942:
929:
927:
923:
922:
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849:
844:
839:
838:
837:
832:
827:
817:
812:
807:
802:
800:List of syrups
796:
794:
785:
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772:
767:
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752:
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724:
720:
719:
717:
716:
714:Reducing sugar
711:
706:
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704:
699:
694:
689:
679:
678:
677:
672:
667:
662:
655:Monosaccharide
651:
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619:
612:
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598:
597:
584:
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566:External links
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395:(1): 250–257.
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1329:
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1319:British Sugar
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1115:Sugar alcohol
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847:Glucose syrup
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828:
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825:Maesil-cheong
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93:refined sugar
90:
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37:
33:
29:
21:
1664:
1514:Sugar people
1502:Sugar packet
1426:Molasses Act
1401:Blackbirding
1294:Illovo Sugar
1289:South Africa
1242:Wilmar Sugar
1037:Butterscotch
1032:Barley sugar
996:
937:
852:Golden syrup
830:Mogwa-cheong
682:Disaccharide
551:. Retrieved
547:
539:Jaffé, W.R.
534:
522:. Retrieved
518:
491:. Retrieved
487:
479:Jaffé, W.R.
442:
436:
424:. Retrieved
420:
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282:data.fao.org
281:
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163:
154:
134:
118:
86:
69:
31:
27:
26:
1660:John Yudkin
1570:Fruit syrup
1487:Sugar shack
1477:Added sugar
1416:Holing cane
1274:Philippines
1174:Casa-grande
1088:Other forms
1064:Sugar glass
1027:Sugar candy
967:Gula melaka
947:Candi sugar
926:Solid forms
917:YacĂłn syrup
907:Table syrup
882:Maple syrup
835:Yuja-cheong
805:Agave syrup
740:Agave syrup
709:Added sugar
580:Food portal
66:Composition
1713:Categories
1698:Production
1575:Date honey
1560:Cane knife
1497:Sugar nips
1186:Sugar bush
1169:Plantation
1157:Production
1052:Rock candy
1017:Preserving
897:Pine honey
842:Corn syrup
730:Sugar beet
264:References
160:Technology
126:Costa Rica
102:Bangladesh
1719:Raw foods
1634:Sweetness
1629:Sweetener
1519:Sugar tit
1507:Sucrology
1482:Crop Over
1441:Sugar Act
1284:Sri Lanka
1269:Mauritius
1254:Caribbean
1227:Australia
1069:Sugarloaf
987:Muscovado
939:Peen tong
877:Kuromitsu
735:Sugarcane
702:Trehalose
665:Galactose
648:Chemistry
207:Inle Lake
149:Venezuela
60:muscovado
40:sugarcane
36:raw sugar
1688:Category
1648:Research
1492:Sugaring
1306:Tanzania
1181:Refinery
1149:Industry
1074:Wasanbon
1012:Powdered
952:Chancaca
892:Molasses
784:Products
760:Honeydew
660:Fructose
246:See also
166:molasses
114:Pakistan
106:Colombia
1639:Vinasse
1550:Bagasse
1538:Related
1470:Culture
1383:History
1196:Engenho
1164:Boilery
1130:Tuzemák
1095:Caramel
1022:Sucanat
972:Jaggery
962:Gelling
912:Treacle
887:Mizuame
750:Coconut
723:Sources
697:Sucrose
692:Maltose
687:Lactose
670:Glucose
553:Aug 27,
524:Aug 27,
493:Aug 28,
426:Aug 28,
368:Aug 29,
343:Aug 25,
315:Aug 25,
287:Aug 27,
224:bagasse
211:Myanmar
203:jaggery
145:Ecuador
98:Myanmar
83:Economy
72:sucrose
56:jaggery
1669:(1972)
1597:Nectar
1585:Jallab
1369:Hawaii
1311:Uganda
1279:Rwanda
1057:Toffee
1002:Panela
820:Cheong
792:Syrups
675:Xylose
457:
122:Brazil
52:panela
1580:Grape
1264:India
1259:Kenya
1206:Zafra
1201:Batey
1079:White
1042:Candy
977:Misri
933:Brown
867:Honey
765:Maple
745:Birch
631:Sugar
544:(PDF)
515:(PDF)
484:(PDF)
334:(PDF)
306:(PDF)
116:10%.
112:10%;
110:India
108:19%;
104:20%;
100:46%;
1364:Fiji
1249:Cuba
1047:Hard
775:Malt
770:Palm
755:Date
555:2014
526:2014
495:2014
455:ISBN
428:2014
370:2014
345:2014
317:2014
289:2014
232:lime
141:Asia
124:and
1237:CSR
1110:Rum
992:Nib
447:doi
397:doi
234:or
44:FAO
32:NCS
1715::
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