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84:, in a manner similar to how light refracts in water. The shock wave then leaves the non-metallic layer and encounters the NERA's metallic back plate. Because of the prior refraction, the direction of propagation through the back plate is different than it was through the first plate. This causes a rapid acceleration of the metallic back plate in that new direction. This deformation, in conjunction with the first plate, is strong enough to shear the projectile or otherwise disrupt it.
331:. Post-war assessment of the appliqué armour of the captured Al Faw showed that the each armour block contained a spaced array of several sandwiches made of aluminium and steel sheets with a rubber interlayer. This composite armour relied on the bulging effect protection mechanism and tests have shown this design to have a twice the effectiveness of steel against shaped charge weapons, though no more effectiveness than steel against armor-piercing rounds.
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By
February 1970 a decision was taken to build an experimental tank based on the Chieftain Mk. 3 components, which would incorporate Chobham armour. The test vehicle was built at FVRDE in 13 months and was designated as FV4211. In addition to having Chobham armour, the FV4211 was also the first main
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main battle tank. Protection against modern threats being a keystone of the program. The armor research department of the AMX-APX was managed at the time by
Maurice Bourgeat and his assistant Daniel Vallée, both were weapons scientists and worked closely with the French-German Research Institute of
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171:) in collaboration with J.P Downey, who was responsible for its extensive series of firing trials. The research program began to bear fruit in 1964, and by the following year had resulted in the creation of a new form of armor which was more than twice as effective against
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main battle tank was undertaken. Two different
Chobham armour kits were used, the skirt armor consisted basically of steel boxes containing plastic/steel sandwiches arranged in the manner of venetian blinds assembly while the front hull armor consisted of a
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NERA typically consists of three-layer composite sandwich structure sloped between 50° and 60°. In order to guarantee an excellent multi-hit capability against threats, the sandwiches are overlapped in a spaced configuration forming an array.
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and as a result, a research program was initiated in 1963. The program was largely of an empirical nature and was directed by Dr G.N Harvey, then assistant director of
Research at FVRDE (who has been generally credited with the invention of
278:, they developed the first configuration of what would later be named the PAC or Plaques Accélérées par Chocs (French for "Shock-Accelerated Plates") whose working principle and layout can be compared to Non-Explosive Reactive Armor (NERA).
231:" by Western observers due to its prominent shape. Each reflecting plate array consisted of an assembly of three layers ; a heavy armor plate, a rubber interlayer and a thin metal plate, all glued together.
308:
International
Exhibition of Military Technology, also known as the Baghdad Arms Fair. This appliqué armour was fitted to a small number of tanks prior to the Gulf War. Those tanks were known by the
76:
jet hits the NERA's front metal plate, a high speed shock wave is generated within. The shock wave propagates through the metal plate, until it encounters a confined non-metallic layer with
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main battle tank. In order to remain competitive on the foreign market, the new armor was to represent a technological breakthrough compared to spaced armor previously developed for the
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with “отражающие листы” (Russian for "reflecting plates") armor inserts. By
September 1982, the cast turret codenamed 172.10.077SB entered low rate production and was then dubbed "Super
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Bourgeat and Vallée later worked on its integration on the
Leclerc tank in the form of removable composite modules. They were awarded the 1987 Engineer Chanson Prize for their work.
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248:
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According to
Douglas Devin, a subscriber of the US Army's ARMOR magazine in which he refers to a 1977 article from The Daily Express of London, a British newspaper.
613:
Chassillan, Marc (March–April 2018). "La
Protection Balistique des Chars Modernes". No. 66. Trucks & Tanks Magazine. Caraktère. p. 76.
602:
Chassillan, Marc (March–April 2018). "La
Protection Balistique des Chars Modernes". No. 66. Trucks & Tanks Magazine. Caraktère. p. 75.
485:
Chassillan, Marc (March–April 2018). "La Protection Balistique des Chars Modernes". No. 66. Trucks & Tanks Magazine. Caraktère. p. 76.
624:
419:
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In 1968 work began on applying it to tanks and a feasibility study (codenamed Almagest) on fitting Chobham armour (also called Burlington) to the
274:(ISL) and the Central Technical Establishment of Weapons at Arcueil (ETCA). Under contract to the Technical Center of Land Weapons (CETAM) of
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57:(ERA) are its inexpensiveness, multi-hit capability, and ease of integration onto armored vehicles due to its nonexplosive nature.
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mounted over a steel burster plate with three sandwiches consisting each of three to five plastic and steel layers underneath.
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Furthermore, the Staff of the French Army (EMAT) had high hopes in the EPC program which was to lead to the creation of the
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513:, Jeffrey Flatley, "Stealth protection/armor", published 29/01/2003, assigned to Brookes Batchellor
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In 1989, the Iraqi Military Production Authority (MPA) unveiled a composite appliqué armor kit for the
80:, such as rubber. Due to the lower propagation velocity of the non-metallic material, the shock wave
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by NATO intelligence services because of its unknown nature at that time. During combat use in the
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The two metallic plates in the NERA sandwich are made of steels of varying hardness and thickness.
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were initially used as the inner non-metallic material, but modern materials now include
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During the 1977 summer, samples of Chobham armour were smuggled from West Germany into
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705:
371:
T55-Enigma - Tank Design & Development - An Interesting Iraqi Armour Modification
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583:
Warford, James M. (May 2002). "T-72B MBT – The First Look at Soviet Special Armor".
546:
Cold War, Hot Science: Applied Research in Britain's Defence Laboratories 1945-1990
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of the same weight, and at least as effective as the latter against kinetic energy
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The AMX-40 was fitted with NERA elements inside its gun mantlet and hull front.
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began to investigate further its research on composite armor for the upcoming
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183:. The new armor was then called Chobham armour, after the location of FVRDE.
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The aluminium-hulled FV4211 demonstrated for the first time that the use of
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Feasibility study of Burlington (Chobham armour) fitted to Chieftain tank
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and more energetic materials such as glycidyl azide polymer (GAP).
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The operating principle of NERA relies on the speed deviation of a
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420:"Reactive armor technologies under development for battle tanks"
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In the early 1980s, NII Stali developed in conjunction with
572:(UK National Archives ed.). Chertsey: FVRDE. 1969.
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According to the article "T-72: Part 2" published on
426:. ADVANCED MATERIALS & PROCESSES/SEPTEMBER 2001
499:. Chertsey: UK National Archive. 1970. p. 2.
45:), is a type of vehicle armor used by modern
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727:Science and technology in the United Kingdom
625:"45ème PRIX AAT – INGENIEUR GENERAL CHANSON"
324:, the armour proved to be effective against
497:Chieftain Mk. 5/2 preliminary design study
197:battle tank to have a hull made of welded
697:Article on the NERA featured on the T-72B
672:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 36.
670:T-54 and T-55 Main Battle Tanks 1944-2004
653:Willis, Guy (June 1989). "Open sesame!".
292:The add-on armour box of this Iraqi T-55
529:Chassillan, Marc. "Ne pas être percé".
445:Chassillan, Marc. "Ne pas être percé".
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340:
634:. Association de l’Armement Terrestre
544:Bud, Robert; Gummett, Philip (1999).
360:, a blog specialized on Soviet armor.
223:a new turret for the late production
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69:propagating in different materials.
668:Zaloga, Steven J. (25 July 2004).
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201:plates to keep down its weight.
657:. No. 6/1989. p. 835.
548:. Routledge. pp. 134–135.
462:"Add-On - Reactive Armor Suits"
396:"Add-On - Reactive Armor Suits"
162:was clearly recognized by the
105:plates have also been tested.
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296:contains six NERA sandwiches.
31:Non-explosive reactive armour
18:Non-explosive reactive armour
655:International Defense Review
585:Journal of Military Ordnance
72:When a projectile such as a
39:non-energetic reactive armor
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181:armor-piercing projectiles
51:infantry fighting vehicles
329:anti-tank guided missiles
424:www.asminternational.org
247:By the end of 1979, the
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160:antitank guided missiles
154:on a tank was practical.
55:explosive reactive armor
369:According to the video
53:. NERA advantages over
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460:admin (2006-04-25).
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158:The threat posed by
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732:History of the tank
717:Composite materials
235:French developments
61:Operating mechanism
722:British inventions
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78:elastic properties
47:main battle tanks
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706:Categories
679:1841767921
632:starnav.fr
511:GB 2377984
471:2020-12-06
430:5 December
405:2020-12-06
381:References
310:Iraqi Army
213:by Soviet
67:shock wave
49:and heavy
358:Tankograd
199:aluminium
192:bar armor
187:Chieftain
131:elastomer
97:Materials
533:(5): 56.
449:(5): 56.
82:refracts
306:Baghdad
304:at the
276:Bourges
267:Leclerc
137:History
111:plastic
676:
638:5 June
552:
517:
318:Enigma
314:Al Faw
294:Enigma
261:AMX-32
257:AMX-40
215:agents
107:Rubber
88:Layout
628:(PDF)
335:Notes
326:MILAN
225:T-72A
164:FVRDE
127:glass
119:nylon
674:ISBN
640:2022
591:(3).
550:ISBN
432:2020
316:and
302:T-55
115:foam
109:and
43:NERA
35:NxRA
312:as
253:APX
249:AMX
175:as
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