Introduced species - Knowledge (XXG)

1642: 403:, a species is considered "introduced" when its transport into an area outside of its native range is human mediated. Introductions by humans can be described as either intentional or accidental. Intentional introductions have been motivated by individuals or groups who either (1) believe that the newly introduced species will be in some way beneficial to humans in its new location or, (2) species are introduced intentionally but with no regard to the potential impact. Unintentional or accidental introductions are most often a byproduct of human movements and are thus unbound to human motivations. Subsequent range expansion of introduced species may or may not involve human activity. 1646: 6551: 6587: 263:". The transition from introduction, to establishment and to invasion has been described in the context of plants. Introduced species are essentially "non-native" species. Invasive species are those introduced species that spread widely or quickly and cause harm, be that to the environment, human health, other valued resources, or the economy. There have been calls from scientists to consider a species "invasive" only in terms of their spread and reproduction rather than the harm they may cause. 6575: 6516: 1386: 461:

oriental bittersweet, and honeysuckle produce fruit that is used by a handful of fruit-eating bird species. The invasive plants can also be a source of pollen and nectar for many insects, such as bees. These invasive plants were able to help their ecosystem thriving, and increase the native animal's chances of survival. Several introduced exotic trees served as nest sites for resident waterbird species in Udaipur city, India.

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and rapid response is the most effective strategy for regulating a pest species and reducing economic and environmental impacts of an introduction. Management of invasion pathways are on the forefront of eliminating unwanted invasive species this would include preliminary steps; educating the public, cooperation from industries and government resources.

1046: 38: 267:"invasive species" as "an alien species whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health". The biological definition of invasive species, on the other hand, makes no reference to the harm they may cause, only to the fact that they spread beyond the area of original introduction. 1022:

which was intentionally introduced into many countries in North America, Europe, and Africa as an ornamental plant. This species has become invasive in Australia, where it threatens native rare plants and causes erosion and soil slumping around river banks. It has also become invasive in France where

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According to a practical definition, an invasive species is one that has been introduced and become a pest in its new location, spreading (invading) by natural means. The term is used to imply both a sense of urgency and actual or potential harm. For example, U.S. Executive Order 13112 (1999) defines

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There are many terms associated with introduced species that represent subsets of introduced species, and the terminology associated with introduced species is now in flux for various reasons. Examples of these terms are "invasive", "acclimatized", "adventive", "naturalized", and "immigrant" species.

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Species that humans intentionally transport to new regions can subsequently become successfully established in two ways. In the first case, organisms are purposely released for establishment in the wild. It is sometimes difficult to predict whether a species will become established upon release, and

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In the broadest and most widely used sense, an introduced species is synonymous with "non-native" and therefore applies as well to most garden and farm organisms; these adequately fit the basic definition given above. However, some sources add to that basic definition "and are now reproducing in the

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has adopted an approach that comes close to this). Regulations require a definitional distinction between non-natives that are deemed especially onerous and all others. Introduced "pest" species, that are officially listed as invasive, best fit the definition of an invasive species. Early detection

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van den Burg, Matthijs P.; Daltry, Jennifer C.; Angin, Baptiste; Boman, Erik; Brisbane, Jeanelle L. K.; Collins, Katrina; Haakonsson, Jane E.; Hill, Arica; Horrocks, Julia A.; Mukhida, Farah; Providence, FitzGerald; Questel, Karl; Ramnanan, Naitram; Steele, Sophia; Vique Bosquet, Isabel M.; Knapp,

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When a new species is introduced, the species could potentially breed with members of native species, producing hybrids. The effect of the creating of hybrids can range from having little effect, a negative effect, to having devastating effects on native species. Potential negative effects include

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that earn much of their profit through the selling of genetically modified seeds has added to the controversy surrounding introduced species. The effect of genetically modified organisms varies from organism to organism and is still being researched today, however, the rise of genetically modified

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Although most introduced species have negative impacts on the ecosystems they enter into, there are still some species that have affected the ecosystem in a positive way. For example, in New Hampshire invasive plants can provide some benefits to some species. Invasive species such as autumn olive,

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In the second case, species intentionally transported into a new region may escape from captive or cultivated populations and subsequently establish independent breeding populations. Escaped organisms are included in this category because their initial transport to a new region is human motivated.

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Acclimatized species are introduced species that have changed physically and/or behaviorally in order to adjust to their new environment. Acclimatized species are not necessarily optimally adjusted to their new environment and may just be physically/behaviorally sufficient for the new environment.

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and may be regarded as beneficial as an alternative to pesticides in agriculture for example. In some instances the potential for being beneficial or detrimental in the long run remains unknown. The effects of introduced species on natural environments have gained much scrutiny from scientists,

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The exotic pet trade has also been a large source of introduced species. The species favored as pets have more general habitat requirements and larger distributions. Therefore, as these pets escape or are released, unintentionally or intentionally, they are more likely to survive and establish

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Most accidentally or intentionally introduced species do not become invasive as the ones mentioned above. For instance, Some 179 coccinellid species have been introduced to the U.S. and Canada; about 27 of these non-native species have become established, and only a handful can be considered

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Unintentional introductions occur when species are transported by human vectors. Increasing rates of human travel are providing accelerating opportunities for species to be accidentally transported into areas in which they are not considered native. For example, three species of

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In plants, introduced species have been observed to undergo rapid evolutionary change to adapt to their new environments, with changes in plant height, size, leaf shape, dispersal ability, reproductive output, vegetative reproduction ability, level of dependence on the

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Knapp, Charles R.; Grant, Tandora D.; Pasachnik, Stesha A.; Angin, Baptiste; Boman, Erik; Brisbane, Jeanelle; Buckner, Sandra D.; Haakonsson, Jane E.; Harlow, Peter S.; Mukhida, Farah; Thomas-Moko, Nunia; Burg, Matthijs P.; Wasilewski, Joseph A. (6 November 2020).

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Perhaps the most common motivation for introducing a species into a new place is that of economic gain. Non-native species can become such a common part of an environment, culture, and even diet that little thought is given to their geographic origin. For example,

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In other cases, species have been translocated for reasons of "cultural nostalgia", which refers to instances in which humans who have migrated to new regions have intentionally brought with them familiar organisms. Famous examples include the introduction of

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are often introduced species that do not need human help to reproduce and maintain their population in an area outside their native range (no longer adventive), but that also applies to populations migrating and establishing in a novel environment (e.g.: in

1359:, as hybrids appear to have higher fitness than native iguanas, leading to competitive outcompetition and replacement. Numerous populations have already become extinct and hybridization continues to reduce the number of native iguanas on multiple islands. 430:

if not initially successful, humans have made repeated introductions to improve the probability that the species will survive and eventually reproduce in the wild. In these cases, it is clear that the introduction is directly facilitated by human desires.

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are non-native species to North America. Collectively, non-native crops and livestock account for 98% of US food. These and other benefits from non-natives are so vast that, according to the Congressional Research Service, they probably exceed the costs.

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activity, directly or indirectly, and either deliberately or accidentally. Non-native species can have various effects on the local ecosystem. Introduced species that become established and spread beyond the place of introduction are considered

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van den Burg, Matthijs P.; Brisbane, Jeanelle L. K.; Knapp, Charles R. (14 October 2019). "Post-hurricane relief facilitates invasion and establishment of two invasive alien vertebrate species in the Commonwealth of Dominica, West Indies".

175:), while other introduced species may have little or no negative impact (no invasiveness), and integrate well into the ecosystem they have been introduced to. Some species have been introduced intentionally to combat pests. They are called 650:, who, it is rumoured, wanted to introduce all of the birds mentioned in Shakespeare's plays into the United States. He deliberately released eighty starlings into Central Park in New York City in 1890, and another forty in 1891. 936:

and becoming invasive. Studies have shown that introduced species display a greater likeliness of naturalizing when there is an appropriate environmental match, the plant species are short lived herbs or cultivate from seeds.

786:. The Mediterranean and Black Seas, with their high volume shipping from exotic sources, are most impacted by this problem. Busy harbors are all potential hotspots as well: over 200 species have been introduced to the 1693: 813:) was introduced accidentally in Pennsylvania. Another form of unintentional introductions is when an intentionally introduced plant carries a parasite or herbivore with it. Some become invasive, for example, the 2922:

Whalley, R. D. B.; Price, J. N.; Macdonald, M. J.; Berney, P. J. (2011). "Drivers of change in the Social-Ecological Systems of the Gwydir Wetlands and Macquarie Marshes in northern New South Wales, Australia".

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A special case of introduction is the reintroduction of a species that has become locally endangered or extinct, done in the interests of conservation. Examples of successful reintroductions include wolves to

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Fitzpatrick, Sarah W.; Gerberich, Jill C.; Angeloni, Lisa M.; Bailey, Larissa L.; Broder, Emily D.; Torres-Dowdall, Julian; Handelsman, Corey A.; López-Sepulcre, Andrés; Reznick, David N. (2016-08-01).

3457:"Genetic Evidence of Hybridization between the Endangered Native Species Iguana delicatissima and the Invasive Iguana iguana (Reptilia, Iguanidae) in the Lesser Antilles: Management Implications" 3594:

Lupisella, M.; Bleacher, J.; Lewis, R.; Dworkin, J.; Wright, M.; Burton, A.; Rubins, K.; Wallace, S.; Stahl, S.; John, K.; Archer, D.; Niles, P.; Regberg, A.; Smith, D.; Race, M. (2018-02-01).

1147:, the success of introduced bird species was related to their native range size and body size; larger species with larger native range sizes were found to have larger introduced range sizes. 541:) from California to Australia and New Zealand as a commercial timber crop. These examples represent only a small subsample of species that have been moved by humans for economic interests. 1314:

population when high levels of escape from Atlantic Salmon farms into the wild populations resulted in hybrids that had reduced survival. Potential positive effects include adding to the

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Adventive species are often considered synonymous with "introduced species", but this term is sometimes applied exclusively to introduced species that are not permanently established.

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in other star systems some time in the future. In preparation for this, projects have been proposed to see if anything is still alive from any of the feces left behind during the six

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The impact of introduced species is highly variable. Some have a substantial negative effect on a local ecosystem (in which case they are also classified more specifically as an

2122: 979:, which have become an essential source of early season nectar for both native and introduced pollinators, and do not meaningfully compete with native grasses or flowers. 1172:

in the late 1800s for pest control. Since then, it has thrived on prey unequipped to deal with its speed, nearly leading to the local extinction of a variety of species.

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prevents the introduction of any animal not naturally occurring in the wild or any of a list of both animals or plants introduced previously and proved to be invasive.

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McGinnity, Philip; Prodöhl, Paulo; Ferguson, Andy; Hynes, Rosaleen; Maoiléidigh, Niall ó; Baker, Natalie; Cotter, Deirdre; O'Hea, Brendan; Cooke, Declan (2003-12-07).

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it has been listed as an invasive plant species of concern in the Mediterranean region, where it can form monocultures that threaten critical conservation habitats.

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species has become widely distributed across the country. Though non-native, its leaves attract insects which serve as a food source for populations of native birds.

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was released in Southeast Asia with the intent that it be used as a protein source, and subsequently to places like Hawaii to establish a food industry. In Alaska,

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Lundgren, E.J.; Ramp, D.; Rowan, J.; Middleton, O.; Schowanek, S.D.; Sanisidro, O.; Carroll, S.P.; Davis, M.; Sandom, C.J.; Svenning, J.-C.; Wallach, A.D. (2020).

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use has and continues to be a source of many introductions. Some of these species have escaped horticultural control and become invasive. Notable examples include

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non-native populations in the wild. Among the popular exotic pets that have become alien or invasive species are parrots, frogs, terrapins, and iguanas.

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Immigrant species are species that travel, sometimes by themselves, but often with human help, between two habitats. Invasiveness is not a requirement.

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The term "invasive" is used to describe introduced species that cause ecological, economic, or other damage to the area in which they were introduced.

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are sometimes transported to areas far beyond their native range by riding in shipments of tropical fruit. This was seen during the introduction of

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Introduction of a species outside its native range is all that is required to be qualified as an "introduced species". Such species might be termed

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Intentional introductions have also been undertaken with the aim of ameliorating environmental problems. A number of fast spreading plants such as

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Riley, Seth P. D.; Shaffer, H. Bradley; Voss, S. Randal; Fitzpatrick, Benjamin M. (2003). "Hybridization Between a Rare, Native Tiger Salamander (

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From a regulatory perspective, it is neither desirable nor practical to list as undesirable or outright ban all non-native species (although the

1759: 967:. Many introduced species require continued human intervention to survive in the new environment. Others may become feral, but do not seriously 4665: 4393: 2779: 912:, has been introduced across most of Europe and parts of North America as an ornamental plant. Introduced to the United Kingdom in 1616, this 6442: 2964: 2808:

Dong, Bi-Cheng; Yang, Qiang; Kinlock, Nicole L.; Pouteau, Robin; Pyšek, Petr; Weigelt, Patrick; Yu, Fei-Hai; van Kleunen, Mark (April 2024).

4670: 2019:"Can you nest where you roost? Waterbirds use different sites but similar cues to locate roosting and breeding sites in a small Indian city" 1590: 5730: 5542: 4227: 2881:

Xu, Cheng-Yuan; Tang, Shaoqing; Fatemi, Mohammad; Gross, Caroline L.; Julien, Mic H.; Curtis, Caitlin; van Klinken, Rieks D. (2015-09-01).

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Many plants have been introduced with the intent of aesthetically improving public recreation areas or private properties. The introduced

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have also been frequently transported into new areas by humans, and their escapes have resulted in several introductions, such as feral

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is "A species that has been intentionally or inadvertently brought into a region or area. Also called an exotic or non-native species".

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Introductions have also been important in supporting recreation activities or otherwise increasing human enjoyment. Numerous fish and

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Su, S.; Cassey, P.; Dyer, E. E.; Blackburn, T. M. (2017). "Geographical range expansion of alien birds and environmental matching".

2113: 725:, which advocates the introduction of new individuals into genetically depauperate populations of endangered or threatened species. 386: 286: 1322:

ability of the population and increase the number of healthy individuals within a population. This was seen in the introduction of

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has added another potential economic advantage to introducing new/modified species into different environments. Companies such as

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from the Red Sea, or as an accidental introduction from an aquarium. Another troublesome plant species is the terrestrial plant

6175: 5912: 5302: 4690: 4403: 4270: 3982: 1668: 1033:, a dietary supplement. It can grow in building foundations, threatening their stability, and spreads quite quickly. Mesquite ( 339: 3143: 196:

wild", which means that species growing in a garden, farm, or house may not meet the criteria unless they escape and persist.

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Lowe, Sarah (2000). "00 of the world's worst invasive alien species: a selection from the global invasive species database".

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were introduced to many islands to create new populations for the fur trade. About twenty species of African and European

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to parts of England and Scotland. Introductions or translocations of species have also been proposed in the interest of

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is seldom understood in the beginning, and many non-native ornamentals languish in the trade for years before suddenly

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in an effort to reduce the impact of livestock manure. The timber industry promoted the introduction of Monterey pine (

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Most introduced species do not become invasive. Examples of introduced animals that have become invasive include the

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Foster, Jennifer; Sandberg, L. Anders (2004). "Friends or Foe? Invasive Species and Public Green Space in Toronto".

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grows profusely in many nations. Human beings introduced it into many places in the 19th century. It is a source of

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Richardson, David M.; Pysek, Petr; Rejmanek, Marcel; Barbour, Michael G.; Panetta, F. Dane; West, Carol J. (2000).

806: 2278:"Rarely naturalized, but widespread and even invasive: the paradox of a popular pet terrapin expansion in Eurasia" 2226: 1792: 1643:"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment. September 16, 2003. Introduced species" 313: 6197: 6155: 6117: 5682: 5476: 5156: 4768: 4660: 4518: 4503: 4498: 3889: 3562:"Assessment of Planetary Protection and Contamination Control Technologies for Future Planetary Science Missions" 2418:

Moritz, Craig (2004). "Conservation Units and Translocations: Strategies for Conserving Evolutionary Processes".

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Vuillaume, Barbara; Valette, Victorien; Lepais, Olivier; Grandjean, Frédéric; Breuil, Michel (5 June 2015).

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hybrids that are less fit for their environment resulting in a population decrease. This was seen in the

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Cohen, A. N.; Carlton, James T. (1998). "Accelerating Invasion Rate in a Highly Invaded Estuary".

1011:. The origin of the alga in the Mediterranean was thought to be either as a migration through the 6579: 6520: 6481: 6414: 6389: 6384: 6202: 6079: 5873: 5745: 5380: 5307: 5244: 5227: 5176: 5171: 4980: 4943: 4606: 4463: 4388: 4290: 4222: 4212: 4146: 4093: 3904: 3849: 3811: 3736: 3669:

Ecologists challenge the categories that identify some species as natives and others as invaders.

3543: 3486: 3437: 3421: 3124: 2676: 2660: 2621: 2597: 2553: 2334: 2169: 2093: 1914: 1582: 1458: 987: 738:(the black, Norway and Polynesian) have spread to most of the world as hitchhikers on ships, and 698: 666: 643: 631: 567: 151: 4685: 360: 6409: 6269: 6089: 5998: 5966: 5883: 5836: 5763: 5735: 5504: 5499: 5297: 5116: 5085: 4873: 4700: 4508: 4373: 4350: 4207: 4088: 3864: 3776: 3761: 3746: 3726: 3634: 3504: 3429: 3379: 3361: 3313: 3295: 3256: 3213: 3116: 2960: 2904: 2839: 2668: 2613: 2605: 2545: 2466: 2161: 2085: 1751: 1564: 1546: 1483: 1468: 1331: 1315: 1232: 1216: 1026: 996: 913: 864: 859: 854: 845: 787: 772: 615: 565:

have been introduced for the purposes of sport fishing and hunting. The introduced amphibian (

164: 136: 135:, in which species spread to new areas through "natural" (non-human) means such as storms and 6591: 6574: 6515: 6353: 6254: 6212: 6180: 6074: 6028: 5988: 5895: 5863: 5831: 5816: 5800: 5775: 5560: 5514: 5070: 4933: 4925: 4843: 4725: 4710: 4646: 4626: 4543: 4533: 4528: 4493: 4325: 4265: 4136: 3937: 3879: 3791: 3751: 3535: 3494: 3476: 3411: 3369: 3353: 3303: 3287: 3246: 3203: 3193: 3106: 3096: 3036: 3028: 3001: 2932: 2894: 2829: 2652: 2589: 2537: 2458: 2427: 2398: 2326: 2289: 2256: 2208: 2153: 2112: 2075: 2030: 1904: 1834: 1743: 1554: 1536: 1503: 1417: 1346:. Wide-spread introductions of non-native iguanas are causing devastating effects on native 1301:

have introduced around the world, causing dramatic changes in native freshwater ecosystems.

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of the target species with the intention of reducing its numbers or controlling its spread.

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Introduced Species in U.S. Coastal Waters: Environmental Impacts and Management Priorities

1356: 1343: 1311: 1228: 1017: 943:, for example, originated in China, and have been carried to much of the populated world. 885: 841: 829: 798: 794: 778: 639: 600: 438: 147: 119: 2810:"Naturalization of introduced plants is driven by life-form-dependent cultivation biases" 1003:. By 1997, it had covered some 50 km. It has a strong potential to overgrow natural 3611: 3595: 3472: 3349: 3189: 3092: 2997: 2825: 2585: 2533: 2394: 2322: 2204: 1900: 1830: 1739: 6567: 6530: 6264: 6150: 6107: 6101: 6097: 5942: 5927: 5878: 5868: 5780: 5634: 5390: 5361: 5186: 5010: 4963: 4893: 4888: 4783: 4650: 4523: 4330: 4320: 4300: 4177: 4103: 4068: 4007: 3884: 3839: 3731: 3568: 3499: 3456: 3374: 3333: 3308: 3275: 3208: 3173: 3111: 3076: 2330: 1559: 1524: 1425: 1421: 1339: 1072: 623: 562: 496: 3654: 2034: 1385: 920:

Many non-native plants have been introduced into new territories, initially as either

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with natives, but simply increase the biodiversity of the area. One example would be

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for example occupies a prominent status in many of Canada's parks. The transport of

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organisms has added complexity to the conversations surrounding introduced species.

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into the population. The results of this introduction included increased levels of

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Yet another prominent example of an introduced species that became invasive is the

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A systematic study of the genus Phyla Lour. (Verbenaceae: Verbenoideae, Lantanae)

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because he missed hunting them. A more recent example is the introduction of the

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The widespread phenomena of intentional introduction has also been described as

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in the aftermath of natural disasters. This occurred during relief efforts for

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have established themselves in Australia after deliberate introduction by the

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One notoriously devastating introduced species is the small Indian mongoose (

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Further there are numerous examples of marine organisms being transported in

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Some argue that "invasive" is a loaded word and harm is difficult to define.

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Yet another unintentional pathway of introduction is during the delivery of

739: 492: 480: 3508: 3383: 3317: 3291: 3217: 3120: 2617: 2165: 2062:

Pimentel, David; Lach, Lori; Zuniga, Rodolfo; Morrison, Doug (2000-01-01).

2017:

Mehta, Kanishka; Koli, Vijay K.; Kittur, Swati; Sundar, K. S. Gopi (2024).

1755: 1568: 1175:

In some cases, introduced animals may unintentionally promote the cause of

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was first introduced to the United States as a potential food source. The

30:"Alien species" redirects here. For life on planets other than Earth, see 5993: 5937: 5598: 5447: 5415: 5161: 5090: 4621: 4128: 4040: 3987: 3942: 3655:

National Estuarine and Marine Exotic Species Information System (NEMESIS)

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in this manner making it the most heavily invaded estuary in the world.

743: 718: 549: 412: 237: 155: 67: 1721:"A uniform terminology on bioinvasions: a chimera or an operative tool?" 5954: 5457: 5435: 5322: 5317: 5151: 4958: 4828: 4823: 4450: 4398: 4058: 3703: 3631:

Inheritors of the Earth: How Nature Is Thriving in an Age of Extinction

1815:"Naturalization and invasion of alien plants: concepts and definitions" 1493: 1323: 1291: 1285: 1192: 1128: 1112: 1096: 1004: 983: 952: 925: 909: 694: 476: 327: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 111: 3416: 3399: 3357: 3251: 3232: 3032: 2834: 2809: 2261: 2244: 1784: 6358: 6338: 6232: 5907: 5400: 3231:

Kotov, Alexey A.; Karabanov, Dmitry P.; Van Damme, Kay (2022-09-09).

3077:"Introduced herbivores restore Late Pleistocene ecological functions" 2695: 1348: 1335: 1248: 1184: 1169: 1144: 1132: 1120: 1100: 1088: 1000: 944: 905: 757: 747: 604: 586: 274: 229: 71: 3144:"Pablo Escobar's hippos may help counteract a legacy of extinctions" 2936: 2212: 507:

Other examples of species introduced for the purposes of benefiting

2245:"The Number and Distribution of Introduced and Naturalized Parrots" 1045: 928:

control, stock feed, or forestry. Whether an exotic will become an

37: 6368: 6310: 5651: 5583: 5481: 5373: 2144:

Naylor, R. L. (2001). "Aquaculture—A Gateway for Exotic Species".

1260: 1244: 1180: 1161: 1044: 956: 948: 940: 889: 690: 678: 577:) was introduced to California as a source of bait for fishermen. 484: 432: 405: 123: 50: 36: 3280:

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences

131:. The process of human-caused introduction is distinguished from 6343: 5464: 5452: 5368: 3400:"The global need to address threats from invasive alien iguanas" 2637: 2635: 1268: 1264: 1157: 1104: 872:

and probably accounts for more observations than all the native

241: 5240: 4423: 3676: 1235:, have been introduced very widely. In addition there are some 1380: 1276: 1272: 1252: 1240: 735: 646:, a lover of the works of Shakespeare and the chairman of the 582: 578: 524: 296: 3567:. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. January 24, 2011. Archived from 2572:

Charles R. (7 May 2021). "Biosecurity for humanitarian aid".

2379:"Assisted colonization under the U.S. Endangered Species Act" 661:, a British landowner, had rabbits released on his estate in 5236: 982:

A very troublesome marine species in southern Europe is the

603:), a native of East Asia, has been introduced into parts of 2081:

10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0053:EAECON]2.3.CO;2

1719:

Occhipinti-Ambrogi, Anna; Galil, Bella S. (November 2004).

2950:

Olivier, Louis; Galland, Jean-Paul; Maurin, Hervé (1995).

2486:"Alien marine organisms introduced by ships - An overview" 2243:

Calzada Preston, Carlos E.; Pruett-Jones, Stephen (2021).

848:

were introduced with the former two becoming established.

677:

boy, George Rau, around 1950 after a family vacation to

188:

The formal definition of an introduced species from the

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to the United States. The insect commonly known as the

2700:

Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington

158:) relationships. Neobiota can further be divided into 6539: 817:, accidentally introduced with the ornamental plant, 1956:"Invasive Species Program. Clemson University – DPI" 1885:"A neutral terminology to define 'invasive' species" 571:) that threatens the endemic California salamander ( 6428: 6377: 6326: 6293: 6126: 6065: 6027: 6009: 5809: 5744: 5681: 5607: 5576: 5541: 5525: 5490: 5283: 5099: 4999: 4924: 4797: 4734: 4594: 4462: 4364: 4243: 4170: 4127: 4049: 4016: 3913: 3825: 3719: 1587:

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service - Endangered Species

143:captures the characteristic that these species are 1989:"Can invasive species be beneficial for wildlife?" 1191:may play ecological roles similar to those of the 162:(also: neozoons, sing. neozoon, i.e. animals) and 2445:C.M.Z.S, Rev O. P. Cambridge M. A. (1879-09-01). 1785:"Immigration, Extinction, and Island Equilibrium" 852:invasive, including the intentionally introduced 705:. This involves the purposeful introduction of a 1055:, from Asia, introduced in the rest of the world 3580: 3178:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3081:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1883:Colautti, Robert I.; MacIsaac, Hugh J. (2004). 1529:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 797:(AHB), known colloquially as "killer bees") or 697:control. Other species have been introduced as 416:introduced worldwide from its place of origin ( 3667:The Naked Scientists Invasive Species Articles 2377:Shirey, Patrick D.; Lamberti, Gary A. (2010). 1007:, and represents a major risk for sublittoral 5252: 4435: 3688: 2047:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 ( 1687: 1685: 1523:Sax, Dov F.; Gaines, Steven D. (2008-08-12). 515:or other economic activities are widespread. 190:United States Environmental Protection Agency 150:to their environment in terms of established 8: 793:There is also the accidental release of the 3600:Deep Space Gateway Concept Science Workshop 3058:Auckland: Invasive Species Specialist Group 2863:(Thesis). The University of Texas at Austin 5259: 5245: 5237: 4656:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity 4442: 4428: 4420: 3695: 3681: 3673: 3498: 3480: 3415: 3373: 3307: 3250: 3207: 3197: 3110: 3100: 3040: 2953:Livre rouge de la flore menacée de France 2898: 2833: 2780:"Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum)" 2402: 2293: 2260: 2079: 1908: 1838: 1558: 1540: 1318:of the population which can increase the 465:Motivations for intentional introductions 387:Learn how and when to remove this message 4554:Predator–prey (Lotka–Volterra) equations 4193:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense 3578:3.1.1 Microbial Reduction Methodologies: 1855:"IUCN SSC - Species Survival Commission" 1156:). Originating in a region encompassing 47:introduced but not naturalized worldwide 6546: 6400:Pollutant release and transfer register 4586:Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model 2484:Briand, Frederic; Galil, Bella (2002). 1515: 4394:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense 2750:"Horse chestnut | The Wildlife Trusts" 2694:Gordon, R. D.; Vandenberg, N. (1991), 2502: 2491: 2451:Annals and Magazine of Natural History 2040: 756:(Noble false widow) worldwide through 3172:Gippet, JMW; Bertelsmeier, C (2021). 2276:Reshetnikov, Andrey N. (2023-01-24). 7: 6490: 5731:Electromagnetic radiation and health 4409:Predator avoidance in schooling fish 1765:from the original on 29 January 2021 1428:after the former is introduced by a 325:adding citations to reliable sources 27:Species introduced by human activity 6506: 6498: 5589:Radium and radon in the environment 4859:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis 2352:Deichsel, Guntram; Gist, Daniel H. 2125:from the original on 17 August 2022 1661:"Glossary | Chesapeake Bay Program" 693:have been introduced as a means of 4612:Ecological effects of biodiversity 2980:Choudaj, K.; Wankhede, V. (2021). 2331:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2004.tb00166.x 1593:from the original on 28 March 2019 959:(corn), and tobacco are native to 206:Glossary of invasion biology terms 25: 3948:Generalist and specialist species 2035:10.1007/s11252-023-01454-5towards 1696:(Report). Pew Oceans Commission. 685:Addressing environmental problems 642:to North America by the American 287:Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 236:are well established since early 180:governments, farmers and others. 122:, but which has arrived there by 6585: 6573: 6561: 6549: 6524: 6514: 6505: 6497: 6489: 6477: 6476: 4671:Occupancy–abundance relationship 3540:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01759.x 2738:from the original on 2017-05-03. 2432:10.1111/j.1601-5223.1999.00217.x 2404:10.1111/j.1755-263x.2009.00083.x 2191:) and its Introduced Congener". 2111:Johnson, Tim (9 November 2003). 1973:Tobin, Patrick C. (2018-10-23). 1910:10.1111/j.1366-9516.2004.00061.x 1840:10.1046/j.1472-4642.2000.00083.x 1700:from the original on 29 May 2019 1623:from the original on 28 May 2019 1384: 1211:Most commonly introduced species 648:American Acclimatization Society 301: 5303:Atmospheric dispersion modeling 4691:Relative abundance distribution 4404:Plant defense against herbivory 4271:Competitive exclusion principle 3983:Mesopredator release hypothesis 3154:from the original on 2020-03-28 2790:from the original on 2021-11-03 2760:from the original on 2021-04-14 2710:from the original on 2017-05-25 1999:from the original on 2022-12-13 1795:from the original on 2021-06-11 1748:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.08.011 1671:from the original on 2022-06-04 1243:species that frequently become 312:needs additional citations for 4276:Consumer–resource interactions 1943:President of the United States 1416:It has been hypothesized that 546:genetically modified organisms 533:Australian Dung Beetle Project 1: 5791:Electrical resistance heating 5122:Biological data visualization 4949:Environmental niche modelling 4676:Population viability analysis 1535:(supplement_1): 11490–11497. 963:, but were introduced to the 868:has become the most abundant 5443:Persistent organic pollutant 4607:Density-dependent inhibition 3482:10.1371/journal.pone.0127575 2542:10.1126/science.279.5350.555 1861:. 2007-03-03. Archived from 1377:Interplanetary contamination 655:European rabbit in Australia 240:though they originated from 6453:Least polluted cities by PM 5076:Liebig's law of the minimum 4911:Resource selection function 3802:Metabolic theory of ecology 2814:Diversity and Distributions 1889:Diversity and Distributions 1819:Diversity and Distributions 1164:, it was introduced to the 846:Venezuela snouted tree frog 729:Unintentional introductions 6629: 6395:Pollution haven hypothesis 6318:Brain health and pollution 5556:Ecological light pollution 5386:Internal combustion engine 4976:Niche apportionment models 4696:Relative species abundance 3900:Primary nutritional groups 3797:List of feeding behaviours 3006:10.1007/s42965-021-00158-1 2657:10.1007/s10530-019-02107-5 1692:Carlton, James T. (2002). 1583:"Foreign Species Overview" 1374: 1215:Some species, such as the 999:in 1984, off the coast of 995:was first observed in the 883: 807:brown marmorated stink bug 801:to Brazil in 1957 and the 776:, the dangerous bacterium 767:, among them the invasive 203: 74:as a forage and cover crop 29: 6474: 6198:Nonpoint source pollution 6118:War and environmental law 5477:Volatile organic compound 5274: 5225: 5157:Ecosystem based fisheries 4769:Interspecific competition 4661:Minimum viable population 4519:Maximum sustainable yield 4504:Intraspecific competition 4499:Effective population size 4379:Anti-predator adaptations 3890:Photosynthetic efficiency 3338:Evolutionary Applications 2857:Kennedy, Kathryn (1992). 2463:10.1080/00222937908679818 2295:10.3897/neobiota.81.90473 2119:The Burlington Free Press 1975:Managing invasive species 1728:Marine Pollution Bulletin 715:Yellowstone National Park 425:Intentional introductions 5657:Marine mammals and sonar 5568:Radio spectrum pollution 5147:Ecological stoichiometry 5112:Alternative stable state 3629:Chris D. Thomas (2017). 1977:(Report). F1000Research. 1499:Naturalisation (biology) 1199:there at the end of the 1187:that have gone feral in 1052:Gallus gallus domesticus 836:, it was found that the 607:for ornamental reasons. 450:biological globalization 6503:WikiProject Environment 6461:Most polluted countries 6405:Polluter pays principle 6136:Agricultural wastewater 4991:Ontogenetic niche shift 4854:Ideal free distribution 4764:Ecological facilitation 4514:Malthusian growth model 4484:Consumer-resource model 4341:Paradox of the plankton 4306:Energy systems language 4026:Chemoorganoheterotrophy 3993:Optimal foraging theory 3968:Heterotrophic nutrition 3199:10.1073/pnas.2016337118 3102:10.1073/pnas.1915769117 2594:10.1126/science.abj0449 2193:Ecological Applications 2189:Ambystoma Californiense 2158:10.1126/science.1064875 1542:10.1073/pnas.0802290105 1179:. For example, escaped 1137:common brushtail possum 544:The rise in the use of 293:Nature of introductions 139:. The Latin expression 133:biological colonization 6521:Environment portal 5754:Agricultural pollution 5137:Ecological forecasting 5081:Marginal value theorem 4879:Landscape epidemiology 4814:Cross-boundary subsidy 4749:Biological interaction 4099:Microbial intelligence 3787:Green world hypothesis 3584: 3292:10.1098/rspb.2003.2520 2754:www.wildlifetrusts.org 2501:Cite journal requires 2037:(inactive 2024-04-04). 1474:Colonisation (biology) 1056: 917: 901:Aesculus hippocastanum 844:, and potentially the 795:Africanized honey bees 673:to North America by a 456:Positive Introductions 441: 421: 104:non-indigenous species 75: 48: 44:Bos primigenius taurus 18:Non-indigenous species 6176:Industrial wastewater 6042:Clutter (advertising) 5950:Municipal solid waste 5796:Soil guideline values 5640:Sustainable transport 5533:Information pollution 5333:Open burning of waste 5142:Ecological humanities 5041:Ecological energetics 4986:Niche differentiation 4849:Habitat fragmentation 4617:Ecological extinction 4564:Small population size 4316:Feed conversion ratio 4296:Ecological succession 4228:San Francisco Estuary 4142:Ecological efficiency 4084:Microbial cooperation 2925:The Rangeland Journal 1932:Exec. Order No. 13112 1665:www.chesapeakebay.net 1048: 893: 717:in the U.S., and the 436: 409: 54: 40: 32:Extraterrestrial life 6448:Most polluted cities 6141:Biological pollution 6052:Overhead power lines 5167:Evolutionary ecology 5132:Ecological footprint 5127:Ecological economics 5051:Ecological threshold 5046:Ecological indicator 4916:Source–sink dynamics 4869:Land change modeling 4864:Insular biogeography 4716:Species distribution 4455:Modelling ecosystems 4114:Microbial metabolism 3953:Intraguild predation 3742:Biogeochemical cycle 3708:Modelling ecosystems 2900:10.1890/ES14-00374.1 2732:Lost Ladybug Project 2728:"Summary by Species" 2645:Biological Invasions 2383:Conservation Letters 1464:Biological dispersal 1424:could contaminate a 1229:ring-necked pheasant 723:genetic conservation 336:"Introduced species" 321:improve this article 6613:Ecology terminology 6511:WikiProject Ecology 6208:Ocean acidification 6113:Unexploded ordnance 5984:Post-consumer waste 5844:Foam food container 5822:Biodegradable waste 5396:Global distillation 5217:Theoretical ecology 5192:Natural environment 5056:Ecosystem diversity 5026:Ecological collapse 5016:Bateman's principle 4971:Limiting similarity 4884:Landscape limnology 4706:Species homogeneity 4544:Population modeling 4539:Population dynamics 4356:Trophic state index 3612:2018LPICo2063.3032L 3473:2015PLoSO..1027575V 3404:Animal Conservation 3350:2016EvApp...9..879F 3286:(1532): 2443–2450. 3190:2021PNAS..11816337G 3093:2020PNAS..117.7871L 2998:2021TrEco..62..499C 2826:2024DivDi..30...55D 2586:2021Sci...372..581V 2534:1998Sci...279..555C 2395:2010ConL....3...45S 2323:2004GeoRv..94..178F 2311:Geographical Review 2205:2003EcoAp..13.1263R 2152:(5547): 1655–1656. 2121:. pp. 2D, 3D. 1901:2004DivDi..10..135C 1831:2000DivDi...6...93R 1740:2004MarPB..49..688O 1479:Directed panspermia 1444:from 1969 to 1972. 1371:On a planetary body 1365:mycorrhizal network 1352:populations in the 838:common green iguana 225:Naturalized species 200:Subset descriptions 114:living outside its 6608:Introduced species 6531:Ecology portal 6415:Waste minimisation 6390:Industrial ecology 6385:Cleaner production 6203:Nutrient pollution 6080:Herbicidal warfare 5874:Construction waste 5510:Introduced species 5381:Indoor air quality 5308:Chlorofluorocarbon 5228:Outline of ecology 5177:Industrial ecology 5172:Functional ecology 5036:Ecological deficit 4981:Niche construction 4944:Ecosystem engineer 4721:Species–area curve 4642:Introduced species 4457:: Other components 4389:Deimatic behaviour 4291:Ecological network 4223:North Pacific Gyre 4208:hydrothermal vents 4147:Ecological pyramid 4094:Microbial food web 3905:Primary production 3850:Foundation species 3660:2019-08-27 at the 3528:Journal of Ecology 3142:Rowan, J. (2020). 2114:"Invasive Species" 1937:(February 3, 1999) 1459:Adventitious plant 1396:. You can help by 1334:and introduce new 1057: 1041:Introduced animals 1035:Prosopis juliflora 988:Caulerpa taxifolia 947:are native to the 918: 701:agents to control 699:biological control 667:common wall lizard 644:Eugene Schieffelin 632:purple loosestrife 597:Lophura nycthemera 568:Ambystoma tigrinum 442: 422: 152:biological network 108:non-native species 80:introduced species 76: 62:), introduced and 49: 6537: 6536: 6410:Pollution control 6090:Nuclear holocaust 5999:Thermal treatment 5967:Plastic pollution 5884:Mercury poisoning 5837:Battery recycling 5736:Radioactive waste 5505:Genetic pollution 5500:Biological hazard 5298:Air quality index 5234: 5233: 5117:Balance of nature 4874:Landscape ecology 4759:Community ecology 4701:Species diversity 4637:Indicator species 4632:Gradient analysis 4509:Logistic function 4417: 4416: 4374:Animal coloration 4351:Trophic mutualism 4089:Microbial ecology 3880:Photoheterotrophs 3865:Myco-heterotrophy 3777:Ecosystem ecology 3762:Carrying capacity 3727:Abiotic component 3633:. PublicAffairs. 3522:Buswell, Joanna; 3417:10.1111/acv.12660 3358:10.1111/eva.12356 3252:10.3390/w14182806 3087:(14): 7871–7878. 3033:10.1111/ibi.12418 2966:978-2-86515-092-2 2835:10.1111/ddi.13788 2778:Trust, Woodland. 2580:(6542): 581–582. 2528:(5350): 555–558. 2262:10.3390/d13090412 1734:(9–10): 688–694. 1613:"Foreign Species" 1484:Genetic pollution 1469:Biological hazard 1438:habitable planets 1414: 1413: 1332:population growth 1316:genetic diversity 1233:European starling 1217:Western honey bee 1153:Urva auropunctata 1027:Japanese knotweed 997:Mediterranean Sea 922:ornamental plants 880:Introduced plants 865:Harmonia axyridis 860:Asian lady beetle 855:Harmonia axyridis 811:Halyomorpha halys 788:San Francisco Bay 782:, or the fouling 773:Mnemiopsis leidyi 671:Podarcis muralis) 616:ornamental plants 397: 396: 389: 371: 96:immigrant species 92:adventive species 16:(Redirected from 6620: 6590: 6589: 6578: 6577: 6566: 6565: 6564: 6554: 6553: 6552: 6545: 6529: 6528: 6527: 6519: 6518: 6509: 6508: 6501: 6500: 6493: 6492: 6480: 6479: 6354:Legacy pollution 6213:Oil exploitation 6075:Chemical warfare 5989:Waste management 5896:Industrial waste 5864:Biomedical waste 5832:Electronic waste 5817:Advertising mail 5801:Phytoremediation 5776:Land degradation 5561:Overillumination 5515:Invasive species 5261: 5254: 5247: 5238: 4934:Ecological niche 4906:selection theory 4726:Umbrella species 4711:Species richness 4647:Invasive species 4627:Flagship species 4534:Population cycle 4529:Overexploitation 4494:Ecological yield 4444: 4437: 4430: 4421: 4326:Mesotrophic soil 4266:Climax community 4198:Marine food webs 4137:Biomagnification 3938:Chemoorganotroph 3792:Keystone species 3752:Biotic component 3697: 3690: 3683: 3674: 3644: 3616: 3615: 3591: 3585: 3575: 3573: 3566: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3502: 3484: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3419: 3394: 3388: 3387: 3377: 3328: 3322: 3321: 3311: 3271: 3265: 3264: 3254: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3211: 3201: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3159: 3148:U. Mass. Amherst 3139: 3133: 3132: 3114: 3104: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3044: 3016: 3010: 3009: 2986:Tropical Ecology 2977: 2971: 2970: 2958: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2902: 2878: 2872: 2871: 2869: 2868: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2837: 2805: 2799: 2798: 2796: 2795: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2766: 2765: 2746: 2740: 2739: 2724: 2718: 2717: 2716: 2715: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2639: 2630: 2629: 2568: 2562: 2561: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2504: 2499: 2497: 2489: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2442: 2436: 2435: 2415: 2409: 2408: 2406: 2374: 2368: 2367: 2365: 2364: 2349: 2343: 2342: 2306: 2300: 2299: 2297: 2273: 2267: 2266: 2264: 2240: 2234: 2233: 2231: 2223: 2217: 2216: 2199:(5): 1263–1275. 2184: 2178: 2177: 2141: 2135: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2116: 2108: 2102: 2101: 2083: 2059: 2053: 2052: 2046: 2038: 2023:Urban Ecosystems 2014: 2008: 2007: 2005: 2004: 1985: 1979: 1978: 1970: 1964: 1963: 1958:. Archived from 1952: 1946: 1940: 1936: 1929: 1923: 1922: 1912: 1880: 1874: 1873: 1871: 1870: 1851: 1845: 1844: 1842: 1810: 1804: 1803: 1801: 1800: 1781: 1775: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1764: 1725: 1716: 1710: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1689: 1680: 1679: 1677: 1676: 1657: 1651: 1650: 1645:. Archived from 1639: 1633: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1609: 1603: 1602: 1600: 1598: 1579: 1573: 1572: 1562: 1544: 1520: 1504:Invasive species 1418:invasive species 1409: 1406: 1388: 1381: 1247:; these include 1093:Tierra del Fuego 930:invasive species 910:Balkan peninsula 826:humanitarian aid 753:Steatoda nobilis 703:invasive species 640:common starlings 574:A. californiense 392: 385: 381: 378: 372: 370: 329: 305: 297: 261:invasive species 251:Invasive species 173:invasive species 21: 6628: 6627: 6623: 6622: 6621: 6619: 6618: 6617: 6598: 6597: 6596: 6584: 6572: 6562: 6560: 6550: 6548: 6540: 6538: 6533: 6525: 6523: 6513: 6470: 6456: 6424: 6373: 6322: 6289: 6228:Pharmaceuticals 6218:Oil exploration 6122: 6094:Nuclear fallout 6061: 6023: 6005: 5979:Packaging waste 5933:Deep sea mining 5859:Hazardous waste 5805: 5786:Open defecation 5740: 5706:Nuclear fallout 5701:Nuclear fission 5677: 5603: 5572: 5543:Electromagnetic 5537: 5521: 5486: 5406:Ozone depletion 5279: 5270: 5265: 5235: 5230: 5221: 5207:Systems ecology 5095: 5066:Extinction debt 5031:Ecological debt 5021:Bioluminescence 5002: 4995: 4964:marine habitats 4939:Ecological trap 4920: 4800: 4793: 4736: 4730: 4686:Rapoport's rule 4681:Priority effect 4622:Endemic species 4590: 4549:Population size 4465: 4458: 4448: 4418: 4413: 4366: 4360: 4346:Trophic cascade 4256:Bioaccumulation 4239: 4166: 4123: 4045: 4012: 3909: 3821: 3782:Ecosystem model 3715: 3701: 3662:Wayback Machine 3651: 3641: 3628: 3625: 3623:Further reading 3620: 3619: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3576: 3571: 3564: 3560: 3559: 3555: 3521: 3520: 3516: 3467:(6): e0127575. 3454: 3453: 3449: 3396: 3395: 3391: 3330: 3329: 3325: 3273: 3272: 3268: 3230: 3229: 3225: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3157: 3155: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3018: 3017: 3013: 2979: 2978: 2974: 2967: 2956: 2949: 2948: 2944: 2937:10.1071/rj11002 2921: 2920: 2916: 2880: 2879: 2875: 2866: 2864: 2856: 2855: 2851: 2807: 2806: 2802: 2793: 2791: 2777: 2776: 2772: 2763: 2761: 2748: 2747: 2743: 2726: 2725: 2721: 2713: 2711: 2693: 2692: 2688: 2641: 2640: 2633: 2570: 2569: 2565: 2519: 2518: 2514: 2500: 2490: 2483: 2482: 2478: 2457:(21): 190–215. 2444: 2443: 2439: 2417: 2416: 2412: 2376: 2375: 2371: 2362: 2360: 2351: 2350: 2346: 2308: 2307: 2303: 2275: 2274: 2270: 2242: 2241: 2237: 2229: 2225: 2224: 2220: 2213:10.1890/02-5023 2186: 2185: 2181: 2143: 2142: 2138: 2128: 2126: 2110: 2109: 2105: 2061: 2060: 2056: 2039: 2016: 2015: 2011: 2002: 2000: 1987: 1986: 1982: 1972: 1971: 1967: 1954: 1953: 1949: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1882: 1881: 1877: 1868: 1866: 1853: 1852: 1848: 1812: 1811: 1807: 1798: 1796: 1783: 1782: 1778: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1723: 1718: 1717: 1713: 1703: 1701: 1691: 1690: 1683: 1674: 1672: 1659: 1658: 1654: 1641: 1640: 1636: 1626: 1624: 1611: 1610: 1606: 1596: 1594: 1581: 1580: 1576: 1522: 1521: 1517: 1512: 1450: 1410: 1404: 1401: 1394:needs expansion 1379: 1373: 1357:Lesser Antilles 1344:population size 1312:Atlantic Salmon 1307: 1213: 1087:in Europe, the 1043: 1018:Phyla canescens 888: 886:Adventive plant 882: 858:, multicolored 842:Cuban tree frog 830:Hurricane Maria 799:Africanized bee 779:Vibrio cholerae 731: 687: 601:silver pheasant 559: 557:Human enjoyment 472: 467: 439:silver pheasant 427: 393: 382: 376: 373: 330: 328: 318: 306: 295: 275:State of Hawaii 253: 208: 202: 186: 118:distributional 100:foreign species 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6626: 6624: 6616: 6615: 6610: 6600: 6599: 6595: 6594: 6582: 6570: 6558: 6556:Earth sciences 6535: 6534: 6475: 6472: 6471: 6469: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6445: 6443:Law by country 6440: 6434: 6432: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6381: 6379: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6330: 6328: 6324: 6323: 6321: 6320: 6315: 6314: 6313: 6308: 6297: 6295: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6265:Surface runoff 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6246: 6245: 6240: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6189: 6188: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6151:Eutrophication 6148: 6143: 6138: 6132: 6130: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6108:Scorched earth 6105: 6102:nuclear winter 6098:nuclear famine 6087: 6077: 6071: 6069: 6063: 6062: 6060: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6033: 6031: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6021: 6015: 6013: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6003: 6002: 6001: 5996: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5975: 5974: 5964: 5959: 5958: 5957: 5947: 5946: 5945: 5943:Uranium mining 5940: 5935: 5930: 5928:Surface mining 5925: 5920: 5910: 5905: 5904: 5903: 5893: 5892: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5879:Lead poisoning 5876: 5871: 5869:Chemical waste 5866: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5840: 5839: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5813: 5811: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5781:Bioremediation 5778: 5773: 5772: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5750: 5748: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5696:Bioremediation 5693: 5687: 5685: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5675: 5670: 5667: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5659: 5649: 5644: 5643: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617:Transportation 5613: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5580: 5578: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5570: 5565: 5564: 5563: 5558: 5547: 5545: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5535: 5529: 5527: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5519: 5518: 5517: 5507: 5502: 5496: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5473: 5472: 5462: 5461: 5460: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5439: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5391:Global dimming 5388: 5383: 5378: 5377: 5376: 5366: 5365: 5364: 5362:Diesel exhaust 5354: 5349: 5348: 5347: 5337: 5336: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5289: 5287: 5281: 5280: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5266: 5264: 5263: 5256: 5249: 5241: 5232: 5231: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5187:Microecosystem 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5103: 5101: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5093: 5088: 5086:Thorson's rule 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5011:Assembly rules 5007: 5005: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4967: 4966: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4930: 4928: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4896: 4894:Patch dynamics 4891: 4889:Metapopulation 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4805: 4803: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4791: 4786: 4784:Storage effect 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4740: 4738: 4732: 4731: 4729: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4666:Neutral theory 4663: 4658: 4653: 4651:Native species 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4598: 4596: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4588: 4583: 4582: 4581: 4576: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4524:Overpopulation 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4470: 4468: 4460: 4459: 4449: 4447: 4446: 4439: 4432: 4424: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4370: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4331:Nutrient cycle 4328: 4323: 4321:Feeding frenzy 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4301:Energy quality 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4261:Cascade effect 4258: 4253: 4247: 4245: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4237: 4236: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4174: 4172: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4133: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4122: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4104:Microbial loop 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4069:Lithoautotroph 4066: 4061: 4055: 4053: 4051:Microorganisms 4047: 4046: 4044: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4022: 4020: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4010: 4008:Prey switching 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3919: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3908: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3885:Photosynthesis 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3840:Chemosynthesis 3837: 3831: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3732:Abiotic stress 3729: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3716: 3702: 3700: 3699: 3692: 3685: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3664: 3650: 3649:External links 3647: 3646: 3645: 3640:978-1610397278 3639: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3617: 3586: 3574:on 2014-03-19. 3553: 3534:(1): 214–224. 3514: 3447: 3410:(5): 717–719. 3389: 3344:(7): 879–891. 3323: 3266: 3223: 3164: 3134: 3067: 3048: 3042:10019.1/121016 3027:(1): 193–203. 3011: 2992:(4): 499–507. 2972: 2965: 2942: 2914: 2873: 2849: 2800: 2784:Woodland Trust 2770: 2741: 2719: 2686: 2651:(2): 195–203. 2631: 2563: 2512: 2503:|journal= 2476: 2437: 2426:(3): 217–228. 2410: 2369: 2358:www.lacerta.de 2344: 2317:(2): 178–198. 2301: 2268: 2235: 2218: 2179: 2136: 2103: 2054: 2009: 1995:. 2018-09-26. 1980: 1965: 1962:on 2010-05-30. 1947: 1924: 1895:(2): 135–141. 1875: 1846: 1805: 1791:. 2016-12-14. 1776: 1711: 1681: 1652: 1649:on 2020-05-29. 1634: 1617:NOAA Fisheries 1604: 1574: 1514: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1449: 1446: 1426:planetary body 1422:microbial life 1412: 1411: 1391: 1389: 1375:Main article: 1372: 1369: 1340:heterozygosity 1306: 1303: 1212: 1209: 1042: 1039: 896:horse chestnut 881: 878: 876:put together. 815:oleander aphid 730: 727: 686: 683: 624:water hyacinth 558: 555: 497:American bison 471: 468: 466: 463: 426: 423: 395: 394: 309: 307: 300: 294: 291: 252: 249: 234:house sparrows 201: 198: 185: 182: 88:exotic species 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6625: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6569: 6559: 6557: 6547: 6543: 6532: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6504: 6496: 6487: 6483: 6473: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6435: 6433: 6431: 6427: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6382: 6380: 6376: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6325: 6319: 6316: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6302: 6299: 6298: 6296: 6292: 6286: 6285:Water quality 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6235: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6187: 6184: 6183: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6125: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6088: 6085: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6068: 6064: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6047:Traffic signs 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6026: 6020: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6012: 6008: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5991: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5973: 5972:Microplastics 5970: 5969: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5962:Nanomaterials 5960: 5956: 5953: 5952: 5951: 5948: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5902: 5901:Lead smelting 5899: 5898: 5897: 5894: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5861: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5838: 5835: 5834: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5808: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5756: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5743: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5721:Radioactivity 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5680: 5674: 5673:Noise control 5671: 5668: 5665: 5662: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5620: 5619: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5606: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5575: 5569: 5566: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5553: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5540: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5524: 5516: 5513: 5512: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5489: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5471: 5468: 5467: 5466: 5463: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5421:Metal working 5419: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5370: 5367: 5363: 5360: 5359: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5346: 5343: 5342: 5341: 5338: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5315: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5273: 5269: 5262: 5257: 5255: 5250: 5248: 5243: 5242: 5239: 5229: 5224: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5212:Urban ecology 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5098: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5071:Kleiber's law 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5004: 4998: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4965: 4962: 4961: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4923: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4844:Foster's rule 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4796: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4733: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4593: 4587: 4584: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4571: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4461: 4456: 4452: 4445: 4440: 4438: 4433: 4431: 4426: 4425: 4422: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4363: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4242: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4200: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4175: 4173: 4169: 4163: 4162:Trophic level 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4126: 4120: 4119:Phage ecology 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4109:Microbial mat 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4064:Bacteriophage 4062: 4060: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4048: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4031:Decomposition 4029: 4027: 4024: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4015: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3978:Mesopredators 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3923:Apex predator 3921: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3912: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3824: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3757:Biotic stress 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3724: 3722: 3718: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3698: 3693: 3691: 3686: 3684: 3679: 3678: 3675: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3632: 3627: 3626: 3622: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3590: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3570: 3563: 3557: 3554: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3524:Moles, Angela 3518: 3515: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3451: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3393: 3390: 3385: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3327: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3270: 3267: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3239: 3234: 3227: 3224: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3168: 3165: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3138: 3135: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3071: 3068: 3063: 3059: 3052: 3049: 3043: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3015: 3012: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2976: 2973: 2968: 2962: 2955: 2954: 2946: 2943: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2918: 2915: 2910: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2893:(9): art162. 2892: 2888: 2884: 2877: 2874: 2862: 2861: 2853: 2850: 2845: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2804: 2801: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2774: 2771: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2745: 2742: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2723: 2720: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2690: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2567: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2516: 2513: 2508: 2495: 2487: 2480: 2477: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2441: 2438: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2414: 2411: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2373: 2370: 2359: 2355: 2348: 2345: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2305: 2302: 2296: 2291: 2288:(1): 91–127. 2287: 2283: 2279: 2272: 2269: 2263: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2239: 2236: 2228: 2222: 2219: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2183: 2180: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2140: 2137: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2107: 2104: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2058: 2055: 2050: 2044: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2013: 2010: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1984: 1981: 1976: 1969: 1966: 1961: 1957: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1933: 1928: 1925: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1879: 1876: 1865:on 2007-03-03 1864: 1860: 1856: 1850: 1847: 1841: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1825:(2): 93–107. 1824: 1820: 1816: 1809: 1806: 1794: 1790: 1789:Farnam Street 1786: 1780: 1777: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1722: 1715: 1712: 1699: 1695: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1656: 1653: 1648: 1644: 1638: 1635: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1608: 1605: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1578: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1519: 1516: 1509: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1447: 1445: 1443: 1442:Moon landings 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1408: 1399: 1395: 1392:This section 1390: 1387: 1383: 1382: 1378: 1370: 1368: 1366: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1351: 1350: 1345: 1342:and a larger 1341: 1337: 1333: 1330:to encourage 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1304: 1302: 1300: 1299: 1294: 1293: 1288: 1287: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1225:house sparrow 1222: 1218: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1154: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1125:North America 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1085:gray squirrel 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1065:North America 1062: 1054: 1053: 1047: 1040: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 989: 985: 980: 978: 977:North America 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 935: 931: 927: 923: 915: 911: 907: 903: 902: 897: 892: 887: 879: 877: 875: 871: 867: 866: 861: 857: 856: 849: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 822: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 791: 789: 785: 781: 780: 775: 774: 770: 766: 765:ballast water 761: 759: 755: 754: 749: 745: 741: 737: 728: 726: 724: 720: 716: 710: 708: 707:natural enemy 704: 700: 696: 692: 684: 682: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 659:Thomas Austin 656: 651: 649: 645: 641: 635: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 608: 606: 602: 598: 594: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 575: 570: 569: 564: 556: 554: 551: 547: 542: 540: 539: 538:Pinus radiata 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 517:Eurasian carp 514: 510: 505: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 469: 464: 462: 458: 457: 453: 451: 446: 440: 435: 431: 424: 419: 415: 414: 408: 404: 402: 391: 388: 380: 369: 366: 362: 359: 355: 352: 348: 345: 341: 338: – 337: 333: 332:Find sources: 326: 322: 316: 315: 310:This section 308: 304: 299: 298: 292: 290: 288: 284: 283:Great Britain 279: 276: 271: 268: 264: 262: 258: 250: 248: 245: 243: 239: 235: 231: 226: 222: 219: 215: 212: 207: 199: 197: 193: 191: 183: 181: 178: 174: 169: 167: 166: 161: 157: 153: 149: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 84:alien species 81: 73: 69: 65: 61: 60:Melilotus sp. 57: 53: 46: 45: 39: 33: 19: 6364:Point source 6306:Heavy metals 6280:Urban runoff 6260:Sulfur water 6238:Septic tanks 6084:Agent Orange 5938:Mining waste 5764:Manure waste 5594:Volcanic ash 5509: 5470:Black carbon 5426:Oil refining 5411:Particulates 5340:Construction 5197:Regime shift 5182:Macroecology 4903: 4899: 4839:Edge effects 4809:Biogeography 4754:Commensalism 4641: 4602:Biodiversity 4479:Allee effect 4218:kelp forests 4171:Example webs 4036:Detritivores 3875:Organotrophs 3855:Kinetotrophs 3807:Productivity 3630: 3603: 3599: 3589: 3581: 3577: 3569:the original 3556: 3531: 3527: 3517: 3464: 3460: 3450: 3407: 3403: 3392: 3341: 3337: 3326: 3283: 3279: 3269: 3245:(18): 2806. 3242: 3236: 3226: 3181: 3177: 3167: 3156:. 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Retrieved 1586: 1577: 1532: 1528: 1518: 1454:Archaeophyte 1415: 1402: 1398:adding to it 1393: 1361: 1347: 1308: 1298:Bythotrephes 1296: 1290: 1284: 1237:agricultural 1214: 1205: 1195:that became 1189:the Americas 1174: 1151: 1149: 1081:Canada goose 1069:zebra mussel 1058: 1050: 1034: 1025: 1016: 992: 986: 981: 961:the Americas 939: 934:naturalizing 919: 904:, native to 899: 874:lady beetles 863: 853: 850: 823: 810: 792: 784:zebra mussel 777: 771: 762: 760:shipments. 751: 732: 711: 688: 670: 652: 636: 612:Norway maple 609: 596: 595: 572: 566: 563:game animals 560: 543: 536: 529:dung beetles 506: 473: 459: 455: 454: 447: 443: 428: 411: 398: 383: 374: 364: 357: 350: 343: 331: 319:Please help 314:verification 311: 280: 272: 269: 265: 254: 246: 223: 220: 216: 213: 209: 194: 187: 170: 163: 159: 144: 140: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 77: 59: 56:Sweet clover 42: 6580:Environment 6334:Area source 6243:Pit latrine 6166:Groundwater 5923:Gold mining 5918:Coal mining 5889:Toxic waste 5854:Green waste 5827:Brown waste 5810:Solid waste 5357:Exhaust gas 4834:Disturbance 4737:interaction 4559:Recruitment 4489:Depensation 4281:Copiotrophs 4152:Energy flow 4074:Lithotrophy 4018:Decomposers 3998:Planktivore 3973:Insectivore 3963:Heterotroph 3928:Bacterivore 3895:Phototrophs 3845:Chemotrophs 3817:Restoration 3767:Competition 3184:(14): 1–6. 2706:: 845–867, 1769:27 December 1489:Hemerochory 1430:space probe 1281:water fleas 1201:Pleistocene 1166:West Indies 1141:New Zealand 1077:Great Lakes 1063:in eastern 1031:resveratrol 870:lady beetle 746:and exotic 620:landscaping 591:pond slider 579:Pet animals 521:apple snail 513:aquaculture 509:agriculture 495:except the 418:Mesopotamia 257:naturalized 184:Terminology 177:biocontrols 129:naturalized 64:naturalized 6602:Categories 6486:by country 6482:Categories 6420:Zero waste 6301:Pollutants 6255:Stagnation 6193:Monitoring 6161:Freshwater 6037:Air travel 5849:Food waste 5769:Pesticides 5759:Herbicides 5663:Industrial 5492:Biological 5352:Demolition 5345:Renovation 5328:Joss paper 5313:Combustion 5202:Sexecology 4779:Parasitism 4744:Antibiosis 4579:Resistance 4574:Resilience 4464:Population 4384:Camouflage 4336:Oligotroph 4251:Ascendency 4213:intertidal 4203:cold seeps 4157:Food chain 3958:Herbivores 3933:Carnivores 3860:Mixotrophs 3835:Autotrophs 3714:components 3158:2020-04-01 2931:(2): 109. 2867:2023-07-23 2794:2021-04-14 2764:2021-04-14 2714:2017-05-10 2363:2023-07-22 2255:(9): 412. 2068:BioScience 2003:2022-12-13 1869:2021-06-11 1859:archive.ph 1799:2021-06-11 1675:2022-06-25 1510:References 1434:spacecraft 1320:adaptation 1135:, and the 1061:gypsy moth 1013:Suez Canal 1009:ecosystems 973:Dandelions 951:. 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