424:
40:
2453:
2467:
689:
commonly viewed as capable of having a court act upon it in a specific and conclusive manner. For a court to act upon a case, however, the dispute must concern a definite and concrete matter. For it to even be a dispute, it requires the parties have adverse legal interests. From these characteristics may be distilled factors determining the justiciability of a case or controversy before a federal court:
685:
equity, arising under this
Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority", and further enumerates the subject matter of other cases or controversies arising under either state or local law to which the federal judicial power shall also extend. Implicitly, the rules regard either the nature of the case or the nature of the parties.
826:
While certain disputes may clear all of the constitutional factors of justiciability and standing which otherwise would bar it from being heard in federal court, the courts themselves have created other rules which may serve to divest a dispute of its justiciable nature. The concepts undergirding the
684:
The constitutional rules governing justiciability stem directly from the text of the
Constitution, whether express or implied. The clause primarily affecting the ability of federal courts to adjudicate is Article III, § 2. This section extends the federal judicial power to "all cases, in law and
813:
Where a dispute cannot pass beyond all of the above factors, a federal court is considered as constitutionally barred from hearing it. Even if a dispute does clear all of the above factors, resolution of the dispute by a federal court still may be constitutionally barred if the parties themselves
675:
Justiciability relates to the several factors federal courts use to determine whether they have authority to hear the cases brought before them. Rules regarding justiciability can be of either a constitutional or prudential nature. The constitutional rules stem from express or implicit powers and
866:
Adverse intervenor standing. This rule allows an adverse third party to intervene in litigation where the initial adverse parties have come to a tentative agreement that would thereafter result in a friendly suit, provided the adverse intervenor will suffer some concrete harm were the outcome to
859:
Representational standing. The form of standing allows for organizations and associations to represent their members, agents to represent their principals, states to represent their citizens, assignees to prosecute their assigned claims, and finally, in the context of First
Amendment overbreadth
688:
For a dispute to rise to the level of a case or controversy, it must first have a party seeking to enforce its rights before a court in a manner prescribed by law; that is, under the ordinary processes established by law and custom. Implicitly, this requires that the dispute be one of a nature
1188:, the precursor to the UAE, in which it controlled the foreign affairs of Sharjah, but this relationship had ended in 1971. The commercial dispute was ruled nonjusticiable, since resolving it would require resolving the territorial dispute, a definitively political question.
2714:
3631:
960:, 100 (1968) ("hen standing is placed in issue in a case, the question is whether the person whose standing is challenged is a proper party to request an adjudication of a particular issue, and not whether the issue itself is justiciable.").
410:
issue exists. Essentially, justiciability seeks to address whether a court possesses the ability to provide adequate resolution of the dispute; where a court believes that it cannot offer such a final determination, the matter is not justiciable.
1244:; Iraqi Airways sought to dismiss the claim as nonjusticiable on the grounds that it was done on the basis of an Iraqi decree transferring ownership to Iraqi Airways, which should be recognized as having been valid foreign law. While quoting
913:
stated that the principle "that the courts will not adjudicate upon the transactions of foreign sovereign states" is not a matter of discretion, but is "inherent in the nature of the judicial process". The principle was further developed in
3506:
2929:
890:” clause of Art. III, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution. Federal courts' decisions on mootness, advisory opinions, and related matters may be considered and even found persuasive, depending on the state's laws, but are not controlling.
2921:
2889:
708:
do not qualify as advisory opinions because the dispute itself is over where the precise boundaries of each party's rights and obligations are to be drawn and the court's decision resolves that dispute in a manner binding upon each
750:
when one of the parties has lost its stake in the outcome. This can occur where the injury has ceased or the cause of the injury has been removed. However, to prevent legal gamesmanship, several exceptions to the mootness doctrine
3342:
738:
when either no concrete injury exists, or where no concrete injury is imminently pending. An example where a dispute may be unripe would be one in which every alternative to judicial resolution has not yet been
3687:
3591:
3334:
657:
2937:
676:
limitations given to the federal courts under
Article III. The prudential rules arise from contextual situations where federal courts do not feel it would be appropriate for them to resolve a case.
2622:
3294:
3286:
2913:
2614:
704:. That is, a dispute before a federal court must involve an real question of fact or law, and must be neither hypothetical, abstract, speculative, nor academic. Disputes wherein a party seeks
1248:
and approving the principles laid down in that case, the Lords nonetheless ruled that the decree was invalid both in international law and Iraqi law and the nonjusticiability argument failed.
3826:
2730:
210:
760:. Political questions are those matters which are constitutionally committed to either the legislative or executive branches, or are otherwise beyond the competency of courts. In
3719:
2598:
1111:
1093:
1067:
1042:
1017:
1000:
975:
3270:
2961:
886:
on questions of law, even though there may be no actual dispute between parties to resolve. Unlike federal courts with limited jurisdiction, state courts are not bound by the “
3599:
650:
2582:
897:, courts decline to hear defamation, employment and other actions founded on statements or beliefs that necessarily implicate the truth or falsity of religious doctrine.
3198:
2775:
894:
835:
716:
between the parties before the court; that is, the parties must be seeking a different legal outcome. This rule prevents federal courts from hearing a collusive suit or
3711:
2767:
3214:
2531:
2977:
643:
50:
3310:
3118:
3318:
2945:
2590:
386:
3009:
2792:
863:
Federal and state legislative standing. This rule allows legislators standing to litigate claims defending their institution's powers and prerogatives.
402:
concerns the limits upon legal issues over which a court can exercise its judicial authority. It includes, but is not limited to, the legal concept of
4023:
3222:
3791:
3703:
2434:
2787:
610:
784:
an "impossibility of a court's undertaking independent resolution without expressing lack of the respect due coordinate branches of government";
3490:
2519:
910:
431:
2969:
2738:
2634:
629:
3735:
3230:
3074:
488:
2809:
3948:
2857:
2653:
764:, the Supreme Court of the United States identified six factors which it considered indicative of cases involving political questions:
3623:
3025:
2566:
2528:
3881:
1860:
1418:
1317:
533:
304:
84:
2985:
1974:
1843:
379:
316:
299:
3326:
3017:
2545:
2429:
1776:
1677:
582:
294:
871:
As with judge-made rules in general, Congress has power to expand, limit, or prohibit prudential justiciability rules by law.
3663:
3615:
2953:
2865:
1936:
1570:
339:
799:
Examples of political questions include such issues as whether the nation is "at war" with another country, or whether the
3695:
3424:
3049:
3033:
2722:
1289:
508:
284:
767:"a textually demonstrable constitutional commitment of the issue to a coordinate political department" (meaning that the
3727:
3639:
3110:
2833:
2759:
2096:
1575:
344:
2750:
1198:
620:
3408:
2849:
2825:
2091:
827:
constitutional factors for justiciability and standing generally serve to support the court-created prudential rules.
694:
499:
372:
334:
289:
258:
781:
an "impossibility of deciding without an initial policy determination of a kind clearly for nonjudicial discretion";
406:, which is used to determine if the party bringing the suit is a party appropriate to establishing whether an actual
3964:
3166:
3041:
2645:
2512:
2066:
1565:
887:
768:
1133:
RICHARD H. FALLON, JR. ET AL., HART AND WECHSLER'S THE FEDERAL COURTS AND THE FEDERAL SYSTEM 50-51 (7th ed. 2015).
3775:
3134:
2149:
1257:"Case note: Kuwait Airways Corporation v Iraqi Airways Company", Janeen M. Carruthers and Elizabeth B. Crawford,
568:
523:
1227:
3996:
3767:
3416:
3206:
3174:
2881:
2661:
1944:
1926:
1089:
478:
309:
66:
1595:
423:
3302:
834:
The general rule against federal or state taxpayer standing. However, this rule has exceptions rooted in the
3980:
3972:
3909:
3551:
3190:
3182:
3001:
2698:
2319:
2106:
1580:
3743:
3461:
3158:
2897:
2841:
2817:
2574:
2374:
2359:
1107:
790:
a "potentiality of embarrassment from multifarious pronouncements by various departments on one question."
740:
513:
220:
215:
124:
3850:
3751:
3583:
3278:
3262:
3238:
3142:
3102:
2505:
2478:
2071:
1749:
1560:
1115:
1097:
1071:
1046:
1021:
1004:
979:
882:
courts tend to require a similar set of circumstances, although some states permit their courts to give
544:
518:
264:
247:
119:
2199:
1545:
1169:
842:
772:
705:
528:
114:
3567:
3543:
3453:
3400:
3086:
2873:
2557:
2354:
1494:
1411:
615:
605:
600:
561:
240:
170:
62:
855:
However, other prudential rules exist which might save a dispute from the prudential rules above:
3956:
3842:
3799:
3655:
3535:
3436:
3254:
3094:
2993:
2689:
2169:
1828:
1682:
1667:
1645:
1389:
1369:
1322:
1312:
1241:
757:
713:
473:
407:
360:
225:
100:
693:
As an initial question in every case before any federal court, the dispute must fall within the
3988:
3856:
3834:
3818:
3783:
3759:
3514:
3350:
3246:
3150:
2801:
2669:
2606:
2154:
2076:
1914:
1657:
1652:
1605:
1530:
1524:
1364:
1282:
883:
701:
2715:
Black & White
Taxicab & Transfer Co. v. Brown & Yellow Taxicab & Transfer Co.
3893:
3358:
2905:
2677:
2159:
2126:
1625:
1489:
1484:
1449:
1237:
860:
challenges, the pursuit of claims involving the rights of potentially chilled third parties.
453:
252:
144:
3940:
3901:
3647:
3607:
3559:
3126:
2497:
2408:
2381:
2369:
2349:
2283:
2278:
2261:
2241:
2236:
2216:
2081:
2061:
2056:
1959:
1919:
1630:
1555:
1479:
1464:
1384:
435:
230:
201:
134:
830:
Federal courts typically use the following rules to dismiss disputes as nonjusticiable:
3671:
3632:
Valley Forge
Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State
3575:
3526:
3498:
2706:
2485:
2293:
2211:
1800:
1766:
1717:
1702:
1474:
1379:
1359:
1349:
1233:
1185:
1118:
1100:
1074:
1049:
1024:
1007:
982:
815:
458:
403:
787:"an unusual need for unquestioning adherence to a political decision already made"; or
4017:
3482:
3445:
2339:
2298:
2184:
2164:
2136:
2086:
2051:
2025:
2020:
2013:
1964:
1904:
1744:
1734:
1692:
1615:
1610:
1540:
1499:
1423:
761:
717:
592:
157:
139:
49:
deal primarily with the United States and the United
Kingdom and do not represent a
3679:
2471:
2221:
2189:
2144:
1882:
1877:
1848:
1761:
1739:
1707:
1640:
1620:
1514:
1454:
1444:
1396:
1354:
1332:
1275:
176:
1062:
1037:
1012:
995:
970:
2930:
C & L Enterprises, Inc. v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of
Oklahoma
2452:
2393:
2334:
2324:
2121:
2116:
1954:
1855:
1771:
1730:
1697:
1662:
1585:
1509:
1459:
1374:
1163:
957:
951:
804:
800:
554:
235:
190:
3507:
Williamson County
Regional Planning Commission v. Hamilton Bank of Johnson City
1216:"Avoidance Techniques: State Related Defences in International Antitrust Cases"
17:
2457:
2386:
2266:
2204:
1949:
1870:
1865:
1823:
1805:
1793:
1754:
1600:
1590:
1550:
1535:
1519:
1469:
1406:
1401:
879:
184:
150:
2922:
College
Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board
2890:
Oklahoma Tax Commission v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma
2364:
2329:
2271:
2246:
2111:
2008:
1996:
1981:
1969:
1897:
1815:
1788:
1672:
1154:§ 22:1.Nonjusticiability—In general, 1 Cal. Affirmative Def. § 22:1 (2d ed.)
778:"a lack of judicially discoverable and manageable standards for resolving ";
3473:
3391:
2413:
2398:
2101:
1986:
1783:
1327:
1173:
747:
735:
728:
724:
468:
463:
164:
723:
With respect to the timing of the dispute, the question must be neither
2303:
2251:
2231:
2179:
1991:
1909:
1725:
1687:
1635:
1177:
3343:
Grable & Sons Metal Products, Inc. v. Darue Engineering & Mfg.
2403:
2256:
2001:
1892:
1887:
1833:
1504:
1215:
1184:. The UK was involved due to its historic role as protector of the
3688:
Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.
3592:
United States v. Students Challenging Regulatory Agency Procedures
2344:
2288:
2194:
2035:
1838:
1337:
1168:
AC 888. The case involved a commercial dispute between Buttes and
2226:
2174:
2030:
1428:
1344:
1181:
3928:
3879:
3377:
3335:
JPMorgan Chase Bank v. Traffic Stream (BVI) Infrastructure Ltd.
3072:
2543:
2501:
1271:
939:(4th ed.). New York, NY: Aspen Publishers. pp. 97–99.
2938:
Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community
1298:
33:
2623:
Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital v. Mercury Construction Corp.
3295:
Northern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co.
3287:
Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle
2914:
Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma v. Manufacturing Technologies, Inc.
2615:
Colorado River Water Conservation District v. United States
3827:
County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State
2731:
Hinderlider v. La Plata River & Cherry Creek Ditch Co.
867:
comport with the agreement reached by the initial parties.
697:
of the federal courts as set out in Article III, § 2.
905:
The issue of non-justiciability has been recognized in
58:
1267:
3720:
Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn
2599:
England v. Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners
3271:
Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida
2962:
City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York
2583:
Louisiana Power & Light Co. v. City of Thibodaux
3810:
3600:
Schlesinger v. Reservists Committee to Stop the War
3525:
3472:
3435:
3390:
2786:
2749:
2688:
2633:
2556:
2422:
2312:
2135:
2044:
1935:
1814:
1716:
1437:
1305:
3199:Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co. v. Mottley
1142:5 Okla. Prac., Appellate Practice § 3:9 (2019 ed.)
3215:American Well Works Co. v. Layne & Bowler Co.
2776:Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Industries Corp.
937:Constitutional Law: National Power and Federalism
29:Whether a court can or cannot rule upon something
3712:Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency
2768:District of Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman
1172:over oil exploitation rights near the island of
1259:The International and Comparative Law Quarterly
893:Under the "ministerial exception" based on the
2978:Permanent Mission of India v. City of New York
3311:Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. Schor
3119:American Insurance Co. v. 356 Bales of Cotton
2513:
1283:
651:
380:
47:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
3319:Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. v. Thompson
2946:United States v. White Mountain Apache Tribe
2591:United Gas Pipe Line Co. v. Ideal Cement Co.
1203:International and Comparative Law Quarterly
3925:
3876:
3387:
3374:
3223:Smith v. Kansas City Title & Trust Co.
3069:
3010:Republic of Argentina v. NML Capital, Ltd.
2553:
2540:
2520:
2506:
2498:
1290:
1276:
1268:
775:to resolve questions regarding the issue);
756:The dispute must not seek resolution on a
658:
644:
495:
418:
387:
373:
96:
1261:, Vol. 52, No. 3 (July 2003), pp. 761–774
1229:Kuwait Airways Corp. v. Iraqi Airways Co.
935:May, Christopher N.; Ides, Allan (2007).
85:Learn how and when to remove this message
3792:FDA v. Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine
3704:Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation
2435:History of the American legal profession
916:Kuwait Airways Corp. v Iraqi Airways Co.
848:The rule against generalized grievances.
1180:, one of the United Arab Emirates, and
927:
581:
543:
498:
487:
442:
430:
352:
324:
274:
199:
106:
99:
2970:Dolan v. United States Postal Service
2739:Clearfield Trust Co. v. United States
1150:
1148:
630:Adequate and independent state ground
7:
3736:Clapper v. Amnesty International USA
3231:Hartsville Oil Mill v. United States
1240:of aircraft seized during the Iraqi
3949:Osborn v. Bank of the United States
3491:Toilet Goods Ass'n, Inc. v. Gardner
2858:Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino
2654:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy
3624:Pfizer Inc. v. Government of India
3026:Jam v. International Finance Corp.
2567:Railroad Commission v. Pullman Co.
1199:"The Boundaries of Justiciability"
25:
2810:The Schooner Exchange v. M'Faddon
1419:Restitution and unjust enrichment
535:Class Action Fairness Act of 2005
4024:United States administrative law
2986:Ali v. Federal Bureau of Prisons
2466:
2465:
2451:
422:
38:
3327:Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc.
3018:OBB Personenverkehr AG v. Sachs
2430:History of the legal profession
1165:Buttes Gas and Oil Co. v Hammer
907:Buttes Gas and Oil Co. v Hammer
3664:Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife
3616:Illinois Brick Co. v. Illinois
2954:Republic of Austria v. Altmann
2866:Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez
1:
3696:DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno
3425:Acheson Hotels, LLC v. Laufer
3034:Republic of Sudan v. Harrison
2723:Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins
700:Federal courts may not issue
3640:City of Los Angeles v. Lyons
2834:Schillinger v. United States
2760:Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co.
1218:, CCP Working Paper No. 11-2
712:The dispute must involve an
3409:Campbell-Ewald Co. v. Gomez
2850:United States v. Wunderlich
1197:McGoldrick, Dominic (2010)
695:subject-matter jurisdiction
61:, discuss the issue on the
4040:
3965:Mistretta v. United States
3191:Burton v. United States II
3167:City of St. Louis v. Myers
3042:Opati v. Republic of Sudan
2646:Murdock v. City of Memphis
2097:International legal theory
1576:International slavery laws
1571:International human rights
1566:International criminal law
1214:Martyniszyn, Marek (2011)
851:The zone of interest test.
3935:
3924:
3888:
3875:
3776:TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez
3386:
3373:
3183:Burton v. United States I
3135:United States v. Jackalow
3111:Martin v. Hunter's Lessee
3081:
3068:
2552:
2539:
2445:
2150:Administration of justice
3997:Bank Markazi v. Peterson
3768:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
3417:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
3207:Muskrat v. United States
3175:Barrett v. United States
2882:United States v. Stanley
2662:Fox Film Corp. v. Muller
2637:independent state ground
1927:Basic structure doctrine
1777:Natural and legal rights
1658:Public international law
1090:United States v. Windsor
971:Muskrat v. United States
803:has properly "tried" an
479:Constitutional avoidance
277:common law jurisdictions
3981:United States v. Hatter
3973:Peretz v. United States
3910:Cramer v. United States
3552:Massachusetts v. Mellon
3303:Thomas v. Union Carbide
3002:United States v. Bormes
2751:Rooker–Feldman doctrine
2699:United States v. Hudson
2107:Principle of typicality
1581:International trade law
327:civil law jurisdictions
265:Patent unreasonableness
211:Fettering of discretion
3744:Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins
3462:Nixon v. United States
3159:United States v. Klein
3050:Trump v. United States
2898:Saudi Arabia v. Nelson
2842:Feres v. United States
2818:Mississippi v. Johnson
2575:Burford v. Sun Oil Co.
1108:Hollingsworth v. Perry
1038:Nixon v. United States
845:or third-party claims.
221:Nondelegation doctrine
216:Legitimate expectation
125:Exhaustion of remedies
3902:United States v. Burr
3851:Rucho v. Common Cause
3752:Texas v. Pennsylvania
3728:Bond v. United States
3584:Sierra Club v. Morton
3279:Arizona v. New Mexico
3263:Glidden Co. v. Zdanok
3239:Wisconsin v. Illinois
3143:Ex parte Vallandigham
3103:United States v. More
2793:presidential immunity
2102:Principle of legality
1861:Delegated legislation
1561:Intellectual property
901:In the United Kingdom
746:A dispute has become
519:Amount in controversy
432:United States federal
325:Administrative law in
275:Administrative law in
120:Delegated legislation
2826:United States v. Lee
2320:Barristers' chambers
2262:Legal representation
2200:Justice of the peace
1546:Financial regulation
1170:Occidental Petroleum
843:third-party standing
773:branch of government
680:Constitutional rules
415:In the United States
115:Administrative court
67:create a new article
59:improve this article
3568:Altvater v. Freeman
3544:Fairchild v. Hughes
3454:Goldwater v. Carter
3401:DeFunis v. Odegaard
3087:Chisholm v. Georgia
2874:Nixon v. Fitzgerald
2355:Election commission
2067:Expressive function
1596:Landlord–tenant law
1495:Consumer protection
1236:sought damages for
1176:, disputed between
1013:DeFunis v. Odegaard
958:392 U.S. 83
888:case or controversy
606:Anti-Injunction Act
474:Political questions
241:Fundamental justice
3957:Forrester v. White
3843:Vieth v. Jubelirer
3800:Murthy v. Missouri
3656:Diamond v. Charles
3536:Bailiff v. Tipping
3437:Political question
3255:Colegrove v. Green
3095:Marbury v. Madison
2994:Samantar v. Yousuf
2788:Sovereign immunity
2690:Federal common law
2529:U.S. Supreme Court
2313:Legal institutions
2180:Lawsuit/Litigation
2170:Dispute resolution
1975:Catholic canon law
1683:State of emergency
1646:Will and testament
1370:Law of obligations
1323:Constitutional law
1313:Administrative law
1242:invasion of Kuwait
758:political question
714:actual controversy
706:declaratory relief
611:Sovereign immunity
361:Constitutional law
226:Procedural justice
107:General principles
101:Administrative law
4011:
4010:
4007:
4006:
3989:Stern v. Marshall
3920:
3919:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3857:Benisek v. Lamone
3835:Davis v. Bandemer
3784:Biden v. Nebraska
3760:Trump v. New York
3515:Trump v. New York
3369:
3368:
3351:Bowles v. Russell
3247:Crowell v. Benson
3151:Ex parte McCardle
3064:
3063:
3060:
3059:
2802:Little v. Barreme
2670:Harrison v. NAACP
2607:Younger v. Harris
2495:
2494:
2155:Constitutionalism
2077:Law and economics
1915:Act of parliament
1653:Product liability
1606:Legal archaeology
1531:Environmental law
1525:Entertainment law
1365:International law
884:advisory opinions
841:The rule against
771:requires another
769:U.S. Constitution
702:advisory opinions
668:
667:
577:
576:
454:Advisory opinions
397:
396:
95:
94:
87:
69:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
4031:
3926:
3894:Ex parte Bollman
3877:
3388:
3375:
3359:Patchak v. Zinke
3070:
2906:Clinton v. Jones
2678:Michigan v. Long
2554:
2541:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2499:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2456:
2455:
2279:Question of fact
2160:Criminal justice
1490:Construction law
1485:Conflict of laws
1450:Agricultural law
1292:
1285:
1278:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1249:
1225:
1219:
1212:
1206:
1195:
1189:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1143:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1084:
1078:
1059:
1053:
1034:
1028:
992:
986:
967:
961:
955:
947:
941:
940:
932:
911:Lord Wilberforce
822:Prudential rules
807:federal officer.
660:
653:
646:
536:
509:Federal question
496:
426:
419:
389:
382:
375:
253:Unreasonableness
145:Prerogative writ
97:
90:
83:
79:
76:
70:
42:
41:
34:
21:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4003:
3941:Stuart v. Laird
3931:
3916:
3884:
3863:
3806:
3648:Allen v. Wright
3608:Warth v. Seldin
3560:Ex parte Levitt
3521:
3468:
3431:
3382:
3365:
3127:Sheldon v. Sill
3077:
3056:
2791:
2782:
2745:
2684:
2636:
2629:
2548:
2535:
2526:
2496:
2491:
2464:
2450:
2441:
2418:
2409:Political party
2382:Legal education
2370:Law enforcement
2350:Court of equity
2308:
2284:Question of law
2237:Practice of law
2217:Judicial review
2131:
2082:Legal formalism
2062:Comparative law
2057:Contract theory
2040:
1960:Legal pluralism
1931:
1920:Act of Congress
1844:Executive order
1810:
1712:
1631:Nationality law
1556:Immigration law
1480:Competition law
1433:
1301:
1296:
1266:
1265:
1256:
1252:
1246:Buttes v Hammer
1226:
1222:
1213:
1209:
1196:
1192:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1085:
1081:
1060:
1056:
1035:
1031:
993:
989:
968:
964:
949:
948:
944:
934:
933:
929:
924:
903:
895:First Amendment
877:
836:First Amendment
824:
682:
673:
664:
635:
632:
534:
483:
436:civil procedure
434:
417:
393:
326:
276:
248:Proportionality
231:Natural justice
202:judicial review
135:Ministerial act
91:
80:
74:
71:
56:
43:
39:
30:
23:
22:
18:Non-justiciable
15:
12:
11:
5:
4037:
4035:
4027:
4026:
4016:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3993:
3985:
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3922:
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3873:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3847:
3839:
3831:
3823:
3819:Hayburn's Case
3814:
3812:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3796:
3788:
3780:
3772:
3764:
3756:
3748:
3740:
3732:
3724:
3716:
3708:
3700:
3692:
3684:
3676:
3672:Raines v. Byrd
3668:
3660:
3652:
3644:
3636:
3628:
3620:
3612:
3604:
3596:
3588:
3580:
3576:Flast v. Cohen
3572:
3564:
3556:
3548:
3540:
3531:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3511:
3503:
3499:Laird v. Tatum
3495:
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3476:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3458:
3450:
3441:
3439:
3433:
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3430:
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3421:
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3405:
3396:
3394:
3384:
3383:
3380:Justiciability
3378:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3364:
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3355:
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3323:
3315:
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3203:
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2711:
2707:Swift v. Tyson
2703:
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2458:Law portal
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2018:
2017:
2016:
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1824:Ballot measure
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1803:
1801:Legal treatise
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1779:
1769:
1767:Letters patent
1764:
1759:
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1718:Sources of law
1714:
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1703:Unenforced law
1700:
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1475:Commercial law
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1234:Kuwait Airways
1220:
1207:
1190:
1186:Trucial States
1156:
1144:
1135:
1123:
1079:
1054:
1029:
987:
962:
952:Flast v. Cohen
942:
926:
925:
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920:
902:
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873:
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672:
671:Federal courts
669:
666:
665:
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622:Rooker–Feldman
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500:Subject-matter
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444:Justiciability
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400:Justiciability
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353:Related topics
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130:Justiciability
127:
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109:
108:
104:
103:
93:
92:
53:of the subject
51:worldwide view
46:
44:
37:
28:
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14:
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10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4036:
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3508:
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3483:Poe v. Ullman
3480:
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3477:
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3471:
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3459:
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3446:Baker v. Carr
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2341:
2340:Civil society
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2299:Trier of fact
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
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2210:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
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2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2185:Legal opinion
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2165:Court-martial
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2137:Jurisprudence
2134:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2026:Statutory law
2024:
2022:
2021:Socialist law
2019:
2015:
2014:Byzantine law
2012:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1965:Religious law
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1937:Legal systems
1934:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1905:Statutory law
1903:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1773:
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1765:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1746:
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1736:
1735:Statutory law
1732:
1729:
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1724:
1723:
1721:
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1715:
1709:
1706:
1704:
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1694:
1693:Transport law
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1617:
1614:
1612:
1611:Legal fiction
1609:
1607:
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1579:
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1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
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1544:
1542:
1541:Financial law
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1500:Corporate law
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
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1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
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1453:
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1442:
1440:
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1427:
1425:
1424:Statutory law
1422:
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1398:
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1306:Core subjects
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1120:
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1113:
1109:
1106:
1103: (2013),
1102:
1099:
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1091:
1088:
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1080:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1063:Baker v. Carr
1058:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1010: (1961);
1009:
1006:
1002:
998:
997:
996:Poe v. Ullman
991:
988:
984:
981:
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832:
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797:
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795:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
770:
766:
765:
763:
762:Baker v. Carr
759:
755:
749:
745:
742:
737:
734:A dispute is
733:
732:
730:
726:
722:
719:
718:friendly suit
715:
711:
707:
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692:
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584:
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512:
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497:
494:
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486:
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477:
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472:
470:
467:
465:
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460:
457:
455:
452:
451:
449:
448:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
420:
414:
412:
409:
405:
401:
390:
385:
383:
378:
376:
371:
370:
368:
367:
362:
359:
358:
357:
356:
351:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
332:
331:
330:
323:
318:
317:United States
315:
311:
308:
307:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
282:
281:
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273:
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166:
162:
160:
159:
158:Habeas corpus
155:
153:
152:
148:
147:
146:
143:
141:
140:Ouster clause
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
112:
111:
110:
105:
102:
98:
89:
86:
78:
68:
64:
60:
54:
52:
45:
36:
35:
32:
27:
19:
3995:
3987:
3979:
3971:
3963:
3955:
3947:
3939:
3908:
3900:
3892:
3855:
3849:
3841:
3833:
3825:
3817:
3798:
3790:
3782:
3774:
3766:
3758:
3750:
3742:
3734:
3726:
3718:
3710:
3702:
3694:
3686:
3680:FEC v. Akins
3678:
3670:
3662:
3654:
3646:
3638:
3630:
3622:
3614:
3606:
3598:
3590:
3582:
3574:
3566:
3558:
3550:
3542:
3534:
3513:
3505:
3497:
3489:
3481:
3460:
3452:
3444:
3423:
3415:
3407:
3399:
3379:
3357:
3349:
3341:
3333:
3325:
3317:
3309:
3301:
3293:
3285:
3277:
3269:
3261:
3253:
3245:
3237:
3229:
3221:
3213:
3205:
3197:
3189:
3181:
3173:
3165:
3157:
3149:
3141:
3133:
3125:
3117:
3109:
3101:
3093:
3085:
3075:Jurisdiction
3048:
3040:
3032:
3024:
3016:
3008:
3000:
2992:
2984:
2976:
2968:
2960:
2952:
2944:
2936:
2928:
2920:
2912:
2904:
2896:
2888:
2880:
2872:
2864:
2856:
2848:
2840:
2832:
2824:
2816:
2808:
2800:
2774:
2766:
2758:
2737:
2729:
2721:
2713:
2705:
2697:
2676:
2668:
2660:
2652:
2644:
2635:Adequate and
2621:
2613:
2605:
2597:
2589:
2581:
2573:
2565:
2484:
2477:
2463:
2449:
2222:Jurisdiction
2190:Legal remedy
2145:Adjudication
2045:Legal theory
1883:Ratification
1878:Promulgation
1849:Proclamation
1829:Codification
1762:Human rights
1750:Divine right
1740:Constitution
1708:Women in law
1626:Military law
1621:Marriage law
1616:Maritime law
1515:Election law
1455:Aviation law
1445:Abortion law
1397:Property law
1333:Criminal law
1258:
1253:
1245:
1228:
1223:
1210:
1202:
1193:
1164:
1159:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1121: (2013).
1104:
1086:
1082:
1061:
1057:
1036:
1032:
1011:
994:
990:
969:
965:
950:
945:
936:
930:
915:
906:
904:
892:
878:
875:State courts
870:
854:
829:
825:
812:
687:
683:
674:
621:
593:
569:Quasi in rem
567:
560:
553:
524:Supplemental
489:Jurisdiction
443:
399:
398:
300:South Africa
257:
200:Grounds for
189:
177:Quo warranto
175:
163:
156:
149:
129:
81:
72:
48:
31:
26:
2532:Article III
2394:Legislature
2325:Bureaucracy
2122:Rule of man
2117:Rule of law
2092:Libertarian
1955:Chinese law
1856:Legislation
1806:Regulations
1794:Law reports
1772:Natural law
1668:Reparations
1663:Refugee law
1586:Jurimetrics
1527:(Media law)
1465:Banking law
1460:Amnesty law
1438:Disciplines
1375:Private law
1077: (1962)
1052: (1993)
1027: (1974)
985: (1911)
801:U.S. Senate
555:In personam
408:adversarial
236:Due process
191:Ultra vires
171:Prohibition
2558:Abstention
2546:Federalism
2387:Law school
2267:Prosecutor
2205:Magistrate
1992:Jewish law
1950:Common law
1871:Rulemaking
1866:Regulation
1816:Law making
1755:Divine law
1731:Legal code
1678:Sports law
1601:Law of war
1551:Health law
1536:Family law
1520:Energy law
1470:Bankruptcy
1407:Punishment
1402:Public law
1238:conversion
922:References
616:Abrogation
601:Abstention
583:Federalism
259:Wednesbury
185:Rulemaking
151:Certiorari
2365:Judiciary
2360:Executive
2335:The bench
2272:Solicitor
2247:Barrister
2127:Sociology
2112:Pseudolaw
2052:Anarchist
2009:Roman law
1997:Parsi law
1982:Hindu law
1970:Canon law
1945:Civil law
1898:Concordat
1789:Precedent
1698:Trust law
1673:Space law
1510:Drugs law
1380:Procedure
1318:Civil law
1232:UKHL 19.
805:impeached
741:exhausted
514:Diversity
438:doctrines
295:Singapore
285:Australia
75:July 2024
63:talk page
4018:Category
3527:Standing
3474:Ripeness
3392:Mootness
2534:case law
2472:Category
2414:Tribunal
2399:Military
2242:Attorney
2212:Judgment
2072:Feminist
1987:Jain law
1784:Case law
1505:Cyberlaw
1412:Corporal
1390:Criminal
1360:Evidence
1350:Doctrine
1328:Contract
1174:Abu Musa
909:, where
816:standing
624:doctrine
596:doctrine
545:Personal
469:Mootness
464:Ripeness
459:Standing
404:standing
340:Mongolia
310:Scotland
165:Mandamus
57:You may
3882:Treason
2486:Outline
2423:History
2330:The bar
2304:Verdict
2252:Counsel
2232:Justice
2087:History
1910:Statute
1726:Charter
1688:Tax law
1636:Probate
1178:Sharjah
1105:but see
529:Removal
345:Ukraine
4000:(2016)
3992:(2011)
3984:(2001)
3976:(1991)
3968:(1989)
3960:(1988)
3952:(1824)
3944:(1803)
3930:Others
3913:(1945)
3905:(1807)
3897:(1807)
3860:(2019)
3846:(2004)
3838:(1986)
3830:(1985)
3822:(1792)
3811:Others
3803:(2024)
3795:(2024)
3787:(2023)
3779:(2021)
3771:(2021)
3763:(2020)
3755:(2020)
3747:(2016)
3739:(2013)
3731:(2011)
3723:(2011)
3715:(2007)
3707:(2007)
3699:(2006)
3691:(2000)
3683:(1998)
3675:(1997)
3667:(1992)
3659:(1986)
3651:(1984)
3643:(1983)
3635:(1982)
3627:(1978)
3619:(1977)
3611:(1975)
3603:(1974)
3595:(1973)
3587:(1972)
3579:(1968)
3571:(1943)
3563:(1937)
3555:(1923)
3547:(1922)
3539:(1805)
3518:(2020)
3510:(1985)
3502:(1972)
3494:(1967)
3486:(1961)
3465:(1993)
3457:(1979)
3449:(1962)
3428:(2023)
3420:(2021)
3412:(2016)
3404:(1974)
3362:(2018)
3354:(2007)
3346:(2005)
3338:(2002)
3330:(1995)
3322:(1986)
3314:(1986)
3306:(1985)
3298:(1982)
3290:(1977)
3282:(1976)
3274:(1974)
3266:(1962)
3258:(1946)
3250:(1932)
3242:(1929)
3234:(1926)
3226:(1921)
3218:(1916)
3210:(1911)
3202:(1908)
3194:(1906)
3186:(1905)
3178:(1898)
3170:(1885)
3162:(1871)
3154:(1869)
3146:(1864)
3138:(1862)
3130:(1850)
3122:(1828)
3114:(1816)
3106:(1805)
3098:(1803)
3090:(1793)
3053:(2024)
3045:(2020)
3037:(2019)
3029:(2019)
3021:(2015)
3013:(2014)
3005:(2012)
2997:(2010)
2989:(2008)
2981:(2007)
2973:(2006)
2965:(2005)
2957:(2004)
2949:(2003)
2941:(2003)
2933:(2001)
2925:(1999)
2917:(1998)
2909:(1997)
2901:(1993)
2893:(1991)
2885:(1987)
2877:(1982)
2869:(1978)
2861:(1964)
2853:(1951)
2845:(1950)
2837:(1894)
2829:(1882)
2821:(1867)
2813:(1812)
2805:(1804)
2779:(2005)
2771:(1983)
2763:(1923)
2742:(1943)
2734:(1938)
2726:(1938)
2718:(1928)
2710:(1842)
2702:(1812)
2681:(1983)
2673:(1959)
2665:(1935)
2657:(1896)
2649:(1875)
2626:(1983)
2618:(1976)
2610:(1971)
2602:(1964)
2594:(1962)
2586:(1959)
2578:(1943)
2570:(1941)
2404:Police
2375:Agency
2257:Lawyer
2002:Sharia
1893:Treaty
1888:Repeal
1834:Decree
1745:Custom
1641:Estate
1591:Labour
1355:Equity
956:,
751:exist.
736:unripe
725:unripe
709:party.
562:In rem
290:Canada
2479:Index
2345:Court
2289:Trial
2195:Judge
2036:Yassa
1839:Edict
1385:Civil
1338:Crime
1201:, 59
1114:
1096:
1070:
1045:
1020:
1003:
978:
880:State
814:lack
335:China
65:, or
2227:Jury
2175:Fiqh
2031:Xeer
1429:Tort
1345:Deed
1182:Iran
1116:U.S.
1098:U.S.
1072:U.S.
1047:U.S.
1022:U.S.
1005:U.S.
980:U.S.
748:moot
729:moot
727:nor
594:Erie
2790:and
1299:Law
1205:981
1131:See
1119:693
1112:570
1101:744
1094:570
1087:See
1075:186
1068:369
1050:224
1043:506
1025:312
1018:416
1008:497
1001:367
983:346
976:219
4020::
3854:/
1733:/
1147:^
1110:,
1092:,
1066:,
1041:,
1016:,
999:,
974:,
918:.
818:.
731:.
2521:e
2514:t
2507:v
1291:e
1284:t
1277:v
838:.
743:.
720:.
659:e
652:t
645:v
388:e
381:t
374:v
88:)
82:(
77:)
73:(
55:.
20:)
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