133:
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492:, the active ingredient in pepper spray, and is propelled by compressed gas using a paintball marker similar to those used for the sport but operating at a higher pressure. The impact of the capsule is immediately painful (a pepperball's shell is thicker than a standard paintball and is fired at a higher velocity), and it breaks open on impact, dispersing the capsaicin with similar effect to aerosol-delivered pepper spray. However, to be most effective, pepper spray must contact the eyes, nose, or mouth of the target; pepper spray on clothing or tougher skin has a much reduced effect.
1298:
809:
1123:, which is stocked by hospitals and most ambulances. However, because the Russian authorities did not release any information regarding what type of agent was used, medical professionals were unaware that an opioid had been used during the rescue attempt and thus were unable to administer the antidote which could have saved most hostages. Approximately 700 hostages were rescued, while 130 died from exposure to the gas. All the terrorists were ultimately killed by Russian forces through some combination of gas exposure and gunfire.
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firearms, truncheons or bayonets with less risk of loss of life or serious injury. Before the general availability of early military non-lethal weapons in the mid 1990s, war-fighters had few or no casualty-limiting options for the employment of scalable force and were continually at risk whenever lethal force was prohibited during sensitive missions.
1234:
the same result: stop the enemy or suspected hostile in his tracks for examination or to prevent or limit incursions. Contemporary caltrops look something like large jacks from the childhood game. Placed in the path of oncoming wheeled or tracked vehicles, they are meant to foul wheels, destroy tires and tracks, and incapacitate vehicles.
1670:'non-lethal weapons' on the general population, the TECOM Technology Symposium in 1997 concluded on non-lethal weapons: "Determining the target effects on personnel is the greatest challenge to the testing community," primarily because "the potential of injury and death severely limits human tests." However, "
1647:. LRAD systems are used for long-range communications in a variety of applications including as a means of non-lethal, non-kinetic crowd control. Though they have been called "sonic weapons", LRADs are not inherently for military use. The round black devices on top of New York City police Hummers are LRADs.
1119:
used was a potent
Fentanyl derivative (a synthetic opioid), it causes respiratory depression and ultimately respiratory failure if administered in high enough dosages. The central nervous system effects, such as anesthesia and respiratory depression could have been reversed by an opioid antagonist such as
534:
1485:
gunship to target threatening crowds or individuals on the ground. This is to give the gunship a non-lethal option so the crew has more engagement options. Due to the increasing number of engagements in populated areas, the Air Force is aiming to field a system within 10 years to have enough aircraft
1237:
However, due to the difficulty of mass-producing them in the pre-modern age, they were rarely used except in the defense of limited areas or chokepoints, especially during sieges, where they were used to help seal breaches. Increasing ease of production still did not prevent these methods from slowly
1233:
warfare for centuries. They are known to have been in use since Roman times and may have been used earlier: the concept was familiar to the 4th century BC Greeks, who used rocks, brush, nets and trees placed in the path of enemy conveyances on land or ensnarement devices hidden under water to achieve
962:
are commonly used in crowd and riot control, for dispersal or to prevent movement on a particular position. These water cannons are intended to disperse crowds with little risk of harm, but the pressure can still cause eye injuries or even death. Water-filled rounds for small arms are in experimental
333:
In 2004, author Jon Ronson cited an unclassified military report titled "Non-Lethal
Weapons: Terms and References" 21 acoustic weapons were listed, in various stages of development, including the Infrasound ("Very low-frequency sound which can travel long distances and easily penetrate most buildings
716:
As different parts of the body differ in vulnerability, and because people vary in weight and fitness, any weapon powerful enough to incapacitate may be capable of killing under certain circumstances. Thus, "non-lethal force" does have some risk of causing death: in this context, "non-lethal" means
329:
but no lasting damage. The skin temperature of a person subjected to this weapon can jump to approximately 130 °F (54 °C) in as little as 2 seconds depending on the skin's starting temperature. The system is nonlethal (the penetration of the beam into human skin is only a few millimeters).
309:
around the world called for a concerted effort to develop weapons that were more life-conserving, environmentally friendly, and fiscally responsible than weapons available at that time. The U.S. Congress and other governments agreed and began an organized development of non-lethal weapons to provide
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or less-lethal launcher is a type of firearm that is used to fire "non-lethal" or "less-lethal" ammunition for the purpose of suppressing riots. Less-lethal launchers may be special purpose firearms designed for riot control use, or standard firearms, usually shotguns and grenade launchers, adapted
1118:
variant dissolved in halothane gas) in an attempt to induce sleep in both hostages and terrorists. Many of the hostages and terrorists (including all of the suicide bombers) were anesthetized, but some terrorists donned gas masks and thus were able to avoid the effects of the gas. Because the agent
712:
Non-lethal weapons are intended to minimize injury or death. While people are occasionally seriously injured or killed by these weapons, fatalities are relatively infrequent. Causes of death from non-lethal weapons are varied and occasionally uncertain. Misplaced or ricocheting shots, pre-existing
601:
Notwithstanding their design intent, non-lethal weapons can still cause harm. This is particularly true with certain technologies that interact with appropriately vulnerable regions; an example is kinetic munitions on the head, neck, eyes, abdominal and urogenital regions of the body. As a result,
313:
Recognizing the need to limit the escalation of force, research and development of a range of non-lethal weapons has since been undertaken internationally by governments and weapons manufacturers to fill the need for such weapons. Some non-lethal weapons may provide more effective riot control than
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beams of 193 nm, and promises to immobilize living targets at a distance without contact. There is plan for an engine-disabling variation for use against the electronic ignitions of cars using a 248 nm laser. The lead inventor, Eric Herr, died in 2008 and the company appears to have been
602:
some analysts describe "non-lethal" as a misnomer and recommend defining them as "less-lethal", whereas other sources identify "non-lethal" as representing a goal of minimization of producing fatalities or permanent injuries while not literally requiring minimization to a zero probability thereof.
407:
Until the development of non-lethal weapons, police officers around the world had few if any non-lethal options for riot control. Common tactics used by police that were intended to be non-lethal or less lethal included a slowly advancing wall of men with batons, officers on horses trained to deal
801:
launcher and PepperBall commercial products. There is also the
Variable Velocity Weapon Concept, for which a propulsion energy source may not yet have been clearly established and/or finalized. In any case, all of these technologies apply the same basic mechanism, which is to launch a mass at the
476:
During the 1990s and early 2000s (decade), interest in various other forms of less-than-lethal weapons for military and police use rose. Amongst other factors, the use of less-than-lethal weapons may be legal under international law and treaty in situations where weapons such as aerosol sprays or
437:
and shields, and led to new tactics for riot squads and other special-purpose teams. Officers could now stand up against violent rioters throwing dangerous projectiles without having to resort to lethal methods to quickly disperse the danger. Coupled with the introduction of effective non-lethal
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policy explicitly states that non-lethal weapons "shall not be required to have a zero probability of producing fatalities or permanent injuries." Although a Human
Effects Advisory Panel was established in 1998 to provide independent assessment on human effects, data, and models for the use of
210:
where employment of lethal force is prohibited or undesirable, where rules of engagement require minimum casualties, or where policy restricts the use of conventional force. However, these weapons occasionally cause serious injuries or death due to allergic reactions, improper use and/or other
597:
Non-lethal weapons have a design intent to provide an effect to reliably elicit a degree of incapacitation but without the typically lethal or permanent lasting effects of conventional weapons. This design intent has often made them a weapon of choice for use by law enforcement during civil
3284:
1207:
Vehicle stoppers include a wide range of methods and devices meant to disable a vessel or vehicle to prevent attack by an oncoming vessel or vehicle or to stop that vessel or vehicle for evaluation. Vessel and vehicle stoppers may include kinetic, chemical, or electromagnetic means.
1474:
In 2011, the ADS was redesigned to make it smaller, more reliable, and able to be used on the move. The ADS II is being designed to operate from moving aircraft, as well as moving ground vehicles. The redesign does not address problems in different environmental conditions.
1650:
According to the manufacturer's specifications, the systems weigh from 15 to 320 pounds (6.8 to 145.1 kg) and can emit sound in a 30°- 60° beam at 2.5 kHz. The manufacturer also produces systems for public address and mass notification use that broadcast 360°.
284:
In the past, military and police faced with undesirable escalation of conflict had few acceptable options. Military personnel guarding embassies often found themselves restricted to carrying unloaded weapons. National guards or policing forces charged with quelling
1326:
Directed energy weapons are weapons that emit energy in an aimed direction without the means of a projectile. They are non-lethal and can immobilize people as well as machines (e.g. vehicles). Directed energy weapons include electromagnetic weapons, (including
198:. It is often understood that unintended or incidental casualties are risked wherever force is applied, however non-lethal weapons minimise the risk of casualties (e.g. serious/permanent injuries or death) as much as possible. Non-lethal weapons are used in
894:
to storm the plane and take it over within 10 minutes while capturing two terrorists and killing Ali Taha, the leader of the terrorist group and his aide, while rescuing all passengers (three were wounded, and one died of her injuries several days later).
1009:
suggested at least 113 pepper spray-related fatalities had occurred in the United States, all with aggravating factors such as intoxication, pre-existing health problems, or from the police use of airway-restrictive immobilizing holds that can cause
132:
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protests, etc. Effect modalities vary by the technology being employed: kinetic projectiles function by blunt impact which actuate pain receptors to elicit a behavioral change, lights affect visual perception, acoustics affect hearing, etc.
334:
and vehicles ... biophysical effects are projected to be: nausea, loss of bowels, disorientation, vomiting, potential internal organ damage or death may occur. Superior to ultrasound...)", however no such effects had been achieved as of 2002.
1690:-inducing non-lethal weapons on humans have not been well understood or studied in any great details. Any such studies require explicit consent of all participants so as not to violate the UN Convention against torture and other cruelties.
1061:. Other serious injuries and fatalities have occurred from either tear gas itself or the projectiles it is delivered in, including the critical injury of veteran Scott Olsen from a tear gas canister during the 2011 Occupy Oakland protests.
3211:; July 9, 1996; Certified Current as of November 21, 2003; ASD(SO/LIC); SUBJECT: Policy for Non-Lethal Weapons; References: (a) Title 10, United States Code; (b) DoD Directive TS-3600.1, "Information Warfare (U)", December 21, 1992; PG. 3
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1245:, where Chinese troops, often wearing only light shoes, were particularly vulnerable. In modern times, special caltrops are also sometimes used against wheeled vehicles with pneumatic tires. Some South American urban guerrillas as the
1284:
are incapacitant weapons used for subduing a person by administering electric shock aimed at disrupting superficial muscle functions. One type is a conductive energy device (CED), an electroshock gun popularly known by the brand name
724:
Several groups maintain there is great room for improvement in non-lethal weapons and procedures for their use. Claims for the relative safety of such weapons are usually contingent on their being used "properly". For example, the
729:
developed during the 1960s were supposed to be fired at the ground and hit the target only after ricochet, and other non-lethal bullets are designed to be fired at the lower body; they can be lethal if fired directly at the head.
3943:
1471:, designed for area denial, perimeter security and crowd control. Informally, the weapon has also been referred to as a "heat ray", since it works by heating the surface of targets, such as the skin of targeted human subjects.
412:
and ricocheting shots off of the ground. In the mid-20th century, with the integration of fire-control systems into major cities, police found that high-pressure fire hoses could be effective in dispersing a crowd (the use of
480:
Between the years of 1987–1990, after a three-year field study by the FBI's
Firearms Training Unit; In 1990, the use of oleoresin capsicum was approved and used by the FBI, the first official law enforcement agency to do so.
450:, riot tactics were modified to rely less on violent response to attacking rioters than on a return to the slowly advancing wall, with supporting officers firing non-lethal ordnance into the crowd to discourage advance.
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1595:
to on 21 January 2009. The PHASR rifle, a low-intensity laser, is not prohibited under this regulation, as the blinding effect is intended to be temporary. It also uses a two-wavelength laser. The PHASR was tested at
808:
238:
and stability operations. Non-lethal weapons may also be used to channelize a battlefield, control the movement of civilian populations, or to limit civilian access to restricted areas (as they were utilized by the
1289:", which fires projectiles that administer the shock through a thin, flexible wire. Other electroshock weapons such as stun guns, stun batons, and electroshock belts administer an electric shock by direct contact.
1659:
In the United States, the
University of Texas-Austin Institute for Advanced Technology (IAT) conducts basic research to advance electrodynamics and hypervelocity physics related to electromagnetic weapons.
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1419:
and is said to work over distances of up to 2 km. It weighs about 230 kg and will probably be mounted on vehicles. The weight could become lighter as laser production technology improves.
1050:) has come under increasing scrutiny and criticism due to studies showing serious long term side effects. Many police forces are no longer exposing their members to the chemicals during training.
325:, a focused high frequency microwave device said to be capable of heating all living matter in the target area rapidly and continuously for the duration of the beam, causing transient intolerable
211:
factors; for this reason the term "less-lethal" has been preferred by some organizations as it describes the risks of death more accurately than the term "non-lethal", which some have argued is a
3176:
1698:
Pepper spray is one non-lethal weapon alleged to have been misused by
American police. In two incidents in California in 1997, police swabbed pepper spray directly into the eyes of protesters.
1266:
to riot control use with appropriate ammunition. The ammunition is most commonly found in 12 gauge (18.5 mm/.729 inch) shotguns and 37mm (1.46 inch) or 40mm (1.57 inch) grenade launchers.
1460:(ADS) is a dish that projects electromagnetic radiation just powerful enough to penetrate human skin and make the victim feel as though they are on fire, although no physical damage is done.
3198:"; Erik L. Nutley, Lieutenant Colonel, USAF; August 2003; Occasional Paper No. 34; Center for Strategy and Technology; Air War College; Air University; Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama; PG12
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with policing situations, or a charge into a riot using the flats of sabers. Other reasonably successful approaches included shotguns with lower-powered cartridges, "salt shells", using
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recommends against maximal prone restraint techniques following pepper spray application, and they caution that anyone sprayed should be monitored to ensure effective breathing.
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917:
In June 2010, in Kenya, a stun grenade was used to draw attention, and then a real grenade along with an explosive package were used, killing many people. In April, during the
3688:
453:
Police officers on patrol were traditionally armed with batons or pistols or both, and non-lethal methods of subduing an attacker centered on hand-fighting techniques such as
3842:
3827:
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3787:
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rounds) are less lethal than conventional metal bullets, and are also propelled at lower speed by using less propellant. "Bean bag" type bullets are sometimes referred to as
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3737:
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for crowd control. It is a form of mist sprayed from a water cannon, which leaves a terrible odor of rot or sewage on whatever it touches, and does not wash off easily.
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1570:
1445:
In 2003, a US military review reported that the electromagnetic radiation produced by PEPs had been shown to cause pain and temporary paralysis in animal experiments.
3505:
2087:
1663:
Although generally considered "non-lethal weapons", electromagnetic weapons do pose health threats to humans. In fact, "non-lethal weapons can sometimes be deadly."
3345:
1809:
Michigan State Police
Training Manual 2012 (pp. 68-70): same effective definition for "Less-lethal weapons" as what DoDD 3000.03 (2013) has for "Non-lethal weapons"
3991:
3888:
3782:
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1006:
3056:
921:, police attempted to use stun grenades to stop a demonstration but the crowd overwhelmed the police. In March stun grenades were used by Belarusian police in
713:
medical conditions, inadequate user training, repetitive applications and intentional misuse have been implicated in different cases where death has occurred.
820:
3613:
1675:
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at crowds. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the Non-lethality Policy Review Group at U.S. Global
Strategy Council in Washington and other independent
1970:
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3151:
1703:
1587:. Its purpose is to temporarily disorient and blind a target. Blinding laser weapons have been tested in the past, but were banned under the 1995 UN
510:
3520:
1592:
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3643:
1502:
intended to temporarily blind or disorient its target with intense directed radiation. Targets can include sensors or human vision. Dazzlers emit
546:
3044:
3747:
2627:...describes these recent developments of sticky foam for non-lethal uses and some of the lessons learned from scenario and application testing.
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2823:
522:
3847:
3573:
3135:
1874:
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2442:
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HSV Technologies, Inc. (named for its founders, Herr, Schlesinger and Vernon; not to be confused with Holden
Special Vehicles), formerly of
425:
were also commonly used to scare and disperse rioters and apprehend individuals. In the 1980s the development of high-tensile plastics like
3480:
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1478:
3722:
2924:
2062:
1947:
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3712:
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Centre for Conflict Resolution, Department of Peace Studies, Bradford Non-Lethal Weapons Research Project (BNLWRP), Research Report No. 8
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Inside the Pentagon; Cebrowski calls for cultural changes; DEFENSE OFFICIALS URGE COMMON FRAMEWORK FOR PRECISION ATTACKS; April 3, 2003
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in Virginia states that: "The relevant (electromagnetic weapon) technology is well within the grasp of some countries and transnational
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United States Special Operations Command FY 2010 plans included starting developmental work on a counter UAV pulsed energy projectile.
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3903:
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372:
53:
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of 1980. And weapons that go beyond non-lethal intentions and cause "superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering" could violate the
699:
484:
In the late 1990s and early 2000s (decade), police began to adopt a new pepper spray delivery system based on the equipment used in
394:
119:
3981:
3913:
3175:
Exploiting Technical Opportunities to Capture Advanced Capabilities for Our Soldiers; Army AL&T; 2007 Oct-Dec; Dr. Reed Skaggs
1831:
3196:
NON-LETHAL WEAPONS: SETTING OUR PHASERS ON STUN? Potential Strategic Blessings and Curses of Non-Lethal Weapons on the Battlefield
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2220:
280:
Demonstration of the use of a Taser gun on US military personnel. The device was originally developed for use by civilian police.
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Initially developed for military use, non-military products are becoming available for use in law enforcement and security.
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Fiocchi 12-gauge rubber buckshot: containing 15, 8.3 mm, .58 gram rubber pellets, with a muzzle velocity of 790 fps.
659:
79:
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4148:
3928:
3699:
3490:
2890:"Joint Intermediate Force Capabilities Office > About > Frequently Asked Questions > Active Denial System FAQs"
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3372:
Field Manual No. 19-15 Headquarters Department of the Army Washington, DC, 25 November 1985 FM 19-15 CIVIL DISTURBANCES
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of 1977." Safety and evaluation of the physical and psychological effects of the long-term or repetitive uses of the
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Scott, Steven H. (January 1997). Alexander, John B.; Spencer, Debra D.; Schmit, Steve; Steele, Basil J. (eds.).
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4011:
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3371:
1739:
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1431:
1385:
3249:; Colonel Dennis B. Herbert, USMC (Ret.), program developer, Institute for Non-Lethal Defense Technologies at
3057:"UAWire - Three Ukrainian border guards in the Donbas suffer retina burns after being shot with laser weapons"
1722:
groups", and further states that U.S. hardware is susceptible to microwave and other directed-energy weapons.
648:
473:
by private citizens. However, these weapons were developed for non-lethal resolution of one-on-one conflicts.
68:
2202:
2125:"Death, injury and disability from kinetic impact projectiles in crowd-control settings: a systematic review"
3462:
3432:
1967:
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1597:
1174:
775:
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365:
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in 1995). Similar weapons, tactics, techniques and procedures are employed by police forces domestically in
46:
4101:
3155:
3101:"P.A. system or 'sonic weapon'? Cops' use of military-grade speakers at Orlando protests prompts backlash"
1671:
1499:
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1389:
1321:
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Vancouver Police Department officers in anti-riot gear and armed with tear gas grenade launchers confront
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in 1995 with some success, but as a result various complications in its field use were also discovered.
903:
504:
Long range acoustic device mounted on police vehicle, 2004 Republican National Convention, New York City
470:
1725:
Suitable materials and tools to create electromagnetic weapons are commonly available. "The threat of
1400:
pulse which, upon contact with the target, ablates the surface and creates a small amount of exploding
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2487:
1726:
1457:
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1132:
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and baton use. In the 1980s and 1990s officers began deploying non-lethal personal sidearms such as
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1824:
Less Than Lethal Weapons, UN Peacekeeping PDT Standards for Formed Police Units 1st edition 2015
276:
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that target the central nervous system and cause neurophysiological disorders" may violate the
1404:. This produces a pressure wave designed to stun the target and knock them off their feet, and
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93:
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Haar, Rohini J; Iacopino, Vincent; Ranadive, Nikhil; Dandu, Madhavi; Weiser, Sheri D (2017).
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4173:
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3005:
Eva D. Blaylock (Air Force Research Laboratory Directed Energy Directorate Public Affairs).
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2003:
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3075:"Long Range Acoustic Device Industry Applications - Public Safety & Security Solution"
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1974:
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1482:
1361:
1359:, USA, then Port Orchard, WA, designed a non-lethal device which was profiled in the 2002
771:
302:
223:
218:
Non-lethal weapons may be used by conventional military in a range of missions across the
1643:
to send messages and warning tones over longer distances or at higher volume than normal
1438:
laser pulses. The plasma (produced by the early part of the pulse) explodes because its
2606:
2491:
2063:"USAF Institute for National Security Studies: Non-Lethal Weapons: Terms and References"
1486:
available with non-lethal systems. The aircraft will apparently use the ADS II version.
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4168:
4128:
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2475:
2149:
2124:
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763:
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1522:. Most of the contemporary systems are man-portable, and operate in either the red (a
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1989:
1619:
Several nations developed blinding laser weapons and they were allegedly used during
1507:
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called them "miguelitos" and used these as a tactic to avoid pursuit after ambushes.
1137:
839:
794:
767:
751:
726:
256:
3177:
Exploiting Technical Opportunities to Capture Advanced Capabilities for Our Soldiers
488:. A specialized paintball, called a "pepperball", is filled with liquid or powdered
4251:
4198:
4158:
4111:
2875:
2246:"PepperBall® | Non Lethal Weapons | Less Lethal | Police Non Lethal"
1702:
condemned these actions, and claimed that they were likely a violation of the 1984
1583:
developed by the Air Force Research Laboratory's Directed Energy Directorate, U.S.
1416:
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1340:
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In February 2011, stun grenades were seen used by Egyptian police against rioters.
911:
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137:
27:
Weapon intended to be less likely to kill a living target than conventional weapons
978:
produce strong odours that cause people to leave the affected area. In 2008, the
17:
3341:
The Sunshine Project, 'Non-Lethal' Incapacitating (Bio)Chemical Weapons (website)
2284:"Four hijackers and three Israeli PMs: the incredible story of Sabena flight 571"
1098:
designed to have a disorienting effect when used during combat or interrogation.
929:. In these latter two cases, the demonstrations were dispersed with no injuries.
4091:
4076:
2221:"Study Says Rubber Bullets Too Dangerous For Civil Crowd Control, from AP, 2002"
2140:
1644:
1523:
1427:
1409:
1393:
1370:
1222:
1166:
1161:
615:
354:
35:
3326:
Council on Foreign Relations Independent Task Force Report on Nonlethal Weapons
2736:
1917:
3152:"LRAD Mass Notification & Life Safety Systems Archives - LRAD Corporation"
1857:
United Nations Human Rights Guidance on Less-Lethal Weapons in Law Enforcement
1749:
1679:
1608:
1250:
1242:
1149:
975:
887:
872:
759:
422:
418:
306:
195:
2295:
4051:
2387:
2110:"(U//FOUO) DoD Non-Lethal Weapons Reference Book 2011 - Public Intelligence"
1785:
1719:
1332:
1246:
1087:
489:
485:
179:
3336:
Weapons of Mass Protection, Air Force Journal article on Nonlethal Weapons.
2519:
2158:
1933:
3220:
1241:
Caltrops are still sometimes used in modern conflicts, such as during the
1191:
Area denial weapons work by either incapacitating or deterring the enemy.
1057:
was killed in Los Angeles in 1970 by an errant CS gas canister during the
951:
925:
against demonstrators, and in September they were used by Greek police in
3857:
3356:
Less-Lethal.org - Non Lethal and Less Lethal Law Enforcement Technologies
2558:
2534:"Oakland Police Critically Injure Iraq War Veteran During Occupy Protest"
1503:
1439:
1435:
1262:
1230:
1226:
1120:
1115:
1039:
879:, and grenades designed to release chemical irritants (described below).
439:
212:
2642:
Bunker, Robert J.; USAF Institute for National Security Studies (1997).
2559:
A psychochemical weapon considered by the Warsaw Pact: a research note.
1561:
421:
has remained an effective non-lethal tactic to disperse riots). Trained
321:
revealed its development of a less-than-lethal energy weapon called the
4241:
4213:
4208:
4123:
3043:, Air Force Research Laboratory, Office of Public Affairs, April 2006;
2758:
2500:
1759:
1510:
against humans, when they are intended to cause no long-term damage to
1091:
454:
379: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
294:
248:
191:
2614:
339:
Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Directorate Non-Lethal Weapons Reference Book
3407:
3009:, The Official Website of the U.S. Air Force, Posted November 2, 2005
1551:
1540:
Weapons designed to cause permanent blindness are banned by the 1995
1145:
1141:
1043:
926:
798:
426:
203:
199:
175:
3296:"The Electromagnetic Bomb - a Weapon of Electrical Mass Destruction"
3078:
2648:. INSS occasional paper. Vol. 15. DIANE Publishing. p. 7.
998:
is oleoresin capsicum (OC), an acrid irritant chemical derived from
469:, which were developed for use by police and also found a market in
341:
was created. The weapons in this book are currently in development.
3298:. 10 December 2000. Archived from the original on 10 December 2000.
2846:"DVIDS - News - New Marine Corps non-lethal weapon heats things up"
2386:
Edwards, Steven M.; Granfield, John; Onnen, Jamie (February 1997).
1144:, are less often used riot control agents. Other irritants include
442:
and offensive-odor canisters, and non-lethal impact rounds such as
1577:
1560:
1515:
1397:
1373:
1296:
1286:
1269:
In the United States, the term riot gun more commonly refers to a
1198:
1025:
950:
922:
783:
746:, a target. The rounds rely on the transfer of kinetic energy and
516:
Swedish police in riot gear, carrying an extended telescopic baton
466:
430:
298:
275:
187:
131:
1110:, Russian special forces used an unidentified gas (thought to be
2980:
2474:
Rothenberg, C.; Achanta, S.; Svendsen, E. R.; Jordt, S. (2016).
1687:
1306:
1302:
786:
326:
286:
3380:
2591:
Security Systems and Nonlethal Technologies for Law Enforcement
1992:
and Heidi Toffler, Little, Brown (1993), Chapter 15, p.125–136.
528:
A Taser X26 making an electrical arc between its two electrodes
2925:
US Special Forces pursuing AC-130-based 'active denial system'
1511:
1083:
826:
12-gauge beanbag rounds and exposed bean bag round projectile
609:
561:
348:
29:
3355:
3041:
PERSONNEL HALTING and STIMULATION RESPONSE (PHaSR) Fact Sheet
2691:
1558:
or disorientation and therefore falls outside this protocol.
263:, where the terminology of "less-than-lethal" is often used.
3240:
Non-Lethal Weaponry: From Tactical to Strategic Applications
1377:
dissolved, with their website defunct as of September 2017.
3365:
2476:"Tear gas: An epidemiological and mechanistic reassessment"
1948:"Taser and the Myth of Non-Lethal Weaponry – The Intercept"
1506:
or invisible light against various electronic sensors, and
1221:
Simple rows or clusters of sharpened sticks (also known as
3376:
2245:
1817:
1815:
797:
are also used to launch less-lethal rounds, including the
882:
In 1972, stun grenades were used to capture the hijacked
2448:. ACLU of Southern California. June 1995. Archived from
2342:"Health Impacts of Crowd-Control Weapons: Water Cannons"
3267:
USA: Police use of pepper spray - tantamount to torture
2783:
1238:
falling out of favor from the late Middle Ages onward.
578:
2443:"Pepper Spray Update: More Fatalities, More Questions"
1365:
magazine article "Beyond the Rubber Bullet". It is an
898:
A stun grenade was apparently used by members of the
854:
Launcher, projectile, 64 mm, riot control, M234
4234:
4004:
3957:
3856:
3698:
3652:
3529:
3461:
3423:
3414:
2977:"Police to experiment with blinding 'Dazer Laser'?"
2670:"Pulses immobilize cars with RF Safe-Stop from e2v"
2204:
DOD Directive 3000.3: Policy for Non-Lethal Weapons
640:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1442:absorb the energy of the later part of the pulse.
3366:US Deptment of Defense Non-Lethal Weapons Program
310:a range of options between talking and shooting.
3308:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1897:"There's No Such Thing as a 'Non-Lethal' Weapon"
1875:"Use of force, firearms and less lethal weapons"
1571:personnel halting and stimulation response rifle
955:Water cannon during a German demonstration, 2001
2820:"Vehicle-Mounted Active Denial System (V-MADS)"
1714:Loren Thompson, chief operating officer of the
867:come in several less-lethal varieties, such as
3261:
3259:
2755:"HPEM Active Denial System disabling vehicles"
2587:"Sticky foam as a less-than-lethal technology"
1305:officer stands ready with a sonic weapon, the
3392:
3360:International Association of Chiefs of Police
2637:
2635:
1481:is experimenting with mounting an ADS on the
1415:The pulsed energy projectile is intended for
1007:International Association of Chiefs of Police
8:
2265:"Army Looks to Turn Toy Into Next-Gen Rifle"
2135:(12). British Medical Association: e018154.
910:at the beginning of the IDF storming of the
778:(both kinetic and tear gas projectiles) and
1396:. It involves the emission of an invisible
3420:
3399:
3385:
3377:
2480:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1676:Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons
3331:usmilitary.about.com (Non-lethal weapons)
3230:; presented to: NDIANon-Lethal Defense IV
2509:
2499:
2148:
1704:United Nations Convention Against Torture
1014:. The Southern California chapter of the
700:Learn how and when to remove this message
395:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2951:"US cops and military to get laser guns"
886:, allowing the Israeli forces headed by
2871:"Ray gun, sci-fi staple, meets reality"
2645:Nonlethal Weapons: Terms and References
1802:
1388:or (PEP) is a technology of non-lethal
967:were in development but was abandoned.
804:
780:rubber bullets with electroshock effect
494:
3301:
2712:
2710:
2708:
1918:"No such thing as a non-lethal weapon"
1313:protest on November 17, 2011 near the
136:An instruction on oleoresin capsicum (
3130:. Captain Peter Corbett. p. 65.
2737:"Tupamaros. De las armas a las urnas"
2174:"Non-lethal technologies—an overview"
552:Exploded tear gas canister in the air
7:
3221:Human Effects Advisory Panel Program
1479:Air Force Special Operations Command
1038:The use of chemical weapons such as
638:adding citations to reliable sources
377:adding citations to reliable sources
58:adding citations to reliable sources
3194:Air University Research Template: "
3007:New technology 'dazzles' aggressors
2915:– Strategypage.com, October 3, 2012
2366:"New Israeli weapon kicks up stink"
2199:United States Department of Defense
2172:Lewer, Nick; Davison, Neil (2005).
1667:United States Department of Defense
1392:currently under development by the
802:target that interacts kinetically.
750:to accomplish this incapacitation.
477:gases defined as chemical are not.
180:less likely to kill a living target
3207:Department of Defense; DIRECTIVE;
2939:- Strategypage.com, 10 August 2015
2826:from the original on March 5, 2008
2720:", Reid, Robert W., originally in
1589:Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons
1545:Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons
25:
3020:"United Nations Office at Geneva"
2975:Chris Matyszczyk (23 July 2010).
293:or similar club-like weapons, or
4275:
4274:
2927:- Flightglobal.com, 29 July 2015
2806:"Pulsed Energy Projectile (PEP)"
2416:Allen, Terry J. (May 29, 2000).
1078:are psychoactive drugs, such as
847:
831:
819:
807:
614:
565:
545:
533:
521:
509:
497:
353:
34:
3351:Time - Beyond the rubber bullet
2397:. National Institute of Justice
2282:Jeffries, Stuart (2015-11-11).
1968:Nonlethality: A Global Strategy
1765:New physical principles weapons
793:. More recently, high-velocity
625:needs additional citations for
364:needs additional citations for
45:needs additional citations for
2913:Death Ray Turns Warm And Fuzzy
2263:Hambling, David (2008-07-23).
2002:Shachtman, Noah (2007-04-06).
1950:. Theintercept.com. 2015-12-01
1528:diode-pumped solid-state laser
1016:American Civil Liberties Union
842:ring airfoil projectile rounds
245:1st Marine Expeditionary Force
142:Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune
1:
3251:Pennsylvania State University
3099:Sheets, Tess (25 June 2020).
2688:"Savelec project - Home Page"
1729:proliferation is very real."
1602:Air Force Research Laboratory
1412:causing a painful sensation.
1108:Moscow theater hostage crisis
2599:Sandia National Laboratories
2388:"Evaluation of Pepper Spray"
1424:Mission Research Corporation
1422:The system was developed by
1229:have been a feature of anti-
3689:National Revolutionary Army
2949:Mark Harris (27 May 2009).
2561:Substance Use & Misuse,
2141:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018154
1899:. Vice.com. 21 October 2014
1877:. College of Policing. 2020
1605:Directed Energy Directorate
1514:. The emitters are usually
869:"flashbang" (stun) grenades
222:. They may also be used by
4357:
4326:Law enforcement techniques
3501:War of the Triple Alliance
3127:A Modern Plague of Pirates
2024:The Men Who Stare at Goats
1633:Long Range Acoustic Device
1627:Long Range Acoustic Device
1591:, which the United States
1518:, making what is termed a
1319:
1184:
1159:
1130:
1068:
939:
744:incapacitate, but not kill
319:United States Marine Corps
4321:Law enforcement equipment
4270:
3521:Pre-20th century firearms
2418:"Tear Gas: Chemical Cops"
2320:Christian Science Monitor
2090:National Defense Magazine
2004:"Pain Ray Injures Airman"
1463:The ADS is a non-lethal,
1406:electromagnetic radiation
1386:Pulsed energy projectiles
994:The active ingredient in
965:Electrified water cannons
919:2010 Kyrgyzstani uprising
3909:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
3899:South African Border War
3681:Second Sino-Japanese War
1777:(hand-to-hand technique)
1740:Demoralization (warfare)
1532:electromagnetic spectrum
1432:deuterium fluoride laser
1390:directed energy weaponry
1381:Pulsed energy projectile
1225:), and the use of small
776:ring airfoil projectiles
438:chemical agents such as
206:situations to limit the
160:less-than-lethal weapons
3889:Portuguese Colonial War
3124:Corbett, Peter (2009).
2625:. 1997SPIE.2934...96S.
2575:accessed: 27. 11. 2009.
1672:directed energy weapons
1655:Safety and legal status
1637:acoustic hailing device
1598:Kirtland Air Force Base
1573:(PHASR) is a prototype
1293:Directed energy weapons
1175:Operation United Shield
1005:A 1998 estimate by the
259:, refugee control, and
4336:Paramilitary equipment
4306:Anti-personnel weapons
4257:Civilian gun ownership
2937:AC-130J Gets A Ray Gun
1830:. 2015. Archived from
1615:Blinding laser weapons
1566:
1500:directed-energy weapon
1465:directed-energy weapon
1430:). It uses a chemical
1322:Directed-energy weapon
1317:
1204:
1076:Psychochemical weapons
1071:Psychochemical weapons
1035:
980:Israeli Defence Forces
956:
742:which are designed to
738:Non-lethal rounds are
289:were able to use only
281:
208:escalation of conflict
144:
4316:Incapacitating agents
3934:Nicaraguan Revolution
3884:Araguaia Guerilla War
3453:Early thermal weapons
3272:Amnesty International
2879:, September 24, 2004.
2718:Weaponry: The Caltrop
2455:on September 29, 2011
1700:Amnesty International
1585:Department of Defense
1564:
1530:, DPSS) areas of the
1357:San Diego, California
1337:particle beam weapons
1300:
1202:
1131:Further information:
1127:Other chemical agents
1029:
954:
940:Further information:
791:flexible baton rounds
540:Pepper spray training
448:flexible baton rounds
279:
172:pain-inducing weapons
135:
3939:Salvadoran Civil War
3506:Spanish–American War
3481:American Indian Wars
2983:.com. Archived from
2029:Simon & Schuster
2021:Ronson, Jon (2005).
1727:electromagnetic bomb
1458:active denial system
1452:Active denial system
1282:Electroshock weapons
1277:Electroshock weapons
1173:in the peacekeeping
1133:Incapacitating agent
1046:) and pepper spray (
942:Incapacitating agent
906:soldiers during the
634:improve this article
463:electroshock weapons
373:improve this article
323:Active Denial System
255:, prisoner control,
184:conventional weapons
54:improve this article
4311:Area denial weapons
3992:Russo-Ukrainian War
3929:Dominican Civil War
3904:Cambodian Civil War
3865:First Indochina War
3105:orlandosentinel.com
2822:. Global Security.
2607:1997SPIE.2934...96S
2538:The Huffington Post
2492:2016NYASA1378...96R
2112:. 27 December 2011.
1716:Lexington Institute
1556:temporary blindness
1547:. The dazzler is a
1261:In current usage a
1187:Area denial weapons
1096:3-Methylamphetamine
1012:positional asphyxia
971:Scent-based weapons
756:soft polymer rounds
754:, rubber buckshot,
649:"Non-lethal weapon"
156:less-lethal weapons
69:"Non-lethal weapon"
4331:Military equipment
4301:Non-lethal weapons
3982:Russo-Georgian War
3924:Lebanese Civil War
3894:Rhodesian Bush War
3511:Mexican Revolution
3496:American Civil War
3486:War of the Pacific
3476:Napoleonic Warfare
3274:, 4 November 1997.
3245:2003-12-23 at the
3226:2004-11-14 at the
3182:2011-07-22 at the
2987:on 25 October 2012
2571:2011-07-21 at the
2501:10.1111/nyas.13141
2316:"Global News Blog"
1973:2012-03-05 at the
1745:Electronic warfare
1710:Terrorism concerns
1684:Geneva Conventions
1567:
1554:intended to cause
1483:AC-130J Ghostrider
1318:
1315:New York City Hall
1311:Occupy Wall Street
1205:
1036:
957:
908:Gaza flotilla raid
892:Benjamin Netanyahu
748:blunt force trauma
577:. You can help by
282:
168:compliance weapons
164:non-deadly weapons
148:Non-lethal weapons
145:
18:Non-lethal weapons
4288:
4287:
4000:
3999:
3944:Soviet–Afghan War
3919:Laotian Civil War
3667:Spanish Civil War
3137:978-0-9562107-0-8
2894:jnlwp.defense.gov
2615:10.1117/12.265402
2395:Research in Brief
2181:Disarmament Forum
2098:on July 19, 2010.
1928:(2489): 3. 2005.
1791:Tranquillizer gun
1755:LED Incapacitator
1467:developed by the
1434:device producing
1351:Ultraviolet laser
1171:U.S. Marine Corps
1169:was tried by the
884:Sabena Flight 571
710:
709:
702:
684:
595:
594:
461:, and eventually
405:
404:
397:
301:charges, or fire
232:occupation forces
152:nonlethal weapons
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
4348:
4278:
4277:
4154:Mass destruction
4062:Blunt instrument
3987:Syrian Civil War
3421:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3378:
3358:. Hosted by the
3314:
3313:
3307:
3299:
3292:
3286:
3281:
3275:
3263:
3254:
3237:
3231:
3218:
3212:
3205:
3199:
3192:
3186:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3154:. Archived from
3148:
3142:
3141:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3077:. Archived from
3071:
3065:
3064:
3053:
3047:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3016:
3010:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2946:
2940:
2934:
2928:
2922:
2916:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2886:
2880:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2782:. Archived from
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2757:. Archived from
2751:
2745:
2744:
2733:
2727:
2723:Military History
2714:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2690:. Archived from
2684:
2678:
2677:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2639:
2630:
2629:
2601:: SPIE: 96–103.
2582:
2576:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2513:
2503:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2454:
2447:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2392:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2223:. Archived from
2217:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2201:(July 9, 1996),
2195:
2189:
2188:
2178:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2152:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2094:. Archived from
2084:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2065:. Archived from
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2018:
2012:
2011:
1999:
1993:
1986:War and Anti-War
1983:
1977:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1836:
1829:
1819:
1810:
1807:
1781:R.I.P. cartridge
1641:LRAD Corporation
1112:3-methylfentanyl
1106:During the 2002
936:Gases and sprays
873:"sting" grenades
851:
835:
823:
811:
705:
698:
694:
691:
685:
683:
642:
618:
610:
590:
587:
569:
562:
549:
537:
525:
513:
501:
400:
393:
389:
386:
380:
357:
349:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4266:
4262:Science fiction
4230:
4102:Directed-energy
3996:
3972:Afghanistan War
3953:
3852:
3694:
3654:Interwar period
3648:
3549:Austria-Hungary
3525:
3457:
3410:
3405:
3322:
3317:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3282:
3278:
3264:
3257:
3247:Wayback Machine
3238:
3234:
3228:Wayback Machine
3219:
3215:
3206:
3202:
3193:
3189:
3184:Wayback Machine
3174:
3170:
3161:
3159:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3138:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3109:
3107:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3084:
3082:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3039:
3035:
3025:
3023:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3004:
3000:
2990:
2988:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2959:
2957:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2935:
2931:
2923:
2919:
2911:
2907:
2898:
2896:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2868:
2864:
2854:
2852:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2789:
2787:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2764:
2762:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2715:
2706:
2697:
2695:
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2422:In These Times
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2322:. June 2, 2010
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1542:United Nations
1526:) or green (a
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1426:(now owned by
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1320:Main article:
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1185:Main article:
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1138:Blister agents
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1069:Main article:
1066:
1065:Psychochemical
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1000:cayenne pepper
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752:Rubber bullets
740:firearm rounds
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727:rubber bullets
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3471:Early Warfare
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3209:NUMBER 3000.3
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3178:
3172:
3169:
3158:on 2017-03-10
3157:
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3147:
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3081:on 2017-03-10
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3022:. www.unog.ch
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2869:Ross Kerber,
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2807:
2800:
2797:
2786:on 2018-04-18
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2761:on 2009-03-06
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2694:on 2017-07-04
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2486:(1): 96–107.
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2227:on 2010-06-30
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2080:
2069:on 2010-03-04
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2042:0-7432-4192-4
2038:
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2017:
2014:
2009:
2005:
1998:
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1991:
1990:Alvin Toffler
1987:
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1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1059:Chicano riots
1056:
1055:Rubén Salazar
1051:
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1028:
1021:
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960:Water cannons
953:
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865:Hand grenades
859:
850:
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840:M234 launcher
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651: –
650:
646:
645:Find sources:
639:
635:
629:
628:
623:This article
621:
617:
612:
611:
605:
603:
599:
589:
580:
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573:This section
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460:
459:pepper sprays
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432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
415:water cannons
411:
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368:
367:
362:This section
360:
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351:
350:
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342:
340:
337:In 2010, the
335:
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317:In 2001, the
315:
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257:crowd control
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71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
4341:Peacekeeping
4163:
4149:Martial arts
4112:Depth charge
4082:Conventional
3823:Soviet Union
3700:World War II
3290:
3279:
3265:
3235:
3216:
3203:
3190:
3171:
3160:. Retrieved
3156:the original
3146:
3126:
3119:
3108:. Retrieved
3104:
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3083:. Retrieved
3079:the original
3069:
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3051:
3036:
3024:. Retrieved
3014:
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2989:. Retrieved
2985:the original
2970:
2958:. Retrieved
2944:
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2908:
2897:. Retrieved
2893:
2884:
2876:Boston Globe
2874:
2865:
2853:. Retrieved
2849:
2840:
2828:. Retrieved
2814:
2804:Pike, John.
2799:
2788:. Retrieved
2784:the original
2774:
2763:. Retrieved
2759:the original
2749:
2740:
2731:
2721:
2696:. Retrieved
2692:the original
2682:
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2560:
2553:
2542:. Retrieved
2540:. 2011-10-26
2537:
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2450:the original
2437:
2425:. Retrieved
2421:
2411:
2399:. Retrieved
2394:
2381:
2370:. Retrieved
2368:. 2008-10-02
2360:
2349:. Retrieved
2345:
2336:
2324:. Retrieved
2319:
2310:
2299:. Retrieved
2288:The Guardian
2287:
2277:
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2258:
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2240:
2229:. Retrieved
2225:the original
2215:
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2193:
2184:
2180:
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2132:
2128:
2118:
2104:
2096:the original
2089:
2082:
2071:. Retrieved
2067:the original
2057:
2046:. Retrieved
2023:
2016:
2007:
1997:
1985:
1981:
1963:
1952:. Retrieved
1942:
1925:
1921:
1912:
1901:. Retrieved
1891:
1879:. Retrieved
1869:
1856:
1850:
1839:. Retrieved
1832:the original
1823:
1805:
1724:
1713:
1697:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1649:
1645:loudspeakers
1630:
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1568:
1539:
1536:
1519:
1493:
1477:
1473:
1462:
1455:
1447:
1444:
1421:
1417:riot control
1414:
1384:
1367:electrolaser
1360:
1354:
1325:
1309:500X, at an
1280:
1271:riot shotgun
1268:
1260:
1240:
1236:
1223:punji sticks
1220:
1206:
1195:Anti-vehicle
1190:
1165:
1140:, including
1136:
1105:
1074:
1052:
1037:
1004:
996:pepper spray
993:
990:Pepper spray
982:began using
974:
958:
931:
916:
912:Mavi Marmara
902:against the
897:
881:
875:with rubber
863:
737:
723:
718:
715:
711:
696:
687:
677:
670:
663:
656:
644:
632:Please help
627:verification
624:
600:
596:
583:
579:adding to it
574:
483:
479:
475:
471:self-defense
452:
406:
391:
382:
371:Please help
366:verification
363:
338:
336:
332:
316:
312:
283:
261:self-defense
253:riot control
236:peacekeeping
217:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
146:
138:pepper spray
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
4087:Crew-served
4047:Area denial
3879:Six-Day War
3874:Vietnam War
3803:New Zealand
3798:Netherlands
3671:Nationalist
3604:New Zealand
3531:World War I
3491:Crimean War
2855:November 1,
1623:by Russia.
1565:PHASR Rifle
1524:laser diode
1469:US military
1428:Orbital ATK
1410:nerve cells
1394:US military
1371:ultraviolet
1181:Area denial
1167:Sticky foam
1162:Sticky foam
1156:Sticky foam
1114:or another
1053:Journalist
1032:Stanley Cup
976:Malodorants
760:wax bullets
423:police dogs
419:fire trucks
307:think tanks
4295:Categories
4164:Non-lethal
4144:Insurgency
4139:Incendiary
4134:Improvised
4067:Ceremonial
4057:Biological
4017:Amphibious
3869:Korean War
3843:Yugoslavia
3675:Republican
3599:Montenegro
3162:2016-08-07
3110:2021-07-04
3085:2016-08-07
3061:uawire.org
3026:15 January
2899:2022-07-18
2790:2019-07-08
2765:2009-04-29
2698:2014-10-25
2655:142899193X
2544:2016-01-08
2459:October 4,
2427:October 4,
2372:2019-06-10
2351:2022-07-18
2301:2023-12-30
2231:2010-02-15
2073:2010-02-15
2048:2007-08-28
2031:. p.
1954:2022-05-05
1903:2022-05-05
1841:2020-06-05
1750:Gas pistol
1680:Protocol I
1609:New Mexico
1575:non-lethal
1549:non-lethal
1251:Montoneros
1243:Korean War
1150:nonivamide
888:Ehud Barak
860:Explosives
734:Ammunition
721:to kill".
717:only "not
690:April 2010
660:newspapers
196:ammunition
194:with live
110:April 2022
80:newspapers
4184:Pneumatic
4174:Offensive
4107:Explosive
4052:Artillery
4042:Anti-tank
4022:Ancillary
3708:Australia
3662:Chaco War
3544:Australia
3425:Premodern
2623:111371006
2401:August 6,
2296:0261-3077
1786:Stun belt
1720:terrorist
1440:electrons
1335:weapons,
1333:microwave
1247:Tupamaros
1102:Sleep gas
1088:Kolokol-1
606:Mechanics
586:July 2010
490:capsaicin
486:paintball
385:July 2012
4280:Category
4247:Industry
4204:Tectonic
4189:Practice
4179:Personal
4072:Chemical
4012:Aircraft
3977:Iraq War
3949:Gulf War
3858:Cold War
3848:Infantry
3828:Thailand
3728:Bulgaria
3685:Japanese
3644:Infantry
3609:Portugal
3559:Bulgaria
3539:Chemical
3448:Japanese
3443:Medieval
3304:cite web
3243:Archived
3224:Archived
3180:Archived
3045:Archived
2830:March 2,
2824:Archived
2741:rcci.net
2674:phys.org
2569:Archived
2566:172-178.
2520:27391380
2187:: 37–51.
2159:29255079
2129:BMJ Open
1971:Archived
1934:15839010
1733:See also
1504:infrared
1436:infrared
1263:riot gun
1257:Riot gun
1231:infantry
1227:caltrops
1217:Caltrops
1152:(PAVA).
1121:naloxone
1116:fentanyl
1040:tear gas
1034:rioters.
1022:Tear gas
1002:plants.
963:stages.
877:shrapnel
719:intended
465:such as
440:tear gas
272:Military
213:misnomer
200:policing
192:firearms
186:such as
4242:Arsenal
4219:Vehicle
4209:Torpedo
4169:Nuclear
4129:Hunting
4124:Firearm
3818:Romania
3778:Hungary
3768:Germany
3758:Finland
3753:Denmark
3743:Croatia
3718:Belgium
3713:Austria
3614:Romania
3574:Germany
3554:Belgium
3516:Antique
3438:Chinese
3433:African
3416:History
3408:Weapons
3362:(IACP).
3253:; pg. 4
2991:28 July
2960:28 July
2780:"lasik"
2603:Bibcode
2511:5096012
2488:Bibcode
2326:May 19,
2150:5736036
1881:26 June
1863:. 2020.
1760:Net gun
1682:to the
1593:acceded
1581:dazzler
1496:dazzler
1490:Dazzler
1092:EA-3167
674:scholar
558:Effects
455:jujutsu
295:bayonet
267:History
249:Somalia
176:weapons
94:scholar
4224:Combat
4194:Ranged
4097:Deadly
3813:Poland
3808:Norway
3793:Mexico
3773:Greece
3763:France
3733:Canada
3723:Brazil
3629:Turkey
3624:Serbia
3619:Russia
3579:Greece
3569:France
3564:Canada
3463:Modern
3134:
2652:
2621:
2518:
2508:
2294:
2157:
2147:
2039:
1932:
1694:Misuse
1552:weapon
1516:lasers
1402:plasma
1369:using
1331:) and
1146:CS gas
1142:CR gas
1094:, and
927:Athens
799:FN 303
782:(e.g.
676:
669:
662:
655:
647:
467:tasers
427:Kevlar
345:Police
291:batons
204:combat
188:knives
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
4252:Mount
4235:Other
4199:Space
4159:Melee
4092:Cyber
4005:Types
3788:Japan
3783:Italy
3738:China
3594:Japan
3589:Italy
3584:India
2850:DVIDS
2619:S2CID
2453:(PDF)
2446:(PDF)
2391:(PDF)
2269:Wired
2208:(PDF)
2177:(PDF)
2008:Wired
1861:(PDF)
1835:(PDF)
1828:(PDF)
1798:Notes
1578:laser
1498:is a
1398:laser
1374:laser
1287:Taser
984:Skunk
947:Water
923:Minsk
838:U.S.
784:Taser
681:JSTOR
667:books
431:Lexan
299:sword
287:riots
226:, by
182:than
170:, or
140:) at
101:JSTOR
87:books
4117:List
4077:Cold
3310:link
3132:ISBN
3028:2009
2993:2010
2981:CNET
2962:2010
2857:2014
2832:2008
2650:ISBN
2595:2934
2516:PMID
2484:1378
2461:2011
2429:2011
2403:2013
2328:2012
2292:ISSN
2155:PMID
2037:ISBN
1930:PMID
1883:2020
1688:pain
1631:The
1569:The
1512:eyes
1362:TIME
1343:and
1307:LRAD
1303:NYPD
1249:and
1148:and
787:XREP
653:news
429:and
417:and
327:pain
241:USMC
234:for
202:and
190:and
174:are
73:news
4214:Toy
2611:doi
2564:44,
2506:PMC
2496:doi
2346:PHR
2145:PMC
2137:doi
2033:259
1926:185
1607:in
1456:An
1301:An
1084:LSD
904:IDF
900:IHH
636:by
581:.
375:by
297:or
247:in
243:'s
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