985:,” thus violating their rights. Additionally, the court found that "persons relocated to Rwanda may be at risk of detention and treatment not following international standards should they express dissatisfaction or protest at their conditions after arrival.” Once in Rwanda, migrants might not be able to seek legal recourse as Rwanda operates outside the jurisdiction of the ECtHR, and there is an "absence of any legally enforceable mechanism for the applicant’s return to the United Kingdom in the event of a successful merits challenge before the domestic courts." In November 2023, the
40:
492:. But the U.S. government, and later also Canada, refused to allow the ship to dock and refused to accept any passengers. With conditions on the ship deteriorating and seemingly nowhere else to go, the ship returned to Europe, where approximately thirty percent of those passengers were later murdered in the Holocaust. Switzerland refused entry to nearly 20,000 French Jews who sought asylum there after the
546:) and interpretations of various international treaties in the 1980s, the European Commission on Human Rights shifted preference away from preserving state sovereignty and towards protecting persons who might be refouled. This interpretation permitted no abridgments of non-refoulement protections, even if the state was concerned a refugee may be a terrorist or pose other immediate threats to the state.
883:(Italy's former interior minister) allegedly breached its obligation of non-refoulement by refusing to rescue 93 migrants fleeing Libya and consequently organising a "privatised push-back", that is sending back migrants using merchant ships as proxy; which in this case resulted in the migrants being returned to the port of
785:
to permit them to remain permanently, only an obligation not to send them back to a region in which they face likely danger. Refugee relocation agreements between countries must ensure they are not sent back by the new host country. The new host country does not have to be party to the 1951 Convention, however.
784:
This approach involves international systems designed to process the asylum claim in the country in which a person initially seeks asylum and redistribute them among other countries. This approach relies on the logic that
Article 33 does not include language requiring states receiving asylum seekers
638:
2. "The benefit of the present provision may not, however, be claimed by a refugee whom there are reasonable grounds for regarding as a danger to the security of the country in which he is, or who, having been convicted by a final judgment of a particularly serious crime, constitutes a danger to the
791:
This approach is not an interpretation of
Article 33, but a way around it. It combines the strict and collectivist approaches. States using this approach establish non-sovereign areas within their borders, primarily at travel hubs. Asylum seekers presenting themselves at such areas are then sent to
777:
This interpretation holds that only certain refugees are legally entitled to non-refoulement protection. If the country receiving an asylum seeker does not find that their "life or freedom would be threatened" by refoulement, this interpretation holds that they can be legitimately returned to their
522:
Non-refoulement presents an inherent conflict with state sovereignty, as it infringes on a state's right to exercise control over its own borders and those who reside within them. In legal proceedings immediately following World War II, non-refoulement was viewed as a distinct right, which could be
826:
in 1994 have been alleged to have violated the non-refoulement principle. During the height of the crisis, when the refugee flows rose to the level of a "mass exodus", the
Tanzanian government closed its borders to a group of more than 50,000 Rwandan refugees fleeing genocidal violence. In 1996,
762:
Though the principle of non-refoulement is a non-negotiable aspect of international law, states have interpreted
Article 33 of the 1951 Convention in various ways, and they have constructed their legal responses to asylum seeker in corresponding manners. The four most common interpretations are:
709:
No one seeking asylum in accordance with these
Principles should, except for overriding reasons of national security or safeguarding the populations, be subjected to measures such as rejection at the frontier, return or expulsion which would result in compelling him to return to or remain in a
604:
contained the first mention of non-refoulement in international law, and prevented party states from expelling legally-residing refugees or turning away refugees at the borders of their home countries. This treaty was ratified by only a few states and gained little traction in international
673:
2. For the purpose of determining whether there are such grounds, the competent authorities shall take into account all relevant considerations including, where applicable, the existence in the State concerned of a consistent pattern of gross, flagrant or mass violations of human rights.
752:
Any asylum-seeker must be able to lodge an application at the frontier. The application may then be examined to establish, prior to the decision on admission, whether it is manifestly unfounded. However, where there is a host third country, there may be exceptions to the principle of
1835:
International legal standards for the protection from refoulement - a legal analysis of the prohibitions on refoulement contained in the
Refugee Convention, the European Convention on Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the Convention against
558:
is the most effective method of dispatching refugees thought to present a credible threat. While recent treaties typically include specific obligations that prevent refoulement under essentially any circumstances, the interest of national security has led individual states and the
664:
770:
This interpretation holds that non-refoulement laws only apply to asylum seekers who have physically entered a state's borders. States using this interpretation often enact policies and procedures designed to block asylum seekers from reaching their
496:. The Swiss argued the "boat is full" with respect to refugees during the War, and they were not obligated under existing law to accept French Jews for resettlement. As a result the Jews were forced to return to France, where most were killed.
367:") any person to any country in which their "life or freedom would be threatened" on account of "race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion". The only exception to non-refoulement according to
741:
and
Article 4(5) of the 1981 Inter-American Convention on Extradition, the principle of non-refoulement also applies to extradition cases in which the person believes they will be tried or biased based specifically on one of the protected
436:, of 28 October 1933 was ratified by nine States, including France and (with a caveat) the United Kingdom. It was by virtue of this Convention that the principle of non-refoulement acquired the status of international treaty law.
720:
582:
has been a common practice by the US government in particular, raising the question of whether
Article 33 requires a refugee to be within a country or simply within the power of a country to trigger the right against
1382:
Jastram, Kate; Achiron, Marilyn (2001). Refugee
Protection: A Guide to International Refugee Law. Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), 2001.
577:
One of the grey areas of law that is most hotly debated within signatory circles is the interpretation of
Article 33 of the 1951 Convention. Interdiction of potential refugee transporting vessels on the
1616:
670:
1. No State Party shall expel, return ("refouler") or extradite a person to another State where there are substantial grounds for believing that he would be in danger of being subjected to torture.
1241:
Lynch, Timothy E., Refugees, Refoulement, and Freedom of Movement: Asylum Seekers' Right to Admission and Territorial Asylum, Georgetown Immigration Law Review, Vol. 36, No. 1, 2021, p. 74-75.
842:
government has been accused by the UNHCR, as well as more than 50 Australian legal scholars, of violating the principle of non-refoulement by returning 41 Tamil and Singhalese refugees to the
601:
433:
615:
1. No Contracting State shall expel or return ('refouler') a refugee in any manner whatsoever to the frontiers of territories where his life or freedom would be threatened on account of his
590:
A prohibition of rejection at the border would imply a right of entry for any asylum seeker, which explains the reluctance for some states to endorse non-rejection at the border.
1111:
Coleman, Nils. "Non-Refoulement Revised-Renewed Review of the Status of the Principle of Non-Refoulement as Customary International Law." Eur. J. Migration & L. 5 (2003): 23.
1124:"Limitations of the Customary International Principle of Non-refoulement on Non-party States: Thailand Repatriates the Remaining Hmong-Lao Regardless of International Norms"
792:
another country to have their asylum claims processed. As with traditional collectivism, the asylum seeker cannot be sent to a country in which they face likely danger.
534:, this linkage rendered the prohibition on refoulement absolute and challenged the legality of refoulement for the purposes of state security. Through court cases (see
1725:
1062:
Trevisanut, Dr. Seline (September 1, 2014). "International Law and Practice: The Principle of Non-Refoulement And the De-Territorialization of Border Control at Sea".
921:
nationals, despite a court order temporarily halting the repatriation amid concerns the group could be at risk if they were returned to military-ruled Myanmar.
701:
657:
609:
567:
399:
368:
356:
861:(Cth). That Act provides that "for the purposes of removal from Australia of an unlawful non-citizen, Australia's non-refoulement obligations are irrelevant".
812:, on 12 June 1979, is considered to be a classic example of refoulement. The refugees were forced at gunpoint across the border and down a steep slope into a
679:
484:, where the passengers expected to find refuge. However, Cuba admitted only twenty-eight passengers and refused to admit the rest. The ship then set sail for
653:
1264:
Padmanabhan, Vijay M. (October 1, 2011). "To Transfer or not to Transfer: Identifying and Protecting Relevant Human Rights Interests in Non-Refoulement".
1320:
554:
Following terror attacks in the United States and Europe, states have renewed calls for permitting refoulement in the interest of national security, as
902:, on claims that they had committed murder. The move was condemned by human rights activists as the two would likely face execution upon their return.
571:
412:(jus cogens) of international law, where non-refoulement must always be applied without any adjustment for any purpose or under any circumstances (
1008:
989:
ruled that the policy is illegal under UK domestic law and international obligations because the policy continues to violate non-refoulement.
1684:
930:
300:
689:) and with this convention non-refoulement to countries with risk of torture and inhumane treatment is considered an absolute right as well.
1872:
1533:
1552:
Sixth periodic report submitted by Australia under article 19 of the Convention pursuant to the optional reporting procedure, due in 2018
439:
The principle of non-refoulement is important because of its role in an international collective memory of the failure of nations during
1833:
1477:
Rodolfo Marques, Non-refoulement under the Inter-American Human Rights System, London: RLI Working Paper Series, 6 March 2017, pp. 58-69
986:
978:
732:
establishes danger to an asylum seeker's "right to life or personal freedom" as the threshold for non-refoulement among American states.
729:
527:
1642:
738:
1035:
644:
1388:
1292:
1123:
481:
946:
375:, which applies only to those who can prove a well-grounded fear of political persecution, non-refoulement refers to the generic
253:
519:
for its indiscriminate targeting of civilians, many of whom had never been Soviet citizens, fleeing Russia near the end of WW2.
710:
territory if there is a well-founded fear of persecution endangering his life, physical integrity or liberty in that territory.
1371:
1144:
970:
463:
716:
704:'s (then known as the Asian-African Legal Consultative Committee) 1996 Principles Concerning Treatment of Refugees states:
467:
238:
1564:
1465:
Cambridge University Press, The Scope and Content of the Principle of Non-Refoulement: Opinion, June 2003, available at:
371:
are "reasonable grounds" of "danger to the security of the country" or "danger to the community of that country". Unlike
612:. Article 33 contains the following two paragraphs that define the prohibition of the expulsion or return of a refugee:
1891:
847:
616:
489:
395:
105:
1818:
JUDGMENT R (on the application of AAA (Syria) and others) (Respondents/Cross Appellants) United Kingdom Supreme Court
1901:
1896:
1873:
Vladislava Stoyanova, "The Principle of Non-Refoulement and the Right of Asylum Seekers to Enter State Territory."
1700:
939:
110:
1659:
1519:
1487:
Council Resolution of 20 June 1995 on minimum guarantees for asylum procedures [Official Journal C 274, 19.09.1996
981:
because once in Rwanda, migrants “would not have access to fair and efficient procedures for the determination of
523:
abridged under certain circumstances, such as those spelled out in Article 33, Section 2 of the 1951 Convention.
293:
248:
1911:
542:
536:
1335:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1003:
512:
456:
1534:"Sri Lankan asylum seekers facing criminal investigation after being handed back by Australian authorities"
1486:
480:
sailed from Germany with over 900 Jewish passengers who were fleeing Nazi persecution. The ship sailed for
1916:
925:
907:
895:
54:
1643:
FORENSIC OCEANOGRAPHY, THE NIVIN CASE - Migrants' resistance to Italy's strategy of privatized push-back
854:
723:, signed in 1969, makes provisions for asylum seekers fleeing war, colonial dominance, or social unrest.
161:
1096:
39:
1726:"Supreme Court order allowing deportation of Rohingyas shows that India hasn't shed Partition baggage"
1590:
816:. Those who refused were shot by Thai soldiers. Approximately 3,000 refugees (about 7 percent) died.
579:
286:
23:
1201:
831:
had reached an appropriate level of stability, around 500,000 refugees were returned to Rwanda from
747:
European Union Council Resolution of 20 June 1995 on minimum guarantees for asylum procedures :
958:
859:
Migration and Maritime Powers Legislation Amendment (Resolving the Asylum Legacy Caseload) Act 2014
809:
805:
680:
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Article 3
207:
115:
64:
1427:
1224:
1079:
962:
950:
667:
held that non-refoulement emanated from larger protections from torture and inhumane treatment.
500:
421:
243:
156:
59:
1617:"A Saudi woman seeking asylum in Australia has been 'kidnapped' and returned home by her family"
1441:
M. Cherif Bassiouni. (Autumn 1996) "International Crimes: 'Jus Cogens' and 'Obligatio Erga Omnes
530:
recognized non-refoulement as a subsidiary of prohibitions on torture. As the ban on torture is
1906:
1680:
1384:
1367:
1288:
1110:
685:
The protection from torture and inhumane treatment is generally considered an absolute right (
452:
352:
197:
170:
1426:
Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Egypt, France, Italy, Norway, Czechoslovakia (28 October 1933).
1216:
1182:
1173:
Bruin, Rene; Wouters, Kees (2003). "Terrorism and the Non-derogability of Non-refoulement".
1071:
865:
823:
493:
372:
319:
269:
217:
212:
181:
140:
1674:
1432:
English translation of official French text. Web page incorrectly shows date as 18 October.
843:
686:
632:
408:
222:
202:
125:
100:
80:
665:
Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
566:
Today, the principle of non-refoulement from countries that are signatories to the 1951
563:
to seek ways around non-refoulement protections that balance security and human rights.
982:
880:
560:
608:
The principle of "non-refoulement" was officially enshrined in Article 33 of the 1951
1885:
1392:
1228:
1083:
471:
403:
166:
1866:
1817:
869:
628:
555:
504:
476:
448:
440:
90:
424:
terror attacks in the United States as well as other terrorist attacks in Europe.
364:
1648:(Report). Forensic Architecture, Goldsmiths, University of London. December 2019.
788:
Collectivist, with laws preventing asylum seekers from reaching sovereign borders
1852:
Académie de Droit International de La Haye / Hague Academy of International Law
1843:
954:
935:
910:
who remain on its soil under a 1986 agreement with the North Korean government.
899:
891:
873:
624:
376:
360:
176:
135:
95:
85:
31:
1748:"What is the UK's plan to send asylum seekers to Rwanda and how many could go?"
1747:
1520:
http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/53220/ben-barber/feeding-refugees-or-war
1466:
1428:
Convention of 28 October, 1933 relating to the International Status of Refugees
570:, the 1967 Protocol Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, or the 1984
1220:
1075:
413:
1285:
Operation Keelhaul; The Story of Forced Repatriation from 1944 to the Present
503:, millions of refugees and prisoners from former Russia and the contemporary
1408:
Goodwin-Gill, Guy S. (2014). "The International Law of Refugee Protection".
839:
813:
516:
462:
During the war, several states had forcibly returned or denied admission to
1773:
1321:"Non-Refoulement: The Search for a Consistent Interpretation of Article 33"
1186:
914:
884:
819:
801:
620:
444:
388:
380:
574:
depends on the interpretation of the Article 33 of the 1951 Convention.
1797:
1502:
918:
721:
Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa
485:
343:
130:
645:
Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, Article 33
998:
966:
887:
in Libya, where they were beaten, tortured and in some cases killed.
828:
398:, where it applies even to states that are not parties to the 1951
1591:"Saudi woman seeking asylum in Australia returned to Saudi Arabia"
903:
832:
508:
511:
from the Soviet government. The action nowadays is considered a
1145:
Jean Allain, 2001, "The jus cogens Nature of non‐refoulement",
1701:"Malaysia deports 1,086 Myanmar nationals despite court order"
1364:
UNHCR and Voluntary Repatriation of Refugees: A Legal Analysis
384:
274:
334:
1565:"Forcibly repatriated Saudi woman: 'My family will kill me'"
1430:(Report). League of Nations - Treaty Series 1935-1936. 3663.
1202:"On the history of the international protection of refugees"
1036:"Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees"
1410:
The Oxford Handbook of Refugee and Forced Migration Studies
602:
Convention relating to the International Status of Refugees
434:
Convention relating to the International Status of Refugees
325:
451:. Following the war, the need for international checks on
1501:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2010, p. 175. Retrieved from
1867:
Defining the parameters of the non-refoulement principle
1724:
Nizamuddin Ahmad Siddiqui; Abu Zar Ali (18 April 2021).
656:
removed geographic and temporal limitations of the 1951
507:
were forcibly returned despite evidence they would face
977:(28774/22) that the UK government’s plan violates the
420:
nature of non-refoulement was rekindled following the
331:
1660:"South Korea Deports Two from North to Likely Abuse"
337:
322:
1798:"Supreme Court rules Rwanda asylum policy unlawful"
340:
328:
1676:The Impossible State: North Korea, Past and Future
1499:Refugee Workers in the Indochina Exodus, 1975-1982
1393:http://www.ipu.org/pdf/publications/refugee_en.pdf
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
806:forcible repatriation of 45,000 Cambodian refugees
1679:. Internet Archive. New York: Ecco. p. 169.
1097:Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 14
1514:Barber, Ben (1997). "Feeding Refugees, or War?"
1421:
1419:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1034:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
750:
707:
668:
613:
443:to provide a haven to refugees fleeing certain
406:. It is debatable whether non-refoulement is a
1875:Interdisciplinary Journal of Human Rights Law,
872:with the cooperation of the government of the
1366:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1997; p. 147.
702:Asian-African Legal Consultative Organization
658:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
610:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
568:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
400:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
369:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
357:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
294:
8:
1849:, Oxford: Oxford UP, 2007 (prev. 1983, 1996)
1467:http://www.refworld.org/docid/470a33af0.html
1057:
1055:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
969:. The policy has faced legal challenges and
1106:
1104:
654:Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees
979:European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)
301:
287:
18:
1774:"HUDOC - European Court of Human Rights"
1328:Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law
1019:
1009:Monism and dualism in international law
261:
230:
189:
148:
72:
46:
30:
1854:Le droit d'asile = The right of asylum
1768:
1766:
1764:
1412:. Oxford University Press. p. 39.
971:European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)
1554:, UN Doc CAT/C/AUS/6 (28 March 2019).
1403:
1401:
1358:
1356:
1209:International Review of the Red Cross
931:Mohammad Salimullah v. Union of India
455:over refugees became apparent to the
394:Non-refoulement is generally seen as
16:Principle of international asylum law
7:
1503:https://www.amazon.com/dp/0786445297
1175:International Journal of Refugee Law
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1147:International Journal of Refugee Law
1518:, July/August 1997. Retrieved from
1319:D'Angelo, Ellen F. (January 2009).
1287:. Devin-Adair Pub. pp. 82–90.
1128:Wisconsin International Law Journal
1064:Leiden Journal of International Law
730:American Convention on Human Rights
528:European Commission on Human Rights
1200:Jaeger, Gilbert (September 2001).
739:European Convention on Extradition
14:
846:in June or July 2014, as part of
1847:The refugee in international law
1497:Thompson, Larry Clinton (2010).
1149:, Vol. 13, Issue 4, pp. 533-558.
351:) is a fundamental principle of
318:
254:White genocide conspiracy theory
38:
1820:WLR 4433, 1 WLR 4433, UKSC 42
1532:March, Stephanie (2014-07-07).
1839:, Antwerpen: Intersentia, 2009
717:Organization for African Unity
1:
1447:Law and Contemporary Problems
774:Strict, with a narrow reading
737:Per Article 3(2) of the 1957
627:, membership of a particular
239:Criticism of multiculturalism
975:N.S.K. v. the United Kingdom
359:that forbids a country from
1856:, Dordrecht: Nijhoff (1990)
1550:Committee against Torture,
1122:Vang, Jerry (Summer 2014).
848:Operation Sovereign Borders
639:community of that country.
490:refuge in the United States
474:. In 1939, the ocean liner
396:customary international law
1933:
1842:Guy S. Goodwin-Gill &
1362:Zieck, Marjoleine (1997).
957:migrants who enter the UK
728:Article 22(8) of the 1969
572:Convention Against Torture
111:Indefinite leave to remain
1221:10.1017/S1560775500119285
1076:10.1017/S0922156514000259
537:Soering v. United Kingdom
249:Opposition to immigration
1449:. Vol. 59, No. 4, p. 68.
1334:(1): 279. Archived from
1283:Julius, Epstein (1973).
940:Rohingya Muslim refugees
543:Chahal v. United Kingdom
488:in the hopes of finding
1673:Cha, Victor D. (2013).
1189:– via HeinOnline.
1004:Impediment to expulsion
494:Nazi takeover of France
457:international community
1877:Vol. 3, Issue 1, 2008.
1391:(IPU). Retrieved from
973:ruled in June 2022 in
926:Supreme Court of India
896:North Korean defectors
822:'s actions during the
797:Examples of violations
755:
712:
684:
649:
600:Article 3 of the 1933
513:human rights violation
162:Immigrant assimilation
55:Immigration by country
908:North Korean refugees
855:Australian Parliament
715:Article II(3) of the
379:of people, including
231:Opposition and reform
963:“safe” third country
416:). The debate over
1662:. 13 November 2019.
1341:on 22 February 2017
1187:10.1093/ijrl/15.1.5
868:was forced back to
810:Prasat Preah Vihear
700:Article III of the
116:Migration diplomacy
65:Illegal immigration
1892:1933 introductions
1778:hudoc.echr.coe.int
1266:Fordham Law Review
951:Rwanda asylum plan
906:routinely deports
778:country of origin.
753:"non-refoulement".
526:In the 1960s, the
501:Operation Keelhaul
422:September 11, 2001
244:Immigration reform
190:Political theories
157:Social integration
60:Immigration policy
1902:League of Nations
1897:International law
1705:www.aljazeera.com
1686:978-0-06-199850-8
942:back to Myanmar.
633:political opinion
499:After WW2, under
453:state sovereignty
353:international law
311:
310:
262:Causes topics
198:Civic nationalism
171:Acculturation Gap
1924:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1770:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1561:
1555:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1529:
1523:
1512:
1506:
1495:
1489:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1450:
1444:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1423:
1414:
1413:
1405:
1396:
1380:
1374:
1360:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1340:
1325:
1316:
1299:
1298:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1261:
1242:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1215:(843): 727-737.
1206:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1170:
1157:
1151:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1119:
1113:
1108:
1099:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1059:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1031:
987:UK Supreme Court
953:, which aims to
866:Dina Ali Lasloom
824:Rwandan genocide
682:
647:
447:at the hands of
387:zones and other
373:political asylum
355:anchored in the
350:
349:
346:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
303:
296:
289:
270:Economic migrant
218:Plurinationalism
213:Multiculturalism
182:Social exclusion
149:Social processes
141:Voluntary return
42:
19:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1912:Right of asylum
1882:
1881:
1863:
1829:
1824:
1816:
1812:
1803:
1801:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1782:
1780:
1772:
1771:
1762:
1753:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1731:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1709:
1707:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1626:
1624:
1623:. 13 April 2017
1621:The Independent
1615:
1614:
1610:
1600:
1598:
1597:. 12 April 2017
1589:
1588:
1584:
1574:
1572:
1571:. 16 April 2017
1563:
1562:
1558:
1549:
1545:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1516:Foreign Affairs
1513:
1509:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1453:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1425:
1424:
1417:
1407:
1406:
1399:
1381:
1377:
1361:
1354:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1302:
1295:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1263:
1262:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1172:
1171:
1160:
1154:
1143:
1139:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1095:
1091:
1061:
1060:
1053:
1044:
1042:
1033:
1032:
1021:
1017:
995:
917:deported 1,086
844:Sri Lankan Navy
799:
760:
758:Interpretations
697:
692:
687:Peremptory norm
683:
678:
648:
643:
596:
552:
430:
409:Peremptory norm
321:
317:
314:Non-refoulement
307:
223:Ethnocentricism
203:Social cohesion
126:Right of asylum
121:Non-refoulement
106:Externalization
101:Immigration law
81:Border security
73:History and law
17:
12:
11:
5:
1930:
1928:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1870:
1862:
1861:External links
1859:
1858:
1857:
1850:
1840:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1810:
1789:
1760:
1739:
1716:
1692:
1685:
1665:
1651:
1634:
1608:
1582:
1569:Deutsche Welle
1556:
1543:
1524:
1507:
1490:
1479:
1470:
1451:
1434:
1415:
1397:
1375:
1352:
1300:
1293:
1275:
1243:
1234:
1192:
1158:
1152:
1137:
1114:
1100:
1089:
1051:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1001:
994:
991:
983:refugee status
934:, allowed the
881:Matteo Salvini
798:
795:
794:
793:
789:
786:
782:
779:
775:
772:
768:
759:
756:
749:
748:
744:
743:
734:
733:
725:
724:
706:
705:
696:
693:
691:
690:
676:
661:
650:
641:
606:
597:
595:
592:
561:European Union
551:
548:
429:
426:
309:
308:
306:
305:
298:
291:
283:
280:
279:
278:
277:
272:
264:
263:
259:
258:
257:
256:
251:
246:
241:
233:
232:
228:
227:
226:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
192:
191:
187:
186:
185:
184:
179:
174:
164:
159:
151:
150:
146:
145:
144:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
75:
74:
70:
69:
68:
67:
62:
57:
49:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1929:
1918:
1917:Statelessness
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1878:
1876:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1832:Kees Wouters
1831:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1814:
1811:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1727:
1720:
1717:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1688:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1669:
1666:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1483:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1438:
1435:
1429:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1389:92-9142-101-4
1386:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1294:9780815964070
1290:
1286:
1279:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1196:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1141:
1138:
1134:(2): 355–383.
1133:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1093:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
992:
990:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
949:proposed the
948:
947:UK government
945:In 2022, the
943:
941:
937:
933:
932:
927:
924:In 2021, the
922:
920:
916:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
894:deported two
893:
888:
886:
882:
877:
875:
871:
867:
862:
860:
856:
853:In 2014, the
851:
849:
845:
841:
836:
834:
830:
825:
821:
817:
815:
811:
807:
803:
796:
790:
787:
783:
780:
776:
773:
769:
766:
765:
764:
757:
754:
746:
745:
740:
736:
735:
731:
727:
726:
722:
718:
714:
713:
711:
703:
699:
698:
694:
688:
681:
675:
671:
666:
662:
659:
655:
651:
646:
640:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
611:
607:
603:
599:
598:
594:Relevant laws
593:
591:
588:
586:
581:
575:
573:
569:
564:
562:
557:
549:
547:
545:
544:
539:
538:
533:
529:
524:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
478:
473:
472:the Holocaust
469:
465:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
435:
427:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
410:
405:
404:1967 Protocol
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
348:
315:
304:
299:
297:
292:
290:
285:
284:
282:
281:
276:
273:
271:
268:
267:
266:
265:
260:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
236:
235:
234:
229:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
195:
194:
193:
188:
183:
180:
178:
175:
172:
168:
167:Acculturation
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
154:
153:
152:
147:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
78:
77:
76:
71:
66:
63:
61:
58:
56:
53:
52:
51:
50:
45:
41:
37:
36:
33:
29:
25:
21:
20:
1874:
1869:, LLM thesis
1853:
1846:
1834:
1813:
1802:. Retrieved
1800:. 2023-11-15
1792:
1781:. Retrieved
1777:
1752:. Retrieved
1750:. 2022-06-13
1742:
1730:. Retrieved
1719:
1708:. Retrieved
1704:
1695:
1675:
1668:
1654:
1637:
1625:. Retrieved
1620:
1611:
1599:. Retrieved
1594:
1585:
1573:. Retrieved
1568:
1559:
1551:
1546:
1537:
1527:
1515:
1510:
1498:
1493:
1482:
1473:
1446:
1437:
1409:
1378:
1363:
1343:. Retrieved
1336:the original
1331:
1327:
1284:
1278:
1272:(1): 73–123.
1269:
1265:
1237:
1212:
1208:
1195:
1178:
1174:
1155:
1146:
1140:
1131:
1127:
1117:
1092:
1067:
1063:
1043:. Retrieved
1039:
974:
944:
929:
923:
912:
889:
878:
870:Saudi Arabia
863:
858:
852:
837:
818:
800:
781:Collectivist
761:
751:
708:
672:
669:
637:
629:social group
614:
589:
584:
576:
565:
556:repatriation
553:
550:Contemporary
541:
535:
531:
525:
521:
505:Soviet Union
498:
477:MS St. Louis
475:
461:
449:Nazi Germany
441:World War II
438:
431:
417:
407:
393:
313:
312:
120:
91:Repatriation
1844:Jane McAdam
1728:. scroll.in
1345:21 February
1181:(1): 5–29.
936:deportation
900:North Korea
892:South Korea
874:Philippines
857:passed the
625:nationality
585:refoulement
509:persecution
468:French Jews
377:deportation
365:refoulement
177:Persecution
96:Deportation
86:Citizenship
32:Immigration
1886:Categories
1827:Literature
1804:2024-05-16
1783:2024-05-16
1754:2024-05-16
1732:5 November
1710:2021-07-24
1372:9041104097
1070:(3): 661.
1045:2017-03-27
1015:References
840:Australian
532:jus cogens
418:jus cogens
414:derogation
1229:145129127
1084:145445428
959:illegally
913:In 2021,
890:In 2019,
864:In 2017,
814:minefield
663:The 1984
652:The 1967
580:high seas
517:war crime
391:locales.
361:deporting
1907:Refugees
1627:13 April
1601:13 April
1575:16 April
1538:ABC News
993:See also
915:Malaysia
898:back to
885:Misurata
879:In 2018
820:Tanzania
802:Thailand
771:borders.
742:factors.
695:Regional
677:—
642:—
621:religion
470:fleeing
445:genocide
389:disaster
381:refugees
208:Nativism
24:a series
22:Part of
1836:Torture
1595:Reuters
919:Myanmar
827:before
486:Florida
428:History
402:or its
131:Refugee
47:General
1683:
1387:
1370:
1291:
1227:
1082:
999:Border
967:Rwanda
955:deport
829:Rwanda
767:Strict
515:and a
464:German
1646:(PDF)
1339:(PDF)
1324:(PDF)
1225:S2CID
1205:(PDF)
1080:S2CID
1040:UNHCR
961:to a
904:China
833:Zaire
383:into
1734:2021
1681:ISBN
1629:2017
1603:2017
1577:2017
1385:ISBN
1368:ISBN
1347:2017
1289:ISBN
838:The
617:race
605:law.
540:and
482:Cuba
466:and
432:The
136:Visa
1445:".
1217:doi
1183:doi
1072:doi
938:of
928:in
808:at
804:'s
719:'s
631:or
459:.
385:war
275:War
1888::
1776:.
1763:^
1703:.
1619:.
1593:.
1567:.
1536:.
1454:^
1418:^
1400:^
1355:^
1332:42
1330:.
1326:.
1303:^
1270:80
1268:.
1246:^
1223:.
1213:83
1211:.
1207:.
1179:15
1177:.
1161:^
1132:32
1130:.
1126:.
1103:^
1078:.
1068:27
1066:.
1054:^
1038:.
1022:^
965:,
876:.
850:.
835:.
635:.
623:,
619:,
587:.
363:("
344:ɒ̃
335:uː
26:on
1807:.
1786:.
1757:.
1736:.
1713:.
1689:.
1631:.
1605:.
1579:.
1540:.
1522:.
1505:.
1443:'
1395:.
1349:.
1297:.
1231:.
1219::
1185::
1086:.
1074::
1048:.
660:.
347:/
341:m
338:l
332:f
329:ˈ
326:ə
323:r
320:/
316:(
302:e
295:t
288:v
173:)
169:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
