31:
1749:
173:
production costs are zero. In reality, few goods are completely non-rival as rivalry can emerge at certain levels. For instance, use of public roads, the
Internet, or police/law courts is non-rival up to a certain capacity, after which congestion means that each additional user decreases speed for
118:
and nondurable, are rival goods. A hammer is a durable rival good. One person's use of the hammer prevents others from using the hammer at the same time. However, the first user does not "use up" the hammer, meaning that some rival goods can still be shared through time. An apple is a nondurable
143:
is an example of a non-rival good; when a consumer turns on a TV set, this does not prevent the TV in another consumer's house from working. The television itself is a rival good, but television broadcasts are non-rival goods. Other examples of non-rival goods include a beautiful scenic
1239:
74:
if, for any level of production, the cost of providing it to a marginal (additional) individual is zero. A good is "anti-rivalrous" and "inclusive" if each person benefits more when other people consume it.
178:, where many goods are somewhere between the two extremes of completely rival and completely non-rival. A perfectly non-rival good can be consumed simultaneously by an unlimited number of consumers.
1580:
78:
A good can be placed along a continuum from rivalrous through non-rivalrous to anti-rivalrous. The distinction between rivalrous and non-rivalrous is sometimes referred to as
313:
Hess, C., E. Ostrom. 2006. Introduction. C. Hess, E. Ostrom, eds. Understanding
Knowledge as a Commons: From Theory to Practice. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts
208:
are perversely anti-rivalrous — any country acting as a free rider will benefit from the efforts of others to combat this problem, even while not contributing itself.
119:
rival good: once an apple is eaten, it is "used up" and can no longer be eaten by others. Non-tangible goods can also be rivalrous. Examples include the ownership of
139:
In contrast, non-rival goods may be consumed by one consumer without preventing simultaneous consumption by others. Most examples of non-rival goods are intangible.
465:
Mark Cooper (July 2018). "Governing the global climate commons: The political economy of state and local action, after the U.S. flip-flop on the Paris
Agreement".
1157:
1417:
767:
529:
192:
Goods are anti-rivalrous and inclusive if the consumer’s enjoyment increases with how many others consume the good. The concept was introduced by
387:
34:
Wild fish stocks are a rivalrous good, as the amount of fish caught by one boat reduces the number of fish available to be caught by others.
1368:
1348:
991:
1452:
289:
1763:
1322:
886:
1670:
1050:
1312:
94:
made the distinction between private and public goods in 1954 by introducing the concept of nonrival consumption. Economist
1343:
760:
197:
522:
95:
424:
1618:
1060:
933:
304:
Cornes, R., T. Sandler. 1986. The theory of externalities, public goods, and club goods. Cambridge
University Press.
1786:
1097:
1075:
1191:
205:
204:
is anti-rivalrous, because its utility increases with how much it's used by others. Cooper noted that efforts to
1028:
753:
379:
371:
193:
1234:
1201:
981:
705:
565:
515:
467:
63:
55:
30:
1678:
1561:
1307:
1276:
1092:
996:
974:
429:
1555:
1758:
1731:
1711:
1703:
1327:
881:
175:
149:
1594:
928:
790:
570:
140:
281:
275:
1717:
1405:
1400:
1001:
943:
876:
1684:
1008:
805:
632:
575:
344:
254:
1753:
1477:
1462:
1082:
948:
898:
893:
652:
583:
484:
438:
383:
285:
239:
111:
1791:
1654:
1646:
1574:
1271:
1211:
964:
850:
840:
825:
795:
642:
492:
476:
446:
401:
336:
324:
201:
43:
1697:
1519:
1509:
1485:
1422:
1288:
1244:
1145:
845:
830:
698:
647:
617:
603:
579:
550:
420:
393:
244:
187:
157:
1602:
1373:
1356:
1293:
1249:
938:
871:
835:
815:
681:
627:
588:
233:
229:
120:
91:
148:, national defense, clean air, street lights, and public safety. More generally, most
66:
by one party reduces the ability of another party to consume it. A good is considered
1780:
1692:
1659:
1457:
1437:
1388:
1065:
1045:
986:
903:
800:
724:
714:
688:
637:
593:
169:
128:
99:
1664:
1640:
1607:
1588:
1569:
1524:
1497:
1490:
1472:
1410:
1186:
1140:
1135:
1038:
1023:
866:
693:
671:
666:
657:
598:
555:
348:
249:
115:
167:
Non-rivalry does not imply that the total production costs are low, but that the
1632:
1432:
1317:
1206:
1181:
1169:
1150:
1033:
1013:
923:
820:
734:
719:
676:
622:
480:
361:
Leach, J. 2004. A course in public economics. Cambridge
University Press: 155–56
174:
others. For that, recent economic theory views rivalry as a continuum, not as a
124:
1725:
1612:
1229:
810:
662:
608:
488:
442:
340:
17:
1626:
1427:
1378:
1361:
1299:
1281:
1055:
969:
729:
613:
560:
450:
39:
397:
200:, it becomes easier and more powerful for all users. Lessig noted that any
496:
405:
1514:
1447:
1383:
1266:
1196:
1174:
1070:
1018:
776:
161:
145:
59:
1467:
1261:
1254:
1119:
915:
1442:
1394:
1163:
152:
is non-rival. In fact, certain types of intellectual property become
102:
as criteria for defining consumption goods in 1959 and 1969.
1531:
1127:
539:
217:
29:
507:
325:"The Role of Rivalry: Public Goods Versus Common-Pool Resources"
218:
Goods § Goods classified by exclusivity and competitiveness
212:
Types of goods based on rivalry in consumption and excludability
749:
511:
1504:
62:
prevents simultaneous consumption by other consumers, or if
745:
1581:
The Origin of the Family, Private
Property and the State
1540:
1342:
1222:
1108:
957:
914:
859:
783:
160:). For example, the more people use a particular
761:
523:
8:
164:, the more valuable that language becomes.
1112:
768:
754:
746:
530:
516:
508:
274:David L. Weimer; Aidan R. Vining (2005).
196:(2004), saying that when more people use
323:Apesteguia, J; Maier-Rigaud, F (2006).
266:
277:Policy Analysis: Concepts and Practice
156:valuable as more people consume them (
7:
127:. In more general terms, almost all
280:. Pearson: Prentice Hall. p.
98:followed on and added rivalry and
25:
1748:
1747:
1313:Right of way (property access)
329:Journal of Conflict Resolution
1:
198:free and open-source software
1619:Two Treatises of Government
481:10.1016/J.ENPOL.2018.03.037
1808:
376:The Success of Open Source
351:– via SAGE journals.
215:
185:
27:Property of economic goods
1743:
1115:
546:
1671:The Great Transformation
1029:Labor theory of property
380:Harvard University Press
341:10.1177/0022002706290433
1240:Forest-dwelling (India)
1202:restraint on alienation
982:Common good (economics)
604:(Post-)experience goods
1679:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
1453:Primitive accumulation
1308:Right of way (transit)
1093:Tragedy of the commons
975:fictitious commodities
715:(Non-)excludable goods
430:London Review of Books
35:
1732:The Wealth of Nations
1712:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
1704:The Ethics of Liberty
711:(Non-)rivalrous goods
206:combat climate change
150:intellectual property
33:
1595:Progress and Poverty
929:Common-pool resource
571:Common-pool resource
141:Broadcast television
1718:The Social Contract
1406:population transfer
1323:prior-appropriation
1002:homestead principle
633:Global public goods
599:(Non-)durable goods
576:Complementary goods
80:jointness of supply
1698:Murray N. Rothbard
1009:Free-rider problem
653:Intermediate goods
423:(18 August 2005).
255:Free-rider problem
36:
1787:Goods (economics)
1774:
1773:
1685:What Is Property?
1478:human trafficking
1463:Regulatory taking
1338:
1337:
1083:Right to property
743:
742:
643:Information goods
584:Independent goods
389:978-0-674-01858-7
294:. Fourth Edition.
16:(Redirected from
1799:
1751:
1750:
1655:John Stuart Mill
1575:Friedrich Engels
1556:Frédéric Bastiat
1549:
1401:Forced migration
1369:Collectivization
1113:
992:First possession
965:Bundle of rights
770:
763:
756:
747:
648:Intangible goods
618:Positional goods
580:Substitute goods
551:Anti-rival goods
532:
525:
518:
509:
502:
500:
462:
456:
454:
417:
411:
409:
368:
362:
359:
353:
352:
320:
314:
311:
305:
302:
296:
295:
271:
228:The generalized
202:natural language
96:Richard Musgrave
88:non-subtractable
21:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1739:
1543:
1542:
1536:
1486:husband-selling
1423:Illegal logging
1418:Illegal fishing
1347:
1334:
1245:Freedom to roam
1218:
1131:(agrarian land)
1104:
1061:Property rights
953:
910:
872:Estate (landed)
855:
779:
774:
744:
739:
699:Household goods
682:Necessity goods
589:Composite goods
542:
536:
506:
505:
464:
463:
459:
425:"Do You Floss?"
421:Lawrence Lessig
419:
418:
414:
390:
370:
369:
365:
360:
356:
322:
321:
317:
312:
308:
303:
299:
292:
273:
272:
268:
263:
245:Anti-rival good
225:
220:
214:
190:
188:Anti-rival good
184:
176:binary category
137:
131:are rivalrous.
108:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1805:
1803:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1779:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1756:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1695:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1610:
1605:
1603:Garrett Hardin
1600:
1599:
1598:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1572:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1552:
1550:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1480:
1475:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1398:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1374:Eminent domain
1371:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1357:Bioprospecting
1353:
1351:
1349:redistribution
1340:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1184:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1167:
1160:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1133:
1125:
1116:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1058:
1053:
1051:Natural rights
1048:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1004:
999:
989:
984:
979:
978:
977:
967:
961:
959:
955:
954:
952:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
920:
918:
912:
911:
909:
908:
907:
906:
896:
891:
890:
889:
879:
874:
869:
863:
861:
857:
856:
854:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
787:
785:
781:
780:
775:
773:
772:
765:
758:
750:
741:
740:
738:
737:
732:
727:
725:Superior goods
722:
717:
708:
703:
702:
701:
691:
689:Ordinary goods
686:
685:
684:
674:
669:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
638:Inferior goods
635:
630:
628:Global commons
625:
620:
611:
606:
601:
596:
594:Credence goods
591:
586:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
547:
544:
543:
537:
535:
534:
527:
520:
512:
504:
503:
457:
412:
388:
363:
354:
315:
306:
297:
290:
265:
264:
262:
259:
258:
257:
252:
247:
242:
240:Metcalfe's law
237:
234:microeconomics
230:network effect
224:
221:
216:Main article:
213:
210:
186:Main article:
183:
180:
136:
133:
107:
104:
92:Paul Samuelson
46:is said to be
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1804:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:Categories:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1693:David Ricardo
1691:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1660:Elinor Ostrom
1658:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1458:Privatization
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1438:Legal plunder
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1389:Expropriation
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1123:(watercourse)
1122:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1066:primogeniture
1064:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1046:Legal plunder
1044:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1003:
1000:
998:
997:appropriation
995:
994:
993:
990:
988:
987:Excludability
985:
983:
980:
976:
973:
972:
971:
968:
966:
963:
962:
960:
956:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
921:
919:
917:
913:
905:
902:
901:
900:
897:
895:
892:
888:
885:
884:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
864:
862:
858:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
788:
786:
782:
778:
771:
766:
764:
759:
757:
752:
751:
748:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
712:
709:
707:
704:
700:
697:
696:
695:
694:Private goods
692:
690:
687:
683:
680:
679:
678:
675:
673:
672:Neutral goods
670:
668:
667:demerit goods
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
581:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
556:Capital goods
554:
552:
549:
548:
545:
541:
533:
528:
526:
521:
519:
514:
513:
510:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
469:
468:Energy Policy
461:
458:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
431:
426:
422:
416:
413:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
385:
381:
377:
373:
367:
364:
358:
355:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
319:
316:
310:
307:
301:
298:
293:
291:0-13-183001-5
287:
283:
279:
278:
270:
267:
260:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
235:
231:
227:
226:
222:
219:
211:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
189:
181:
179:
177:
172:
171:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
142:
134:
132:
130:
129:private goods
126:
122:
121:radio spectra
117:
113:
105:
103:
101:
100:excludability
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
76:
73:
69:
68:non-rivalrous
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
32:
19:
18:Non-rivalrous
1759:Property law
1730:
1716:
1702:
1683:
1669:
1665:Karl Polanyi
1645:
1641:Marcel Mauss
1631:
1617:
1608:David Harvey
1593:
1589:Henry George
1579:
1570:Ronald Coase
1560:
1545:
1491:wife selling
1473:bride buying
1411:repatriation
1393:
1344:Disposession
1298:
1187:Property law
1162:
1158:Forest types
1128:
1120:
1109:Applications
1087:
1039:rent-seeking
1024:Gift economy
882:Intellectual
735:Veblen goods
720:Search goods
710:
706:Public goods
677:Normal goods
658:Luxury goods
623:Giffen goods
566:Common goods
472:
466:
460:
434:
428:
415:
375:
372:Steven Weber
366:
357:
332:
328:
318:
309:
300:
276:
269:
250:Rent-seeking
194:Steven Weber
191:
182:Anti-rivalry
168:
166:
153:
138:
125:domain names
114:goods, both
109:
90:. Economist
87:
84:subtractable
83:
79:
77:
71:
67:
51:
47:
37:
1633:Das Kapital
1520:progressive
1510:inheritance
1433:Land reform
1207:real estate
1182:Land tenure
1170:Inheritance
1098:anticommons
1034:Law of rent
1014:Game theory
944:Information
924:Common land
821:Cooperative
663:Merit goods
609:Final goods
475:: 440–454.
135:Non-rivalry
64:consumption
56:consumption
1781:Categories
1764:by country
1726:Adam Smith
1613:John Locke
1277:indigenous
1272:aboriginal
1192:alienation
887:indigenous
877:Intangible
791:Collective
730:Used goods
614:Free goods
561:Club goods
451:Q104836676
261:References
158:anti-rival
1627:Karl Marx
1428:Land Back
1379:Enclosure
1362:biopiracy
1300:Bergregal
1282:squatting
1056:Ownership
970:Commodity
949:Knowledge
860:By nature
816:Customary
806:Community
538:Types of
497:Q63090519
489:0301-4215
443:0260-9592
406:Q54641592
72:non-rival
48:rivalrous
40:economics
1754:Property
1647:The Gift
1546:key work
1541:Scholars
1525:property
1482:spousal
1448:Poaching
1384:Eviction
1328:riparian
1289:Littoral
1197:easement
1175:executor
1146:literary
1071:usufruct
1019:Georgism
899:Tangible
894:Personal
801:Communal
784:By owner
777:Property
493:Wikidata
447:Wikidata
402:Wikidata
398:7671409M
374:(2004).
223:See also
170:marginal
162:language
112:tangible
60:consumer
1792:Rivalry
1562:The Law
1468:Slavery
1294:Mineral
1262:Hunting
1255:pannage
1250:Grazing
1235:Fishing
1121:Acequia
1088:Rivalry
1076:women's
934:Digital
916:Commons
851:Unowned
826:Private
349:6738663
335:: 647.
116:durable
106:Rivalry
58:by one
54:if its
1443:Piracy
1395:Farhud
1223:Rights
1164:Huerta
1136:Estate
958:Theory
939:Global
841:Social
831:Public
796:Common
495:
487:
449:
441:
437:(16).
404:
396:
386:
347:
288:
1532:Theft
1318:Water
1212:title
1141:legal
1129:Ejido
867:Croft
846:State
811:Crown
540:goods
345:S2CID
110:Most
52:rival
50:or a
1515:poll
1498:wage
1267:Land
1151:real
904:real
836:Self
713:and
665:and
616:vs.
582:vs.
578:vs.
485:ISSN
439:ISSN
384:ISBN
286:ISBN
154:more
146:view
123:and
44:good
42:, a
1505:Tax
1230:Air
477:doi
473:118
337:doi
232:of
86:or
82:or
70:or
38:In
1783::
491:.
483:.
471:.
445:.
435:27
433:.
427:.
400:.
394:OL
392:.
382:.
378:.
343:.
333:50
331:.
327:.
284:.
282:72
1548:)
1544:(
1346:/
769:e
762:t
755:v
531:e
524:t
517:v
501:.
499:.
479::
455:.
453:.
410:.
408:.
339::
236:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
