1871:. Although this is a point source, due to the distributional nature, long-range transport, and multiple sources of the pollution, it can be considered as nonpoint source in the depositional area. Atmospheric inputs that affect runoff quality may come from dry deposition between storm events and wet deposition during storm events. The effects of vehicular traffic on the wet and dry deposition that occurs on or near highways, roadways, and parking areas creates uncertainties in the magnitudes of various atmospheric sources in runoff. Existing networks that use protocols sufficient to quantify these concentrations and loads do not measure many of the constituents of interest and these networks are too sparse to provide good deposition estimates at a local scale
1528:, other pesticides, and fertilizers. These compounds can have severe effects to the ecosystem and water-bodies and can threaten the health of both humans and aquatic species while being resistant to environmental breakdown, thus allowing them to persist in the environment. These compounds can also be present in the air and water environments, causing damage to the environment and risking harmful exposure to living species. These toxic chemicals could come from croplands, nurseries, orchards, building sites, gardens, lawns and landfills.
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2032:, a novel approach was developed through a creation of a "shellfish protection district" when either a commercial or recreational shellfish bed is downgraded because of ongoing nonpoint source pollution. The shellfish protection district is a geographic area designated by a county to protect water quality and tideland resources, and provides a mechanism to generate local funds for water quality services to control nonpoint sources of pollution. At least two shellfish protection districts in south
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2179:(EPA). The law does not provide for direct federal regulation of nonpoint sources, but state and local governments may do so pursuant to state laws. For example, many states have taken the steps to implement their own management programs for places such as their coastlines, all of which have to be approved by the
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Typically, in suburban areas, chemicals are used for lawn care. These chemicals can end up in runoff and enter the surrounding environment via storm drains in the city. Since the water in storm drains is not treated before flowing into surrounding water bodies, the chemicals enter the water directly.
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plants and other operations, pollution in urban runoff cannot be attributed to one activity or even group of activities. Therefore, because it is not caused by an easily identified and regulated activity, urban runoff pollution sources are also often treated as true nonpoint sources as municipalities
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that mandates development of nonpoint source pollution management measures in states with coastal waters. CZARA requires states with coastlines to implement management measures to remediate water pollution, and to make sure that the product of these measures is implementation as opposed to adoption.
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is the other key ingredient in fertilizers, and it generally becomes a pollutant in saltwater or brackish estuarine systems where nitrogen is a limiting nutrient. Similar to phosphorus in fresh-waters, excess amounts of bioavailable nitrogen in marine systems lead to eutrophication and algae blooms.
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Granato, G.E., Bank, F.G., and
Cazenas, P.A., 2003, Data quality objectives and criteria for basic information, acceptable uncertainty, and quality-assurance and quality-control documentation, in Granato, G.E., Zenone, Chester, and Cazenas, P.A., eds., National highway runoff water-quality data and
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Congress authorized the CWA section 319 grant program in 1987. Grants are provided to states, territories, and tribes in order to encourage implementation and further development in policy. The law requires all states to operate NPS management programs. EPA requires regular program updates in order
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With a well-planned placement of both logging trails, also called skid trails, can reduce the amount of sediment generated. By planning the trails location as far away from the logging activity as possible as well as contouring the trails with the land, it can reduce the amount of loose sediment in
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is a process by which sediment is transported to a body of water. The sediment will then be deposited into the water system or stay in the water column. When there are high rates of sedimentation, flooding can occur due to a build-up of too much sediment. When flooding occurs, waterfront properties
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Nonpoint source water pollution may derive from many different sources with no specific solutions or changes to rectify the problem, making it difficult to regulate. Nonpoint source water pollution is difficult to control because it comes from the everyday activities of many different people, such
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Installing shut off valves on fuel pumps at a marina dock can help reduce the amount of spillover into the water. Additionally, pump-out stations that are easily accessible to boaters in a marina can provide a clean place in which to dispose of sanitary waste without dumping it directly into the
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blooms that can produce unsightly surface scums, shade out beneficial types of plants, produce taste-and-odor-causing compounds, and poison the water due to toxins produced by the algae. These toxins are a particular problem in systems used for drinking water because some toxins can cause human
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find their way into water through runoff. Additionally, spilling fuels or leaking fuels directly into the water from boats contribute to nonpoint source pollution. Nutrient and bacteria levels are increased by poorly maintained sanitary waste receptacles on the boat and pump-out stations.
2188:(BMPs) in order to accomplish their goals of finding the least costly method to reduce the greatest amount of pollution. BMPs can be implemented for both agricultural and urban runoff, and can also be either structural or nonstructural methods. Federal agencies, including EPA and the
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have originated from a point source, the long-range transport ability and multiple sources of the pollutant make it a nonpoint source of pollution; if the discharges were to occur to a body of water or into the atmosphere at a single location, the pollution would be single-point.
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Other agrochemicals such as pesticides and fungicides can enter environments from agricultural lands through runoff and deposition as well. Pesticides such as DDT or atrazine can travel through waterways or stay suspended in air and carried by wind in a process known as
1142:. Principal sources of nonpoint source water pollution include: urban and suburban areas, agricultural operations, atmospheric inputs, highway runoff, forestry and mining operations, marinas and boating activities. In urban areas, contaminated storm water washed off of
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Acids and salts mainly are inorganic pollutants from irrigated lands, mining operations, urban runoff, industrial sites and landfills. Other inorganic toxic contaminants can come from foundries and other factory plants, sewage, mining, and coal-burning power stations.
2008:
can be built in drainage areas to create an aquatic buffer between runoff pollution and the aquatic environment. Runoff and storm water drain into the retention pond allowing for the contaminants to settle out and become trapped in the pond. The use of
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are erected around construction sites to reduce the amount of sediment and large material draining into the nearby water body. Secondly, laying grass or straw along the border of construction sites also work to reduce nonpoint source pollution.
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are impervious to water penetrating them. Any water that is on contact with these surfaces will run off and be absorbed by the surrounding environment. These surfaces make it easier for stormwater to carry pollutants into the surrounding soil.
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Nonpoint source pollution is caused when precipitation (1) carries pollutants from the ground such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) pollutants which come from fertilizers used on farm lands (2) or urban areas (3). These nutrients can cause
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and the EPA. The goals of these programs and those alike are to create foundations that encourage statewide pollution reduction by growing and improving systems that already exist. Programs within these state and local governments look to
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Forestry operations reduce the number of trees in a given area, thus reducing the oxygen levels in that area as well. This action, coupled with the heavy machinery (harvesters, etc.) rolling over the soil increases the risk of
1150:, is usually included under the category of non-point sources (it can become a point source if it is channeled into storm drain systems and discharged through pipes to local surface waters). In agriculture, the leaching out of
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are bacteria and viruses that can be found in water and cause diseases in humans. Typically, pathogens cause disease when they are present in public drinking water supplies. Pathogens found in contaminated runoff may include:
1680:. This runoff is often classified as a type of NPS pollution. Some people may also consider it a point source because many times it is channeled into municipal storm drain systems and discharged through pipes to nearby
2003:
provide a barrier of grass in between impervious paving material like parking lots and roads, and the closest body of water. This allows the soil to absorb any pollution before it enters the local aquatic system.
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Young, G.K., Stein, Stuart, Cole, Pamela, Kammer, Traci, Graziano, Frank, and Bank, F.G., 1996, Evaluation and management of highway runoff water quality: Federal
Highway Administration Report FHWA–PD–96–032, 480
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Atmospheric deposition is a source of inorganic and organic constituents because these constituents are transported from sources of air pollution to receptors on the ground. Typically, industrial facilities, like
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Highway runoff accounts for a small but widespread percentage of all nonpoint source pollution. Harned (1988) estimated that runoff loads were composed of atmospheric fallout (9%), vehicle deposition (25%) and
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1058:) of water or air that does not originate from a single discrete source. This type of pollution is often the cumulative effect of small amounts of contaminants gathered from a large area. It is in contrast to
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1309:. With an increased sediment load into a body of water, the oxygen can also be depleted or reduced to a level that is harmful to the species living in that area. High turbidity levels also inhibit drinking
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work to abate them. An example of this is in
Michigan, through a NPS (nonpoint source) program. This program helps stakeholders create watershed management plans to combat nonpoint source pollution.
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systems before entering water bodies. Some may flow directly into water bodies, especially in developing and suburban areas. Also, unlike other types of point sources, such as industrial discharges,
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Hypoxia is an increasingly common result of eutrophication in marine systems and can impact large areas of estuaries, bays, and near shore coastal waters. Each summer, hypoxic conditions form in
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Colman, J.A., Rice, K.C., and
Willoughby, T.C., 2001, Methodology and significance of studies of atmospheric deposition in highway runoff: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 01-259, 63 p.
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is a concept used to reduce runoff while planting a new crop. The farmer leaves some crop reside from the previous planting in the ground to help prevent runoff during the planting process.
1776:, are often point source dischargers. These facilities are called "concentrated animal feeding operations" or "feedlots" in the US and are being subject to increasing government regulation.
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Harned, D.A., 1988, Effects of
Highway Runoff on Streamflow and Water Quality in the Sevenmile Creek Basin, a Rural Area in the Piedmont Province of North Carolina, July 1981 to July 1982:
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Lopes, T.J., Dionne, S.G., 1998, A review of semivolatile and volatile organic compounds in highway runoff and urban stormwater: U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 98-409, 67 p.
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Carpenter, S. R.; Caraco, N. F.; Correll, D. L.; Howarth, R. W.; Sharpley, A. N.; Smith, V. H. (August 1998). "Nonpoint
Pollution of Surface Waters with Phosphorus and Nitrogen".
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allows for rain and storm water to drain into the ground beneath the pavement, reducing the amount of runoff that drains directly into the water body. Restoration methods such as
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Gupta, M.K., Agnew, R.W., Gruber, D., and
Kreutzberger, W.A., 1981, Constituents of highway runoff, in v. IV, Characteristics of runoff from operating highways—Research report:
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on to soil particles. Excess amounts of phosphorus in aquatic systems (particularly freshwater lakes, reservoirs, and ponds) leads to proliferation of microscopic algae called
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the runoff. Additionally, by replanting trees on the land after logging, it provides a structure for the soil to regain stability as well as replaces the logged environment.
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Driscoll, E.D., Shelley, P.E., and
Strecker, E.W., 1990, Pollutant loadings and impacts from highway stormwater runoff, v. III—Analytical investigation and research report:
1748:. Nutrient pollution such as nitrates can harm the aquatic environments by degrading water quality by lowering levels of oxygen, which can inturn induce algal blooms and
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In areas served by single-home septic systems, local government regulations can force septic system maintenance to ensure compliance with water quality standards. In
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1127:. Controlling nonpoint source pollution requires improving the management of urban and suburban areas, agricultural operations, forestry operations and marinas.
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are a main sources of nonpoint source pollution due to the amount of runoff that is produced due to the large amount of paved surfaces. Paved surfaces, such as
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illness and removal of the toxins is difficult and expensive. Bacterial decomposition of algal blooms consumes dissolved oxygen in the water, generating
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can occur. Additionally, there can be chemical reactions with the air and newly exposed rock to create acidic runoff. Water that seeps out of abandoned
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To control sediment and runoff, farmers may utilize erosion controls to reduce runoff flows and retain soil on their fields. Common techniques include
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due to waves and wind. When sediments are eroded at a continuous rate, they will stay in the water column and the turbidity level will increase.
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Agricultural operations account for a large percentage of all nonpoint source pollution in the United States. When large tracts of land are
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converts it into nitrate. Since the nitrate is generally already incorporated into the soil, the water traveling through the soil (i.e.,
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1382:. It is a main ingredient in many fertilizers used for agriculture as well as on residential and commercial properties and may become a
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operations are considered point sources, however runoff from abandoned mining operations contribute to nonpoint source pollution. In
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to effectively manage the ever-changing nature of their waters, and to ensure effective use of the 319 grant funds and resources.
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water. Finally, something as simple as having trash containers around a marina can prevent larger objects entering the water.
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Granato, G.E., and
Cazenas, P.A., 2009, Highway-runoff database (HRDB version 1.0)—A data warehouse and preprocessor for the
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2192:, have approved and provided a list of commonly used BMPs for the many different categories of nonpoint source pollution.
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3292:"Handbook for Developing and Managing Tribal Nonpoint Source Pollution Programs Under Section 319 of the Clean Water Act"
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3249:"Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program: Approval Decision on California Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program"
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have instituted septic system operation and maintenance requirements with program fees tied directly to property taxes.
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1297:(cloudiness) in water bodies, reducing the amount of light reaching lower depths, which can inhibit growth of submerged
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can also be highly acidic. This can seep into the nearest body of water and change the pH in the aquatic environment.
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1665:. Additionally, discarded debris on the site can be carried away by runoff waters and enter the aquatic environment.
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Smith, K.P., and
Granato, G.E., 2010, Quality of stormwater runoff discharged from Massachusetts highways, 2005–07:
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To control nonpoint source pollution, many different approaches can be undertaken in both urban and suburban areas.
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are resistant to breakdown. These contaminants can come from a variety of sources including human sewage sludge,
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1732:, or spraying of municipal or industrial wastewater (effluent) or sludge. Nutrients may also enter runoff from
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Construction sites typically implement simple measures to reduce pollution and runoff. Firstly, sediment or
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materials (67%) he also estimated that about 9 percent of these loads were reentrained in the atmosphere.
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2014:
1787:, it exposes and loosens soil that was once buried. This makes the exposed soil more vulnerable to
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1402:. The increase of organic matter supply due to the excessive growth of the phytoplankton is called
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methodology synthesis, v. I—Technical issues for monitoring highway runoff and urban stormwater:
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Contaminated stormwater washed off parking lots, roads and highways, and lawns (often containing
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operations and crop lands. The two primary nutrients of concern are phosphorus and nitrogen.
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The Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments (CZARA) of 1990 created a program under the
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1434:. During recent summers, the aerial extent of this "dead zone" is comparable to the area of
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compounds from fertilized agricultural lands is a nonpoint source water pollution. Nutrient
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1289:(larger particles). Sediment may enter surface waters from eroding stream banks, and from
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2629:"Soil drainage and nitrate losses to surface waters: Insights from long-term SEPAC study"
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National Management Measures to Control Nonpoint Source Pollution from Hydromodification
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2108:) to maintain control over pests, reduce reliance on chemical pesticides, and protect
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2764:. Washington D.C.: U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 2007.
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Pandey, Pramod; Kass, Phillip; Soupir, Michelle; Biswas, Sagor; Singh, Vijay (2014).
2502:"Sediment in stormwater is a common pollutant which negatively impacts water quality"
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which results from a single source. Nonpoint source pollution generally results from
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Pathogens may contaminate runoff due to poorly managed livestock operations, faulty
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National Management Measures to Control Nonpoint Source Pollution from Agriculture
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Sediment can also be discharged from multiple different sources. Sources include
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https://www.michigan.gov/egle/about/organization/water-resources/nonpoint-source
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National Management Measures to Control Nonpoint Source Pollution from Forestry
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Nutrients are typically applied to farmland as commercial fertilizer; animal
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US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
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US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
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US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
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US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
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US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
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64:
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3324:"Nonpoint Source Program and Grants Guidelines for States and Territories"
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National Water Quality Inventory: Report to Congress; 2004 Reporting Cycle
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Construction sites tend to have disturbed soil that is easily eroded by
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2650:"Air Toxics Effects on Human Health - Air (U.S. National Park Service)"
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2296:. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2020-10-07.
1988:
1953:
1932:. If this area is not properly reclaimed once the mining has finished,
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1609:, improper handling of pet waste, the over application of human sewage
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due to improper plant cover on urban and rural land. Sediment creates
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operations, the top of the mountain is removed to expose the desired
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operations can have significant inputs to nonpoint source pollution.
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and consequently affect species which are dependent on them, such as
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Runoff from agriculture due to fertilizers and pesticides /irrigation
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U.S. Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). Fort Worth, TX.
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2310:. Austin, TX: Texas Commission on Environmental Quality. 2017-08-22.
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and has major detrimental consequences for fisheries in the region.
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Runoff from construction sites less than 20,000 m (220,000 ft²)
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sites (although these are point sources, which can be managed with
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1469:) is the most likely to transport it, rather than surface runoff.
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with detrimental consequences for fish and aquatic invertebrates.
1407:
1346:
1339:), agricultural fields, stream banks, and highly disturbed areas.
1324:
can be damaged further by high amounts of sediment being present.
1178:
912:
857:
249:
3021:
U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009–5269
1199:
Characteristics of point and nonpoint sources of chemical inputs
4751:
3872:
3860:
3776:
2431:
Stevenson, J. Court; Piper, Catherine B.; Confer, Nedra (1979).
2171:
The definition of a nonpoint source is addressed under the U.S.
2167:
Nonpoint source water pollution regulations in the United States
1881:
1780:
1765:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1494:
1486:
1449:). The nitrogen is usually added to a watershed as organic-N or
1302:
1282:
1278:
1187:
1166:
or a forest are also examples of non-point source pollution.
887:
134:
129:
94:
3648:
3403:
3195:"National Conservation Practice Standard: Nutrient Management."
2603:"New Jersey-Size 'Dead Zone' Is Largest Ever in Gulf of Mexico"
1509:
combustion, urban runoff, industrial operations and landfills.
1082:
affects a water body from sources such as polluted runoff from
2910:
2017:
are also used to slow runoff as well as absorb contamination.
1957:
1929:
1802:
1525:
1256:
Runoff from construction sites >20,000 m (220,000 ft²)
1772:. Farms with large livestock and poultry operations, such as
3644:
2161:
Regulation of Nonpoint Source Pollution in the United States
1512:
Other toxic contaminants include organic compounds such as
1390:. Phosphorus is most often transported to water bodies via
3394:
3208:
National Conservation Practice Standard: Pest Management."
3169:
National Conservation Practice Standard: Contour Farming."
2675:"Contamination of water resources by pathogenic bacteria"
1360:
Nutrients mainly refers to inorganic matter from runoff,
1222:
Runoff from mines, oil fields, unsewered industrial sites
2308:"Management Program for Nonpoint Source Water Pollution"
1602:
of water pollution, but not an actual cause of disease.
3008:"Federal Highway Administration Report FHWA–HEP–09–004"
2435:(Report). Annapolis, MD: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
2417:
Iowa State University. University Extension. Ames, IA.
1831:
2991:"Federal Highway Administration Report FHWA–EP–03–054"
2967:"Federal Highway Administration Report FHWA–RD–88–008"
2954:"Federal Highway Administration Report FHWA/RD–81/045"
2909:
Iowa Department of Natural Resources. Des Moines, IA.
2536:
Penn State University. Pennsylvania Lake Erie NEMO.
4836:
4785:
4734:
4701:
4534:
4473:
4435:
4417:
4217:
4152:
4089:
4015:
3984:
3949:
3933:
3898:
3691:
3182:
National Conservation Practice Standard: Mulching."
3098:"Nonpoint Source Pollution, NOS Education Offering"
3073:"Nonpoint Source Pollution, NOS Education Offering"
3048:"Nonpoint Source Pollution, NOS Education Offering"
2294:"Basic Information about Nonpoint Source Pollution"
1485:. Inorganic compounds, including heavy metals like
2776:Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy
2149:Nonpoint source pollution is the leading cause of
1724:) are typically applied to farmland as commercial
1378:. It is notoriously over-abundant in human sewage
2563:Rob Leeds, Larry C. Brown, Nathan L. Watermeier.
2419:"Iowa Fact Sheet: Agriculture and Water Quality."
2153:today, with polluted runoff from agriculture and
2097:plans to reduce excess application of nutrients.
1374:is a nutrient that occurs in many forms that are
1313:systems. Sediments are also transported into the
1130:Types of nonpoint source water pollution include
3374:. California State Water Resources Control Board
3034:"U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2329"
2565:"Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering."
1457:), so nitrogen stays attached to the soil until
3004:Stochastic Empirical Loading and Dilution Model
2897:National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
2254:stochastic empirical loading and dilution model
2181:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
2100:To minimize pesticide impacts, farmers may use
1441:Nitrogen is most often transported by water as
1225:Overflows of combined storm and sanitary sewers
1216:Runoff and leachate from waste disposal systems
3306:"319 Grant Program for States and Territories"
3236:(Report). EPA. January 2009. EPA 841-R-08-001.
2532:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2522:
1684:. However, not all urban runoff flows through
1213:Wastewater effluent (municipal and industrial)
3660:
3415:
2433:Decline of Submerged Plants in Chesapeake Bay
1265:Other land activities generating contaminants
1020:
8:
2867:Services, Department of Health & Human.
1700:Other significant sources of runoff include
1394:because many forms of phosphorus tend to be
1219:Runoff and infiltration from animal feedlots
3395:US EPA – Nonpoint Source Management Program
3372:"Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Program"
2831:(Report). EPA. July 2003. EPA-841-B-03-004.
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2794:(Report). EPA. July 2007. EPA 841-B-07-002.
2567:Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheet.
1262:Atmospheric deposition over a water surface
1086:areas draining into a river, or wind-borne
3667:
3653:
3645:
3422:
3408:
3400:
3310:Polluted Runoff: Nonpoint Source Pollution
2808:(Report). EPA. May 2005. EPA 841-B-05-001.
2196:U.S. Clean Water Act provisions for states
1948:Chemicals used for boat maintenance, like
1094:affects air quality, from sources such as
1027:
1013:
917:
40:
18:
2921:
2919:
2700:
2690:
2391:
2346:
1850:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:Pollution resulting from multiple sources
3221:"Integrated Pest Management Principles."
2936:
2934:
2774:EGLE (2024). "Nonpoint Source Program".
2413:
2411:
1406:. A common symptom of eutrophication is
1197:
4808:Pollutant release and transfer register
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2285:
1621:Principal sources (for water pollution)
1594:may also be detected in runoff. These
1138:, toxic contaminants and chemicals and
956:
920:
30:
2190:Natural Resources Conservation Service
1201:(modified from Novonty and Olem 1994)
1170:Principal types (for water pollution)
7:
4898:
4139:Electromagnetic radiation and health
3604:Shutdown of thermohaline circulation
3271:"Nonpoint Pollution Control Program"
2911:"Animal Feeding Operations in Iowa."
2723:U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA.
2177:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
2151:water pollution in the United States
2145:Water pollution in the United States
2104:(IPM) techniques (which can include
2093:. Farmers can develop and implement
1090:blowing out to sea. Nonpoint source
4914:
4906:
3997:Radium and radon in the environment
2478:"3.Turbidity and sediment dynamics"
2454:"3.Turbidity and sediment dynamics"
2421:October 2001. Document No. EDC232a.
255:Radium and radon in the environment
3148:"PHSS HomeA-Z TopicsPrograms/Serv"
2927:https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2001259
1520:(PAHs), fire retardants, and many
14:
1971:Agricultural wastewater treatment
1768:) washed off fields is a form of
1613:, contaminated storm sewers, and
1250:Urban runoff from unsewered areas
4932:
4922:
4913:
4905:
4897:
4885:
4884:
3477:Environmental impact of shipping
2942:https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98409
2323:"Water Pollution by Agriculture"
2233:
2219:
1807:
1518:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
1473:Toxic contaminants and chemicals
994:
982:
3711:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
1987:used to retain soil and reduce
1832:check for citation inaccuracies
1505:operations, vehicle emissions,
1477:Toxic chemicals mainly include
1386:in freshwater systems and some
75:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
1944:Marinas and boating activities
1888:Forestry and mining operations
944:Least polluted cities by PM2.5
1:
4199:Electrical resistance heating
2844:"What is nutrient pollution?"
1965:Control (for water pollution)
1247:Runoff from pasture and range
1146:, roads and highways, called
415:Electrical resistance heating
3851:Persistent organic pollutant
2725:"A Primer on Water Quality."
2538:"Nonpoint Source Pollution."
2327:Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B
2249:Agricultural nutrient runoff
125:Persistent organic pollutant
4861:Least polluted cities by PM
3487:Fish diseases and parasites
2893:"Animal Feeding Operations"
2873:www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au
2869:"Chemicals and spray drift"
2778:. Retrieved March 30, 2024.
2755:"Nonpoint Source Pollution"
2206:Coastal Zone Management Act
1867:, emit air pollution via a
1259:Runoff from abandoned mines
4989:
4963:Environmental soil science
4803:Pollution haven hypothesis
4726:Brain health and pollution
3964:Ecological light pollution
3794:Internal combustion engine
3341:"Coastal Nonpoint Program"
2579:"Ocean Shorts: NOAA PORTS"
2164:
2142:
2102:Integrated Pest Management
1968:
1162:from "sheet flow" over an
4958:Agricultural soil science
4882:
4606:Nonpoint source pollution
4526:War and environmental law
3885:Volatile organic compound
3682:
3559:Nonpoint source pollution
3437:
3184:Code 484. September 2008.
2692:10.1186/s13568-014-0051-x
2627:Kladivko, Eileen (2020).
2261:(water quality indicator)
2186:best management practices
1514:polychlorinated biphenyls
670:War and environmental law
290:Health effects from noise
140:Volatile organic compound
4065:Marine mammals and sonar
3976:Radio spectrum pollution
3594:Plastic pellet pollution
3247:Department of Commerce.
1995:Urban and suburban areas
1626:Urban and suburban areas
1615:sanitary sewer overflows
295:Marine mammals and sonar
46:Muddy river polluted by
4911:WikiProject Environment
4869:Most polluted countries
4813:Polluter pays principle
4544:Agricultural wastewater
3462:Cultural eutrophication
3280:. Congressional Record.
2913:Accessed March 5, 2009.
2372:Ecological Applications
2275:Water quality modelling
2265:Surface-water hydrology
2106:biological pest control
2040:Agricultural operations
1712:Agricultural operations
770:Freshwater salinization
690:Agricultural wastewater
4929:Environment portal
4162:Agricultural pollution
3599:Point source pollution
3197:Code 590. August 2006.
3023:, 198 p., with CD–ROM.
2762:National Ocean Service
2727:FS-027-01. March 2001.
2339:10.1098/rstb.2007.2176
2175:as interpreted by the
2157:the primary sources.
2091:atmospheric deposition
1991:
1770:agricultural pollution
1746:atmospheric deposition
1550:Cryptosporidium parvum
1357:
1195:
1068:atmospheric deposition
1060:point source pollution
989:Environment portal
4968:Environmental science
4584:Industrial wastewater
4450:Clutter (advertising)
4358:Municipal solid waste
4204:Soil guideline values
4048:Sustainable transport
3941:Information pollution
3741:Open burning of waste
3102:oceanservice.noaa.gov
3077:oceanservice.noaa.gov
3052:oceanservice.noaa.gov
2848:oceanservice.noaa.gov
2583:oceanservice.noaa.gov
2165:Further information:
2143:Further information:
2015:constructing wetlands
1982:
1350:
1285:(fine particles) and
1182:
1125:building construction
730:Industrial wastewater
498:Municipal solid waste
420:Soil guideline values
4856:Most polluted cities
4549:Biological pollution
4460:Overhead power lines
3609:Silver nanoparticles
3210:Code 595. July 2008.
3171:Code 330. June 2007.
2321:Moss, Brian (2008).
2067:Conservation tillage
2060:crops or installing
1702:habitat modification
1598:are a commonly used
1253:Septic tank leachate
939:Most polluted cities
591:Overhead power lines
4919:WikiProject Ecology
4616:Ocean acidification
4521:Unexploded ordnance
4392:Post-consumer waste
4252:Foam food container
4230:Biodegradable waste
3804:Global distillation
3574:Ocean deoxygenation
3569:Ocean acidification
3269:McCarthy, Carolyn.
3258:. Federal Register.
3150:. Co.thurston.wa.us
2259:Trophic state index
2116:Forestry operations
2095:nutrient management
1882:highway maintenance
1483:inorganic compounds
1203:
1194:during a rain storm
755:Ocean acidification
665:Unexploded ordnance
586:Advertising clutter
518:Post-consumer waste
463:Foam food container
448:Biodegradable waste
105:Global distillation
4939:Ecology portal
4823:Waste minimisation
4798:Industrial ecology
4793:Cleaner production
4611:Nutrient pollution
4488:Herbicidal warfare
4282:Construction waste
3918:Introduced species
3789:Indoor air quality
3716:Chlorofluorocarbon
3564:Nutrient pollution
3457:Aquatic toxicology
3312:. EPA. 2019-12-04.
2899:. EPA. 2018-09-20.
2543:2011-07-27 at the
2241:Environment portal
2030:Washington (state)
1992:
1799:Atmospheric inputs
1358:
1311:water purification
1198:
1196:
1164:agricultural field
1050:refers to diffuse
1001:Ecology portal
626:Herbicidal warfare
170:Introduced species
110:Indoor air quality
80:Chlorofluorocarbon
4945:
4944:
4818:Pollution control
4498:Nuclear holocaust
4407:Thermal treatment
4375:Plastic pollution
4292:Mercury poisoning
4245:Battery recycling
4144:Radioactive waste
3913:Genetic pollution
3908:Biological hazard
3706:Air quality index
3642:
3641:
3497:Friendly Floatees
3122:"Restore Habitat"
2636:Purdue University
2333:(1491): 659–666.
2155:hydromodification
1860:
1859:
1852:
1588:Coliform bacteria
1479:organic compounds
1428:Mississippi River
1384:limiting nutrient
1337:sediment controls
1272:
1271:
1121:road construction
1102:. Although these
1066:, precipitation,
1037:
1036:
972:
971:
638:Nuclear holocaust
561:Urban heat island
375:Radioactive waste
160:Biological hazard
70:Air quality index
4980:
4937:
4936:
4935:
4927:
4926:
4917:
4916:
4909:
4908:
4901:
4900:
4888:
4887:
4762:Legacy pollution
4621:Oil exploitation
4483:Chemical warfare
4397:Waste management
4304:Industrial waste
4272:Biomedical waste
4240:Electronic waste
4225:Advertising mail
4209:Phytoremediation
4184:Land degradation
3969:Overillumination
3923:Invasive species
3669:
3662:
3655:
3646:
3539:Invasive species
3431:Marine pollution
3424:
3417:
3410:
3401:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3352:
3346:. Archived from
3345:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3288:
3282:
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3259:
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3172:
3165:
3159:
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3135:
3133:
3118:
3112:
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3093:
3087:
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3068:
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3043:
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3017:
3011:
3000:
2994:
2986:
2980:
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2957:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2929:
2923:
2914:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2889:
2883:
2882:
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2879:
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2855:
2854:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2825:
2810:
2809:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2788:
2782:
2772:
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2765:
2759:
2751:
2728:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2704:
2694:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2646:
2640:
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2633:
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2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2574:
2568:
2561:
2548:
2534:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2428:
2422:
2415:
2406:
2405:
2395:
2367:
2361:
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2350:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2290:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2134:Country examples
2062:riparian buffers
1938:subsurface mines
1855:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1835:
1811:
1810:
1803:
1690:sewage treatment
1333:erosion controls
1287:suspended solids
1238:Nonpoint sources
1231:Untreated sewage
1204:
1029:
1022:
1015:
999:
998:
997:
987:
986:
918:
621:Chemical warfare
523:Waste management
483:Industrial waste
458:Electronic waste
443:Advertising mail
425:Phytoremediation
400:Land degradation
340:Depleted uranium
225:Overillumination
175:Invasive species
44:
34:
19:
4988:
4987:
4983:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4977:
4973:Water pollution
4948:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4933:
4931:
4921:
4878:
4864:
4832:
4781:
4730:
4697:
4636:Pharmaceuticals
4626:Oil exploration
4530:
4502:Nuclear fallout
4469:
4431:
4413:
4387:Packaging waste
4341:Deep sea mining
4267:Hazardous waste
4213:
4194:Open defecation
4148:
4114:Nuclear fallout
4109:Nuclear fission
4085:
4011:
3980:
3951:Electromagnetic
3945:
3929:
3894:
3814:Ozone depletion
3687:
3678:
3673:
3643:
3638:
3634:Water pollution
3549:Mercury in fish
3433:
3428:
3391:
3386:
3377:
3375:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3343:
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3334:
3326:
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3317:
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3303:
3299:
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3289:
3285:
3273:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3251:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3223:March 13, 2008.
3218:
3214:
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3201:
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3188:
3179:
3175:
3166:
3162:
3153:
3151:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3131:
3129:
3128:. 10 April 2018
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2600:
2596:
2587:
2585:
2576:
2575:
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2562:
2551:
2545:Wayback Machine
2535:
2520:
2511:
2509:
2500:
2499:
2495:
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2484:
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2462:
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2384:10.2307/2641247
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2306:
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2301:
2292:
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2218:
2215:
2198:
2173:Clean Water Act
2169:
2163:
2147:
2141:
2136:
2127:
2118:
2046:contour plowing
2042:
2011:porous pavement
2006:Retention ponds
1997:
1977:
1975:Erosion control
1969:Main articles:
1967:
1946:
1918:
1905:
1890:
1877:
1856:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1829:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1714:
1628:
1623:
1581:Parasitic worms
1557:Giardia lamblia
1538:
1475:
1456:
1448:
1345:
1268:
1236:
1234:
1177:
1172:
1080:water pollution
1040:Nonpoint source
1033:
995:
993:
981:
974:
973:
873:
865:
864:
838:
830:
829:
765:Pharmaceuticals
745:Nonpoint source
685:
675:
674:
643:Nuclear fallout
616:
606:
605:
576:
566:
565:
556:
546:
545:
536:
528:
527:
513:Packaging waste
478:Hazardous waste
438:
430:
429:
390:
380:
379:
350:Nuclear fallout
345:Nuclear fission
325:
315:
314:
280:
270:
269:
245:
237:
236:
210:
208:Electromagnetic
200:
199:
190:
182:
181:
155:
145:
144:
115:Ozone depletion
60:
50:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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4883:
4880:
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4853:
4851:Law by country
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4731:
4729:
4728:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4716:
4705:
4703:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4673:Surface runoff
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4597:
4596:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4559:Eutrophication
4556:
4551:
4546:
4540:
4538:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4516:Scorched earth
4513:
4510:nuclear winter
4506:nuclear famine
4495:
4485:
4479:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4441:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4423:
4421:
4415:
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4411:
4410:
4409:
4404:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4372:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4351:Uranium mining
4348:
4343:
4338:
4336:Surface mining
4333:
4328:
4318:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4287:Lead poisoning
4284:
4279:
4277:Chemical waste
4274:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4189:Bioremediation
4186:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4158:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4104:Bioremediation
4101:
4095:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4057:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:Transportation
4021:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3981:
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3853:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3799:Global dimming
3796:
3791:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3770:Diesel exhaust
3762:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3718:
3713:
3708:
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3672:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3649:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3619:Surface runoff
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3517:North Atlantic
3514:
3509:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3482:Eutrophication
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3390:
3389:External links
3387:
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2041:
2038:
1996:
1993:
1966:
1963:
1945:
1942:
1917:
1914:
1904:
1901:
1889:
1886:
1876:
1875:Highway runoff
1873:
1858:
1857:
1815:
1813:
1806:
1800:
1797:
1750:eutrophication
1713:
1710:
1682:surface waters
1635:suburban areas
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1607:septic systems
1585:
1584:
1578:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1537:
1534:
1474:
1471:
1454:
1446:
1432:Gulf of Mexico
1404:eutrophication
1354:eutrophication
1344:
1341:
1299:aquatic plants
1291:surface runoff
1270:
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934:Law by country
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805:Surface runoff
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
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747:
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737:
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705:Eutrophication
702:
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660:Scorched earth
657:
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648:Nuclear famine
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405:Bioremediation
402:
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367:
362:
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335:Bioremediation
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285:Transportation
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232:Radio spectrum
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100:Global dimming
97:
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36:
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4707:
4706:
4704:
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4694:
4693:Water quality
4691:
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4674:
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4455:Traffic signs
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4405:
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4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4381:
4380:Microplastics
4378:
4377:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4370:Nanomaterials
4368:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4310:
4309:Lead smelting
4307:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
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4132:
4130:
4129:Radioactivity
4127:
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4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4082:
4081:Noise control
4079:
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4066:
4063:
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4049:
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3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3829:Metal working
3827:
3825:
3822:
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3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
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3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
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3630:
3627:
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3590:
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3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3544:Marine debris
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3522:South Pacific
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3507:Great Pacific
3505:
3504:
3503:
3502:Garbage patch
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3452:Anoxic waters
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3425:
3420:
3418:
3413:
3411:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3353:on 2017-05-02
3349:
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2527:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2507:
2506:MSU Extension
2503:
2497:
2494:
2483:
2482:EcoShape - EN
2479:
2473:
2470:
2459:
2458:EcoShape - EN
2455:
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2270:Water quality
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2139:United States
2138:
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2131:
2124:
2122:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2110:water quality
2107:
2103:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2079:crop residues
2076:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2054:crop rotation
2051:
2047:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2002:
2001:Buffer strips
1994:
1990:
1986:
1985:buffer strips
1981:
1976:
1972:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1854:
1851:
1843:
1833:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1816:This section
1814:
1805:
1804:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1774:factory farms
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1758:"spray drift"
1753:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1734:crop residues
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1651:precipitation
1647:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1522:agrochemicals
1519:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1467:tile drainage
1464:
1460:
1452:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1424:bottom waters
1420:
1416:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1400:phytoplankton
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1355:
1349:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1322:
1321:Sedimentation
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1208:Point sources
1206:
1205:
1202:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1113:fertilization
1108:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1092:air pollution
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1052:contamination
1049:
1045:
1041:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1002:
992:
990:
985:
980:
979:
978:
977:
966:
963:
962:
961:
960:
955:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
926:
925:
924:
919:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
875:
869:
868:
859:
856:
854:
851:
850:
849:
846:
844:
841:
840:
834:
833:
826:
823:
821:
820:Water quality
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
687:
684:
679:
678:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
640:
639:
636:
632:
629:
628:
627:
624:
622:
619:
618:
615:
610:
609:
602:
599:
597:
596:Traffic signs
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
578:
575:
570:
569:
562:
559:
558:
555:
550:
549:
542:
539:
538:
532:
531:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
503:Nanomaterials
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
440:
434:
433:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
392:
389:
384:
383:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
365:Radioactivity
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
327:
324:
319:
318:
311:
310:Soundproofing
308:
306:
305:Noise control
303:
301:
300:Noise barrier
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
282:
279:
274:
273:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
247:
241:
240:
233:
230:
226:
223:
221:
218:
217:
216:
213:
212:
209:
204:
203:
196:
193:
192:
186:
185:
176:
173:
172:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
157:
154:
149:
148:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
62:
59:
54:
53:
49:
43:
39:
38:
35:
29:
25:
21:
20:
4772:Point source
4714:Heavy metals
4688:Urban runoff
4668:Sulfur water
4646:Septic tanks
4605:
4492:Agent Orange
4346:Mining waste
4172:Manure waste
4002:Volcanic ash
3878:Black carbon
3834:Oil refining
3819:Particulates
3748:Construction
3629:Urban runoff
3589:Plastic bags
3558:
3512:Indian Ocean
3447:Anoxic event
3376:. Retrieved
3366:
3355:. Retrieved
3348:the original
3335:
3329:. EPA. 2013.
3318:
3309:
3300:
3286:
3277:
3264:
3255:
3242:
3228:
3215:
3202:
3189:
3176:
3163:
3152:. Retrieved
3142:
3130:. Retrieved
3125:
3116:
3105:. Retrieved
3101:
3091:
3080:. Retrieved
3076:
3066:
3055:. Retrieved
3051:
3041:
3028:
3015:
2998:
2984:
2974:
2961:
2948:
2905:
2896:
2887:
2876:. Retrieved
2872:
2862:
2851:. Retrieved
2847:
2837:
2800:
2786:
2775:
2770:
2761:
2719:
2682:
2678:
2668:
2657:. Retrieved
2653:
2644:
2635:
2622:
2611:. Retrieved
2609:. 2017-08-02
2606:
2597:
2586:. Retrieved
2582:
2572:
2510:. Retrieved
2508:. 2013-12-30
2505:
2496:
2485:. Retrieved
2481:
2472:
2461:. Retrieved
2457:
2448:
2437:. Retrieved
2426:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2330:
2326:
2316:
2302:
2288:
2227:Water portal
2203:
2199:
2170:
2148:
2128:
2119:
2099:
2072:
2065:
2043:
2027:
2019:
1998:
1947:
1934:soil erosion
1926:strip mining
1919:
1906:
1891:
1878:
1861:
1846:
1837:
1822:that do not
1818:may contain
1817:
1778:
1754:
1715:
1708:(forestry).
1706:silviculture
1699:
1695:
1678:urban runoff
1676:) is called
1667:
1648:
1629:
1604:
1592:fecal matter
1586:
1583:(helminths).
1569:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1539:
1530:
1511:
1476:
1440:
1417:
1392:soil erosion
1376:bioavailable
1370:
1359:
1329:construction
1326:
1319:
1315:water column
1273:
1237:
1235:
1207:
1200:
1148:urban runoff
1144:parking lots
1129:
1109:
1084:agricultural
1047:
1043:
1039:
1038:
908:Point source
853:Heavy metals
815:Urban runoff
800:Sulfur water
775:Septic tanks
744:
631:Agent Orange
541:Space debris
395:Agricultural
260:Volcanic ash
120:Particulates
4742:Area source
4651:Pit latrine
4574:Groundwater
4331:Gold mining
4326:Coal mining
4297:Toxic waste
4262:Green waste
4235:Brown waste
4218:Solid waste
3765:Exhaust gas
3442:Algal bloom
2679:AMB Express
2654:www.nps.gov
2056:, planting
2034:Puget Sound
2022:silt fences
1716:Nutrients (
1686:storm drain
1670:fertilizers
1516:(PCBs) and
1507:fossil fuel
1430:enters the
1281:) includes
1160:storm water
1115:, applying
1096:smokestacks
1064:land runoff
878:Area source
720:Groundwater
473:Green waste
453:Brown waste
437:Solid waste
195:Information
90:Exhaust gas
4952:Categories
4894:by country
4890:Categories
4828:Zero waste
4709:Pollutants
4663:Stagnation
4601:Monitoring
4569:Freshwater
4445:Air travel
4257:Food waste
4177:Pesticides
4167:Herbicides
4071:Industrial
3900:Biological
3760:Demolition
3753:Renovation
3736:Joss paper
3721:Combustion
3614:Stormwater
3467:Cyanotoxin
3378:2019-03-05
3357:2019-03-05
3154:2014-01-14
3107:2024-04-23
3082:2024-04-23
3057:2024-04-23
2993:, p. 3–21.
2878:2024-04-25
2853:2024-04-25
2685:(51): 51.
2659:2024-04-25
2613:2024-04-23
2588:2024-04-23
2512:2024-04-23
2487:2024-04-23
2463:2024-04-23
2439:2017-10-08
2393:1813/60811
2378:(3): 559.
2281:References
2083:irrigation
1869:smokestack
1793:rainstorms
1738:irrigation
1726:fertilizer
1722:phosphorus
1674:pesticides
1574:and other
1564:Salmonella
1436:New Jersey
1426:where the
1372:Phosphorus
1192:fertilizer
1117:pesticides
1104:pollutants
965:By country
957:Categories
848:Pollutants
825:Wastewater
795:Stagnation
740:Monitoring
715:Freshwater
581:Air travel
468:Food waste
410:Defecation
220:Ecological
153:Biological
85:Combustion
22:Part of a
4786:Responses
4757:Garbology
4683:Turbidity
4631:Oil spill
4564:Firewater
4465:Vandalism
4427:Satellite
4124:Poisoning
4119:Plutonium
4099:Actinides
4091:Radiation
3839:Wood dust
3701:Acid rain
3676:Pollution
3624:Upwelling
3579:Oil spill
3554:Microbead
3492:Fish kill
3472:Dead zone
2058:perennial
1865:factories
1840:July 2016
1820:citations
1728:, animal
1600:indicator
1571:Norovirus
1541:Pathogens
1536:Pathogens
1463:interflow
1459:oxidation
1388:estuaries
1366:livestock
1362:landfills
1343:Nutrients
1307:shellfish
1295:turbidity
1140:pathogens
1136:nutrients
1100:tailpipes
1056:pollution
1048:pollution
893:Garbology
810:Turbidity
760:Oil spill
710:Firewater
695:Biosolids
601:Vandalism
360:Poisoning
355:Plutonium
330:Actinides
323:Radiation
65:Acid rain
33:Pollution
4874:Treaties
4846:Diseases
4658:Shipping
4554:Diseases
4402:Landfill
4077:Abstract
4074:Military
4007:Wildfire
3856:Smelting
3824:Asbestos
3584:Particle
3132:19 April
2969:, 160 p.
2956:, 171 p.
2711:25006540
2541:Archived
2357:17666391
2213:See also
2087:wildlife
2050:mulching
1983:Contour
1954:solvents
1903:Forestry
1893:Forestry
1826:the text
1783:to grow
1762:Sediment
1742:wildlife
1718:nitrogen
1643:concrete
1596:bacteria
1419:Nitrogen
1396:adsorbed
1275:Sediment
1175:Sediment
1152:nitrogen
1132:sediment
1111:as lawn
1072:drainage
949:Treaties
929:Diseases
785:Shipping
750:Nutrient
700:Diseases
265:Wildfire
48:sediment
4903:Commons
4678:Thermal
4579:Hypoxia
4363:Garbage
4134:Uranium
3985:Natural
3934:Digital
3866:Aerosol
3844:Welding
3731:Biomass
3726:Biofuel
3685:History
3534:Hypoxia
3278:GovInfo
3256:GovInfo
2702:4077002
2607:Science
2402:2641247
2348:2610176
2125:Marinas
2085:water,
2048:, crop
1989:erosion
1920:Active
1910:erosion
1830:Please
1791:during
1789:erosion
1764:(loose
1740:water,
1639:asphalt
1576:viruses
1499:cadmium
1491:mercury
1451:ammonia
1443:nitrate
1413:hypoxia
1277:(loose
1098:or car
1076:seepage
843:History
725:Hypoxia
554:Thermal
508:Plastic
370:Uranium
244:Natural
189:Digital
165:Genetic
4767:Midden
4747:Debris
4702:Topics
4641:Sewage
4594:debris
4589:Marine
4437:Visual
4321:Mining
4316:Litter
3809:Mining
3294:. EPA.
3206:NRCS.
3193:NRCS.
3180:NRCS.
3126:Marine
3036:105 p.
2709:
2699:
2400:
2355:
2345:
2089:, and
2075:manure
1956:, and
1922:mining
1916:Mining
1897:mining
1824:verify
1781:plowed
1744:, and
1730:manure
1661:, and
1611:sludge
1503:mining
1497:, and
1380:sludge
1184:Runoff
1156:runoff
1088:debris
903:Midden
898:Legacy
883:Debris
837:Topics
790:Sludge
780:Sewage
735:Marine
574:Visual
493:Mining
488:Litter
24:series
4838:Lists
4777:Waste
4719:Paint
4536:Water
4419:Space
4060:Sonar
4055:Urban
4033:Water
4017:Noise
3992:Ozone
3959:Light
3890:Waste
3782:Smoke
3351:(PDF)
3344:(PDF)
3327:(PDF)
3274:(PDF)
3252:(PDF)
3219:EPA.
3010:57 p.
2758:(PDF)
2632:(PDF)
2398:JSTOR
1950:paint
1785:crops
1653:like
1631:Urban
1524:like
1408:algae
921:Lists
913:Waste
858:Paint
683:Water
535:Space
278:Noise
250:Ozone
215:Light
4752:Dust
4735:Misc
4154:Soil
4043:Rail
4029:Land
3873:Soot
3861:Smog
3777:Haze
3529:GASB
3134:2018
2707:PMID
2353:PMID
1973:and
1958:oils
1895:and
1766:soil
1720:and
1704:and
1672:and
1663:hail
1659:snow
1655:rain
1641:and
1633:and
1590:and
1495:zinc
1487:lead
1481:and
1465:and
1356:(4).
1335:and
1305:and
1303:fish
1283:silt
1279:soil
1190:and
1188:soil
1054:(or
888:Dust
872:Misc
388:Soil
135:Soot
130:Smog
95:Haze
4863:2.5
4475:War
4038:Air
3693:Air
2697:PMC
2687:doi
2388:hdl
2380:doi
2343:PMC
2335:doi
2331:363
1930:ore
1760:.
1526:DDT
1453:(NH
1445:(NO
1186:of
1158:in
1123:or
1044:NPS
614:War
58:Air
4954::
4896:)
4508:-
4504:-
3308:.
3276:.
3254:.
3124:.
3100:.
3075:.
3050:.
3006::
2979:p.
2933:^
2918:^
2895:.
2871:.
2846:.
2814:^
2760:.
2732:^
2705:.
2695:.
2681:.
2677:.
2652:.
2634:.
2605:.
2581:.
2552:^
2521:^
2504:.
2480:.
2456:.
2410:^
2396:.
2386:.
2374:.
2351:.
2341:.
2329:.
2325:.
2112:.
2081:,
2064:.
2052:,
1952:,
1912:.
1752:.
1736:,
1657:,
1617:.
1493:,
1489:,
1364:,
1134:,
1119:,
1074:,
1070:,
1046:)
26:on
4892:(
4512:)
4500:(
4494:)
4490:(
3668:e
3661:t
3654:v
3423:e
3416:t
3409:v
3381:.
3360:.
3157:.
3136:.
3110:.
3085:.
3060:.
2881:.
2856:.
2713:.
2689::
2683:4
2662:.
2638:.
2616:.
2591:.
2547:.
2515:.
2490:.
2466:.
2442:.
2404:.
2390::
2382::
2376:8
2359:.
2337::
1853:)
1847:(
1842:)
1838:(
1834:.
1828:.
1455:3
1447:3
1042:(
1028:e
1021:t
1014:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
