Body mass index - Knowledge (XXG)

2444: 2563:(36% for men and 49% for women). In other words, the BMI will be mostly correct when determining a person to be obese, but can err quite frequently when determining a person not to be. Despite this undercounting of obesity by BMI, BMI values in the intermediate BMI range of 20–30 were found to be associated with a wide range of body fat percentages. For men with a BMI of 25, about 20% have a body fat percentage below 20% and about 10% have body fat percentage above 30%. 2528:

135 lb (BMI 19.4). In the reverse, the man with a larger frame and more solid build should increase by 10%, to roughly 75 kg or 165 lb (BMI 23.7). If one teeters on the edge of small/medium or medium/large, common sense should be used in calculating one's ideal weight. However, falling into one's ideal weight range for height and build is still not as accurate in determining health risk factors as

861: 1246: 1238: 74: 2313:. The duality of the BMI is that, while it is easy to use as a general calculation, it is limited as to how accurate and pertinent the data obtained from it can be. Generally, the index is suitable for recognizing trends within sedentary or overweight individuals because there is a smaller margin of error. The BMI has been used by the 889:, or the average man. Quetelet thought of the average man as a social ideal, and developed the body mass index as a means of discovering the socially ideal human person. According to Lars Grue and Arvid Heiberg in the Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research, Quetelet's idealization of the average man would be elaborated upon by 1057: 2472:. The BMI was always designed as a metric for European men. For women, and people of non-European origin, the scale is often biased. As noted by sociologist Sabrina Strings, the BMI is largely inaccurate for black people especially, disproportionately labelling them as overweight even for healthy individuals. 2527:

For example, a height/weight chart may say the ideal weight (BMI 21.5) for a 1.78-metre-tall (5 ft 10 in) man is 68 kilograms (150 lb). But if that man has a slender build (small frame), he may be overweight at 68 kg or 150 lb and should reduce by 10% to roughly 61 kg or

1273:

These recommended distinctions along the linear scale may vary from time to time and country to country, making global, longitudinal surveys problematic. People from different populations and descent have different associations between BMI, percentage of body fat, and health risks, with a higher risk

2488:

of linear dimensions, taller individuals with exactly the same body shape and relative composition have a larger BMI. BMI is proportional to the mass and inversely proportional to the square of the height. So, if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then

2422:

One study found that BMI had a good general correlation with body fat percentage, and noted that obesity has overtaken smoking as the world's number one cause of death. But it also notes that in the study 50% of men and 62% of women were obese according to body fat defined obesity, while only 21% of

1615:

A survey in 2007 showed 63% of Americans were then overweight or obese, with 26% in the obese category (a BMI of 30 or more). By 2014, 37.7% of adults in the United States were obese, 35.0% of men and 40.4% of women; class 3 obesity (BMI over 40) values were 7.7% for men and 9.9% for women. The U.S.

2624:

uses an exponent of 3 rather than 2. The corpulence index yields valid results even for very short and very tall people, which is a problem with BMI. For example, a 152.4 cm (5 ft 0 in) tall person at an ideal body weight of 48 kg (106 lb) gives a normal BMI of 20.74 and CI

2606:

One study found that the vast majority of people labelled 'overweight' and 'obese' according to current definitions do not in fact face any meaningful increased risk for early death. In a quantitative analysis of several studies, involving more than 600,000 men and women, the lowest mortality rates

2774:

The scaling factor of 1.3 was determined to make the proposed new BMI formula align with the traditional BMI formula for adults of average height, while the exponent of 2.5 is a compromise between the exponent of 2 in the traditional formula for BMI and the exponent of 3 that would be expected for

2834:

CVD. Waist circumference can be a better indicator of obesity-related disease risk than BMI. For example, this is the case in populations of Asian descent and older people. 940 mm (37 in) for men and 800 mm (31 in) for women has been stated to pose "higher risk", with the NIH

2788:

independent of units. Individuals with BMI Prime less than 0.74 are underweight; those with between 0.74 and 1.00 have optimal weight; and those at 1.00 or greater are overweight. BMI Prime is useful clinically because it shows by what ratio (e.g. 1.36) or percentage (e.g. 136%, or 36% above) a

2467:

Part of the statistical limitations of the BMI scale is the result of Quetelet's original sampling methods. As noted in his primary work, A Treatise on Man and the Development of His Faculties, the data from which Quetelet derived his formula was taken mostly from Scottish Highland soldiers and

2535:

Accurate frame size calculators use several measurements (wrist circumference, elbow width, neck circumference, and others) to determine what category an individual falls into for a given height. The BMI also fails to take into account loss of height through ageing. In this situation, BMI will

2325:

for a group can be calculated. Similarly, this is becoming more and more pertinent to the growth of children, since the majority of children are sedentary. Cross-sectional studies indicated that sedentary people can decrease BMI by becoming more physically active. Smaller effects are seen in

1253:

BMI is used differently for people aged 2 to 20. It is calculated in the same way as for adults but then compared to typical values for other children or youth of the same age. Instead of comparison against fixed thresholds for underweight and overweight, the BMI is compared against the

2775:

the scaling of weight (which at constant density would theoretically scale with volume, i.e., as the cube of the height) with height. In Trefethen's analysis, an exponent of 2.5 was found to fit empirical data more closely with less distortion than either an exponent of 2 or 3.

2566:

Body composition for athletes is often better calculated using measures of body fat, as determined by such techniques as skinfold measurements or underwater weighing and the limitations of manual measurement have also led to alternative methods to measure obesity, such as the

883:, devised the basis of the BMI between 1830 and 1850 as he developed what he called "social physics". Quetelet himself never intended for the index, then called the Quetelet Index, to be used as a means of medical assessment. Instead, it was a component of his study of 2769: 1437:

In Singapore, the BMI cut-off figures were revised in 2005 by the Health Promotion Board (HPB), motivated by studies showing that many Asian populations, including Singaporeans, have a higher proportion of body fat and increased risk for cardiovascular diseases and

1121:. In addition to the principle, international WHO BMI cut-off points (16, 17, 18.5, 25, 30, 35 and 40), four additional cut-off points for at-risk Asians were identified (23, 27.5, 32.5 and 37.5). These ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories. 2858:(BSA), vertical trunk circumference (VTC), waist circumference (WC) and height (H). Data on 11,808 subjects from the National Health and Human Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) 1999–2004, showed that SBSI outperformed BMI, waist circumference, and 948: 2511:

The BMI overestimates roughly 10% for a large (or tall) frame and underestimates roughly 10% for a smaller frame (short stature). In other words, people with small frames would be carrying more fat than optimal, but their BMI indicates that they are

4838:

Romero-Corral A, Montori VM, Somers VK, Korinek J, Thomas RJ, Allison TG, et al. (August 2006). "Association of bodyweight with total mortality and with cardiovascular events in coronary artery disease: a systematic review of cohort studies".

3858:

Shiwaku K, Anuurad E, Enkhmaa B, Nogi A, Kitajima K, Shimono K, et al. (January 2004). "Overweight Japanese with body mass indexes of 23.0–24.9 have higher risks for obesity-associated disorders: a comparison of Japanese and Mongolians".

3043: 2958: 2591:

should be set. Because of this, the standards have varied over the past few decades. Between 1980 and 2000 the U.S. Dietary Guidelines have defined overweight at a variety of levels ranging from a BMI of 24.9 to 27.1. In 1985 the

1070:, allowing health professionals to discuss weight problems more objectively with their patients. BMI was designed to be used as a simple means of classifying average sedentary (physically inactive) populations, with an average 2320:

This general correlation is particularly useful for consensus data regarding obesity or various other conditions because it can be used to build a semi-accurate representation from which a solution can be stipulated, or the

1286:

cut-off point for overweight, 25 kg/m, although the cut-off for observed risk varies among different populations. The cut-off for observed risk varies based on populations and subpopulations in Europe, Asia and Africa.

2783:

BMI Prime, a modification of the BMI system, is the ratio of actual BMI to upper limit optimal BMI (currently defined at 25 kg/m), i.e., the actual BMI expressed as a proportion of upper limit optimal. BMI Prime is a

2625:

of 13.6, while a 200 cm (6 ft 7 in) tall person with a weight of 100 kg (220 lb) gives a BMI of 24.84, very close to an overweight BMI of 25, and a CI of 12.4, very close to a normal CI of 12.

929:

studies and inappropriate for individual evaluation. Nevertheless, due to its simplicity, it has come to be widely used for preliminary diagnoses. Additional metrics, such as waist circumference, can be more useful.

5883:

Tsuchiya A, Yazaki M, Kametani F, Takei Y, Ikeda S (April 2008). "Marked regression of abdominal fat amyloid in patients with familial amyloid polyneuropathy during long-term follow-up after liver transplantation".

2845:

according to age, with consequent significant reduction in life expectancy if exceeded. These are: 0.5 for people under 40 years of age, 0.5 to 0.6 for people aged 40–50, and 0.6 for people over 50 years of age.

1261:

A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese. Children with a BMI between the 85th and 95th percentile are considered to be overweight.

2555:(NHANES III) and found that BMI-defined obesity (BMI ≥ 30) was present in 21% of men and 31% of women. Body fat-defined obesity was found in 50% of men and 62% of women. While BMI-defined obesity showed high 941:

are used, a conversion factor of 703 (kg/m)/(lb/in) is applied. (If pounds and feet are used, a conversion factor of 4.88 is used.) When the term BMI is used informally, the units are usually omitted.

2426:

A 2010 study that followed 11,000 subjects for up to eight years concluded that BMI is not the most appropriate measure for the risk of heart attack, stroke or death. A better measure was found to be the

1094:

A common use of the BMI is to assess how far an individual's body weight departs from what is normal for a person's height. The weight excess or deficiency may, in part, be accounted for by body fat (

5769: 2603:(WHO) decided that a BMI of 25 to 30 should be considered overweight and a BMI over 30 is obese, the standards the NIH set. This became the definitive guide for determining if someone is overweight. 2796:), BMI Prime should be calculated using an upper limit BMI of 23 in the denominator instead of 25. BMI Prime allows easy comparison between populations whose upper-limit optimal BMI values differ. 2338:

In France, Italy, and Spain, legislation has been introduced banning the usage of fashion show models having a BMI below 18. In Israel, a model with BMI below 18.5 is banned. This is done to fight

5800: 2697: 1612:

also recommends lowering the normal/overweight threshold for southeast Asian body types to around BMI 23, and expects further revisions to emerge from clinical studies of different body types.

2670: 2489:

BMI doubles instead of remaining the same. This results in taller people having a reported BMI that is uncharacteristically high, compared to their actual body fat levels. In comparison, the

1593:

guidelines, lowering the normal/overweight cut-off from a BMI of 27.8 (men) and 27.3 (women) to a BMI of 25. This had the effect of redefining approximately 25 million Americans, previously

1616:

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 2015-2016 showed that 71.6% of American men and women had BMIs over 25. Obesity—a BMI of 30 or more—was found in 39.8% of the US adults.

914:

and others. In this paper, Keys argued that what he termed the BMI was "if not fully satisfactory, at least as good as any other relative weight index as an indicator of relative obesity".

4799:"A strong interaction between serum gamma-glutamyltransferase and obesity on the risk of prevalent type 2 diabetes: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey" 2822:(NIH), waist circumference in excess of 1,020 mm (40 in) for men and 880 mm (35 in) for (non-pregnant) women is considered to imply a high risk for type 2 diabetes, 2500:

has written that "The B.M.I. tables are excellent for identifying obesity and body fat in large populations, but they are far less reliable for determining fatness in individuals."

1052:{\displaystyle \mathrm {BMI} ={\frac {{\text{mass}}_{\text{kg}}}{{{\text{height}}_{\text{m}}}^{2}}}={\frac {{\text{mass}}_{\text{lb}}}{{{\text{height}}_{\text{in}}}^{2}}}\times 703} 4650: 5682: 1535:

Research since 2021 based on a large sample of almost 1.5 million people in England found that some ethnic groups would benefit from prevention at or above a BMI of (rounded):

3634: 2226:

The BMI ranges are based on the relationship between body weight and disease and death. Overweight and obese individuals are at an increased risk for the following diseases:

2792:

For instance, a person with BMI 34 kg/m has a BMI Prime of 34/25 = 1.36, and is 36% over their upper mass limit. In South East Asian and South Chinese populations (see

5267:

Diverse Populations Collaborative Group (September 2005). "Weight-height relationships and body mass index: some observations from the Diverse Populations Collaboration".

5742: 3747: 1513: 5603: 2552: 2452: 2969: 2868: 2443: 1074:. For such individuals, the BMI value recommendations as of 2014 are as follows: 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m may indicate optimal weight, lower than 18.5 may indicate 3680: 5030: 2296:

Among people who have never smoked, overweight/obesity is associated with 51% increase in mortality compared with people who have always been a normal weight.

1265:

Studies in Britain from 2013 have indicated that females between the ages 12 and 16 had a higher BMI than males of the same age by 1.0 kg/m on average.

5765: 2352: 711: 5451:

Campos P, Saguy A, Ernsberger P, Oliver E, Gaesser G (February 2006). "The epidemiology of overweight and obesity: public health crisis or moral panic?".

2397:

weight people as defined by BMI. The optimal BMI was found to be in the range of 22.5–25. The average BMI of athletes is 22.4 for women and 23.6 for men.

4297: 3761:

WHO Expert Consultation (January 2004). "Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies".

2838:

Waist-to-hip circumference ratio has also been used, but has been found to be no better than waist circumference alone, and more complicated to measure.

2679:

In general, we do not err much when we assume that during development the squares of the weight at different ages are as the fifth powers of the height

5792: 4328: 3226: 3143: 3110: 5406: 1442:, compared with general BMI recommendations in other countries. The BMI cut-offs are presented with an emphasis on health risk rather than weight. 3829: 2691:, which minimizes the distortions for shorter and taller individuals resulting from the use of an exponent of 2 in the traditional BMI formula: 1086:. Lean male athletes often have a high muscle-to-fat ratio and therefore a BMI that is misleadingly high relative to their body-fat percentage. 4156: 5978: 5959: 5940: 5101: 4532: 4507: 3995: 3664: 2448: 852:

BMIs under 20 and over 25 have been associated with higher all-cause mortality, with the risk increasing with distance from the 20–25 range.

4979:"Informativeness of indices of blood pressure, obesity and serum lipids in relation to ischaemic heart disease mortality: the HUNT-II study" 3085: 3804: 3528: 3493: 2607:

were found for people with BMIs between 23 and 29; most of the 25–30 range considered 'overweight' was not associated with higher risk.

2309:

The BMI is generally used as a means of correlation between groups related by general mass and can serve as a vague means of estimating

6003: 5195:"Body mass index relates weight to height differently in women and older adults: serial cross-sectional surveys in England (1992-2011)" 4642: 6030: 4627: 4332: 1525: 295: 5674: 4301: 3630: 3135: 5495: 252: 4664:

Flegal KM, Graubard BI, Williamson DF, Gail MH (April 2005). "Excess deaths associated with underweight, overweight, and obesity".

5253: 4085: 3245:"Body-mass index and all-cause mortality: individual-participant-data meta-analysis of 239 prospective studies in four continents" 2496:

However, many taller people are not just "scaled up" short people but tend to have narrower frames in proportion to their height.

6045: 5383: 5361: 3710:

Ogunlade O, Adalumo OA, Asafa MA (2015). "Challenges of body mass index classification: New criteria for young adult Nigerians".

1521: 5712: 3057:, serum albumin is factored in to produce a modified body mass index (mBMI). The mBMI can be obtained by multiplying the BMI by 5734: 3054: 704: 480: 5537: 4324:

Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults: The Evidence Report

668: 2423:

men and 31% of women were obese according to BMI, meaning that BMI was found to underestimate the number of obese subjects.

829:(30 or more). When used to predict an individual's health, rather than as a statistical measurement for groups, the BMI has 4270: 3961: 2764:{\displaystyle \mathrm {BMI} _{\text{new}}=1.3\times {\frac {{\text{mass}}_{\text{kg}}}{{\text{height}}_{\text{m}}^{2.5}}}} 3576: 3139: 2819: 2593: 2405: 2322: 1586: 782:(or chart). The table displays BMI as a function of mass and height and may show other units of measurement (converted to 301: 4397:"Multiple epidural steroid injections and body mass index linked with occurrence of epidural lipomatosis: a case series" 458: 2636: 38: 6020: 4031:"Ethnicity-specific BMI cutoffs for obesity based on type 2 diabetes risk in England: a population-based cohort study" 2560: 2556: 1921:

Body Mass Index values (kg/m) for females aged 20 and over, and selected percentiles by age: United States, 2011–2014

906: 653: 3688: 3243:

Di Angelantonio E, Bhupathiraju S, Wormser D, Gao P, Kaptoge S, Berrington de Gonzalez A, et al. (August 2016).

2548:

on those with leaner body mass (e.g., athletes) and underestimates excess adiposity on those with fattier body mass.

1366:

A 2000 study from the Japan Society for the Study of Obesity (JASSO) presents the following table of BMI categories:

78:

Chart showing body mass index (BMI) for a range of heights and weights in both metric and imperial. Colours indicate

5026: 2841:

A related indicator is waist circumference divided by height. A 2013 study identified critical threshold values for

1621:

Body Mass Index values (kg/m) for males aged 20 and over, and selected percentiles by age: United States, 2011–2014

778:. The multiplication and division may be carried out directly, by hand or using a calculator, or indirectly using a 6035: 5952:

Human Body Size and the Laws of Scaling: Physiological, Performance, Growth, Longevity and Ecological Ramifications

697: 171: 4701:"Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900 000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies" 5647:

Gadzik J (February 2006). ""How much should I weigh?"--Quetelet's equation, upper weight limits, and BMI prime".

4887:

Romero-Corral A, Somers VK, Sierra-Johnson J, Thomas RJ, Collazo-Clavell ML, Korinek J, et al. (June 2008).

4550:"Transport mode choice and body mass index: Cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence from a European-wide study" 2600: 2568: 2314: 1609: 1590: 1283: 1106: 276: 83: 4157:"Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies" 3080: 2599:

In 1998, an NIH report concluded that a BMI over 25 is overweight and a BMI over 30 is obese. In the 1990s the

2596:(NIH) consensus conference recommended that overweight BMI be set at a BMI of 27.8 for men and 27.3 for women. 2401: 2240: 1275: 673: 126: 3996:"Are you at risk of diabetes? Research finds prevention should start at a different BMI for each ethnic group" 3429: 2544:

Assumptions about the distribution between muscle mass and fat mass are inexact. BMI generally overestimates

2447:

This graph shows the correlation between body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (BFP) for 8550 men in

4348:"Body-mass index and risk of 22 specific cancers: a population-based cohort study of 5·24 million UK adults" 3524: 3217: 2854:

The Surface-based Body Shape Index (SBSI) is far more rigorous and is based upon four key measurements: the

2230: 1117:, or other health problems, while a BMI of 25 or more is considered overweight and 30 or more is considered 633: 540: 228: 197: 4548:

Dons E, Rojas-Rueda D, Anaya-Boig E, Avila-Palencia I, Brand C, Cole-Hunter T, et al. (October 2018).

3451:

Keys A, Fidanza F, Karvonen MJ, Kimura N, Taylor HL (July 1972). "Indices of relative weight and obesity".

1501:

High risk of developing heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke, diabetes mellitus. Metabolic Syndrome.

6050: 2831: 627: 2480:

The exponent in the denominator of the formula for BMI is arbitrary. The BMI depends upon weight and the

6040: 5597: 5398: 4938:"The predictive value of different measures of obesity for incident cardiovascular events and mortality" 3741: 3115: 3090: 2842: 2805: 2529: 2428: 1608:

diagnosis in the past 20 years, and the increase in sales of weight loss products during the same time.

658: 533: 409: 369: 159: 4549: 3837: 3593: 3375: 2503:

For US adults, exponent estimates range from 1.92 to 1.96 for males and from 1.45 to 1.95 for females.

5555: 3225:. The Surveillance of Risk Factors Report Series (SuRF). World Health Organization. 2005. p. 22. 5837: 5626: 5554:

Heymsfield Steven B, Gallagher Dympna, Mayer Laurel, Beetsch Joel ja Pietrobelli Angelo (July 2007).

4564: 4195: 2785: 2688: 2415:

BMIs were at higher risk of death from cardiovascular disease than people whose BMIs put them in the

1572: 1517: 1098:) although other factors such as muscularity also affect BMI significantly (see discussion below and 786:

for the calculation). The table may also show contour lines or colours for different BMI categories.

756: 643: 595: 329: 2633:

A study found that the best exponent E for predicting the fat percent would be between 2 and 2.5 in

2551:

A study in June 2008 by Romero-Corral et al. examined 13,601 subjects from the United States' third

2432: 364: 6025: 3292:

Eknoyan G (January 2008). "Adolphe Quetelet (1796–1874) – the average man and indices of obesity".

3058: 2517: 2459:

The medical establishment and statistical community have both highlighted the limitations of BMI.

2245: 1516:

guidance recommends prevention of type 2 diabetes should start at a BMI of 30 in White and 27.5 in

663: 574: 475: 439: 339: 286: 4029:

Caleyachetty R, Barber TM, Mohammed NI, Cappuccio FP, Hardy R, Mathur R, et al. (July 2021).

2411:

In an analysis of 40 studies involving 250,000 people, patients with coronary artery disease with

5909: 5248: 5069: 4864: 4598: 4187: 4011: 3977: 3884: 3786: 3729: 2809: 2276: 1296: 736: 500: 291: 4699:

Whitlock G, Lewington S, Sherliker P, Clarke R, Emberson J, Halsey J, et al. (March 2009).

3554:"Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry. Report of a WHO Expert Committee" 3038:{\displaystyle \mathrm {SBSI^{\star }} ={\frac {({\text{H}}^{2})({\text{WC}})}{\text{BSA VTC}}}} 3808: 3520: 3489: 2953:{\displaystyle \mathrm {SBSI} ={\frac {({\text{H}}^{7/4})({\text{WC}}^{5/6})}{\text{BSA VTC}}}} 5974: 5955: 5936: 5901: 5865: 5656: 5585: 5491: 5468: 5433: 5335: 5284: 5224: 5156: 5107: 5097: 5008: 4959: 4918: 4856: 4820: 4779: 4730: 4681: 4590: 4528: 4503: 4477: 4428: 4377: 4245: 4179: 4137: 4060: 3876: 3778: 3660: 3568: 3468: 3400: 3309: 3274: 3105: 2855: 1439: 901: 838: 744: 550: 359: 248: 238: 179: 5893: 5855: 5845: 5575: 5567: 5527: 5460: 5325: 5315: 5276: 5214: 5206: 5146: 5138: 5061: 4998: 4990: 4949: 4936:

Schneider HJ, Friedrich N, Klotsche J, Pieper L, Nauck M, John U, et al. (April 2010).

4908: 4900: 4848: 4810: 4769: 4761: 4720: 4712: 4673: 4580: 4572: 4495: 4467: 4459: 4418: 4408: 4367: 4359: 4235: 4225: 4171: 4127: 4119: 4050: 4042: 4003: 3969: 3918: 3868: 3770: 3719: 3460: 3424: 3390: 3354: 3301: 3264: 3256: 3100: 2859: 2621: 2339: 1071: 868: 748: 590: 585: 465: 349: 344: 311: 281: 233: 5175: 5052:

Kronmal RA (1993). "Spurious correlation and the fallacy of the ratio standard revisited".

4617: 4322: 2455:

1994 data. Data in the upper left and lower right quadrants suggest the limitations of BMI.

1490:

Moderate risk of developing heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke, diabetes mellitus.

6055: 4622: 4290: 3147: 3095: 2327: 1529: 1279: 1114: 565: 520: 470: 420: 397: 391: 306: 5421: 5420:

Tahrani A, Boelaert K, Barnes R, Palin S, Field A, Redmayne H, et al. (2008-04-01).

2516:. Conversely, large framed (or tall) individuals may be quite healthy, with a fairly low 5841: 5513:"Taller people should have Higher BMI's and Blood Pressure Measurements as their Normal" 5243: 4568: 4264:"Selected health conditions and risk factors, by age: the United States, selected years" 4240: 4213: 3903: 933:

The BMI is expressed in kg/m, resulting from mass in kilograms and height in metres. If

5860: 5825: 5580: 5330: 5303: 5219: 5194: 5151: 5126: 5003: 4978: 4913: 4888: 4774: 4749: 4725: 4700: 4472: 4447: 4423: 4396: 4372: 4347: 4346:

Bhaskaran K, Douglas I, Forbes H, dos-Santos-Silva I, Leon DA, Smeeth L (August 2014).

4132: 4107: 4081: 4055: 4030: 3269: 3244: 2684: 2545: 2490: 2310: 2255: 1095: 890: 771: 678: 505: 415: 354: 271: 5375: 5353: 4852: 4716: 4363: 4175: 4046: 4002:(Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. 2022-03-10. 3968:(Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. 2022-07-26. 3774: 3260: 6014: 5704: 4015: 3981: 3733: 3464: 2280: 922: 842: 813: 790: 783: 638: 559: 490: 243: 5913: 4868: 4602: 4191: 3790: 3343:"Notes on the History of Normality – Reflections on the Work of Quetelet and Galton" 5618: 5512: 4889:"Accuracy of body mass index in diagnosing obesity in the adult general population" 4448:"Smoking and reverse causation create an obesity paradox in cardiovascular disease" 3922: 3161: 2827: 2823: 2815: 2683:

This exponent of 2.5 is used in a revised formula for Body Mass Index, proposed by

2284: 2250: 2235: 1110: 934: 876: 846: 779: 752: 683: 618: 600: 495: 485: 425: 5532: 3888: 2963:

A simplified, dimensionless form of SBSI, known as SBSI, has also been developed.

904:

to squared height was coined in a paper published in the July 1972 edition of the

146: 5850: 5556:"Scaling of human body composition to stature: new insights into body mass index" 4815: 4798: 4576: 4263: 1109:

regards an adult BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight and possibly indicative of

132: 4123: 3936: 3166: 2469: 2290: 2270: 2260: 1075: 880: 807: 775: 580: 515: 510: 223: 218: 208: 140: 3973: 3553: 2431:. A 2011 study that followed 60,000 participants for up to 13 years found that 5826:"Surface-Based Body Shape Index and Its Relationship with All-Cause Mortality" 5111: 4994: 4318: 3655:

Wang Y (2012). "Chapter 2: Use of Percentiles and Z-Scores in Anthropometry".

3359: 3342: 3075: 2581: 2497: 2381: 1255: 1099: 1079: 911: 872: 860: 819: 545: 435: 213: 203: 5437: 4765: 4677: 3902:

Kanazawa M, Yoshiike N, Osaka T, Numba Y, Zimmet P, Inoue S (December 2002).

3724: 3376:"Commentary: Origins and evolution of body mass index (BMI): continuing saga" 17: 5302:

Levitt DG, Heymsfield SB, Pierson RN, Shapses SA, Kral JG (September 2007).

5210: 4413: 3070: 2493:

is based on the natural scaling of mass with the third power of the height.

1300: 623: 5905: 5869: 5660: 5589: 5571: 5472: 5339: 5320: 5288: 5228: 5193:

Sperrin M, Marshall AD, Higgins V, Renehan AG, Buchan IE (September 2016).

5160: 5142: 5012: 4963: 4922: 4860: 4824: 4783: 4734: 4685: 4594: 4585: 4481: 4432: 4381: 4249: 4230: 4183: 4141: 4064: 3880: 3872: 3782: 3404: 3313: 3278: 3572: 3472: 3420:"Beyond BMI: Why doctors won't stop using an outdated measure for obesity" 2818:, which poses more health risks than fat elsewhere. According to the U.S. 770:

The BMI may be determined first by measuring its components by means of a

5675:"Obesity Education Initiative Electronic Textbook - Treatment Guidelines" 5464: 4954: 4937: 3395: 3305: 918: 894: 760: 570: 401: 387: 4904: 4502:. Human Kinetics: An Introduction to Energy Production and Performance. 4212:

Flegal KM, Kruszon-Moran D, Carroll MD, Fryar CD, Ogden CL (June 2016).

4007: 2317:

as the standard for recording obesity statistics since the early 1980s.

5280: 5073: 2587: 1245: 1118: 1083: 555: 405: 193: 116: 5091: 4463: 4291:"Anthropometric Reference Data for Children and Adults: United States" 2675:

An exponent of 5/2 or 2.5 was proposed by Quetelet in the 19 century:

1237: 73: 5897: 2265: 794: 740: 648: 5998: 5793:"A New Potential Replacement for Body Mass Index | RealClearScience" 5065: 3836:(in Japanese). Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. Archived from 3681:"Health Survey for England: The Health of Children and Young People" 1136: 4214:"Trends in Obesity Among Adults in the United States, 2005 to 2014" 3419: 5399:"BMI Not a Good Measure of Healthy Body Weight, Researchers Argue" 3904:"Criteria and classification of obesity in Japan and Asia-Oceania" 3331:

Quetelet A. A Treatise on Man and the Development of his Faculties

2442: 1244: 1236: 859: 825: 764: 430: 154: 3861:

International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders

3212: 3210: 938: 802: 732: 445: 4108:"Body Mass Index — Obesity, BMI, and Health: A Critical Review" 3160:

For example, in the UK where people often know their weight in

5093:

Fearing the black body : the racial origins of fat phobia

4750:"Body Mass Index in Master Athletes: Review of the Literature" 3807:. Fitness of Body – Health & Wellness site. Archived from 798: 2435:

was a better predictor of ischaemic heart disease mortality.

793:

used to broadly categorize a person as based on tissue mass (

5304:"Physiological models of body composition and human obesity" 5969:

Sothern MS, Gordon ST, von Almen TK, eds. (19 April 2016).

5766:"Waist-Height Ratio Better Than BMI for Gauging Mortality" 3617: 2579:

It is not clear where on the BMI scale the threshold for

925:

societies. Keys explicitly judged BMI as appropriate for

900:

The modern term "body mass index" (BMI) for the ratio of

4797:

Lim JS, Lee DH, Park JY, Jin SH, Jacobs DR (June 2007).

5764:

HospiMedica International staff writers (18 Jun 2013).

3548: 3546: 2536:

increase without any corresponding increase in weight.

42: 1249:

BMI for age percentiles for girls 2 to 20 years of age

5422:"Body volume index: time to replace body mass index?" 4285: 4283: 2972: 2871: 2700: 2639: 1241:

BMI for age percentiles for boys 2 to 20 years of age

951: 4942:

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism

1062:

BMI provides a simple numeric measure of a person's

921:

came with observed increasing obesity in prosperous

4882: 4880: 4878: 3962:"Diabetes: putting people at the heart of services" 153: 139: 125: 115: 66: 5971:Handbook of Pediatric Obesity: Clinical Management 4977:Mørkedal B, Romundstad PR, Vatten LJ (June 2011). 3191: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3037: 2952: 2763: 2664: 1468:Possible nutritional deficiency and osteoporosis. 1051: 805:) and height. Major adult BMI classifications are 4748:Walsh J, Heazlewood IT, Climstein M (July 2018). 3561:World Health Organization Technical Report Series 2665:{\displaystyle {\text{mass}}/{\text{height}}^{E}} 2559:(95% for men and 99% for women), BMI showed poor 2330:as a means to prevent a further increase in BMI. 2326:prospective cohort studies which lend to support 5490:. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers. 4643:"Israeli Law Bans Skinny, BMI-Challenged Models" 3832:[What is obesity, what kind of state?]. 2553:National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1303:recommends the use of the following BMI ranges: 5999:BMI Growth Charts for children and young adults 5029:. National Institutes of Health. July 8, 2007. 2779:BMI prime (exponent of 2, normalization factor) 2342:among models and people interested in fashion. 1604:This can partially explain the increase in the 4155:World Health Organization (January 10, 2004). 2789:person deviates from the maximum optimal BMI. 1282:cardiovascular disease at BMIs lower than the 837:, especially when applied to individuals with 833:that can make it less useful than some of the 5819: 5817: 5376:"BMI: is the body mass index formula flawed?" 3805:"Body weight chart – ideal goal weight chart" 3746:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 ( 3631:"Body Mass Index: BMI for Children and Teens" 2793: 2393:people both had a mortality rate higher than 2385:in 2009 involving 900,000 adults showed that 1994: 1694: 705: 8: 5995:U.S. National Center for Health Statistics: 5933:Focus on Body Mass Index And Health Research 5602:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5027:"Aim for a Healthy Weight: Assess your Risk" 3492:. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. 884: 5244:"Weight Index Doesn't Tell the Whole Truth" 4076: 4074: 3347:Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research 2814:Waist circumference is a good indicator of 2353:Journal of the American Medical Association 26: 5560:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 3911:Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1928: 1919: 1628: 1619: 1444: 1368: 1305: 1123: 712: 698: 166: 72: 5859: 5849: 5579: 5531: 5329: 5319: 5269:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 5218: 5150: 5002: 4953: 4912: 4814: 4773: 4724: 4584: 4471: 4422: 4412: 4371: 4329:National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute 4239: 4229: 4131: 4054: 3723: 3394: 3358: 3268: 3021: 3009: 3004: 2997: 2987: 2973: 2971: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2905: 2901: 2896: 2889: 2872: 2870: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2736: 2731: 2728: 2713: 2702: 2699: 2687:, Professor of numerical analysis at the 2656: 2651: 2645: 2640: 2638: 1035: 1028: 1023: 1021: 1014: 1009: 1006: 995: 988: 983: 981: 974: 969: 966: 952: 950: 5054:Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 4035:The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology 3515: 3513: 3511: 3484: 3482: 3111:Somatotype and constitutional psychology 2222:Consequences of elevated level in adults 59:Relative weight based on mass and height 32:This is an accepted version of this page 3490:"Assessing Your Weight and Health Risk" 3206: 3126: 2484:of height. Since mass increases to the 2368:weight people as defined by BMI, while 917:The interest in an index that measures 743:of a person. The BMI is defined as the 178: 28: 5595: 5354:"Why BMI is inaccurate and misleading" 4618:"France Just Banned Ultra-Thin Models" 4525:Human Nutrition – a health perspective 4446:Stokes A, Preston SH (December 2015). 4088:from the original on November 22, 2010 3739: 3053:Within some medical contexts, such as 2575:Variation in definitions of categories 1589:brought U.S. definitions in line with 1258:for children of the same sex and age. 63: 5453:International Journal of Epidemiology 5085: 5083: 5033:from the original on 16 December 2013 3531:from the original on 18 December 2014 3496:from the original on 19 December 2014 3432:from the original on 7 September 2011 3383:International Journal of Epidemiology 3294:Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation 1925: 1625: 893:a decade later in the development of 7: 5488:New Developments in Obesity Research 3327: 3325: 3323: 3164:and height in feet and inches – see 3086:List of countries by body mass index 5973:(Illustrated ed.). CRC Press. 5745:from the original on 21 August 2016 4082:"Who's fat? New definition adopted" 3374:Blackburn H, Jacobs D (June 2014). 2364:people had a death rate similar to 5772:from the original on 17 April 2016 5715:from the original on 6 August 2016 3659:. New York: Springer. p. 29. 3594:"About Adult BMI | Healthy Weight" 2984: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2709: 2706: 2703: 1565:24 in Pakistani, Indian and Nepali 959: 956: 953: 296:Epidemiology of metabolic syndrome 57: 5705:"Why is my waist size important?" 3685:Archive2.official-documents.co.uk 1344:Overweight II (Moderately obese) 834: 6004:BMI calculator ages 20 and older 5679:US National Institutes of Health 5543:from the original on 2022-10-09. 5409:from the original on 2015-07-21. 5386:from the original on 2015-07-23. 5364:from the original on 2015-07-23. 5256:from the original on 1 May 2017. 4983:European Journal of Epidemiology 4893:International Journal of Obesity 4653:from the original on 2014-12-10. 4630:from the original on 2015-04-10. 4335:from the original on 2013-01-03. 4307:from the original on 2017-02-02. 4276:from the original on 2022-10-09. 3582:from the original on 2007-02-10. 3232:from the original on 2022-10-09. 3167:"Calculate your body mass index" 2616:Corpulence index (exponent of 3) 2532:and actual body fat percentage. 2376:people had a higher death rate. 1352:Overweight III (Severely obese) 1154:Underweight (Moderate thinness) 830: 759:of kg/m, resulting from mass in 5803:from the original on 2016-01-01 5739:Harvard School of Public Health 5685:from the original on 1 May 2017 5174:Bonderud D (9 September 2023). 3637:from the original on 2013-10-29 3418:Singer-Vine J (July 20, 2009). 3055:familial amyloid polyneuropathy 2404:only in people with high serum 2275:At least 10 cancers, including 79: 5791:Pomeroy R (29 December 2015). 5131:Paediatrics & Child Health 3923:10.1046/j.1440-6047.11.s8.19.x 3633:. Center for Disease Control. 3618:World Health Organization 2005 3026: 3018: 3015: 3000: 2941: 2918: 2915: 2892: 2850:Surface-based body shape index 1545:just below 30 in Black British 1143:Underweight (Severe thinness) 1082:, and 30 or more may indicate 731:) is a value derived from the 669:Social determinants of obesity 1: 5824:Rahman SA, Adjeroh D (2015). 5533:10.26717/BJSTR.2018.06.001381 5176:"What is the Ponderal Index?" 5096:. New York University Press. 4853:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69251-9 4754:Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 4717:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60318-4 4364:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60892-8 4176:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)15268-3 4047:10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00088-7 3775:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15268-3 3261:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30175-1 3140:National Institutes of Health 2820:National Institutes of Health 2594:National Institutes of Health 2463:Racial and gender differences 2406:gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase 1587:National Institutes of Health 302:Metabolically healthy obesity 5851:10.1371/journal.pone.0144639 4816:10.1373/clinchem.2006.079814 4577:10.1016/j.envint.2018.06.023 3465:10.1016/0021-9681(72)90027-6 2400:High BMI is associated with 1484:Mild to moderate overweight 1165:Underweight (Mild thinness) 459:Obesity-associated morbidity 5619:"New BMI (Body Mass Index)" 5520:Biomed J Sci & Tech Res 5242:Brody JE (31 August 2010). 4395:Jaimes R, Rocco AG (2014). 4124:10.1097/NT.0000000000000092 3941:Peter Yan Cardiology Clinic 3453:Journal of Chronic Diseases 907:Journal of Chronic Diseases 654:Obesity and the environment 6072: 5954:. New York: Nova Science. 5935:. New York: Nova Science. 5625:. Mathematical Institute, 5397:Lewis T (22 August 2013). 5308:Nutrition & Metabolism 4331:. September 1998. xi–xxx. 3974:10.3310/nihrevidence_52026 2803: 2794:§ international variations 1568:23 in Tamil and Sri Lankan 1479:Low risk (healthy range). 1078:, 25 to 29.9 may indicate 6031:Classification of obesity 5090:Strings, Sabrina (2019). 4995:10.1007/s10654-011-9572-7 4557:Environment International 4106:Nuttall FQ (2015-04-07). 3657:Handbook of Anthropometry 3360:10.1080/15017410600608491 2862:, an alternative to BMI. 2860:A Body Shape Index (ABSI) 2629:New BMI (exponent of 2.5) 2601:World Health Organization 2186: 2154: 2122: 2090: 2058: 2026: 1962: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1886: 1854: 1822: 1790: 1758: 1726: 1662: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1591:World Health Organization 1495:Very overweight to obese 1494: 1483: 1472: 1461: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1422: 1414: 1406: 1398: 1390: 1382: 1377: 1374: 1351: 1343: 1335: 1327: 1319: 1314: 1311: 1219: 1208: 1197: 1186: 1175: 1164: 1153: 1142: 1135: 1132: 1129: 277:Classification of obesity 84:World Health Organization 71: 5950:Samaras TT, ed. (2007). 5931:Ferrera LA, ed. (2006). 5199:Journal of Public Health 4766:10.15280/jlm.2018.8.2.79 4678:10.1001/jama.293.15.1861 3725:10.4103/1596-4078.182319 3341:Heiberg A (2006-11-04). 3081:History of anthropometry 3049:Modified body mass index 2507:Physical characteristics 1320:Underweight (Unhealthy) 1276:type 2 diabetes mellitus 1269:International variations 789:The BMI is a convenient 674:Social stigma of obesity 39:latest accepted revision 6046:Mathematics in medicine 4414:10.1186/1471-2253-14-70 3937:"Body Mass Index (BMI)" 3728:(inactive 2024-04-24). 3136:"Body Mass Index Table" 2835:figures "even higher". 2520:, but be classified as 2231:Coronary artery disease 1336:Overweight I (At risk) 1328:Normal range (Healthy) 1187:Overweight (Pre-obese) 634:Fat acceptance movement 541:Anti-obesity medication 229:Gestational weight gain 5321:10.1186/1743-7075-4-19 5127:"Letter to the editor" 5125:Taylor RS (May 2010). 4231:10.1001/jama.2016.6458 4084:. CNN. June 17, 1998. 3873:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802486 3061:, in grams per litre. 3039: 2954: 2832:cardiovascular disease 2765: 2681: 2666: 2456: 2360:) in 2005 showed that 2346:Relationship to health 1559:27 in Arab and Chinese 1250: 1242: 1125:BMI, basic categories 1053: 885: 865: 755:, and is expressed in 5886:Liver Transplantation 5211:10.1093/pubmed/fdv067 4201:on December 10, 2006. 3116:Waist-to-height ratio 3091:Normal weight obesity 3040: 2955: 2843:waist-to-height ratio 2806:Waist-to-height ratio 2766: 2677: 2667: 2569:body volume indicator 2530:waist-to-height ratio 2446: 2429:waist-to-height ratio 2419:range (BMI 25–29.9). 2379:A study published by 2350:A study published by 1554:26 in Black Caribbean 1248: 1240: 1054: 863: 659:Obesity and sexuality 534:Management of obesity 410:Binge eating disorder 370:Waist-to-height ratio 67:Body mass index (BMI) 5797:realclearscience.com 5735:"Waist Size Matters" 5649:Connecticut Medicine 5627:University of Oxford 5572:10.1093/ajcn/86.1.82 5143:10.1093/pch/15.5.258 4955:10.1210/jc.2009-1584 4498:, Gleeson M (2005). 3567:(854): 1–452. 1995. 2970: 2869: 2786:dimensionless number 2698: 2689:University of Oxford 2637: 2402:type 2 diabetes 949: 644:Health at Every Size 596:Weight loss coaching 330:Body adiposity index 5842:2015PLoSO..1044639R 5486:Ditmier LF (2006). 5426:Endocrine Abstracts 4905:10.1038/ijo.2008.11 4711:(9669): 1083–1096. 4569:2018EnInt.119..109D 4319:"Executive Summary" 4008:10.3310/alert_48878 2800:Waist circumference 2758: 2518:body fat percentage 2246:Gallbladder disease 1922: 1622: 1548:29 in Black African 1447: 1383:Underweight (Thin) 1371: 1308: 1126: 811:(under 18.5 kg/m), 763:(kg) and height in 664:Sedentary lifestyle 476:Fatty liver disease 440:Starvation response 340:Body fat percentage 287:Genetics of obesity 108:very severely obese 29:Page version status 6021:Belgian inventions 5465:10.1093/ije/dyi254 5380:Medical News Today 5360:. 25 August 2013. 5358:Medical News Today 5281:10.1002/ajpa.20107 5249:The New York Times 4803:Clinical Chemistry 4523:Barasi ME (2004). 4401:BMC Anesthesiology 3712:Niger J Health Sci 3521:"Defining obesity" 3396:10.1093/ije/dyu061 3306:10.1093/ndt/gfm517 3035: 2950: 2810:Waist-to-hip ratio 2761: 2742: 2662: 2457: 1920: 1620: 1585:In 1998, the U.S. 1562:24 in South Asian 1445: 1423:Obesity (Class 4) 1415:Obesity (Class 3) 1407:Obesity (Class 2) 1399:Obesity (Class 1) 1369: 1306: 1297:Hospital Authority 1251: 1243: 1233:Children and youth 1220:Obese (Class III) 1124: 1049: 866: 823:(25 to 29.9), and 501:Obesity and cancer 382:Related conditions 292:Metabolic syndrome 35: 6036:Human body weight 5980:978-1-4200-1911-7 5961:978-1-60021-408-0 5942:978-1-59454-963-2 5511:v Roth J (2018). 5103:978-1-4798-9178-8 4847:(9536): 666–678. 4672:(15): 1861–1867. 4534:978-0-340-81025-5 4509:978-0-7360-3404-3 4464:10.1002/oby.21239 4458:(12): 2485–2490. 4358:(9945): 755–765. 4224:(21): 2284–2291. 4170:(9403): 157–163. 3769:(9403): 157–163. 3666:978-1-4419-1787-4 3620:, pp. 21–22. 3255:(10046): 776–86. 3219:The SuRF Report 2 3122:Explanatory notes 3106:Relative Fat Mass 3033: 3032: 3024: 3007: 2948: 2947: 2925: 2899: 2856:body surface area 2759: 2751: 2746: 2739: 2734: 2716: 2654: 2643: 2540:Muscle versus fat 2218: 2217: 1918: 1917: 1551:27 in Black Other 1522:African-Caribbean 1505: 1504: 1446:BMI in Singapore 1440:diabetes mellitus 1430: 1429: 1359: 1358: 1307:BMI in Hong Kong 1230: 1229: 1209:Obese (Class II) 1041: 1031: 1026: 1017: 1012: 1001: 991: 986: 977: 972: 902:human body weight 875:, mathematician, 839:abdominal obesity 722: 721: 551:Bariatric surgery 360:Relative Fat Mass 249:Childhood obesity 239:Weight management 180:Human body weight 165: 164: 47:19 September 2024 16:(Redirected from 6063: 5984: 5965: 5946: 5918: 5917: 5898:10.1002/lt.21395 5880: 5874: 5873: 5863: 5853: 5836:(12): e0144639. 5821: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5808: 5788: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5761: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5731: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5701: 5695: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5644: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5614: 5608: 5607: 5601: 5593: 5583: 5551: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5535: 5517: 5508: 5502: 5501: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5448: 5442: 5441: 5417: 5411: 5410: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5372: 5366: 5365: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5333: 5323: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5264: 5258: 5257: 5239: 5233: 5232: 5222: 5190: 5184: 5183: 5180:The Health Board 5171: 5165: 5164: 5154: 5122: 5116: 5115: 5087: 5078: 5077: 5049: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5006: 4974: 4968: 4967: 4957: 4948:(4): 1777–1785. 4933: 4927: 4926: 4916: 4884: 4873: 4872: 4835: 4829: 4828: 4818: 4809:(6): 1092–1098. 4794: 4788: 4787: 4777: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4728: 4696: 4690: 4689: 4661: 4655: 4654: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4588: 4563:(119): 109–116. 4554: 4545: 4539: 4538: 4520: 4514: 4513: 4500:Sports Nutrition 4492: 4486: 4485: 4475: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4426: 4416: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4375: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4295: 4287: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4268: 4260: 4254: 4253: 4243: 4233: 4209: 4203: 4202: 4200: 4194:. Archived from 4161: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4135: 4103: 4097: 4096: 4094: 4093: 4078: 4069: 4068: 4058: 4026: 4020: 4019: 3992: 3986: 3985: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3933: 3927: 3926: 3908: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3855: 3849: 3848: 3846: 3845: 3834:Obesity Homepage 3826: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3816: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3745: 3737: 3727: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3687:. Archived from 3677: 3671: 3670: 3652: 3646: 3645: 3643: 3642: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3605: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3581: 3558: 3550: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3517: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3486: 3477: 3476: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3398: 3380: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3362: 3338: 3332: 3329: 3318: 3317: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3272: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3224: 3214: 3196: 3193: 3178: 3177: 3175: 3174: 3169:. 30 August 2006 3158: 3152: 3151: 3146:. Archived from 3131: 3101:Adolphe Quetelet 3044: 3042: 3041: 3036: 3034: 3030: 3029: 3025: 3022: 3014: 3013: 3008: 3005: 2998: 2993: 2992: 2991: 2959: 2957: 2956: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2944: 2940: 2939: 2935: 2926: 2923: 2914: 2913: 2909: 2900: 2897: 2890: 2885: 2770: 2768: 2767: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2718: 2717: 2714: 2712: 2671: 2669: 2668: 2663: 2661: 2660: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2644: 2641: 2622:corpulence index 1923: 1623: 1448: 1372: 1309: 1198:Obese (Class I) 1127: 1072:body composition 1058: 1056: 1055: 1050: 1042: 1040: 1039: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1002: 1000: 999: 994: 993: 992: 989: 987: 984: 979: 978: 975: 973: 970: 967: 962: 888: 869:Adolphe Quetelet 847:high muscle mass 817:(18.5 to 24.9), 714: 707: 700: 591:Weight loss camp 586:Obesity medicine 466:Arteriosclerosis 350:Corpulence index 345:Body Shape Index 312:Set point theory 282:Exercise paradox 266:Medical concepts 234:Diet (nutrition) 188:General concepts 167: 149: 135: 100:moderately obese 76: 64: 21: 6071: 6070: 6066: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6061: 6060: 6011: 6010: 5992: 5987: 5981: 5968: 5962: 5949: 5943: 5930: 5926: 5924:Further reading 5921: 5882: 5881: 5877: 5823: 5822: 5815: 5806: 5804: 5790: 5789: 5785: 5775: 5773: 5763: 5762: 5758: 5748: 5746: 5733: 5732: 5728: 5718: 5716: 5703: 5702: 5698: 5688: 5686: 5673: 5672: 5668: 5646: 5645: 5641: 5631: 5629: 5616: 5615: 5611: 5594: 5553: 5552: 5548: 5540: 5515: 5510: 5509: 5505: 5498: 5485: 5484: 5480: 5450: 5449: 5445: 5419: 5418: 5414: 5403:LiveScience.com 5396: 5395: 5391: 5374: 5373: 5369: 5352: 5351: 5347: 5301: 5300: 5296: 5266: 5265: 5261: 5241: 5240: 5236: 5192: 5191: 5187: 5173: 5172: 5168: 5124: 5123: 5119: 5104: 5089: 5088: 5081: 5066:10.2307/2983064 5051: 5050: 5046: 5036: 5034: 5025: 5024: 5020: 4976: 4975: 4971: 4935: 4934: 4930: 4886: 4885: 4876: 4837: 4836: 4832: 4796: 4795: 4791: 4747: 4746: 4742: 4698: 4697: 4693: 4663: 4662: 4658: 4640: 4639: 4635: 4615: 4614: 4610: 4552: 4547: 4546: 4542: 4535: 4522: 4521: 4517: 4510: 4494: 4493: 4489: 4445: 4444: 4440: 4394: 4393: 4389: 4345: 4344: 4340: 4317: 4316: 4312: 4304: 4293: 4289: 4288: 4281: 4273: 4266: 4262: 4261: 4257: 4211: 4210: 4206: 4198: 4159: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4112:Nutrition Today 4105: 4104: 4100: 4091: 4089: 4080: 4079: 4072: 4028: 4027: 4023: 3994: 3993: 3989: 3960: 3959: 3955: 3945: 3943: 3935: 3934: 3930: 3906: 3901: 3900: 3896: 3857: 3856: 3852: 3843: 3841: 3828: 3827: 3823: 3814: 3812: 3803: 3802: 3798: 3760: 3759: 3755: 3738: 3718:(15:71–4): 71. 3709: 3708: 3704: 3694: 3692: 3679: 3678: 3674: 3667: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3640: 3638: 3629: 3628: 3624: 3616: 3612: 3603: 3601: 3592: 3591: 3587: 3579: 3556: 3552: 3551: 3544: 3534: 3532: 3519: 3518: 3509: 3499: 3497: 3488: 3487: 3480: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3435: 3433: 3417: 3416: 3412: 3378: 3373: 3372: 3368: 3340: 3339: 3335: 3330: 3321: 3291: 3290: 3286: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3229: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3208: 3204: 3199: 3195:After rounding. 3194: 3181: 3172: 3170: 3165: 3159: 3155: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3096:Obesity paradox 3067: 3051: 3003: 2999: 2983: 2968: 2967: 2921: 2895: 2891: 2867: 2866: 2852: 2812: 2804:Main articles: 2802: 2781: 2730: 2701: 2696: 2695: 2650: 2635: 2634: 2631: 2618: 2613: 2577: 2542: 2509: 2478: 2465: 2441: 2433:waist–hip ratio 2348: 2336: 2328:active mobility 2307: 2302: 2241:Type 2 diabetes 2224: 2219: 1583: 1510: 1435: 1364: 1293: 1280:atherosclerotic 1271: 1235: 1115:eating disorder 1092: 1022: 1020: 1008: 982: 980: 968: 947: 946: 864:Obesity and BMI 858: 747:divided by the 725:Body mass index 718: 689: 688: 614: 606: 605: 566:Caloric deficit 536: 526: 525: 521:Type 2 diabetes 471:Atherosclerosis 461: 451: 450: 421:Hyperthyroidism 398:Eating disorder 383: 375: 374: 365:Waist–hip ratio 335:Body mass index 325: 317: 316: 307:Obesity paradox 267: 259: 258: 189: 145: 131: 111: 82:defined by the 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6069: 6067: 6059: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6013: 6012: 6009: 6008: 6007: 6006: 6001: 5991: 5990:External links 5988: 5986: 5985: 5979: 5966: 5960: 5947: 5941: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5919: 5892:(4): 563–570. 5875: 5813: 5783: 5756: 5741:. 2012-10-21. 5726: 5709:UK HNS Choices 5696: 5666: 5639: 5609: 5546: 5503: 5496: 5478: 5443: 5412: 5389: 5367: 5345: 5294: 5275:(1): 220–229. 5259: 5234: 5205:(3): 607–613. 5185: 5166: 5117: 5102: 5079: 5060:(3): 379–392. 5044: 5018: 4989:(6): 457–461. 4969: 4928: 4899:(6): 959–966. 4874: 4830: 4789: 4740: 4691: 4656: 4633: 4608: 4540: 4533: 4515: 4508: 4487: 4438: 4387: 4338: 4310: 4279: 4255: 4204: 4147: 4118:(3): 117–128. 4098: 4070: 4041:(7): 419–426. 4021: 3987: 3953: 3928: 3894: 3867:(1): 152–158. 3850: 3830:"肥満って、どんな状態？" 3821: 3796: 3753: 3702: 3672: 3665: 3647: 3622: 3610: 3585: 3542: 3507: 3478: 3459:(6): 329–343. 3443: 3410: 3389:(3): 665–669. 3366: 3353:(4): 232–246. 3333: 3319: 3284: 3235: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3197: 3179: 3153: 3150:on 2010-03-10. 3125: 3123: 3120: 3119: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3066: 3063: 3050: 3047: 3046: 3045: 3028: 3020: 3017: 3012: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2961: 2960: 2943: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2920: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2894: 2888: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2851: 2848: 2801: 2798: 2780: 2777: 2772: 2771: 2756: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2685:Nick Trefethen 2659: 2648: 2630: 2627: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2576: 2573: 2541: 2538: 2508: 2505: 2491:Ponderal index 2477: 2474: 2464: 2461: 2440: 2437: 2347: 2344: 2335: 2332: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2294: 2293: 2287: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2256:Osteoarthritis 2253: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2223: 2220: 2216: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2184: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2152: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2120: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2088: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2056: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2024: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1992: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1960: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1931: 1930: 1927: 1916: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1884: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1852: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1820: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1788: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1756: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1724: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1692: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1660: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1618: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1577: 1576: 1575: 1569: 1566: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1540: 1509: 1508:United Kingdom 1506: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1481: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1470: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1424: 1420: 1419: 1416: 1412: 1411: 1408: 1404: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1395: 1392: 1391:Normal weight 1388: 1387: 1384: 1380: 1379: 1376: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1356: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1345: 1341: 1340: 1337: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1325: 1324: 1321: 1317: 1316: 1313: 1292: 1289: 1270: 1267: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1217: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1206: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1173: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1151: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1140: 1139: 1134: 1131: 1096:adipose tissue 1091: 1088: 1060: 1059: 1048: 1045: 1038: 1005: 998: 965: 961: 958: 955: 891:Francis Galton 857: 854: 772:weighing scale 720: 719: 717: 716: 709: 702: 694: 691: 690: 687: 686: 681: 679:Weight cutting 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 621: 615: 613:Social aspects 612: 611: 608: 607: 604: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 568: 563: 553: 548: 543: 537: 532: 531: 528: 527: 524: 523: 518: 513: 508: 506:Osteoarthritis 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 462: 457: 456: 453: 452: 449: 448: 443: 433: 428: 423: 418: 416:Food addiction 413: 395: 384: 381: 380: 377: 376: 373: 372: 367: 362: 357: 355:Lean body mass 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 326: 323: 322: 319: 318: 315: 314: 309: 304: 299: 289: 284: 279: 274: 272:Adipose tissue 268: 265: 264: 261: 260: 257: 256: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 190: 187: 186: 183: 182: 176: 175: 163: 162: 157: 151: 150: 143: 137: 136: 129: 123: 122: 121:Quetelet index 119: 113: 112: 104:severely obese 80:BMI categories 77: 69: 68: 58: 56: 36: 30: 27: 25: 24: 23: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6068: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6051:Medical signs 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5993: 5989: 5982: 5976: 5972: 5967: 5963: 5957: 5953: 5948: 5944: 5938: 5934: 5929: 5928: 5923: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5879: 5876: 5871: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5820: 5818: 5814: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5787: 5784: 5771: 5767: 5760: 5757: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5730: 5727: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5700: 5697: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5670: 5667: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5643: 5640: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5617:Trefethen N. 5613: 5610: 5605: 5599: 5591: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5550: 5547: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5514: 5507: 5504: 5499: 5497:1-60021-296-4 5493: 5489: 5482: 5479: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5447: 5444: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5416: 5413: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5393: 5390: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5371: 5368: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5349: 5346: 5341: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5298: 5295: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5263: 5260: 5255: 5251: 5250: 5245: 5238: 5235: 5230: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5189: 5186: 5181: 5177: 5170: 5167: 5162: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5121: 5118: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5099: 5095: 5094: 5086: 5084: 5080: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5048: 5045: 5032: 5028: 5022: 5019: 5014: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4973: 4970: 4965: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4932: 4929: 4924: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4875: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4834: 4831: 4826: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4793: 4790: 4785: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4744: 4741: 4736: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4695: 4692: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4660: 4657: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4637: 4634: 4629: 4625: 4624: 4619: 4612: 4609: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4587: 4586:10044/1/61061 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4551: 4544: 4541: 4536: 4530: 4527:. CRC Press. 4526: 4519: 4516: 4511: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4491: 4488: 4483: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4442: 4439: 4434: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4391: 4388: 4383: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4342: 4339: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4325: 4320: 4314: 4311: 4303: 4299: 4292: 4286: 4284: 4280: 4272: 4265: 4259: 4256: 4251: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4208: 4205: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4158: 4151: 4148: 4143: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4102: 4099: 4087: 4083: 4077: 4075: 4071: 4066: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4022: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 4000:NIHR Evidence 3997: 3991: 3988: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3966:NIHR Evidence 3963: 3957: 3954: 3942: 3938: 3932: 3929: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3905: 3898: 3895: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3854: 3851: 3840:on 2013-06-28 3839: 3835: 3831: 3825: 3822: 3811:on 2021-03-08 3810: 3806: 3800: 3797: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3757: 3754: 3749: 3743: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3706: 3703: 3691:on 2012-06-25 3690: 3686: 3682: 3676: 3673: 3668: 3662: 3658: 3651: 3648: 3636: 3632: 3626: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3611: 3599: 3595: 3589: 3586: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3555: 3549: 3547: 3543: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3508: 3495: 3491: 3485: 3483: 3479: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3447: 3444: 3431: 3427: 3426: 3421: 3414: 3411: 3406: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3377: 3370: 3367: 3361: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3337: 3334: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3288: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3239: 3236: 3228: 3221: 3220: 3213: 3211: 3207: 3201: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3180: 3168: 3163: 3157: 3154: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3130: 3127: 3121: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3068: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3059:serum albumin 3056: 3048: 3010: 2994: 2988: 2966: 2965: 2964: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2886: 2865: 2864: 2863: 2861: 2857: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2811: 2807: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2790: 2787: 2778: 2776: 2754: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2694: 2693: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2680: 2676: 2673: 2657: 2646: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2615: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2602: 2597: 2595: 2590: 2589: 2584: 2583: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2547: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2531: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2494: 2492: 2487: 2483: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2462: 2460: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2424: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2407: 2403: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2383: 2377: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2354: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2324: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2305:Public health 2304: 2299: 2297: 2292: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2228: 2227: 2221: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1963:≥ 20 (total) 1961: 1932: 1924: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1663:≥ 20 (total) 1661: 1632: 1624: 1617: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1581:United States 1580: 1574: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1532:populations. 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1518:Black African 1515: 1507: 1500: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1464: 1460: 1449: 1443: 1441: 1432: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1373: 1370:BMI in Japan 1367: 1361: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1310: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1259: 1257: 1247: 1239: 1232: 1225: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1178: 1176:Normal range 1174: 1170: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1145: 1141: 1138: 1128: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1089: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1046: 1043: 1036: 1003: 996: 963: 945: 944: 943: 940: 936: 931: 928: 924: 920: 915: 913: 909: 908: 903: 898: 896: 892: 887: 886:l'homme moyen 882: 878: 874: 870: 862: 855: 853: 850: 848: 844: 843:short stature 840: 836: 832: 828: 827: 822: 821: 816: 815: 814:normal weight 810: 809: 804: 800: 796: 792: 791:rule of thumb 787: 785: 781: 777: 773: 768: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 715: 710: 708: 703: 701: 696: 695: 693: 692: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 639:Fat fetishism 637: 635: 632: 629: 625: 622: 620: 617: 616: 610: 609: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 576: 572: 569: 567: 564: 561: 560:List of diets 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 538: 535: 530: 529: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 491:Heart disease 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 463: 460: 455: 454: 447: 444: 441: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 411: 407: 403: 399: 396: 393: 389: 386: 385: 379: 378: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 327: 321: 320: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 297: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 269: 263: 262: 254: 250: 247: 245: 244:Overnutrition 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 199: 195: 192: 191: 185: 184: 181: 177: 173: 169: 168: 161: 158: 156: 152: 148: 144: 142: 138: 134: 130: 128: 124: 120: 118: 114: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 92:normal weight 89: 85: 81: 75: 70: 65: 62: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 18:Normal weight 6041:Human height 5970: 5951: 5932: 5889: 5885: 5878: 5833: 5829: 5805:. Retrieved 5796: 5786: 5774:. Retrieved 5759: 5747:. Retrieved 5738: 5729: 5717:. Retrieved 5708: 5699: 5687:. Retrieved 5678: 5669: 5655:(2): 81–88. 5652: 5648: 5642: 5630:. Retrieved 5622: 5612: 5598:cite journal 5566:(1): 82–91. 5563: 5559: 5549: 5523: 5519: 5506: 5487: 5481: 5459:(1): 55–60. 5456: 5452: 5446: 5429: 5425: 5415: 5402: 5392: 5379: 5370: 5357: 5348: 5311: 5307: 5297: 5272: 5268: 5262: 5247: 5237: 5202: 5198: 5188: 5179: 5169: 5134: 5130: 5120: 5092: 5057: 5053: 5047: 5035:. Retrieved 5021: 4986: 4982: 4972: 4945: 4941: 4931: 4896: 4892: 4844: 4840: 4833: 4806: 4802: 4792: 4760:(2): 79–98. 4757: 4753: 4743: 4708: 4704: 4694: 4669: 4665: 4659: 4646: 4636: 4621: 4616:Stampler L. 4611: 4560: 4556: 4543: 4524: 4518: 4499: 4496:Jeukendrup A 4490: 4455: 4451: 4441: 4404: 4400: 4390: 4355: 4351: 4341: 4323: 4313: 4258: 4221: 4217: 4207: 4196:the original 4167: 4163: 4150: 4115: 4111: 4101: 4090:. Retrieved 4038: 4034: 4024: 3999: 3990: 3965: 3956: 3944:. Retrieved 3940: 3931: 3914: 3910: 3897: 3864: 3860: 3853: 3842:. Retrieved 3838:the original 3833: 3824: 3813:. Retrieved 3809:the original 3799: 3766: 3762: 3756: 3742:cite journal 3715: 3711: 3705: 3693:. Retrieved 3689:the original 3684: 3675: 3656: 3650: 3639:. Retrieved 3625: 3613: 3602:. Retrieved 3600:. 2017-08-29 3597: 3588: 3564: 3560: 3533:. Retrieved 3498:. Retrieved 3456: 3452: 3446: 3434:. Retrieved 3423: 3413: 3386: 3382: 3369: 3350: 3346: 3336: 3300:(1): 47–51. 3297: 3293: 3287: 3252: 3248: 3238: 3218: 3171:. Retrieved 3156: 3148:the original 3129: 3052: 2962: 2853: 2840: 2837: 2828:hypertension 2824:dyslipidemia 2816:visceral fat 2813: 2791: 2782: 2773: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2632: 2619: 2611:Alternatives 2605: 2598: 2586: 2580: 2578: 2565: 2550: 2543: 2534: 2526: 2521: 2513: 2510: 2502: 2495: 2485: 2481: 2479: 2466: 2458: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2412: 2410: 2399: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2380: 2378: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2351: 2349: 2337: 2319: 2308: 2300:Applications 2295: 2285:colon cancer 2251:Hypertension 2236:Dyslipidemia 2225: 1614: 1605: 1603: 1598: 1594: 1584: 1542:28 in Black 1534: 1511: 1487:23.0 – 27.4 1476:18.5 – 22.9 1462:Underweight 1457:Health risk 1436: 1418:35.0 – 39.9 1410:30.0 – 34.9 1402:25.0 – 29.9 1394:18.5 – 24.9 1365: 1347:25.0 – 29.9 1339:23.0 – 24.9 1331:18.5 – 22.9 1294: 1272: 1264: 1260: 1252: 1215:1.40 – 1.59 1212:35.0 – 39.9 1204:1.20 – 1.39 1201:30.0 – 34.9 1193:1.00 – 1.19 1190:25.0 – 29.9 1182:0.74 – 0.99 1179:18.5 – 24.9 1171:0.68 – 0.73 1168:17.0 – 18.4 1160:0.64 – 0.67 1157:16.0 – 16.9 1111:malnutrition 1104: 1093: 1067: 1063: 1061: 932: 926: 916: 905: 899: 877:statistician 871:, a Belgian 867: 851: 835:alternatives 824: 818: 812: 806: 788: 784:metric units 780:lookup table 769: 728: 724: 723: 684:Weight class 619:Comfort food 601:Yo-yo effect 496:Hypertension 486:Gynecomastia 426:Malnutrition 334: 324:Measurements 253:Epidemiology 198:Epidemiology 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 61: 46: 37:This is the 31: 5037:15 December 3695:16 December 3535:19 December 3500:19 December 3436:15 December 2561:sensitivity 2557:specificity 2486:third power 2470:Gendarmerie 2439:Limitations 2391:underweight 2370:underweight 2334:Legislation 2291:lipomatosis 2277:endometrial 2271:Infertility 2261:Sleep apnea 1929:Percentile 1629:Percentile 1573:Bangladeshi 1539:30 in White 1526:South Asian 1512:In the UK, 1454:BMI (kg/m) 1378:BMI (kg/m) 1315:BMI (kg/m) 1256:percentiles 1133:BMI (kg/m) 1076:underweight 881:sociologist 831:limitations 808:underweight 776:stadiometer 753:body height 581:Liposuction 516:Sleep apnea 511:Prediabetes 224:Weight loss 219:Weight gain 209:Underweight 141:MedlinePlus 88:underweight 6026:Body shape 6015:Categories 5807:2015-12-31 5632:5 February 5137:(5): 258. 5112:1256003500 4641:ABC News. 4164:The Lancet 4092:2010-04-26 3917:: S732-7. 3844:2013-05-25 3815:2019-04-21 3641:2013-12-16 3604:2018-01-26 3202:References 3173:2019-12-11 3133:e.g., the 3076:Body water 2582:overweight 2522:overweight 2498:Carl Lavie 2417:overweight 2387:overweight 2382:The Lancet 2362:overweight 1606:overweight 1599:overweight 1465:< 18.5 1386:< 18.5 1323:< 18.5 1149:< 0.64 1146:< 16.0 1100:overweight 1090:Categories 1080:overweight 927:population 912:Ancel Keys 873:astronomer 820:overweight 546:Bariatrics 436:Starvation 214:Body shape 204:Overweight 96:overweight 5438:1470-3947 4016:247390548 3982:251299176 3734:132117809 3071:Allometry 2989:⋆ 2726:× 2546:adiposity 2311:adiposity 2289:Epidural 1451:Category 1433:Singapore 1375:Category 1312:Category 1301:Hong Kong 1291:Hong Kong 1137:BMI Prime 1130:Category 1064:thickness 1044:× 761:kilograms 745:body mass 628:Criticism 624:Fast food 5914:13072583 5906:18383093 5870:26709925 5830:PLOS ONE 5801:Archived 5770:Archived 5743:Archived 5713:Archived 5683:Archived 5661:16768059 5623:Ox.ac.uk 5590:17616766 5538:Archived 5473:16339599 5407:Archived 5384:Archived 5362:Archived 5340:17883858 5289:15761809 5254:Archived 5229:26036702 5161:21532785 5031:Archived 5013:21461943 4964:20130075 4923:18283284 4869:23306195 4861:16920472 4825:17478563 4784:30474004 4735:19299006 4686:15840860 4651:Archived 4647:ABC News 4628:Archived 4603:49607716 4595:29957352 4482:26421898 4433:25183952 4382:25129328 4333:Archived 4302:Archived 4300:. 2016. 4298:CDC DHHS 4271:Archived 4250:27272580 4241:11197437 4192:15637224 4184:14726171 4142:27340299 4086:Archived 4065:33989535 3881:14557832 3791:15637224 3783:14726171 3635:Archived 3577:Archived 3529:Archived 3494:Archived 3430:Archived 3405:24691955 3314:17890752 3279:27423262 3227:Archived 3065:See also 2524:by BMI. 2340:anorexia 1068:thinness 919:body fat 895:Eugenics 571:Exercise 402:Anorexia 388:Diabetes 172:a series 170:Part of 117:Synonyms 43:reviewed 5861:4692532 5838:Bibcode 5776:7 April 5749:29 July 5719:29 July 5689:29 July 5581:2729090 5331:2082278 5220:5072155 5152:2912631 5074:2983064 5004:3115050 4914:2877506 4775:6239137 4726:2662372 4565:Bibcode 4473:4701612 4452:Obesity 4424:4145583 4373:4151483 4133:4890841 4056:8208895 3573:8594834 3473:4650929 3270:4995441 3031:BSA VTC 2946:BSA VTC 2476:Scaling 2468:French 1595:healthy 1530:Chinese 1498:≥ 27.5 1473:Normal 1426:≥ 40.0 1355:≥ 30.0 1226:≥ 1.60 1223:≥ 40.0 923:Western 856:History 751:of the 575:outline 556:Dieting 406:Bulimia 194:Obesity 160:39156-5 133:D015992 6056:Ratios 5977: 5958: 5939: 5912: 5904: 5868: 5858: 5659: 5588: 5578: 5494: 5471: 5436: 5338: 5328: 5314:: 19. 5287: 5227: 5217: 5159: 5149: 5110: 5100: 5072: 5011: 5001: 4962: 4921: 4911: 4867: 4859: 4841:Lancet 4823: 4782: 4772: 4733: 4723: 4705:Lancet 4684: 4601: 4593: 4531: 4506: 4480: 4470: 4431: 4421: 4407:: 70. 4380: 4370: 4352:Lancet 4248: 4238: 4190: 4182: 4140: 4130: 4063: 4053: 4014: 3980: 3946:8 July 3889:287574 3887: 3879: 3789: 3781: 3763:Lancet 3732: 3663: 3571: 3471: 3403: 3312: 3277: 3267: 3249:Lancet 2830:, and 2745:height 2653:height 2514:normal 2482:square 2453:NHANES 2413:normal 2395:normal 2366:normal 2283:, and 2281:breast 2266:Stroke 2155:70–79 2123:60–69 2091:50–59 2059:40–49 2027:30–39 1995:20–29 1855:70–79 1823:60–69 1791:50–59 1759:40–49 1727:30–39 1695:20–29 1571:21 in 1528:, and 1025:height 985:height 939:inches 935:pounds 879:, and 801:, and 795:muscle 774:and a 765:metres 749:square 741:height 739:) and 737:weight 649:Hunger 392:Type 1 147:007196 5910:S2CID 5541:(PDF) 5526:(4). 5516:(PDF) 5070:JSTOR 4865:S2CID 4599:S2CID 4553:(PDF) 4305:(PDF) 4294:(PDF) 4274:(PDF) 4267:(PDF) 4199:(PDF) 4188:S2CID 4160:(PDF) 4012:S2CID 3978:S2CID 3907:(PDF) 3885:S2CID 3787:S2CID 3730:S2CID 3580:(PDF) 3557:(PDF) 3425:Slate 3379:(PDF) 3230:(PDF) 3223:(PDF) 3162:stone 3144:NHLBI 2588:obese 2374:obese 2214:35.2 2211:32.8 2208:30.9 2205:29.7 2202:26.1 2199:23.3 2196:21.3 2193:20.4 2190:19.3 2187:≥ 80 2182:42.9 2179:39.1 2176:36.5 2173:33.4 2170:28.3 2167:24.6 2164:22.9 2161:22.1 2158:20.5 2150:41.8 2147:38.7 2144:36.1 2141:33.4 2138:28.9 2135:24.5 2132:23.0 2129:21.7 2126:20.0 2118:45.2 2115:40.7 2112:38.3 2109:34.4 2106:28.6 2103:24.5 2100:22.2 2097:21.5 2094:19.9 2086:44.5 2083:39.6 2080:37.0 2077:33.4 2074:28.1 2071:23.7 2068:22.5 2065:21.5 2062:20.0 2054:44.7 2051:40.0 2048:36.6 2045:33.1 2042:27.6 2039:23.3 2036:22.0 2033:21.1 2030:19.8 2022:42.0 2019:38.9 2016:36.0 2013:31.8 2010:25.6 2007:21.9 2004:20.7 2001:19.8 1998:18.6 1990:43.3 1987:39.3 1984:36.5 1981:33.2 1978:27.7 1975:23.6 1972:22.0 1969:21.0 1966:19.6 1958:95th 1955:90th 1952:85th 1949:75th 1946:50th 1943:25th 1940:15th 1937:10th 1914:33.8 1911:32.3 1908:31.1 1905:29.0 1902:26.3 1899:24.1 1896:22.5 1893:21.5 1890:20.0 1887:≥ 80 1882:38.9 1879:34.9 1876:33.1 1873:30.9 1870:27.8 1867:25.4 1864:23.9 1861:23.2 1858:21.5 1850:41.2 1847:36.9 1844:35.3 1841:32.4 1838:28.0 1835:25.3 1832:23.6 1829:22.7 1826:21.6 1818:40.3 1815:35.2 1812:34.0 1809:32.0 1806:28.3 1803:25.4 1800:23.6 1797:22.7 1794:21.6 1786:40.0 1783:36.5 1780:34.4 1777:31.9 1774:28.5 1771:25.7 1768:24.3 1765:23.4 1762:21.9 1754:39.3 1751:36.5 1748:35.1 1745:31.9 1742:27.5 1739:24.8 1736:23.3 1733:22.4 1730:21.1 1722:39.2 1719:35.1 1716:33.1 1713:30.5 1710:25.5 1707:22.5 1704:21.2 1701:20.5 1698:19.3 1690:39.8 1687:36.1 1684:34.0 1681:31.6 1678:27.7 1675:24.6 1672:23.0 1669:22.2 1666:20.7 1658:95th 1655:90th 1652:85th 1649:75th 1646:50th 1643:25th 1640:15th 1637:10th 1597:, to 1362:Japan 1119:obese 1113:, an 1084:obese 845:, or 826:obese 767:(m). 757:units 431:RED-S 155:LOINC 5975:ISBN 5956:ISBN 5937:ISBN 5902:PMID 5866:PMID 5778:2016 5751:2016 5721:2016 5691:2016 5657:PMID 5634:2019 5604:link 5586:PMID 5492:ISBN 5469:PMID 5434:ISSN 5336:PMID 5285:PMID 5225:PMID 5157:PMID 5108:OCLC 5098:ISBN 5039:2013 5009:PMID 4960:PMID 4919:PMID 4857:PMID 4821:PMID 4780:PMID 4731:PMID 4682:PMID 4666:JAMA 4623:Time 4591:PMID 4529:ISBN 4504:ISBN 4478:PMID 4429:PMID 4378:PMID 4246:PMID 4218:JAMA 4180:PMID 4138:PMID 4061:PMID 3948:2021 3877:PMID 3779:PMID 3748:link 3697:2013 3661:ISBN 3569:PMID 3537:2014 3502:2014 3469:PMID 3438:2013 3401:PMID 3310:PMID 3275:PMID 2808:and 2733:mass 2642:mass 2620:The 2585:and 2449:NCHS 2389:and 2372:and 2358:JAMA 1934:5th 1926:Age 1634:5th 1626:Age 1514:NICE 1295:The 1278:and 1105:The 1011:mass 971:mass 937:and 803:bone 733:mass 481:GERD 446:PCOS 127:MeSH 106:and 5894:doi 5856:PMC 5846:doi 5576:PMC 5568:doi 5528:doi 5461:doi 5326:PMC 5316:doi 5277:doi 5273:128 5215:PMC 5207:doi 5147:PMC 5139:doi 5062:doi 5058:156 4999:PMC 4991:doi 4950:doi 4909:PMC 4901:doi 4849:doi 4845:368 4811:doi 4770:PMC 4762:doi 4721:PMC 4713:doi 4709:373 4674:doi 4670:293 4581:hdl 4573:doi 4561:119 4468:PMC 4460:doi 4419:PMC 4409:doi 4368:PMC 4360:doi 4356:384 4236:PMC 4226:doi 4222:315 4172:doi 4168:363 4128:PMC 4120:doi 4051:PMC 4043:doi 4004:doi 3970:doi 3919:doi 3869:doi 3771:doi 3767:363 3720:doi 3598:CDC 3565:854 3525:NHS 3461:doi 3391:doi 3355:doi 3302:doi 3265:PMC 3257:doi 3253:388 3142:'s 2755:2.5 2723:1.3 2715:new 2672:. 2323:RDA 2315:WHO 1610:WHO 1299:of 1284:WHO 1274:of 1107:WHO 1102:). 1066:or 1047:703 910:by 799:fat 729:BMI 45:on 6017:: 5908:. 5900:. 5890:14 5888:. 5864:. 5854:. 5844:. 5834:10 5832:. 5828:. 5816:^ 5799:. 5795:. 5768:. 5737:. 5711:. 5707:. 5681:. 5677:. 5653:70 5651:. 5621:. 5600:}} 5596:{{ 5584:. 5574:. 5564:86 5562:. 5558:. 5536:. 5522:. 5518:. 5467:. 5457:35 5455:. 5432:. 5430:15 5428:. 5424:. 5405:. 5401:. 5382:. 5378:. 5356:. 5334:. 5324:. 5310:. 5306:. 5283:. 5271:. 5252:. 5246:. 5223:. 5213:. 5203:38 5201:. 5197:. 5178:. 5155:. 5145:. 5135:15 5133:. 5129:. 5106:. 5082:^ 5068:. 5056:. 5007:. 4997:. 4987:26 4985:. 4981:. 4958:. 4946:95 4944:. 4940:. 4917:. 4907:. 4897:32 4895:. 4891:. 4877:^ 4863:. 4855:. 4843:. 4819:. 4807:53 4805:. 4801:. 4778:. 4768:. 4756:. 4752:. 4729:. 4719:. 4707:. 4703:. 4680:. 4668:. 4649:. 4645:. 4626:. 4620:. 4597:. 4589:. 4579:. 4571:. 4559:. 4555:. 4476:. 4466:. 4456:23 4454:. 4450:. 4427:. 4417:. 4405:14 4403:. 4399:. 4376:. 4366:. 4354:. 4350:. 4327:. 4321:. 4296:. 4282:^ 4269:. 4244:. 4234:. 4220:. 4216:. 4186:. 4178:. 4166:. 4162:. 4136:. 4126:. 4116:50 4114:. 4110:. 4073:^ 4059:. 4049:. 4037:. 4033:. 4010:. 3998:. 3976:. 3964:. 3939:. 3915:11 3913:. 3909:. 3883:. 3875:. 3865:28 3863:. 3785:. 3777:. 3765:. 3744:}} 3740:{{ 3716:15 3714:. 3683:. 3596:. 3575:. 3563:. 3559:. 3545:^ 3527:. 3523:. 3510:^ 3481:^ 3467:. 3457:25 3455:. 3428:. 3422:. 3399:. 3387:43 3385:. 3381:. 3349:. 3345:. 3322:^ 3308:. 3298:23 3296:. 3273:. 3263:. 3251:. 3247:. 3209:^ 3182:^ 3138:. 3023:WC 2924:WC 2826:, 2738:kg 2571:. 2451:' 2408:. 2279:, 1601:. 1524:, 1520:, 1030:in 1016:lb 976:kg 897:. 849:. 841:, 797:, 408:• 404:• 174:on 102:, 98:, 94:, 90:, 86:; 41:, 5983:. 5964:. 5945:. 5916:. 5896:: 5872:. 5848:: 5840:: 5810:. 5780:. 5753:. 5723:. 5693:. 5663:. 5636:. 5606:) 5592:. 5570:: 5530:: 5524:6 5500:. 5475:. 5463:: 5440:. 5342:. 5318:: 5312:4 5291:. 5279:: 5231:. 5209:: 5182:. 5163:. 5141:: 5114:. 5076:. 5064:: 5041:. 5015:. 4993:: 4966:. 4952:: 4925:. 4903:: 4871:. 4851:: 4827:. 4813:: 4786:. 4764:: 4758:8 4737:. 4715:: 4688:. 4676:: 4605:. 4583:: 4575:: 4567:: 4537:. 4512:. 4484:. 4462:: 4435:. 4411:: 4384:. 4362:: 4252:. 4228:: 4174:: 4144:. 4122:: 4095:. 4067:. 4045:: 4039:9 4018:. 4006:: 3984:. 3972:: 3950:. 3925:. 3921:: 3891:. 3871:: 3847:. 3818:. 3793:. 3773:: 3750:) 3736:. 3722:: 3699:. 3669:. 3644:. 3607:. 3539:. 3504:. 3475:. 3463:: 3440:. 3407:. 3393:: 3363:. 3357:: 3351:8 3316:. 3304:: 3281:. 3259:: 3176:. 3027:) 3019:( 3016:) 3011:2 3006:H 3001:( 2995:= 2985:I 2981:S 2978:B 2975:S 2942:) 2937:6 2933:/ 2929:5 2919:( 2916:) 2911:4 2907:/ 2903:7 2898:H 2893:( 2887:= 2883:I 2880:S 2877:B 2874:S 2750:m 2720:= 2710:I 2707:M 2704:B 2658:E 2647:/ 2356:( 1037:2 1004:= 997:2 990:m 964:= 960:I 957:M 954:B 735:( 727:( 713:e 706:t 699:v 630:) 626:( 577:) 573:( 562:) 558:( 442:) 438:( 412:) 400:( 394:) 390:( 298:) 294:( 255:) 251:( 200:) 196:( 110:. 49:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.