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between the sample data and normal quantiles (a measure of the goodness of fit) measures how well the data are modeled by a normal distribution. For normal data the points plotted in the QQ plot should fall approximately on a straight line, indicating high positive correlation. These plots are easy
283:
Some published works recommend the JarqueâBera test, but the test has weakness. In particular, the test has low power for distributions with short tails, especially for bimodal distributions. Some authors have declined to include its results in their studies because of its poor overall performance.
360:
between the whole posterior distributions of the slope and variance do not indicate non-normality. However, the ratio of expectations of these posteriors and the expectation of the ratios give similar results to the
ShapiroâWilk statistic except for very small samples, when non-informative priors
139:
of the sample data to a normal probability curve. The empirical distribution of the data (the histogram) should be bell-shaped and resemble the normal distribution. This might be difficult to see if the sample is small. In this case one might proceed by regressing the data against the
126:
A normality test is used to determine whether sample data has been drawn from a normally distributed population (within some tolerance). A number of statistical tests, such as the
Student's t-test and the one-way and two-way ANOVA, require a normally distributed sample population.
144:
of a normal distribution with the same mean and variance as the sample. Lack of fit to the regression line suggests a departure from normality (see
Anderson Darling coefficient and minitab).
73:
of a normal model to the data â if the fit is poor then the data are not well modeled in that respect by a normal distribution, without making a judgment on any underlying variable.
828:
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model. If they are not normally distributed, the residuals should not be used in Z tests or in any other tests derived from the normal distribution, such as
280:
for a given significance, followed closely by
AndersonâDarling when comparing the ShapiroâWilk, KolmogorovâSmirnov, Lilliefors, and AndersonâDarling tests.
3016:
2640:
1281:
404:
may produce residuals that are normally distributed; in other words, non-normality of residuals is often a model deficiency rather than a data problem.
204:
event and substantially fewer than 15,000 samples, then a normal distribution will understate the maximum magnitude of deviations in the sample data.
349:
of any distribution for a given standard deviation. There are a number of normality tests based on this property, the first attributable to
Vasicek.
211:â where large deviations matter â and has the benefits that it is very easy to compute and to communicate: non-statisticians can easily grasp that "6
2414:
2853:
94:, one does not "test normality" per se, but rather computes the likelihood that the data come from a normal distribution with given parameters
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913:
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485:
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to compare normality with a different class of distributional alternatives. This approach has been extended by
Farrell and Rogers-Stewart.
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976:
526:
Thadewald, Thorsten; BĂŒning, Herbert (1 January 2007). "JarqueâBera Test and its
Competitors for Testing Normality â A Power Comparison".
1880:
1028:
3268:
782:
Farrell, P.J., Rogers-Stewart, K. (2006) "Comprehensive study of tests for normality and symmetry: extending the
Spiegelhalter test".
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110:), and compares that with the likelihood that the data come from other distributions under consideration, most simply using a
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254:: this test only works if the mean and the variance of the normal distribution are assumed known under the null hypothesis,
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Székely, G. J. and Rizzo, M. L. (2005) A new test for multivariate normality, Journal of
Multivariate Analysis 93, 58â80.
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may have the wrong functional form, or important variables may be missing, etc. Correcting one or more of these
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188:(number of sample standard deviations that a sample is above or below the sample mean), and compares it to the
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260:: based on the KolmogorovâSmirnov test, adjusted for when also estimating the mean and variance from the data,
904:
Ralph B. D'Agostino (1986). "Tests for the Normal
Distribution". In D'Agostino, R.B.; Stephens, M.A. (eds.).
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1947:
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Epps, T. W., and Pulley, L. B. (1983). A test for normality based on the empirical characteristic function.
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Henze, N., and Zirkler, B. (1990). A class of invariant and consistent tests for multivariate normality.
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Spiegelhalter, D.J. (1980). An omnibus test for normality for small samples. Biometrika, 67, 493â496.
330:
More recent tests of normality include the energy test (Székely and Rizzo) and the tests based on the
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2006:
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397:
346:
173:
644:
Filliben, J. J. (February 1975). "The Probability Plot Correlation Coefficient Test for Normality".
604:
Lin, C. C.; Mudholkar, G. S. (1980). "A simple test for normality against asymmetric alternatives".
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114:(giving the relative likelihood of seeing the data given different models), or more finely taking a
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Henze, N., and Wagner, T. (1997). A new approach to the BHEP tests for multivariate normality.
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506:
481:
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439:"Power comparisons of ShapiroâWilk, KolmogorovâSmirnov, Lilliefors and AndersonâDarling tests"
381:
396:. If the residuals are not normally distributed, then the dependent variable or at least one
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54:
47:
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Mardia, K. V. (1970). Measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis with applications.
338:). The energy and the ECF tests are powerful tests that apply for testing univariate or
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Young K. D. S. (1993), "Bayesian diagnostics for checking assumptions of normality".
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844:"How to Address Non-normality: A Taxonomy of Approaches, Reviewed, and Illustrated"
365:
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to interpret and also have the benefit that outliers are easily identified.
136:
887:
1698:
1316:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1155:
727:
Vasicek, Oldrich (1976). "A Test for Normality Based on Sample Entropy".
312:
308:
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141:
39:
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665:
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to the standard deviation and of the range to the standard deviation.
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2106:
2080:
2060:
1311:
1102:
389:
385:
657:
573:"A power comparison and simulation study of goodness-of-fit tests"
319:
generalize the moment tests to the multivariate case. Other early
1045:
842:
Pek, Jolynn; Wong, Octavia; Wong, Augustine C. M. (2018-11-06).
3014:
2581:
2328:
1627:
1397:
1014:
958:
342:
and are statistically consistent against general alternatives.
954:
805:
Foundations of clinical research: applications to practice
135:
An informal approach to testing normality is to compare a
57:, and can be interpreted several ways, depending on one's
477:
Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Econometrics
200:
event) and substantially fewer than 300 samples, or a 4
807:. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Health. pp. 516â517.
276:
A 2011 study concludes that ShapiroâWilk has the best
470:
Judge, George G.; Griffiths, W. E.; Hill, R. Carter;
299:) were some of the earliest tests for normality. The
223:
Tests of univariate normality include the following:
2867:
Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH)
50:
underlying the data set to be normally distributed.
3174:
3111:
3064:
3027:
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2880:
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2015:
1968:
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1508:
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1208:
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1027:
505:(Fourth ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 147â148.
303:specifically targets asymmetric alternatives. The
118:on possible models and parameters and computing a
784:Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation
755:Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation
702:Communications in Statistics â Theory and Methods
317:Mardia's multivariate skewness and kurtosis tests
147:A graphical tool for assessing normality is the
2415:Multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS)
215:events are very rare in normal distributions".
155:(QQ plot) of the standardized data against the
970:
577:Computers & Mathematics with Applications
446:Journal of Statistical Modeling and Analytics
376:One application of normality tests is to the
207:This test is useful in cases where one faces
8:
827:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
480:(Second ed.). Wiley. pp. 890â892.
334:(ECF) (e.g. Epps and Pulley, HenzeâZirkler,
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963:
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803:Portney, L.G. & Watkins, M.P. (2000).
933:. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. pp.
877:
859:
588:
539:
729:Journal of the Royal Statistical Society
437:Razali, Nornadiah; Wah, Yap Bee (2011).
53:More precisely, the tests are a form of
429:
2941:KaplanâMeier estimator (product limit)
820:
46:and to compute how likely it is for a
7:
3251:
2951:Accelerated failure time (AFT) model
3263:
2546:Analysis of variance (ANOVA, anova)
287:Historically, the third and fourth
2641:CochranâMantelâHaenszel statistics
1267:Pearson product-moment correlation
571:SĂŒrĂŒcĂŒ, BarÄ±Ć (1 September 2008).
25:
332:empirical characteristic function
3262:
3250:
3238:
3225:
3224:
715:Journal of Multivariate Analysis
345:The normal distribution has the
87:that it is normally distributed.
2900:Least-squares spectral analysis
364:Spiegelhalter suggests using a
122:given the computed likelihoods.
1881:Mean-unbiased minimum-variance
83:, data are tested against the
81:statistical hypothesis testing
59:interpretations of probability
1:
3194:Geographic information system
2410:Simultaneous equations models
731:. Series B (Methodological).
528:Journal of Applied Statistics
501:Gujarati, Damodar N. (2002).
2377:Coefficient of determination
1988:Uniformly most powerful test
925:Henry C. Thode, Jr. (2002).
358:KullbackâLeibler divergences
157:standard normal distribution
2946:Proportional hazards models
2890:Spectral density estimation
2872:Vector autoregression (VAR)
2306:Maximum posterior estimator
1538:Randomized controlled trial
908:. New York: Marcel Dekker.
590:10.1016/j.camwa.2008.03.010
228:D'Agostino's K-squared test
38:are used to determine if a
3312:
2706:Multivariate distributions
1126:Average absolute deviation
906:Goodness-of-Fit Techniques
452:(1): 21â33. Archived from
270:Pearson's chi-squared test
246:CramĂ©râvon Mises criterion
178:sample maximum and minimum
27:Class of statistical tests
3220:
3023:
3010:
2694:Structural equation model
2602:
2577:
2348:
2324:
2056:
2030:Score/Lagrange multiplier
1636:
1623:
1445:Sample size determination
1406:
1393:
1023:
1010:
992:
792:10.1080/10629360500109023
550:10.1080/02664760600994539
323:include the ratio of the
168:Back-of-the-envelope test
3189:Environmental statistics
2711:Elliptical distributions
2504:Generalized linear model
2433:Simple linear regression
2203:HodgesâLehmann estimator
1660:Probability distribution
1569:Stochastic approximation
1131:Coefficient of variation
861:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02104
2849:Cross-correlation (XCF)
2457:Non-standard predictors
1891:LehmannâScheffĂ© theorem
1564:Adaptive clinical trial
848:Frontiers in Psychology
772:10.1093/biomet/67.2.493
618:10.1093/biomet/67.2.455
325:mean absolute deviation
307:is itself derived from
252:KolmogorovâSmirnov test
149:normal probability plot
3245:Mathematics portal
3066:Engineering statistics
2974:NelsonâAalen estimator
2551:Analysis of covariance
2438:Ordinary least squares
2362:Pearson product-moment
1766:Statistical functional
1677:Empirical distribution
1510:Controlled experiments
1239:Frequency distribution
1017:Descriptive statistics
340:multivariate normality
153:quantile-quantile plot
120:posterior distribution
78:frequentist statistics
69:terms, one measures a
67:descriptive statistics
3291:Parametric statistics
3161:Population statistics
3103:System identification
2837:Autocorrelation (ACF)
2765:Exponential smoothing
2679:Discriminant analysis
2674:Canonical correlation
2538:Partition of variance
2400:Regression validation
2244:(JonckheereâTerpstra)
2143:Likelihood-ratio test
1832:Frequentist inference
1744:Locationâscale family
1665:Sampling distribution
1630:Statistical inference
1597:Cross-sectional study
1584:Observational studies
1543:Randomized experiment
1372:Stem-and-leaf display
1174:Central limit theorem
929:Testing for Normality
240:AndersonâDarling test
42:is well-modeled by a
3084:Probabilistic design
2669:Principal components
2512:Exponential families
2464:Nonlinear regression
2443:General linear model
2405:Mixed effects models
2395:Errors and residuals
2372:Confounding variable
2274:Bayesian probability
2252:Van der Waerden test
2242:Ordered alternative
2007:Multiple comparisons
1886:RaoâBlackwellization
1849:Estimating equations
1805:Statistical distance
1523:Factorial experiment
1056:Arithmetic-Geometric
786:, 76(9), 803 â 816.
419:Seven-number summary
398:explanatory variable
289:standardized moments
196:event (properly, a 3
174:back-of-the-envelope
3156:Official statistics
3079:Methods engineering
2760:Seasonal adjustment
2528:Poisson regressions
2448:Bayesian regression
2387:Regression analysis
2367:Partial correlation
2339:Regression analysis
1938:Prediction interval
1933:Likelihood interval
1923:Confidence interval
1915:Interval estimation
1876:Unbiased estimators
1694:Model specification
1574:Up-and-down designs
1262:Partial correlation
1218:Index of dispersion
1136:Interquartile range
184:, or more properly
180:and computes their
92:Bayesian statistics
44:normal distribution
3176:Spatial statistics
3056:Medical statistics
2956:First hitting time
2910:Whittle likelihood
2561:Degrees of freedom
2556:Multivariate ANOVA
2489:Heteroscedasticity
2301:Bayesian estimator
2266:Bayesian inference
2115:KolmogorovâSmirnov
2000:Randomization test
1970:Testing hypotheses
1943:Tolerance interval
1854:Maximum likelihood
1749:Exponential family
1682:Density estimation
1642:Statistical theory
1602:Natural experiment
1548:Scientific control
1465:Survey methodology
1151:Standard deviation
757:, 47 (3â4),167â180
503:Basic Econometrics
474:; Lee, T. (1988).
301:LinâMudholkar test
116:prior distribution
3278:
3277:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3151:National accounts
3121:Actuarial science
3113:Social statistics
3006:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2933:Survival function
2918:
2917:
2780:Granger causality
2621:Contingency table
2596:Survival analysis
2573:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2425:Linear regression
2320:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2291:Credible interval
2260:
2259:
2043:
2042:
1859:Method of moments
1728:Parametric family
1689:Statistical model
1619:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1533:Random assignment
1455:Statistical power
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1234:Contingency table
1204:
1203:
1071:Generalized/power
944:978-0-8247-9613-6
915:978-0-8247-7487-5
512:978-0-07-123017-9
487:978-0-471-08277-4
472:LĂŒtkepohl, Helmut
402:systematic errors
394:chi-squared tests
382:linear regression
264:ShapiroâWilk test
219:Frequentist tests
131:Graphical methods
16:(Redirected from
3303:
3266:
3265:
3254:
3253:
3243:
3242:
3228:
3227:
3131:Crime statistics
3025:
3012:
2929:
2895:Fourier analysis
2882:Frequency domain
2862:
2809:
2775:Structural break
2735:
2684:Cluster analysis
2631:Log-linear model
2604:
2579:
2520:
2494:Homoscedasticity
2350:
2326:
2245:
2237:
2229:
2228:(KruskalâWallis)
2213:
2198:
2153:Cross validation
2138:
2120:AndersonâDarling
2067:
2054:
2025:Likelihood-ratio
2017:Parametric tests
1995:Permutation test
1978:1- & 2-tails
1869:Minimum distance
1841:Point estimation
1837:
1788:Optimal decision
1739:
1638:
1625:
1607:Quasi-experiment
1557:Adaptive designs
1408:
1395:
1272:Rank correlation
1034:
1025:
1012:
979:
972:
965:
956:
948:
932:
919:
892:
891:
881:
863:
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832:
826:
818:
800:
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685:
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676:
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669:
641:
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622:
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601:
595:
594:
592:
583:(6): 1617â1625.
568:
562:
561:
543:
523:
517:
516:
498:
492:
491:
467:
461:
460:
458:
443:
434:
305:JarqueâBera test
234:JarqueâBera test
192:: if one has a 3
21:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3296:Normality tests
3281:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3237:
3208:
3170:
3107:
3093:quality control
3060:
3042:Clinical trials
3019:
2994:
2978:
2966:Hazard function
2960:
2914:
2876:
2860:
2823:
2819:BreuschâGodfrey
2807:
2784:
2724:
2699:Factor analysis
2645:
2626:Graphical model
2598:
2565:
2532:
2518:
2498:
2452:
2419:
2381:
2344:
2343:
2312:
2256:
2243:
2235:
2227:
2211:
2196:
2175:Rank statistics
2169:
2148:Model selection
2136:
2094:Goodness of fit
2088:
2065:
2039:
2011:
1964:
1909:
1898:Median unbiased
1826:
1737:
1670:Order statistic
1632:
1611:
1578:
1552:
1504:
1459:
1402:
1400:Data collection
1381:
1293:
1248:
1222:
1200:
1160:
1112:
1029:Continuous data
1019:
1006:
988:
983:
952:
945:
924:
916:
903:
900:
898:Further reading
895:
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777:
765:
761:
752:
748:
726:
725:
721:
712:
708:
699:
695:
686:
682:
677:
673:
658:10.2307/1268008
643:
642:
638:
629:
625:
603:
602:
598:
570:
569:
565:
541:10.1.1.507.1186
525:
524:
520:
513:
500:
499:
495:
488:
469:
468:
464:
456:
441:
436:
435:
431:
427:
414:Randomness test
410:
374:
355:
347:highest entropy
321:test statistics
258:Lilliefors test
221:
190:68â95â99.7 rule
176:test takes the
170:
133:
85:null hypothesis
71:goodness of fit
55:model selection
48:random variable
36:normality tests
28:
23:
22:
18:Normality tests
15:
12:
11:
5:
3309:
3307:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3283:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3260:
3248:
3234:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3180:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3117:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3070:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3039:
3037:Bioinformatics
3033:
3031:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3008:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2970:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2937:
2935:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2886:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2842:partial (PACF)
2833:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2803:
2798:
2792:
2790:
2789:Specific tests
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2739:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2691:
2689:Classification
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2636:McNemar's test
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2600:
2599:
2582:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2542:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2474:Semiparametric
2471:
2466:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2429:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2391:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2270:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2239:
2231:
2215:
2212:(MannâWhitney)
2207:
2206:
2205:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2179:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2145:
2140:
2137:(ShapiroâWilk)
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2104:
2098:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2078:
2069:
2057:
2051:
2049:Specific tests
2045:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1919:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1845:
1843:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1802:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1646:
1644:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1514:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1500:Standard error
1497:
1492:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1469:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1430:Optimal design
1427:
1422:
1416:
1414:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1303:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1269:
1264:
1258:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1230:
1228:
1227:Summary tables
1224:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1214:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1176:
1170:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1122:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1061:Contraharmonic
1058:
1053:
1042:
1040:
1031:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1004:
999:
993:
990:
989:
984:
982:
981:
974:
967:
959:
950:
949:
943:
921:
920:
914:
899:
896:
894:
893:
834:
813:
795:
775:
759:
746:
719:
706:
704:19, 3595â3617.
693:
680:
671:
652:(1): 111â117.
636:
623:
612:(2): 455â461.
596:
563:
518:
511:
493:
486:
462:
459:on 2015-06-30.
428:
426:
423:
422:
421:
416:
409:
406:
373:
370:
354:
353:Bayesian tests
351:
274:
273:
267:
261:
255:
249:
243:
237:
231:
220:
217:
169:
166:
132:
129:
124:
123:
88:
74:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3308:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3271:
3270:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3199:Geostatistics
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3166:Psychometrics
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3029:Biostatistics
3026:
3022:
3018:
3013:
3009:
2991:
2990:Log-rank test
2988:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2861:(BoxâJenkins)
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2814:DurbinâWatson
2812:
2810:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2796:DickeyâFuller
2794:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2770:Cointegration
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2745:Decomposition
2743:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2616:Cohen's kappa
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2469:Nonparametric
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2218:Nonparametric
2216:
2214:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2193:
2189:
2188:Sample median
2186:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1793:loss function
1791:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1495:Questionnaire
1493:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1322:Control chart
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
991:
987:
980:
975:
973:
968:
966:
961:
960:
957:
953:
946:
940:
936:
931:
930:
923:
922:
917:
911:
907:
902:
901:
897:
889:
885:
880:
875:
871:
867:
862:
857:
853:
849:
845:
838:
835:
830:
824:
816:
810:
806:
799:
796:
793:
789:
785:
779:
776:
773:
769:
763:
760:
756:
750:
747:
742:
738:
734:
730:
723:
720:
716:
710:
707:
703:
697:
694:
690:
684:
681:
675:
672:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
646:Technometrics
640:
637:
633:
627:
624:
619:
615:
611:
607:
600:
597:
591:
586:
582:
578:
574:
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3141:Econometrics
3091: /
3074:Chemometrics
3051:Epidemiology
3044: /
3017:Applications
2859:ARIMA model
2806:Q-statistic
2755:Stationarity
2651:Multivariate
2594: /
2590: /
2588:Multivariate
2586: /
2526: /
2522: /
2296:Bayes factor
2195:Signed rank
2107:
2081:
2073:
2061:
1756:Completeness
1592:Cohort study
1490:Opinion poll
1425:Missing data
1412:Study design
1367:Scatter plot
1289:Scatter plot
1282:Spearman's Ï
1244:Grouped data
951:
928:
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735:(1): 54â59.
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449:
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375:
372:Applications
366:Bayes factor
363:
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112:Bayes factor
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29:
3269:WikiProject
3184:Cartography
3146:Jurimetrics
3098:Reliability
2829:Time domain
2808:(LjungâBox)
2730:Time-series
2608:Categorical
2592:Time-series
2584:Categorical
2519:(Bernoulli)
2354:Correlation
2334:Correlation
2130:JarqueâBera
2102:Chi-squared
1864:M-estimator
1817:Asymptotics
1761:Sufficiency
1528:Interaction
1440:Replication
1420:Effect size
1377:Violin plot
1357:Radar chart
1337:Forest plot
1327:Correlogram
1277:Kendall's Ï
315:estimates.
186:t-statistic
161:correlation
159:. Here the
3285:Categories
3136:Demography
2854:ARMA model
2659:Regression
2236:(Friedman)
2197:(Wilcoxon)
2135:Normality
2125:Lilliefors
2072:Student's
1948:Resampling
1822:Robustness
1810:divergence
1800:Efficiency
1738:(monotone)
1733:Likelihood
1650:Population
1483:Stratified
1435:Population
1254:Dependence
1210:Count data
1141:Percentile
1118:Dispersion
1051:Arithmetic
986:Statistics
814:0838526950
689:Biometrika
632:Biometrika
606:Biometrika
361:are used.
32:statistics
2517:Logistic
2284:posterior
2210:Rank sum
1958:Jackknife
1953:Bootstrap
1771:Bootstrap
1706:Parameter
1655:Statistic
1450:Statistic
1362:Run chart
1347:Pie chart
1342:Histogram
1332:Fan chart
1307:Bar chart
1189:L-moments
1076:Geometric
870:1664-1078
823:cite book
717:62, 1â23.
536:CiteSeerX
378:residuals
336:BHEP test
142:quantiles
137:histogram
102:(for all
3231:Category
2924:Survival
2801:Johansen
2524:Binomial
2479:Isotonic
2066:(normal)
1711:location
1518:Blocking
1473:Sampling
1352:QâQ plot
1317:Box plot
1299:Graphics
1194:Skewness
1184:Kurtosis
1156:Variance
1086:Heronian
1081:Harmonic
888:30459683
854:: 2104.
558:13866566
408:See also
313:kurtosis
309:skewness
297:kurtosis
293:skewness
40:data set
3257:Commons
3204:Kriging
3089:Process
3046:studies
2905:Wavelet
2738:General
1905:Plug-in
1699:L space
1478:Cluster
1179:Moments
997:Outline
879:6232275
741:2984828
666:1268008
390:F tests
386:t tests
380:from a
182:z-score
172:Simple
3126:Census
2716:Normal
2664:Manova
2484:Robust
2234:2-way
2226:1-way
2064:-test
1735:
1312:Biplot
1103:Median
1096:Lehmer
1038:Center
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2750:Trend
2279:prior
2221:anova
2110:-test
2084:-test
2076:-test
1983:Power
1928:Pivot
1721:shape
1716:scale
1166:Shape
1146:Range
1091:Heinz
1066:Cubic
1002:Index
737:JSTOR
662:JSTOR
554:S2CID
457:(PDF)
442:(PDF)
425:Notes
278:power
266:, and
2983:Test
2183:Sign
2035:Wald
1108:Mode
1046:Mean
939:ISBN
910:ISBN
884:PMID
866:ISSN
829:link
809:ISBN
507:ISBN
482:ISBN
392:and
311:and
295:and
151:, a
2163:BIC
2158:AIC
935:479
874:PMC
856:doi
788:doi
768:doi
654:doi
614:doi
585:doi
546:doi
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