403:, who he believes were defined more by their perceived opposition to the regime than any inherent shared identity. Despite this, Naimark insists that the kulaks constitute a social 'group' targeted for genocide, a stance Hardy finds questionable. Furthermore, Hardy questions Naimark's decision to limit the designation of genocide to specific subgroups within the Soviet peasantry, rather than recognizing the widespread suffering as a whole.
33:
343:, slogans promoted by activists openly calling for their extermination, and a "great deal of evidence of government connivance" regarding Holodomor. Naimark writes that early drafts of the UN Genocide Convention had included the killing of social and political groups in the initial definitions of genocide, but were dropped after the Soviet delegation threatened to veto the convention.
420:...should all be considered genocides. This would make the United States founded on two genocides and guilty... of more... In view of this boomerang effect, my advice to Western governments is to stick to a strict constructionist interpretation of genocide. Hence, I disagree with Naimark’s wish to classify Stalin’s mass murders as genocide."
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is outdated and overemphasizes the nature of that purge (which primarily targeted elites), failing to reflect recent research that highlights the mass operations and targeted minority groups. Graziosi stated that his approach thus aligns more with older interpretations and neglects the true scope and
428:
theory of class struggle. While Marx is often associated with revolutionary reconstitution of society, he also acknowledges the possibility of "common ruin" for the contending classes. Szporluk argues that Stalin's regime, with its widespread violence and purges, exemplifies this alternative outcome
455:
of Soviet satellite states within Europe. He also states that, while Stalin imposed his will in some countries like Poland and East
Germany, he surprisingly favored restraint and accommodation in others like Denmark, Finland, and Austria. Stalin's ultimate goal remained a Europe susceptible to
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In his critique, Joshua
Rubenstein's agrees with Naimark's characterization that both Hitler and Stalin deserve to be known as "genocidaires" from a contemporary standpoint. However, he also disagrees with Naimark's apparent equating of Hitler and Stalin because the Soviet Union prevented Nazi
408:"The liberal interpretation of genocide that Naimark favors is... in line with recent jurisprudence. However, he fails to point out the boomerang effect of such an interpretation. According to a recent book by a U.S. specialist on genocide... the
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Naimark argues that they constitute genocide due to, among other factors, the intent of extermination that underpinned them: the quotas that sometimes were set on the number of people that needed to be
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is often tied to war, dehumanization, and/or economic resentment. He writes, "if there weren’t other very good reasons to prevent war, the correlation between war and genocide is a good one".
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327:"shouldn’t be seen as discrete episodes, but seen together", calling it "a horrific case of genocide – the purposeful elimination of all or part of a social group, a political group."
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Jeffrey Hardy's review raises a critical question within the broader argument of
Naimark's book. Hardy highlights the complexities of categorizing Stalin's victims, particularly the
373:, and Jeffrey Rossman to write commentaries about Naimark's book about Stalin and genocide and the more expansive definition of genocide he supports. These were released as
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Roman
Szporluk agreed with Naimark about deeming Stalin's actions as genocidal. He also suggests that Naimark's book aligns with a lesser-known aspect of
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Germany's attempt to conquer and subjugate all of Europe, suggesting the Soviet system was therefore a lesser evil when seen in a historical context.
247:'s Russian Research Center before returning to Stanford as a member of the faculty in the 1980s. Naimark is of Jewish heritage; his parents were born in
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Kramer, Mark; Rubenstein, Joshua; Hollander, Paul; Szporluk, Roman; Graziosi, Andrea; Rossman, Jeffrey; Naimark, Norman (Summer 2012).
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724:"H-Diplo Essay 284- Norman M. Naimark on Learning the Scholar's Craft: Reflections of Historians and International Relations Scholars"
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in Europe after World War II was "inevitable". Throughout, Naimark argues that Stalin was far more amenable to a settlement with the
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Though primarily focused on the history of genocide, Naimark has also written books dealing with geopolitical history. He authored
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Throughout his more recent works, Naimark argues that the "world needs a much broader definition of genocide" than set by the 1948
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Hollander also agrees with
Naimark's use of a definition of genocide to include social and political groups.
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683:. East European monographs. Vol. 54. East European Quarterly; distributed by Columbia University Press.
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systematic nature of the terror that victimized primarily ordinary people and specific ethnic groups.
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Soviet influence, showcasing a leader navigating a delicate balance between dominance and diplomacy.
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The
History of the "Proletariat": The Emergence of Marxism in the Kingdom of Poland, 1870-1887
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Terrorists And Social
Democrats: The Russian Revolutionary Movement Under Alexander III
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He is a member of the editorial boards of a number of professional journals, including
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of class conflict, highlighting the destructive potential inherent in
Marxist theory.
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The
Russians In Germany: The History Of The Soviet Zone Of Occupation, 1945–1949
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than previously thought and did not initially have a plan to build the cohesive
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The
Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945-1949.
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A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire
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Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
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in 2019. In this work, he criticizes the notion that the outbreak of the
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726:. Robert Jervis International Security Studies Forum. October 30, 2020
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Stalin and the Fate of Europe: The Postwar Struggle for Sovereignty
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Stalin and the Fate of Europe: The Postwar Struggle for Sovereignty
996:"'Stalin and the Fate of Europe' Review: As the Curtain Came Down"
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Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe.
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Naimark received all of his degrees at Stanford. He taught at
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Historians to reconsider Russian occupation of Eastern Europe
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Andrea Graziosi 's analysis was more critical that Naimark
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315:"killed systematically rather than episodically" and that
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Michael Ellman takes the most critical view of the book:
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Fires Of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing In 20th Century Europe
906:"Perspectives on Norman Naimark's Stalin's Genocides"
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to also include "nations killing social classes and
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Perspectives on Norman Naimark’s Stalin’s Genocides
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280:He may be best-known for his acclaimed study,
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389:"could have presented an even stronger case"
129:Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy
1036:Maynard, Jonathan Leader (March 3, 2011).
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410:massacres of some of the native Americans
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1115:with Naimark on "New Books in History."
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994:Rubenstein, Joshua (October 7, 2019).
746:"FSI | CISAC - Norman M. Naimark"
1152:Zentrum für Zeithistorische Forschung
865:Haven, Cynthia (September 23, 2010).
834:Stanford, F. S. I. (April 13, 2017).
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271:Officers Cross of the Order of Merit
292:Views on the definition of genocide
263:The Journal of Contemporary History
1178:21st-century American male writers
1150:– Video of a lecture given at the
1073:Biography of Naimark from Stanford
960:Beer, Daniel (December 21, 2019).
14:
1218:American male non-fiction writers
143:Modern Eastern European history,
1173:21st-century American historians
836:"Why do humans commit genocide?"
308:, Naimark makes a case that the
284:. He wrote in a 2017 essay that
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542:; ——, eds. (2011).
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573:. Princeton University Press.
310:government of the Soviet Union
257:The American Historical Review
16:American historian (born 1944)
1:
1213:Writers from New York (state)
1154:in Potsdam on April 14, 2011.
418:nuclear bomb against Nagasaki
219:, and a senior fellow at the
1140:Stalin and Europe, 1945–1953
652:. Harvard University Press.
623:. Harvard University Press.
594:. Harvard University Press.
477:. Harvard University Press.
391:because his analysis of the
910:Journal of Cold War History
546:. Oxford University Press.
354:Journal of Cold War Studies
46:1944 (age 79–80)
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1188:Stanford University alumni
1133:American Academy in Berlin
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504:Genocide: A World History
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37:Norman M. Naimark in 2018
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1001:The Wall Street Journal
675:—— (1979).
646:—— (1983).
617:—— (1995).
588:—— (2001).
569:—— (2010).
510:Oxford University Press
500:—— (2017).
471:—— (2019).
282:The Russians In Germany
160:The Russians In Germany
1127:Through a Glass Darkly
750:cisac.fsi.stanford.edu
243:, and was a fellow at
339:language directed at
1123:Sean Patrick Hazlett
1038:"Stalin's Genocides"
940:history.stanford.edu
414:Atlantic Slave Trade
304:." In his 2010 work
125:Barrington Moore Jr.
1138:Norman M. Naimark:
871:Stanford University
792:Stanford University
764:"Norman M. Naimark"
536:Suny, Ronald Grigor
365:, Andrea Graziosi,
313:under Joseph Stalin
298:Genocide Convention
269:He was awarded the
217:Stanford University
102:Stanford University
93:Academic background
1146:2011-05-17 at the
1098:2013-01-24 at the
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924:– via JSTOR.
820:The New York Times
769:Hoover Institution
571:Stalin's Genocides
306:Stalin’s Genocides
245:Harvard University
221:Hoover Institution
690:978-0-914710-50-9
659:978-0-674-87464-0
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325:Great Purge
1162:Categories
815:"The Zone"
707:References
610:1245237010
493:1089965391
377:(2012).
121:Influences
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1119:Interview
1113:Interview
1017:cite news
974:0261-3077
798:March 13,
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528:953175336
347:Reception
321:Holodomor
213:historian
98:Education
61:Historian
1144:Archived
1096:Archived
1076:Archived
1050:cite web
1007:July 14,
979:June 23,
945:June 23,
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639:32276211
445:Cold War
333:executed
286:genocide
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249:Galicia
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401:kulaks
341:kulaks
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227:, and
162:(1995)
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1121:with
918:JSTOR
465:Books
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1056:link
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