456:, suggesting that two American affiliate chess organizations be permitted as members of FIDE, allowing two American teams, while other nations had only one, but his argument was dismissed. This approach by an individual to the FIDE President over a national team selection matter was unlikely to win any friends for Whitaker. While seemingly frivolous, questions over which players were best qualified to play on the team did lead American chess administrators to stage a qualifying tournament among Masters, to select the national team for the 1933 Olympiad. By that time, Whitaker was facing serious criminal charges (see below); he was never selected to future teams. American teams without Whitaker were able to claim the Olympiad team gold medals for 1931, 1933, 1935 and 1937, along with many individual medals. By 1939, the Western Chess Association and the National Chess Federation had merged into the
243:
512:, which had been passed with the aim of preventing the transportation of stolen automobiles across state lines. It was "a nationwide plot to recover insurance on automobiles claimed to have been stolen and transported from one state to another." After exhausting more than three years of delays and appeals in 1925, Whitaker served two years in
558:, by claiming to be in contact with the kidnappers, and convinced her that they could arrange for the baby's safe return. Means intended to use Whitaker, who posed as a gangster, as the bagman to pick up her ransom money, but both were arrested and eventually convicted. What Whitaker was really convicted of was "attempted" extortion.
525:
447:
1931. Based on prior competitive results, and on the weak showings by
Phillips and Anderson on an otherwise well-performing American team (6th place) at Hamburg, Whitaker may have had a reasonable case. But it is likely that his criminal past (see below) was also a factor in the decision. He went so
613:
After his parole, and between his various prison terms, Whitaker became once again a tournament chess player, and for several years was one of the most active competitive players in
America and Europe. Games databases which compile competitive events indicate a 16-year gap for Whitaker from 1931 to
561:
Means, without
Whitaker's help, had earlier swindled Mrs. McLean out of $ 104,000, before enlisting Whitaker for a second con with a similar theme. Whitaker claimed that the Lindbergh kidnappers had refused $ 49,500 of the ransom money paid by Mrs. McLean because the serial numbers on the money had
743:
in 1965, based on his several strong tournament results from decades earlier. Certainly, his competitive results from
Atlantic City 1921 and Kalamazoo 1927, against strong fields, were at the IM level. It was far from unusual for FIDE to take many years to resolve similar situations for historical
723:
group retrospectively determines Master-level historical chess performances on a worldwide basis. The United States was among the first nations to implement a formalized national rating system, based on mathematical statistics methods, for chess performances, but this did not take place until the
376:
for international teams. Despite being in a terrible train wreck which killed nine people and severely injured his wife, he finished with a solid score of 9.5/14 in his first strong international event outside the U.S.; this tied for 4th-6th places, and won a prize. The tournament champion was
597:
He practiced several confidence schemes, among them impersonation and elaborate false arrest. His advanced education, high intelligence, command of foreign languages, expensive wardrobe, plentiful ready cash, skill at chess, and confident personal manner all aided in fooling many unsuspecting
20:
173:
Whitaker's first really strong Master tournament was the 1913 New York
National round-robin; despite the event's name, it had no official national championship status, and indeed included several strong non-Americans. The tournament featured three of the world's top players in future
211:
Whitaker competed frequently and successfully in the
Western Open during his college years and afterwards; organized by the Western Chess Association, this was often the nation's strongest-field annually-staged tournament in that era. This tournament later became known as the
570:
in May 1932, two months after it had been kidnapped. Whitaker claimed in his 1933 trial in the capital, which became a national media frenzy, that he never got any of the money and, when asked what happened to the money, Whitaker replied, "I do not know and I wish I did."
574:
Means was sentenced to 15 years in prison for the initial successful swindle and attempted reprise, and died in prison. Whitaker was released after serving just 18 months, but was soon arrested again. During his life, he served time at several prisons, including
792:, with co-author Larry Parr, characterized Whitaker as a very strong tactical player, and he won many games this way against even the strongest players living in the U.S., from 1910 right up until the early 1950s. Whitaker named the 'Whitaker Gambit' in the
507:
Whitaker conspired with several of his own family members in an elaborate auto theft / insurance fraud scheme in the early 1920s. Whitaker, together with brother Roland and sisters
Dorothy and Hazel Whitaker, was arrested in November 1921 for violating the
238:
By 1918, he was one of the strongest players in the country, defeating former U.S. champion
Showalter in a match, by a score of +4 -1 =3. This was actually the second match between the two: Showalter had dominated their contest in 1916 by +6 -1 =0.
562:
been published. Therefore, he demanded replacement money from her, in the amount of $ 35,000, in exchange for which he promised to return the original $ 49,500, plus the baby. She did not pay the second amount; that was when the
540:'s infant child kidnapped from his New Jersey estate. Whitaker, out on bail after a Florida arrest for a scheme similar to his earlier auto fraud conviction, fled that jurisdiction and headed north, to conspire with former
392:(30th Western), Whitaker defeated the eventual champion, Chicago Master Herman Hahlbohm, but trailed him by half a point with 7.5/10, tied 2nd-4th. Whitaker tied for the title in 1930 at Chicago (31st Western) with
205:. Whitaker was outclassed by those five more experienced players, but held his own with everyone else, to finish with 5.5/13, tied 8-9th. This caliber of result clearly shows he was a strong Master by this time.
800:
of White's e-pawn for open lines; he played this successfully. Whitaker essayed a classical style, with a strong preference for symmetrical defenses with the Black pieces; he never seriously adopted the
266:. A pre-arranged time limit of three hours for the game found it still unfinished after 25 moves, with Whitaker having a slight advantage, and Capablanca adjudicated the position as a win for Whitaker.
286:
tournament series. Whitaker finished with 8/11, only half a point behind winner
Janowski, and ahead of Marshall, both of whom he defeated head-to-head. This was arguably his peak lifetime performance.
488:
by travelling around the country, staying ahead of recruiting notices, before finally reporting as the war wound down in
November 1918, then being discharged after one day, for defective vision.
672:
Whitaker also served as a chess organizer and tournament director during this period, to supplement his income; for example, he organized and directed the 1959 Eastern States Open tournament in
120:
Whitaker was a member of the Franklin Mercantile Chess Club in Philadelphia, the nation's second-oldest chess club, and represented Franklin in team matches. This club was named in honor of
349:, who was already Master strength, and who later became one of the world's top players. Based on this result, with 6.5/8 -- Whitaker was declared champion of the NCF, a predecessor of the
124:, a Philadelphia chess enthusiast and one of the most prominent Americans of the 18th century. During Whitaker's early chess years, the Franklin club featured the strong veteran Master
776:
in which his friend and co-author Glenn Hartleb was killed, but Whitaker still continued to compete actively in chess until shortly before his death in 1975 at the age of 85, in
154:; Lasker won that match. While not of competitive significance, these achievements by Whitaker boosted his confidence and spurred his further development as a rising talent.
1447:
423:
Whitaker became embroiled in a dispute with chess administrators during the early 1930s. He believed he should have been selected into the American team for the
293:, but did not show up. He had been arrested and criminally charged in November 1921 (see below), and this was the likely reason for cancellation of the match.
399:
In 1930, Whitaker represented Washington, D.C. against London in a transatlantic radio match, losing a spectacular tactical game to former British champion
1457:
1003:
chessgames.com, games collection of Norman Whitaker, see Whitaker vs. Humphreys, 1909; chessmetrics.com, the Norman Whitaker career results file; Hilbert.
1442:
341:
In 1927, following release from prison, he won a nine-player invitational round-robin event, which was the first National Chess Federation Congress, in
89:
player. Norman attended high school there, graduating in 1908, and was involved in many extra-curricular school activities. Whitaker graduated from the
477:
857:
Samuel Reshevsky vs Norman Whitaker, National Chess Federation Congress, Kalamazoo 1927, Queen's Gambit Declined, Cambridge Springs Defense, D52, 0-1
707:(himself a strong Master chess player), who designed first the American and then the worldwide rating systems for competitive chess, gave Whitaker a
548:, who had been a bagman for bribes during the corrupt Harding administration. The two concocted a scheme to swindle a wealthy but gullible heiress,
1462:
513:
77:, and grew up in an upper middle class, socially prominent family. His father, Dr. Herbert Whitaker, was a respected mathematics teacher with a
1472:
1336:
208:
Whitaker challenged Marshall in early 1914 to a match for the U.S. title, held by Marshall, but the two could not agree on financial terms.
1432:
847:
After an early exchange of Queens, Whitaker positionally outplays the U.S. champion, converting his advantage with fine endgame technique.
353:(USCF). However, despite winning this title, Whitaker was not even invited to participate in the championship the following year, held at
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Whitaker was a regular challenger for top places in the Western Open, held annually in the midwest, south, or far west. In 1921, at
283:
753:
magazine listed his rating as 2142. A threshold rating of 2200 indicates National Master playing standard in the United States.
1427:
1422:
994:
chessgames.com, the Norman Whitaker games collection; see Emanuel Lasker vs. Whitaker, 1907; and Capablanca vs. Whitaker, 1909.
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563:
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350:
851:
Dawid Janowski vs Norman Whitaker, 8th American Chess Congress, Atlantic City 1921, Colle System, Harwitz Defence, A40, 0-1
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186:
151:
147:
282:. This series of nine tournaments, staged at irregular intervals between 1857 and 1923, was the forerunner to the modern
213:
853:
The former World Championship finalist gets his favorite bishop pair, but Whitaker's precise defense proves too much.
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In his later years, he was usually listed by the USCF as a Master Emeritus, but in January 1972 (when he was age 81),
161:, which he represented successfully in intercollegiate team play, Whitaker also represented the United States against
590:
Whitaker was skillful at resetting car odometers with a screwdriver. He supplemented his income with this and other
242:
158:
90:
82:
1035:
chessgames.com, the Norman Whitaker games collection; see 'phonybenoni' file of tournament crosstables at that url
839:
Norman Whitaker vs Jackson Showalter, Western Open, Excelsior 1915, Ruy Lopez, Steinitz Defense Deferred, C79, 1-0
945:
863:
Isaac Kashdan vs Norman Whitaker, U.S. Open, Fort Worth 1951, Queen's Gambit Declined, Orthodox Defense, D60, 0-1
845:
Norman Whitaker vs Frank Marshall, 8th American Chess Congress, Atlantic City 1921, Ruy Lopez, Exchange, C68, 1-0
623:
354:
1164:
olimpbase.org, final group standings for Prague 1931, Folkestone 1933, Warsaw 1935 and Stockholm 1937 Olympiads
633:
Whitaker played four more U.S. Opens, with very respectable results; by this era, the event was run under the
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Kashdan commits a couple of subtle middlegame errors which are exploited in dashing style by Whitaker.
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in two transatlantic cable university challenge matches, winning his 1909 game and drawing in 1910.
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During his life, Whitaker was convicted of several additional serious offenses, including sending
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372:, against the champions of 15 other nations. Also being staged at the same time and site was the
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In March and April 1932, Whitaker gained what eventually became national notoriety during the
357:; this situation indicates conflict with chess administrators, likely over his criminal past.
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121:
113:
Whitaker was taught to play chess at the age of 14 by his father and learned more by watching
1365:
The Bobby Fischer I Knew And Other Stories -- Stormin ' Norman: Caissa's Conman; pp. 262-274.
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58:
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gives him a peak rating of 2568 in 1928, and shows him as No. 25 in the world in 1918. The
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54:
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chessgames.com, games collection of Norman Whitaker; see Whitaker vs. Edward Lasker, 1920
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in 1970, while formalized international titles for chess performances were introduced by
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olimpbase.org, Hamburg 1930 Olympiad final group crosstable, U.S. team detailed results
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in his return. However, he qualified through a strong preliminary event into the 1948
403:. This game was later selected for the classic, highly regarded 1952 best games book:
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622:, his first. In the finals, Whitaker could only manage to finish 16th out of 20, in
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The teenaged Reshevsky is gradually outplayed by the far more experienced Whitaker.
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1134:
chessgames.com, games collection of Norman Whitaker; see Whitaker vs. Thomas, 1930
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485:
57:, and served several terms in prison. His most infamous criminal escapade was a
913:
313:(23rd Western), he placed clear second with 9/11, half a point behind champion
1300:
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676:. He also travelled in 1956 with the New Jersey-based Log Cabin Chess Club to
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After more than ten years of campaigning, Whitaker was finally awarded the
583:. They had a falling-out in 1936 when Capone refused to join in Whitaker's
805:
style, developed from 1920 by leading players from his generation such as
128:, a lawyer by profession and an experienced chess organizer and promoter.
773:
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The last years of his life were spent driving around the country in his
428:
329:
1924 (25th Western), he tied 2nd-4th with 11.5/16, but a young Mexican
326:
255:
228:
162:
1347:
Shady Side: The Life and Crimes of Norman Tweed Whitaker, Chess Master
1281:
Shady Side: The Life and Crimes of Norman Tweed Whitaker, Chess Master
1091:
Shady Side: The Life and Times of Norman Tweed Whitaker, Chess Master
896:, by Norman T. Whitaker, December 1969, Chess Life, pp. 502–504.
797:
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Whitaker was then scheduled to play a match against Marshall for the
194:
42:
948:, Hypermodern Press, San Francisco, 2000, pp. 262 and 266; Hilbert
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38:
18:
1125:
Hilbert; chessgames.com, phonybenoni tournament crosstables files
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262:
long-distance chess match. He faced the very experienced master
182:
1398:
http://www.jeremysilman.com/book_reviews_jd/jd_shady_side.html
841:
A flashy tactical brilliancy against the former U.S. champion.
630:, and most of the competitors were far younger than Whitaker.
49:, and a chess author. He was convicted of several crimes, was
985:
chessgames.com, the Norman Whitaker games collection; Hilbert
772:
In 1961, he was involved in a serious automobile accident in
687:
Whitaker drew a match against the elderly German Grandmaster
216:. During this era, it was an elite round-robin format event.
882:(English) by Norman T. Whitaker and Glenn E. Hartleb, 1960,
657:
1953, he scored 7.5/12 for a tied 43-55th; the champion was
605:
through the mail, and sexual molestation of a minor (1950).
1077:
1075:
641:
1948, he scored 6/12 for a tied 34th-41st; the winner was
626:; he was in his late fifties by this time. The winner was
278:, he placed clear second, and top American, in the Eighth
1012:
chessmetrics.com, the Norman Whitaker career results file
680:, playing first board for the team, ahead of 13-year-old
566:
was finally called in. The baby was found dead by father
219:
His major results from this period: 16th Western Open,
876:
365 Ausgewählte Endspiele: Eines Für Jeden Tag Im Jahr
724:
1940s. International chess ratings were introduced by
665:
1954, he scored 7.5/12 for a tied 17-23rd; Evans and
1260:
chessgames.com, the Norman Whitaker games collection
258:
in what is believed to have been the first American
1283:, by John Samuel Hilbert, Cassia publishers, 2000,
765:, playing in weaker-field chess tournaments in the
1151:
1149:
880:365 Selected Endings: One For Each Day of the Year
520:Lindbergh case, return to prison, criminal schemes
360:In 1928, while on his honeymoon, Whitaker went to
1213:
1211:
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1110:
1108:
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1093:, by John Samuel Hilbert, 2000, Caissa Editions,
916:; American Mathematical Society genealogy project
146:. Lasker was in Philadelphia to play part of his
924:
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131:Whitaker in his teens won high-quality games in
85:, while his mother was well known as a champion
796:for the sequence 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Be3, with a
1047:
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715:. This represents a very strong Master level.
117:, one of the world's very best, play in 1905.
1256:
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1196:Hilbert, p. 121; Denker and Parr, pp. 265-268
713:The Rating of Chess Players, Past and Present
484:attorney. He avoided military service during
8:
1178:, February 26, 1922; Denker and Parr, p. 266
914:http://www.genealogy.ams.org/id.php?id=36252
305:(22nd Western), he placed fourth with 8/11;
1388:Official FBI Story about Norman T. Whitaker
1026:, March and June 1914 issues, p. 51 and 76
938:The Bobby Fischer I Knew And Other Stories
472:by 1916. He worked for several years as a
1051:chessgames / phonybenoni games collection
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478:United States Patent and Trademark Office
1393:The Chess Games of Norman Tweed Whitaker
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649:1951, he scored 8/12 for a tied 9-13th;
492:Criminal involvement, conviction, prison
189:, and former world title match finalist
97:in German Literature. He graduated from
1448:Georgetown University Law Center alumni
906:
744:chess champions from around the world.
711:of 2420 in his authoritative 1978 work
614:1947; he played the 1947 U.S. Open, at
514:United States Penitentiary, Leavenworth
185:(who won the event), American champion
364:to represent the United States in the
337:Represents U.S. in international chess
30:(April 9, 1890 – May 20, 1975) was an
1205:Hilbert; Denker and Parr, pp. 265-268
7:
637:format, with much larger fields. At
579:, where he befriended the notorious
1329:The Even More Complete Chess Addict
1313:Denker and Parr, p. 263 and 273-274
542:United States Department of Justice
1458:American people convicted of fraud
1327:Fox, Mike; James, Richard (1993),
894:Sixty-five Years in American Chess
695:Recognized as International Master
528:Norman T. Whitaker, mug shot, 1932
223:1915–8.5/10, second place, winner
14:
1443:University of Pennsylvania alumni
231:1916–13.5/19, tied 4-5th, winner
1248:Hilbert; Denker and Parr, p. 269
829:. He was strong in the endgame.
284:United States Chess Championship
69:Early life, family and education
769:that he could potentially win.
564:Federal Bureau of Investigation
468:Whitaker was practicing law in
246:Whitaker with John H. Smythe Jr
1463:American confidence tricksters
458:United States Chess Federation
401:Sir George Thomas, 7th Baronet
351:United States Chess Federation
250:In 1920, Whitaker represented
1:
1473:20th-century American lawyers
1345:Hilbert, John Samuel (2000),
577:Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary
325:(24th Western) with 9/11. At
197:, along with the very strong
148:World Chess Championship 1907
214:U.S. Open Chess Championship
1433:Chess International Masters
1187:Denker and Parr, p. 265-268
684:, who was on second board.
587:, but reconciled later on.
448:far as to directly contact
16:American lawyer and con man
1489:
1468:20th-century chess players
1453:Disbarred American lawyers
1239:Denker and Parr, p.262-268
536:, which saw famed aviator
366:Amateur World Championship
309:won with 9.5. In 1922, at
159:University of Pennsylvania
142:and future world champion
91:University of Pennsylvania
83:University of Pennsylvania
1438:Lawyers from Philadelphia
624:South Fallsburg, New York
405:500 Master Games of Chess
355:Bradley Beach, New Jersey
321:for the title in 1923 at
1116:Denker and Parr, p. 266.
1060:Denker and Parr, p. 271.
345:, ahead of the teenaged
133:simultaneous exhibitions
23:Norman T. Whitaker, 1969
1363:Denker, Arnold (1995),
1217:Denker and Parr, p. 268
1081:Denker and Parr, p. 263
1023:American Chess Bulletin
928:Denker and Parr, p. 262
635:Swiss-system tournament
291:U.S. Chess Championship
280:American Chess Congress
169:Reaches Master strength
1428:American chess writers
1423:American chess players
767:Southern United States
667:Arturo Pomar Salamanca
529:
496:However, Whitaker was
435:(0.5/2 at Hamburg) or
370:round-robin tournament
247:
115:Harry Nelson Pillsbury
24:
1367:, Hypermodern Press,
1304:, January 1972, p. 66
699:Physics Professor at
616:Corpus Christi, Texas
527:
433:Harold Meyer Phillips
245:
227:; 17th Western Open,
99:Georgetown University
73:Whitaker was born in
28:Norman Tweed Whitaker
22:
1228:Fox & James 1993
778:Phenix City, Alabama
757:Later life and death
737:International Master
701:Marquette University
534:Lindbergh kidnapping
439:(6/17)), or for the
437:James Allan Anderson
383:World Chess Champion
331:Carlos Torre Repetto
221:Excelsior, Minnesota
179:Jose Raul Capablanca
176:World Chess Champion
157:While attending the
144:Jose Raul Capablanca
137:World Chess Champion
63:Lindbergh kidnapping
35:International Master
1349:, Caissa Editions,
1331:, Faber and Faber,
833:Notable chess games
823:Savielly Tartakower
555:The Washington Post
550:Evalyn Walsh McLean
464:Professional career
409:Savielly Tartakower
385:seven years later.
343:Kalamazoo, Michigan
333:dominated with 14.
126:Walter Penn Shipley
1175:The New York Times
811:Alexander Alekhine
669:shared the title.
552:, co-publisher of
530:
441:4th Chess Olympiad
425:3rd Chess Olympiad
374:2nd Chess Olympiad
248:
25:
1338:978-0-571-17040-1
763:Volkswagen Beetle
689:Friedrich Samisch
661:. And finally at
620:U.S. Championship
592:confidence tricks
568:Charles Lindbergh
538:Charles Lindbergh
500:in 1924 from the
431:1930 (instead of
419:Selection dispute
319:Stasch Mlotkowski
297:Wins Western Open
225:Jackson Showalter
122:Benjamin Franklin
109:Chess involvement
95:Bachelor's degree
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609:Returns to chess
470:Washington, D.C.
347:Samuel Reshevsky
270:Peak performance
252:Washington, D.C.
59:confidence trick
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502:practice of law
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803:hypermodern
663:New Orleans
651:Larry Evans
486:World War I
388:In 1929 at
1407:Categories
1321:References
1301:Chess Life
946:Larry Parr
878:(Deutsch)
750:Chess Life
647:Fort Worth
452:President
311:Louisville
103:law degree
739:title by
732:in 1950.
705:Arpad Elo
691:in 1960.
655:Milwaukee
639:Baltimore
598:victims.
581:Al Capone
498:disbarred
390:St. Louis
362:The Hague
303:Cleveland
81:from the
79:doctorate
65:in 1932.
53:from the
51:disbarred
870:Writings
774:Arkansas
653:won. At
603:morphine
510:Dyer Act
476:for the
379:Max Euwe
254:against
135:against
32:American
1230::24–25)
976:Hilbert
480:, as a
429:Hamburg
327:Detroit
256:Chicago
229:Chicago
181:, from
163:England
101:with a
93:with a
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544:Agent
482:patent
445:Prague
195:France
43:lawyer
940:, by
901:Notes
645:. At
407:, by
87:whist
39:chess
1369:ISBN
1351:ISBN
1333:ISBN
1285:ISBN
1095:ISBN
944:and
884:ISBN
741:FIDE
730:FIDE
726:FIDE
678:Cuba
450:FIDE
411:and
368:, a
201:and
183:Cuba
45:, a
41:, a
193:of
37:of
1409::
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