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shelves remain in four basins along the coast: Dryglaski, Edgeworth, Pyke and Sjögren. All of them are losing mass except for the Pyke
Glacier. The ice shelf collapse in 2002 triggered a perturbation of a massive accelerated flow. The instability of the ice shelves' mass can be traced back to changes in climate. The Larsen B ice shelf has contributed to 17% of the mass depletion rate of the Antarctic Peninsula. The decline in mass from the Larsen A and Larsen B ice shelves have contributed to sea ice, atmosphere and ocean changes. With temperatures changing, so do the ice shelves; accelerated melting occurs, subsequently changing ocean masses and temperatures.
169:. The Nordenskjöld formation between Cape Longing and Cape Sobral consists of Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous anoxic mudstones and air-fall ashes. There is a possibility of a strike-slip formation based on evidence of deformation, dewatering and lithification. The deformation period was during Tithonian times, and provides further evidence of a plate boundary caused by the break-up of Gondwana along the eastern peninsula. The Nordenskjöld formation went through a significant burial period before the Miocene time which brought on uplifting and block faulting, exposing the area once again.
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location makes it prone to change due to global warming. The length and thickness of the ice sheet connected to the
Nordenskjöld coast is monitored to track fluctuating climate patterns. Ice shelves, called the Larsen shelves, found on the eastern side of the peninsula, have decreased significantly in recent years. The Larsen A ice shelf that was extended from the Nordenskjöld Coast disintegrated in 1995. There are now only a few small ice caps remaining along the Nordenskjöld coast.
40:
229:
Weddell Sea pressure cell. The
Weddell Sea is one of the coldest masses in the ocean. This tends to build up in this area due to the damming-up effect against the high slopes on the eastern side of the Antarctic Peninsula. The coast experiences a barrier effect of winds in response to the mountains blocking its path. This effect means wind speed can accelerate to gale force. During the 1902 expedition they recorded speeds of hurricane force.
258:(permanent frozen ground) and seasonal thaw-activity are the main indicators of climate change. There is a correlation between the mean annual temperatures of the arctic and the boundaries of permafrost on the Antarctic Peninsula, meaning that rising temperatures impact the mass of permafrost. Permafrost can survive if the mean annual temperature remains − 2.5 °C. Due to
146:
during the
Cretaceous and Tertiary age. It found that the area was a cordilleran belt of folded strata, overlain by sedimentary rocks and volcanic beds from the Mesozoic time. This discovery, during the 1901 expedition, led scientists Dalziel and Elliot (1971,1973) to further amplify the theory of the Pacific crust subduction under the western continental margin.
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205:, which measures the product of the radioactive decay of an isotope to determine the time period, from the Schists that line the Nordenskjöld Coast has found that a metamorphic event, a process of heating and cooling sediments which ultimately changes their composition, happened around the Permian times, estimating its peak at 245-250 Ma.
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surrounded by glaciers, which extends to
Palmier Peninsula. Larsen Bay, which lies between Cape Sobral and Cape Longing, also has a fiord in the middle of its shoreline. Cape Ruth is an area of high peaks that leads to the eastern entrance of Drygalski Bay. The fiord behind Cape Ruth forms the head of Dryglaski Bay.
225:, which means that all 12 months of the year average a temperature below 0 °C. Along the Antarctic Peninsula over the past 50 years the mean temperature has increased by 3.4 degrees Celsius and the mid winter temperature by 6 degrees. This makes the Antarctic region one of the global hotspots for climate change.
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Between Cape
Longing and Cape Sobral, the Nordenskjöld formation is, at its thickest, around 450 cm. It is characterised by ash beds and radiolarian-rich mudstones, around 580m deep. Reports of new calcisphere species, microorganisms that allow scientists to determine time and place in relation
228:
Due to the steep mountains that line the
Antarctic Peninsula, the south-west winds are cold and strong. First noted in the Swedish Expedition in 1902, Otto Nordenskjöld found that these winds are present along the entire coast of the Peninsula. These strong, cold winds are due to the semi-permanent
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Nordenskjöld found the
Antarctic climate to be glacial, compared to continental or maritime. The expedition found new information about the geological makeup of the Antarctic Peninsula, explaining how the landforms were created. The expedition led to the discovery of fossiliferous rocks deposited
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feeding into the ice shelves, accounting for the continuous loss in mass. Larsen A ice shelf is a narrow strip of floating ice between the
Nordenskjöld Coast and Seal Nunatuks. There are smaller ice shelves along the Nordenskjöld coast and further south which have since remained intact. The ice
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The
Nordenskjöld coast extends 50 miles west-southwest from Cape Longing to Drygalski Bay and Cape Fareweather, with Oscar II Coast located to the south. The Nordenskjöld Coast faces the Weddell Sea at the top of the Antarctic continent. The thinness of the Antarctic Peninsula and its northerly
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Scientists can enhance the processes that control the way atmospheric changes affect the ice shelves. With satellite altimeter studies, which records the density and surface lowering of ice shelves, they can better understand the loss of mass on the shelves. This allows ocean divers and other
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The region of the Nordenskjöld Coast has particularly steep slopes on the coast, with high covered ice plateaus. Cape Sobral lies 12 miles from Cape longing. It is a high plank of rock that is projected above the water below, and is partly snow free. Behind Cape Sobral is a deep fiord that is
889:
Kietzmann, Diego A.; Scasso, Roberto A. (January 2020). "Jurassic to Cretaceous (upper Kimmeridgian–?lower Berriasian) calcispheres from high palaeolatitudes on the Antarctic Peninsula: Local stratigraphic significance and correlations across Southern Gondwana margin and the Tethyan realm".
293:
The Larsen A ice shelf is an extension of the Nordenskjold Coast; Larsen B is located to the south. The Larsen A ice shelf experienced a major disintegration in 1995, which triggered the collapse of the Larsen B ice shelf in 2002. This then triggered an acceleration of the flow from outlet
134:, next to the Nordenskjöld coast at the top of the Antarctic Peninsula. Due to the harsh weather conditions and the loss of necessary transport, when their boat sunk, the expedition could not explore the coast of the Antarctic Peninsula until springtime in the following September.
88:(64° 30' S 60° 30' W) is located on the Antarctic Peninsula, more specifically Graham Land, which is the top region of the Peninsula. The Peninsula is a thin, long ice sheet with an Alpine-style mountain chain. The coast consists of 15m tall ice cliffs with ice shelves.
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158:, at the top of the Antarctic Peninsula. The Antarctic Peninsula has undergone intense arc magnetism dating back to Jurassic times. The local basement of the magmatic arc is made of Greywake-shale formations and Metasedimentary sequences, extending to parts of the
589:
Rott, Helmut; Floricioiu, Dana; Wuite, Jan; Scheiblauer, Stefan; Nagler, Thomas; Kern, Michael (2014-11-21). "Mass changes of outlet glaciers along the Nordensjköld Coast, northern Antarctic Peninsula, based on TanDEM-X satellite measurements".
185:
There is evidence of a plate-boundary on the eastern margin of the peninsula during the breakup of Gondwana. A strike-slip formation found by Whitham and Storey in 1989 proves the placement of this boundary as well as the spreading of the
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to the breakup of Gondwana, found throughout the Nordenskjöld formation, have previously been reported in Indonesia and Argentina. This suggests a connection between both regions and provide information about the Gondwana continent.
345:"Gazetteer of the Antarctic - Geographic names of the Antarctic, compiled and edited by Fred G. Alberts on behalf of the United States Board on Geographic Names (USBGN). Washington National Science Foundation, 1981, xxii, 959 p."
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and the off-laying islands, are particularly vulnerable to varying climatic gradients. The Nordenskjöld Coast experiences low levels of rain, and yearly snowfall. Humidity can reach high levels, with temperatures above freezing.
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are permanent floating ice sheets that are extended from the Antarctic land masses. They are made from the slow buildup of ice, growing into larger bodies of ice. The Antarctic Peninsula has numerous ice shelves called the
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Bockheim, J.; Vieira, G.; Ramos, M.; López-Martínez, J.; Serrano, E.; Guglielmin, M.; Wilhelm, K.; Nieuwendam, A. (January 2013). "Climate warming and permafrost dynamics in the Antarctic Peninsula region".
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mass along the coast of the Peninsula, including the Nordenskjöld Coast, have been accelerated by the change in circumpolar currents. The warmer temperatures contributed to the disintegration of the
1303:
537:
Davies, Bethan J.; Hambrey, Michael J.; Smellie, John L.; Carrivick, Jonathan L.; Glasser, Neil F. (January 2012). "Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet evolution during the Cenozoic Era".
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Smellie, J.L.; Millar, I.L. (June 1995). "New K-Ar isotopic ages of schists from Nordenskjöld Coast, Antarctic Peninsula: oldest part of the Trinity Peninsula Group?".
1289:
495:
Murphy, R. C.; English, Robert A. J. (January 1944). "Sailing Directions for Antarctica, Including the Off-Lying Islands South of Latitude 60 degrees".
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Whitham, A.G.; Storey, B.C. (September 1989). "Late Jurassic—Early Cretaceous strike-slip deformation in the Nordenskjöld Formation of Graham Land".
193:
The Antarctic Peninsula was an active volcanic arc between the Late Jurassic and Tertiary period, created from the south-eastward subduction of the
1132:
Griffith, Thomas W.; Anderson, John B. (January 1989). "Climatic control of sedimentation in bays and fjords of the northern Antarctic Peninsula".
278:. The Larsen C ice shelf at the southern end of the Antarctic Peninsula remains the most intact to this day. The flow of grounded ice into the
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in 1901–1904. The name was suggested by Edwin Swift Balch in 1909, who was part of the Antarctic Exhibition alongside Dr. Nordenskjöld.
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EVANS, JEFFREY; COFAIGH, COLM Ó (December 2003). "Supraglacial debris along the front of the Larsen-A Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula".
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located next to the Nordenskjöld Coast. Metamorphic rocks can be found at the boundary of the Mesozoic – Cenozoic magmatic arc.
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262:, permafrost levels have become unstable, and there is a historic degradation of permafrost levels all over Antarctica.
100:
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Parish, Thomas R. (1983). "The influence of the Antarctic Peninsula on the wind field over the western Weddell Sea".
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has contributed to ocean mass; the Larsen A and B ice shelves that fell in 1995 and 2002 were of considerable mass.
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Elliot, David H. (1988), "Tectonic setting and evolution of the James Ross Basin, northern Antarctic Peninsula",
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730:, Geological Society of America Memoirs, vol. 169, Geological Society of America, pp. 541–556,
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316:
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Nordenskjöld, Otto (1911). "Antarctic Nature, Illustrated by a Description of North-West Antarctica".
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Region, off the Antarctic Peninsula, and the change from fine anoxic to coarse clastic sedimentation.
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126:. In 1902 the party spent a month dedicated to sea voyage, then settled on an Island called
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1082:"Mass loss of Larsen B tributary glaciers (Antarctic Peninsula) unabated since 2002"
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Hobbs, William H.; Nordenskjold, Otto (1912). "The Swedish South Polar Expedition".
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and the expedition left Sweden on 16 September 1901 to explore Antarctica and the
1196:"Ice shelf thickness over Larsen C, Antarctica, derived from satellite altimetry"
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ThenNorthern area of the Antarctic Peninsula, including the Nordenskjöld Coast,
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Berthier, Etienne; Scambos, Ted A.; Shuman, Christopher A. (July 2012).
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Nordenskjöld, Otto (1906). "The New Era in South-Polar Exploration".
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Geology and Paleontology of Seymour Island Antarctic Peninsula
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crust, the super ocean that surrounded the supercontinent of
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Overview of the Larsen ice caps on the Antarctic Peninsula
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240:along the Antarctic Peninsula. The melting of the
892:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
165:Antarctica used to be part of the supercontinent
99:, a Norwegian explorer and whaler, during the
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445:Bulletin of the American Geographical Society
154:The Nordenskjöld coast is located in eastern
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221:The climate of the Nordenskjöld Coast is an
141:Leader of the 1901-1903 Antarctic expedition
1194:Griggs, J. A.; Bamber, J. L. (2009-10-03).
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95:, a Swedish explorer and geographer, and
91:The Nordenskjöld Coast was discovered by
317:"SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica"
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201:. The finding from Potassium-argon or
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286:scientists to better estimate the
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282:is regulated by the ice shelves.
47:Coordinates: 64° 30' S 60° 30' W)
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1253: This article incorporates
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934:"Nordenskjöld Coast, Antarctica"
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1270:United States Geological Survey
1032:Journal of Geophysical Research
996:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.10.018
559:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.10.012
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1200:Geophysical Research Letters
1154:10.1016/0025-3227(89)90153-9
1089:Geophysical Research Letters
912:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.109419
592:Geophysical Research Letters
101:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
1312:Coasts and plateaus of the
976:Global and Planetary Change
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539:Quaternary Science Reviews
209:Climate and climate change
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851:10.1017/s0954102095000253
795:10.1017/s0954102089000398
642:The North American Review
414:10.1017/s0954102003001615
361:10.1017/S0032247400004332
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680:The Geographical Journal
1052:10.1029/jc088ic04p02684
1714:Louis Philippe Plateau
1255:public domain material
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1780:Coasts of Graham Land
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1260:"Nordenskjöld Coast"
1221:10.1029/2009GL039527
1110:10.1029/2012gl051755
612:10.1002/2014gl061613
1314:Antarctic Peninsula
1212:2009GeoRL..3619501G
1146:1989MGeol..85..181G
1101:2012GeoRL..3913501B
1044:1983JGR....88.2684P
988:2013GPC...100..215B
904:2020PPP...537j9419K
843:1995AntSc...7..191S
787:1989AntSc...1..269W
736:10.1130/mem169-p541
604:2014GeoRL..41.8123R
551:2012QSRv...31...30D
497:Geographical Review
406:2003AntSc..15..503E
120:Antarctic Peninsula
75: • Length
56:Antarctic Peninsula
16:Coast in Antarctica
1775:Nordenskjöld Coast
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130:, located off the
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23:Nordenskjöld Coast
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1709:Laclavère Plateau
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1494:Rydberg Peninsula
1450:Buttress Nunataks
1352:Trinity Peninsula
1322:North to south:
831:Antarctic Science
775:Antarctic Science
598:(22): 8123–8129.
394:Antarctic Science
276:Larsen A, B and C
249:Trinity Peninsula
160:Trinity Peninsula
132:Trinity Peninsula
116:Otto Nordenskjöld
97:Carl Anton Larsen
93:Otto Nordenskjöld
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509:10.2307/210611
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457:10.2307/200883
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1754:Dyer Plateau
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1608:Cape Agassiz
1606:
1588:Cape Agassiz
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1539:Cape Longing
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1444:Rymill Coast
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1416:
1404:
1400:Loubet Coast
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1364:Davis Coast
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1038:(C4): 2684.
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1626:Black Coast
1599:Palmer Land
1525:Graham Land
1438:Cape Jeremy
1429:Palmer Land
1418:Cape Jeremy
1394:Cape Bellue
1382:Cape Renard
1376:Danco Coast
1344:Graham Land
1095:(13): n/a.
982:: 215–223.
271:Ice shelves
203:K-Ar dating
195:Panthalassa
188:Weddell Sea
156:Graham Land
1769:Categories
1664:Cape Adams
1644:Cape Adams
1620:Cape Boggs
1570:Foyn Coast
1517:East coast
1336:West coast
1326:• Coast •
938:mindat.org
898:: 109419.
503:(1): 172.
451:(7): 514.
326:2020-05-27
303:References
256:Permafrost
70:Dimensions
1238:128869914
1230:0094-8276
1162:0025-3227
1119:0094-8276
1060:0148-0227
1004:0921-8181
920:0031-0182
867:129744869
859:0954-1020
811:129353269
803:0954-1020
700:0016-7398
654:0029-2397
620:0094-8276
567:0277-3791
545:: 30–66.
465:0190-5929
430:140662609
422:0954-1020
370:0032-2474
290:changes.
288:sea level
238:ice sheet
234:ice shelf
177:Geography
124:Antarctic
111:Discovery
662:25105669
296:glaciers
266:Ice caps
167:Gondwana
78:50 miles
52:Location
1328:Feature
1324:Feature
1274:
1208:Bibcode
1142:Bibcode
1097:Bibcode
1040:Bibcode
984:Bibcode
900:Bibcode
839:Bibcode
783:Bibcode
708:1779042
600:Bibcode
547:Bibcode
402:Bibcode
199:Pangaea
150:Geology
62:Geology
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943:24 May
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1234:S2CID
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704:JSTOR
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513:JSTOR
469:JSTOR
426:S2CID
1226:ISSN
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1056:ISSN
1000:ISSN
945:2020
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855:ISSN
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740:ISBN
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563:ISSN
461:ISSN
418:ISSN
366:ISSN
84:The
1216:doi
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
