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shelves remain in four basins along the coast: Dryglaski, Edgeworth, Pyke and Sjögren. All of them are losing mass except for the Pyke
Glacier. The ice shelf collapse in 2002 triggered a perturbation of a massive accelerated flow. The instability of the ice shelves' mass can be traced back to changes in climate. The Larsen B ice shelf has contributed to 17% of the mass depletion rate of the Antarctic Peninsula. The decline in mass from the Larsen A and Larsen B ice shelves have contributed to sea ice, atmosphere and ocean changes. With temperatures changing, so do the ice shelves; accelerated melting occurs, subsequently changing ocean masses and temperatures.
180:. The Nordenskjöld formation between Cape Longing and Cape Sobral consists of Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous anoxic mudstones and air-fall ashes. There is a possibility of a strike-slip formation based on evidence of deformation, dewatering and lithification. The deformation period was during Tithonian times, and provides further evidence of a plate boundary caused by the break-up of Gondwana along the eastern peninsula. The Nordenskjöld formation went through a significant burial period before the Miocene time which brought on uplifting and block faulting, exposing the area once again.
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location makes it prone to change due to global warming. The length and thickness of the ice sheet connected to the
Nordenskjöld coast is monitored to track fluctuating climate patterns. Ice shelves, called the Larsen shelves, found on the eastern side of the peninsula, have decreased significantly in recent years. The Larsen A ice shelf that was extended from the Nordenskjöld Coast disintegrated in 1995. There are now only a few small ice caps remaining along the Nordenskjöld coast.
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240:
Weddell Sea pressure cell. The
Weddell Sea is one of the coldest masses in the ocean. This tends to build up in this area due to the damming-up effect against the high slopes on the eastern side of the Antarctic Peninsula. The coast experiences a barrier effect of winds in response to the mountains blocking its path. This effect means wind speed can accelerate to gale force. During the 1902 expedition they recorded speeds of hurricane force.
269:(permanent frozen ground) and seasonal thaw-activity are the main indicators of climate change. There is a correlation between the mean annual temperatures of the arctic and the boundaries of permafrost on the Antarctic Peninsula, meaning that rising temperatures impact the mass of permafrost. Permafrost can survive if the mean annual temperature remains − 2.5 °C. Due to
157:
during the
Cretaceous and Tertiary age. It found that the area was a cordilleran belt of folded strata, overlain by sedimentary rocks and volcanic beds from the Mesozoic time. This discovery, during the 1901 expedition, led scientists Dalziel and Elliot (1971,1973) to further amplify the theory of the Pacific crust subduction under the western continental margin.
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216:, which measures the product of the radioactive decay of an isotope to determine the time period, from the Schists that line the Nordenskjöld Coast has found that a metamorphic event, a process of heating and cooling sediments which ultimately changes their composition, happened around the Permian times, estimating its peak at 245-250 Ma.
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surrounded by glaciers, which extends to
Palmier Peninsula. Larsen Bay, which lies between Cape Sobral and Cape Longing, also has a fiord in the middle of its shoreline. Cape Ruth is an area of high peaks that leads to the eastern entrance of Drygalski Bay. The fiord behind Cape Ruth forms the head of Dryglaski Bay.
236:, which means that all 12 months of the year average a temperature below 0 °C. Along the Antarctic Peninsula over the past 50 years the mean temperature has increased by 3.4 degrees Celsius and the mid winter temperature by 6 degrees. This makes the Antarctic region one of the global hotspots for climate change.
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Between Cape
Longing and Cape Sobral, the Nordenskjöld formation is, at its thickest, around 450 cm. It is characterised by ash beds and radiolarian-rich mudstones, around 580m deep. Reports of new calcisphere species, microorganisms that allow scientists to determine time and place in relation
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Due to the steep mountains that line the
Antarctic Peninsula, the south-west winds are cold and strong. First noted in the Swedish Expedition in 1902, Otto Nordenskjöld found that these winds are present along the entire coast of the Peninsula. These strong, cold winds are due to the semi-permanent
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Nordenskjöld found the
Antarctic climate to be glacial, compared to continental or maritime. The expedition found new information about the geological makeup of the Antarctic Peninsula, explaining how the landforms were created. The expedition led to the discovery of fossiliferous rocks deposited
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feeding into the ice shelves, accounting for the continuous loss in mass. Larsen A ice shelf is a narrow strip of floating ice between the
Nordenskjöld Coast and Seal Nunatuks. There are smaller ice shelves along the Nordenskjöld coast and further south which have since remained intact. The ice
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The
Nordenskjöld coast extends 50 miles west-southwest from Cape Longing to Drygalski Bay and Cape Fareweather, with Oscar II Coast located to the south. The Nordenskjöld Coast faces the Weddell Sea at the top of the Antarctic continent. The thinness of the Antarctic Peninsula and its northerly
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Scientists can enhance the processes that control the way atmospheric changes affect the ice shelves. With satellite altimeter studies, which records the density and surface lowering of ice shelves, they can better understand the loss of mass on the shelves. This allows ocean divers and other
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The region of the Nordenskjöld Coast has particularly steep slopes on the coast, with high covered ice plateaus. Cape Sobral lies 12 miles from Cape longing. It is a high plank of rock that is projected above the water below, and is partly snow free. Behind Cape Sobral is a deep fiord that is
900:
Kietzmann, Diego A.; Scasso, Roberto A. (January 2020). "Jurassic to Cretaceous (upper Kimmeridgian–?lower Berriasian) calcispheres from high palaeolatitudes on the Antarctic Peninsula: Local stratigraphic significance and correlations across Southern Gondwana margin and the Tethyan realm".
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The Larsen A ice shelf is an extension of the Nordenskjold Coast; Larsen B is located to the south. The Larsen A ice shelf experienced a major disintegration in 1995, which triggered the collapse of the Larsen B ice shelf in 2002. This then triggered an acceleration of the flow from outlet
145:, next to the Nordenskjöld coast at the top of the Antarctic Peninsula. Due to the harsh weather conditions and the loss of necessary transport, when their boat sunk, the expedition could not explore the coast of the Antarctic Peninsula until springtime in the following September.
99:(64° 30' S 60° 30' W) is located on the Antarctic Peninsula, more specifically Graham Land, which is the top region of the Peninsula. The Peninsula is a thin, long ice sheet with an Alpine-style mountain chain. The coast consists of 15m tall ice cliffs with ice shelves.
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169:, at the top of the Antarctic Peninsula. The Antarctic Peninsula has undergone intense arc magnetism dating back to Jurassic times. The local basement of the magmatic arc is made of Greywake-shale formations and Metasedimentary sequences, extending to parts of the
600:
Rott, Helmut; Floricioiu, Dana; Wuite, Jan; Scheiblauer, Stefan; Nagler, Thomas; Kern, Michael (2014-11-21). "Mass changes of outlet glaciers along the Nordensjköld Coast, northern Antarctic Peninsula, based on TanDEM-X satellite measurements".
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There is evidence of a plate-boundary on the eastern margin of the peninsula during the breakup of Gondwana. A strike-slip formation found by Whitham and Storey in 1989 proves the placement of this boundary as well as the spreading of the
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to the breakup of Gondwana, found throughout the Nordenskjöld formation, have previously been reported in Indonesia and Argentina. This suggests a connection between both regions and provide information about the Gondwana continent.
356:"Gazetteer of the Antarctic - Geographic names of the Antarctic, compiled and edited by Fred G. Alberts on behalf of the United States Board on Geographic Names (USBGN). Washington National Science Foundation, 1981, xxii, 959 p."
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and the off-laying islands, are particularly vulnerable to varying climatic gradients. The Nordenskjöld Coast experiences low levels of rain, and yearly snowfall. Humidity can reach high levels, with temperatures above freezing.
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are permanent floating ice sheets that are extended from the Antarctic land masses. They are made from the slow buildup of ice, growing into larger bodies of ice. The Antarctic Peninsula has numerous ice shelves called the
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Bockheim, J.; Vieira, G.; Ramos, M.; López-Martínez, J.; Serrano, E.; Guglielmin, M.; Wilhelm, K.; Nieuwendam, A. (January 2013). "Climate warming and permafrost dynamics in the Antarctic Peninsula region".
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mass along the coast of the Peninsula, including the Nordenskjöld Coast, have been accelerated by the change in circumpolar currents. The warmer temperatures contributed to the disintegration of the
1314:
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Davies, Bethan J.; Hambrey, Michael J.; Smellie, John L.; Carrivick, Jonathan L.; Glasser, Neil F. (January 2012). "Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet evolution during the Cenozoic Era".
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Smellie, J.L.; Millar, I.L. (June 1995). "New K-Ar isotopic ages of schists from Nordenskjöld Coast, Antarctic Peninsula: oldest part of the Trinity Peninsula Group?".
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Murphy, R. C.; English, Robert A. J. (January 1944). "Sailing Directions for Antarctica, Including the Off-Lying Islands South of Latitude 60 degrees".
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Whitham, A.G.; Storey, B.C. (September 1989). "Late Jurassic—Early Cretaceous strike-slip deformation in the Nordenskjöld Formation of Graham Land".
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The Antarctic Peninsula was an active volcanic arc between the Late Jurassic and Tertiary period, created from the south-eastward subduction of the
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Griffith, Thomas W.; Anderson, John B. (January 1989). "Climatic control of sedimentation in bays and fjords of the northern Antarctic Peninsula".
289:. The Larsen C ice shelf at the southern end of the Antarctic Peninsula remains the most intact to this day. The flow of grounded ice into the
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in 1901–1904. The name was suggested by Edwin Swift Balch in 1909, who was part of the Antarctic Exhibition alongside Dr. Nordenskjöld.
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EVANS, JEFFREY; COFAIGH, COLM Ó (December 2003). "Supraglacial debris along the front of the Larsen-A Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula".
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located next to the Nordenskjöld Coast. Metamorphic rocks can be found at the boundary of the Mesozoic – Cenozoic magmatic arc.
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273:, permafrost levels have become unstable, and there is a historic degradation of permafrost levels all over Antarctica.
111:
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Parish, Thomas R. (1983). "The influence of the Antarctic Peninsula on the wind field over the western Weddell Sea".
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has contributed to ocean mass; the Larsen A and B ice shelves that fell in 1995 and 2002 were of considerable mass.
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Elliot, David H. (1988), "Tectonic setting and evolution of the James Ross Basin, northern Antarctic Peninsula",
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741:, Geological Society of America Memoirs, vol. 169, Geological Society of America, pp. 541–556,
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Nordenskjöld, Otto (1911). "Antarctic Nature, Illustrated by a Description of North-West Antarctica".
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Region, off the Antarctic Peninsula, and the change from fine anoxic to coarse clastic sedimentation.
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1093:"Mass loss of Larsen B tributary glaciers (Antarctic Peninsula) unabated since 2002"
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Hobbs, William H.; Nordenskjold, Otto (1912). "The Swedish South Polar Expedition".
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and the expedition left Sweden on 16 September 1901 to explore Antarctica and the
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1207:"Ice shelf thickness over Larsen C, Antarctica, derived from satellite altimetry"
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ThenNorthern area of the Antarctic Peninsula, including the Nordenskjöld Coast,
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Berthier, Etienne; Scambos, Ted A.; Shuman, Christopher A. (July 2012).
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Nordenskjöld, Otto (1906). "The New Era in South-Polar Exploration".
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Geology and Paleontology of Seymour Island Antarctic Peninsula
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crust, the super ocean that surrounded the supercontinent of
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Overview of the Larsen ice caps on the Antarctic Peninsula
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251:along the Antarctic Peninsula. The melting of the
903:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
176:Antarctica used to be part of the supercontinent
110:, a Norwegian explorer and whaler, during the
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456:Bulletin of the American Geographical Society
165:The Nordenskjöld coast is located in eastern
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232:The climate of the Nordenskjöld Coast is an
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1205:Griggs, J. A.; Bamber, J. L. (2009-10-03).
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102:The Nordenskjöld Coast was discovered by
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297:scientists to better estimate the
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293:is regulated by the ice shelves.
58:Coordinates: 64° 30' S 60° 30' W)
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1264: This article incorporates
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945:"Nordenskjöld Coast, Antarctica"
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1281:United States Geological Survey
1043:Journal of Geophysical Research
1007:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.10.018
570:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.10.012
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1211:Geophysical Research Letters
1165:10.1016/0025-3227(89)90153-9
1100:Geophysical Research Letters
923:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.109419
603:Geophysical Research Letters
112:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
1323:Coasts and plateaus of the
987:Global and Planetary Change
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550:Quaternary Science Reviews
220:Climate and climate change
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862:10.1017/s0954102095000253
806:10.1017/s0954102089000398
653:The North American Review
425:10.1017/s0954102003001615
372:10.1017/S0032247400004332
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691:The Geographical Journal
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1725:Louis Philippe Plateau
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1791:Coasts of Graham Land
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1271:"Nordenskjöld Coast"
1232:10.1029/2009GL039527
1121:10.1029/2012gl051755
623:10.1002/2014gl061613
1325:Antarctic Peninsula
1223:2009GeoRL..3619501G
1157:1989MGeol..85..181G
1112:2012GeoRL..3913501B
1055:1983JGR....88.2684P
999:2013GPC...100..215B
915:2020PPP...537j9419K
854:1995AntSc...7..191S
798:1989AntSc...1..269W
747:10.1130/mem169-p541
615:2014GeoRL..41.8123R
562:2012QSRv...31...30D
508:Geographical Review
417:2003AntSc..15..503E
131:Antarctic Peninsula
86: • Length
67:Antarctic Peninsula
27:Coast in Antarctica
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141:, located off the
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34:Nordenskjöld Coast
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1461:Buttress Nunataks
1363:Trinity Peninsula
1333:North to south:
842:Antarctic Science
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609:(22): 8123–8129.
405:Antarctic Science
287:Larsen A, B and C
260:Trinity Peninsula
171:Trinity Peninsula
143:Trinity Peninsula
127:Otto Nordenskjöld
108:Carl Anton Larsen
104:Otto Nordenskjöld
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1625:Wilkins Coast
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1593:Bowman Coast
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1467:English Coast
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1399:Graham Coast
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1381:Cape Sterneck
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1369:Cape Kjellman
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1765:Dyer Plateau
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1619:Cape Agassiz
1617:
1599:Cape Agassiz
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1561:
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1550:Cape Longing
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1455:Rymill Coast
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1427:
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1411:Loubet Coast
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1375:Davis Coast
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1099:
1049:(C4): 2684.
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952:. Retrieved
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359:Polar Record
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1637:Black Coast
1610:Palmer Land
1536:Graham Land
1449:Cape Jeremy
1440:Palmer Land
1429:Cape Jeremy
1405:Cape Bellue
1393:Cape Renard
1387:Danco Coast
1355:Graham Land
1106:(13): n/a.
993:: 215–223.
282:Ice shelves
214:K-Ar dating
206:Panthalassa
199:Weddell Sea
167:Graham Land
1780:Categories
1675:Cape Adams
1655:Cape Adams
1631:Cape Boggs
1581:Foyn Coast
1528:East coast
1347:West coast
1337:• Coast •
949:mindat.org
909:: 109419.
514:(1): 172.
462:(7): 514.
337:2020-05-27
314:References
267:Permafrost
81:Dimensions
1249:128869914
1241:0094-8276
1173:0025-3227
1130:0094-8276
1071:0148-0227
1015:0921-8181
931:0031-0182
878:129744869
870:0954-1020
822:129353269
814:0954-1020
711:0016-7398
665:0029-2397
631:0094-8276
578:0277-3791
556:: 30–66.
476:0190-5929
441:140662609
433:0954-1020
381:0032-2474
301:changes.
299:sea level
249:ice sheet
245:ice shelf
188:Geography
135:Antarctic
122:Discovery
673:25105669
307:glaciers
277:Ice caps
178:Gondwana
89:50 miles
63:Location
1339:Feature
1335:Feature
1285:
1219:Bibcode
1153:Bibcode
1108:Bibcode
1051:Bibcode
995:Bibcode
911:Bibcode
850:Bibcode
794:Bibcode
719:1779042
611:Bibcode
558:Bibcode
413:Bibcode
210:Pangaea
161:Geology
73:Geology
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954:24 May
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1096:(PDF)
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818:S2CID
715:JSTOR
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524:JSTOR
480:JSTOR
437:S2CID
1237:ISSN
1169:ISSN
1126:ISSN
1067:ISSN
1011:ISSN
956:2020
927:ISSN
866:ISSN
810:ISSN
751:ISBN
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661:ISSN
627:ISSN
574:ISSN
472:ISSN
429:ISSN
377:ISSN
95:The
1227:doi
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991:100
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907:537
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367:doi
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