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607:, wanted someone with both a solid academic background and a high standing within the project. Oppenheimer recommended Bradbury. This was agreeable to Groves, who liked the fact that as a naval officer Bradbury was both a military man and a scientist. Bradbury accepted the offer on a six-month trial basis.
819:
set in, and his right leg was amputated below the knee. It spread to his left leg, and part of his left foot was amputated, leaving him in a wheelchair. The disease eventually proved fatal, and he died on August 20, 1997. He was survived by his wife Lois, who died in
January 1998, and his three sons.
689:
As the future became more certain, Bradbury began looking for a new site for the laboratory away from the crowded town center. In 1948, Bradbury submitted a proposal to the Atomic Energy
Commission for a new $ 107 million facility on the South Mesa, linked to the town by a new bridge over the canyon.
735:
For many years, Bradbury was responsible for much of the administration of the town of Los Alamos. The town established impressive health and education facilities. Eventually the new technical area was built outside the town, and on
February 18, 1957, the security gates were taken down. Finally, the
693:
All this time, Bradbury remained nominally a professor in absentia at
Stanford. The Los Alamos Laboratory was nominally run under a wartime contract with the University of California, but a clause in the contract allowed the University to terminate the contract three months after the end of the war.
669:
Bradbury pushed continued development of nuclear weapons to take them from laboratory devices to production models. There were numerous improvements that could make them more safe, reliable and easy to store and handle, and make more efficient use of scarce fissionable materiel. While
Bradbury gave
653:
for Theory, Max Roy for
Explosives, and Roger Wagner for Ordnance. The number of personnel at Los Alamos plummeted from its wartime peak of over 3,000 to around 1,000, but many were still living in temporary wartime accommodation. To make matters worse, the water pipe to Los Alamos froze and the
743:
for "exceptionally meritorious civilian service to the Armed Forces and the United States of
America in a position of great responsibility as director, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory". His citation went on to say that "The outstanding international reputation of the Los Alamos Laboratory is
283:
Bradbury took charge at Los Alamos at a difficult time. Staff were leaving in droves, living conditions were poor and there was a possibility that the laboratory would close. He managed to persuade enough staff to stay and got the
University of California to renew the contract to manage the
284:
laboratory. He pushed continued development of nuclear weapons, transforming them from laboratory devices to production models. Numerous improvements made them safer, more reliable and easier to store and handle, and made more efficient use of scarce fissionable materiel.
799:
marched on the home of Ferrel Heady, the president of the
University of New Mexico. When he refused to meet with them, the students called a strike. Classes were cancelled, rallies were held and students occupied the Student Union Building. Cargo called in the
44:
614:
for his wartime services. He remained in the Naval
Reserve, though, ultimately retiring in 1961 with the rank of captain. On October 16, 1945, there was a ceremony at Los Alamos at which Groves presented the laboratory with the
367:. At Pomona, he met Lois Platt, an English Literature major who was the sister of his college roommate. They were married in 1933, and had three sons, James, John, and David. Norris was an active member of an Episcopal church.
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2722:
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directly attributable to his exceptional leadership. The United States is indebted to Dr. Bradbury and his laboratory, to a very large degree, for our present nuclear capability." He also received the
327:, on May 30, 1909, one of four children of Edwin Perley Bradbury and his wife Elvira née Clausen. One sister died as an infant, and the family adopted twins Bobby and Betty, both of whom served in the
626:
would be quickly passed by Congress and the wartime Manhattan Project would be superseded by a new, permanent organization. It soon became clear that this would take more than six months. President
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142:
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Most of the scientists at Los Alamos were eager to return to their laboratories and universities, and by February 1946 all of the wartime division heads had left, but a talented core remained.
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under Parsons to carry out the Manhattan Project's ultimate mission: the preparation and delivery of nuclear weapons in combat. Bradbury was transferred to Project Alberta to head the
545:
At Los Alamos, Bradbury became head of E-5, the Implosion Experimentation Group, which put him in charge of the implosion field test program. In August, the laboratory's director,
694:
The university duly served notice, but Bradbury managed to get it rescinded, and in 1948 the contract was renewed. In 1951, he became a professor at the University of California.
553:'s new Explosives Division (X Division), and was renumbered X-1. At this point, Bradbury was leading some of the most critical work at the laboratory, as it struggled with the
489:
Bradbury was called up for service in World War II in early 1941, although the Navy allowed him to stay at Stanford until the end of the academic year. He was then sent to the
2697:
2727:
2677:
600:
Oppenheimer submitted his resignation as director of the Los Alamos Laboratory, but remained until a successor could be found. The director of the Manhattan Project,
776:, and as a member of the boards of the Los Alamos Medical Center, the First National Bank of Santa Fe, the Los Alamos YMCA and the Santa Fe Neurological Society.
490:
772:, invited him to become a senior consultant, but Bradbury declined the offer, although he did serve as a consultant for other government agencies, including the
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729:
308:
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580:. "For me to say", Bradbury later recalled, "I had any deep emotional thoughts about Trinity... I didn't. I was just damned pleased that it went off."
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into law until August 1, 1946, and it did not become active until January 1, 1947. In the meantime, Groves' legal authority to act was limited.
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416:
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593:
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over the degree of priority given to thermonuclear weapons development led to the creation of a second nuclear weapons laboratory, the
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375:
104:
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1900:
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1600:
717:
619:, and presented Oppenheimer with a certificate of appreciation. Bradbury became the laboratory's second director the following day.
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that spoiled the perfect spherical shape desired for the implosion process. These were examined with a combination of magnetic,
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priority to improved fission weapons, research still continued on "Alarm Clock", a boosted nuclear weapon, and the "
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1501:
542:. Bradbury was less than enthusiastic about the prospect, but he was a naval officer, and ultimately agreed to go.
443:
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in 1935, rising to become an associate professor in 1938, and a full professor in 1943. He became an expert on the
328:
616:
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2593:
2450:
2445:
1691:. A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
801:
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assembly group. In July 1945, Bradbury supervised the preparation of "the Gadget", as the bomb was known, at the
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64:
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water had to be supplied by tanker trucks. Despite the reduced staff, Bradbury still had to provide support for
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458:
187:
990:
Bradbury, Norris E. (May 1931). "The Mobility of Aged Ions in Air in Relation to the Nature of Gaseous Ions".
2527:
2424:
1979:
531:
481:
432:
312:
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over the priority given to their development led to the creation of a rival nuclear weapons laboratory, the
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1974:
1969:
1964:
1939:
780:
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364:
277:
83:
1108:
1042:
Norris E. Bradbury and Russel A. Nielsen (1936). "Absolute Values of the Electron Mobility in Hydrogen".
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352:
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1954:
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A funeral service was held in Los Alamos, and he was buried at Guaje Pines Cemetery in Los Alamos.
683:
679:
645:'s G division, now renamed M Division. Eric Jette became responsible for Chemistry and Metallurgy,
550:
498:
420:
344:
340:
264:, who personally chose Bradbury for the position of director after working closely with him on the
182:
397:, encouraged Bradbury to apply for a commission as a naval reservist. Bradbury's commission as an
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2075:
2015:
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1506:
764:
Bradbury with his predecessor Robert Oppenheimer at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1964
523:
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405:
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732:(NERVA). The laboratory demonstrated the feasibility and value of nuclear rocket propulsion.
2641:
2517:
2316:
2301:
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2241:
2095:
2050:
1725:
Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945
1714:
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1100:
1061:
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860:
836:
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Parsons arranged for Bradbury to be quickly discharged from the Navy, which awarded him the
522:
In June 1944, Bradbury received orders from Parsons, who was now the deputy director of the
218:
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The first months of Bradbury's directorship were particularly difficult. He had hoped that
393:
As well as supervising Bradbury's thesis, Loeb, who had served as a naval reservist during
240:
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2191:
2181:
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2010:
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992:
627:
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223:
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1096:
1057:
1005:
856:
518:, July 1945. Bradbury stands next to the partially assembled Gadget atop the test tower.
511:
2605:
2465:
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2231:
2176:
2166:
2161:
2080:
2005:
1934:
1723:
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town became an incorporated community and the director's civic responsibilities ended.
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535:
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348:
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292:
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638:
515:
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332:
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17:
378:, where he was a teaching fellow from 1929 to 1931. He submitted a PhD thesis on
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2321:
2286:
2261:
2206:
2110:
2100:
1984:
1081:"Design and construction of a mechanically simple, interdigitated-wire ion gate"
784:
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Bradbury (left) in front of the Kiwi B4-A reactor used to power a nuclear rocket
554:
394:
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2414:
2151:
2141:
2070:
809:
796:
768:
Bradbury retired as director of Los Alamos Laboratory in 1970. His successor,
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273:
43:
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In the mid-1990s, Bradbury accidentally hit his leg while chopping firewood.
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1949:
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became the first nuclear weapon to be mass-produced on an assembly line.
2542:
2409:
805:
791:, but this was a turbulent time for the university. In response to the
573:
371:
169:
1104:
1928:
865:
840:
202:
1860:
303:
to develop the laboratory's role in nuclear science, and during the
1593:
Target Hiroshima: Deak Parsons and the Creation of the Atomic Bomb
759:
660:
587:
558:
510:
480:
1446:
1444:
1442:
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1959:
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to develop the laboratory's role in nuclear science. During the
562:
1864:
1345:
1343:
932:"Mysteries at the Museum: A Real Life Experience in los Alamos"
1464:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"
1306:
1304:
1295:
1264:
1262:
1241:
1205:
1181:
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in 1970. In 1971, he received the Golden Plate Award of the
741:
Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service
549:, implemented a sweeping reorganization. E-5 became part of
455:
Journal of Atmospheric Electricity and Terrestrial Magnetism
143:
Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service
1786:
1985 Audio Interview with Norris Bradbury by Martin Sherwin
1025:
1023:
534:. Parsons explained that he needed Bradbury to work on the
592:
Bradbury (left) sits at a table with Leslie Groves of the
2723:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
1622:. Los Alamos, New Mexico: Los Alamos Historical Society.
1657:. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
716:
In later years, Bradbury branched out, constructing the
1754:
Inventing Los Alamos: The Growth of an Atomic Community
419:, Bradbury became an assistant professor of physics at
252:(May 30, 1909 – August 20, 1997), was an American
2577:
299:. In later years, he branched out, constructing the
2433:
2402:
2335:
2124:
1993:
1907:
1565:
Norris E. Bradbury 1909–1996: A Biographical Memoir
678:design. The new fission designs were tested during
272:. Bradbury was in charge of the final assembly of "
233:
217:
201:
175:
165:
129:
114:
91:
72:
50:
34:
1809:"Interview with Norris Bradbury, 1986 [2]"
1793:"Interview with Norris Bradbury, 1986 [1]"
1722:
2738:UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science alumni
287:In the 1950s Bradbury oversaw the development of
701:, and thermonuclear tests were conducted during
461:, a type of electrical ion gate, widely used in
347:, graduating at the age of 16. He then attended
1217:
1193:
1157:
1595:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
1571:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
1450:
1409:
1322:
1310:
1268:
951:
918:
879:
1876:
1687:Hewlett, Richard G.; Duncan, Francis (1969).
1385:
1373:
1349:
1334:
730:Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Application
697:By 1951, the laboratory had come up with the
309:Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Application
260:for 25 years from 1945 to 1970. He succeeded
8:
1000:(10). American Physical Society: 1311–1319.
501:. Already working at Dahlgren were Loeb and
1079:Szumlas, Andrew W; Hieftje, Gary M (2005).
795:in May 1970, students and antiwar activist
363:in 1929. This earned him membership of the
307:of the 1960s, the laboratory developed the
1883:
1869:
1861:
1823:
42:
31:
2698:Scientists from Santa Barbara, California
1121:
965:"Studies on the Mobility of Gaseous Ions"
864:
2728:Fellows of the American Physical Society
2678:Los Alamos National Laboratory personnel
1756:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
1729:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
812:, replaced Bradbury and another regent.
787:, appointed Bradbury as a regent of the
208:Studies on the Mobility of Gaseous Ions
2584:
1717:; Henriksen, Paul W.; Meade, Roger A.;
1539:
1527:
1500:Layden, Dianne R. (November 26, 2013).
1487:
1433:
1397:
1361:
1280:
1253:
1229:
1133:
1029:
903:
891:
828:
804:to remove them, and eleven people were
724:of the 1960s, the laboratory worked on
435:, publishing in journals including the
380:Studies on the Mobility of Gaseous Ions
1421:
417:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
7:
658:, the nuclear tests in the Pacific.
594:Armed Forces Special Weapons Project
410:Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps
1618:Ebinger, Virginia Nylander (2006).
568:In March 1945, Oppenheimer created
2743:Military personnel from California
2683:People from Los Alamos, New Mexico
2348:Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
969:University of California, Berkeley
739:In 1966, Bradbury was awarded the
630:did not sign the act creating the
376:University of California, Berkeley
276:", detonated in July 1945 for the
105:University of California, Berkeley
25:
2703:Recipients of the Legion of Merit
841:"Obituary: Norris Edwin Bradbury"
718:Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility
301:Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility
2668:20th-century American physicists
2635:
2623:
2611:
2599:
2587:
2564:
2563:
1843:Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
705:. Tensions between Bradbury and
359:with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) in
239:
2693:People from Ontario, California
1788:Voices of the Manhattan Project
1502:"May 1970: The Bust at the SUB"
1472:American Academy of Achievement
750:American Academy of Achievement
370:Bradbury became interested in
291:, although a falling-out with
258:Los Alamos National Laboratory
256:who served as director of the
193:Los Alamos National Laboratory
124:Los Alamos National Laboratory
27:American physicist (1909–1997)
1:
2708:United States Navy reservists
2688:Enrico Fermi Award recipients
1811:. WGBH Educational Foundation
1795:. WGBH Educational Foundation
1648:; Anderson, Oscar E. (1962).
1591:Christman, Albert B. (1998).
711:Lawrence Livermore Laboratory
540:implosion-type nuclear weapon
374:and did graduate work at the
297:Lawrence Livermore Laboratory
2508:Oppenheimer security hearing
1620:Norris E. Bradbury 1909–1997
1424:, pp. 130–132, 218–219.
1388:, pp. 568–572, 584–584.
774:National Academy of Sciences
427:of gases, the properties of
323:Norris Bradbury was born in
2713:United States Navy officers
1218:Hewlett & Anderson 1962
1194:Hewlett & Anderson 1962
1158:Hewlett & Anderson 1962
1091:(8). AIP: 086108–086108–3.
485:Bradbury's Los Alamos badge
450:Journal of Chemical Physics
335:. Bradbury was educated at
2759:
1451:Agnew & Schreiber 1998
1410:Agnew & Schreiber 1998
1323:Agnew & Schreiber 1998
1311:Agnew & Schreiber 1998
1269:Agnew & Schreiber 1998
952:Agnew & Schreiber 1998
919:Agnew & Schreiber 1998
880:Agnew & Schreiber 1998
471:ion mobility spectrometers
444:Journal of Applied Physics
408:, who was the head of the
355:, from which he graduated
329:United States Marine Corps
2561:
2451:Bismuth phosphate process
2446:Atomic Energy Act of 1946
1898:
1849:
1839:
1831:
1826:
1386:Hewlett & Duncan 1969
1374:Hewlett & Duncan 1969
1350:Hewlett & Duncan 1969
1335:Hewlett & Duncan 1969
802:New Mexico National Guard
624:Atomic Energy Act of 1946
412:at Berkeley at the time.
388:National Research Council
382:under the supervision of
325:Santa Barbara, California
238:
229:
158:
65:Santa Barbara, California
41:
2673:Manhattan Project people
1689:Atomic Shield, 1947–1952
1651:The New World, 1939–1946
789:University of New Mexico
632:Atomic Energy Commission
459:Bradbury-Nielsen shutter
188:University of California
2528:S-1 Executive Committee
2476:Einstein–Szilard letter
1014:10.1103/PhysRev.37.1311
596:(center) and Eric Jette
532:Albuquerque, New Mexico
469:mass spectrometers and
433:atmospheric electricity
425:electrical conductivity
415:After two years at the
315:is named in his honor.
313:Bradbury Science Museum
1970:Salt Wells Pilot Plant
1719:Westfall, Catherine L.
1111:on September 29, 2011.
1066:10.1103/PhysRev.49.388
781:governor of New Mexico
765:
666:
597:
584:Director of Los Alamos
519:
486:
431:, and the behavior of
365:Phi Beta Kappa Society
84:Los Alamos, New Mexico
2733:Pomona College alumni
2548:X-10 Graphite Reactor
2503:Nobel Prize laureates
2373:509th Composite Group
808:. Cargo's successor,
763:
676:thermonuclear weapons
664:
605:Leslie R. Groves, Jr.
591:
528:Los Alamos Laboratory
514:
484:
353:Claremont, California
337:Hollywood High School
289:thermonuclear weapons
250:Norris Edwin Bradbury
120:J. Robert Oppenheimer
2718:Mass spectrometrists
2456:British contribution
2358:Operation Peppermint
2353:Operation Crossroads
2212:Maria Goeppert Mayer
1752:Hunner, Jon (2004).
1560:Schreiber, Raemer E.
1296:Hoddeson et al. 1993
1244:, pp. 3625–626.
1242:Hoddeson et al. 1993
1206:Hoddeson et al. 1993
1182:Hoddeson et al. 1993
1170:Hoddeson et al. 1993
1146:Hoddeson et al. 1993
793:Kent State Shootings
703:Operation Greenhouse
656:Operation Crossroads
578:Trinity nuclear test
491:Naval Proving Ground
403:Lieutenant Commander
386:, and was awarded a
2217:George Kistiakowsky
2172:Charles Critchfield
1827:Government offices
1646:Hewlett, Richard G.
1530:, pp. 190–193.
1490:, pp. 187–188.
1468:www.achievement.org
1376:, pp. 539–542.
1298:, pp. 398–402.
1208:, pp. 367–368.
1184:, pp. 272–277.
1097:2005RScI...76h6108S
1058:1936PhRv...49..388B
1006:1931PhRv...37.1311B
857:1998PhT....51a..74S
684:Mark 4 nuclear bomb
680:Operation Sandstone
617:Army-Navy "E" Award
551:George Kistiakowsky
499:external ballistics
421:Stanford University
345:Ontario, California
341:Chaffey High School
183:Stanford University
122:as director of the
2618:History of science
2594:Nuclear technology
2282:Henry DeWolf Smyth
2061:Robert Oppenheimer
2016:Priscilla Duffield
1835:Robert Oppenheimer
766:
746:Enrico Fermi Award
699:Teller-Ulam design
667:
598:
547:Robert Oppenheimer
520:
495:Dahlgren, Virginia
487:
457:. He invented the
262:Robert Oppenheimer
149:Enrico Fermi Award
18:Norris E. Bradbury
2575:
2574:
2497:Los Alamos Primer
2486:Interim Committee
2441:African Americans
2393:The Great Artiste
2252:Isidor Isaac Rabi
2247:Norman Ramsey Jr.
2046:Franklin Matthias
1985:Heavy water sites
1892:Manhattan Project
1859:
1858:
1850:Succeeded by
1763:978-0-8061-3891-6
1715:Hoddeson, Lillian
1507:Santa Fe Reporter
1436:, pp. 91–92.
1364:, pp. 88–90.
1337:, pp. 58–59.
1256:, pp. 82–83.
1105:10.1063/1.2006308
1085:Rev. Sci. Instrum
1032:, pp. 69–70.
906:, pp. 63–68.
837:Seaborg, Glenn T.
728:, developing the
524:Manhattan Project
463:mass spectrometry
406:Chester W. Nimitz
266:Manhattan Project
247:
246:
160:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
2750:
2640:
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2638:
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2616:
2615:
2614:
2604:
2603:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2583:
2567:
2566:
2518:Quebec Agreement
2302:John von Neumann
2242:George B. Pegram
2051:Dorothy McKibbin
1885:
1878:
1871:
1862:
1841:Director of the
1832:Preceded by
1824:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1775:
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1728:
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1516:
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1491:
1485:
1476:
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1460:
1454:
1453:, pp. 9–10.
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839:(January 1998).
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536:explosive lenses
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2192:Richard Feynman
2182:John R. Dunning
2157:Norris Bradbury
2120:
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2056:Kenneth Nichols
2036:Ernest Lawrence
2011:James B. Conant
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628:Harry S. Truman
612:Legion of Merit
586:
570:Project Alberta
538:required by an
530:, to report to
479:
438:Physical Review
384:Leonard B. Loeb
357:summa cum laude
321:
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2466:Chicago Pile-1
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2434:Related topics
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2018:
2013:
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2006:Arthur Compton
2003:
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1994:Administrators
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1780:External links
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2317:Robert Wilson
2315:
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2265:
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2001:Vannevar Bush
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1736:0-521-44132-3
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1602:1-55750-120-3
1598:
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1557:
1556:Agnew, Harold
1553:
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1400:, p. 93.
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1286:
1283:, p. 98.
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1259:
1255:
1250:
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1238:
1235:
1232:, p. 79.
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1199:
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1159:
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1151:
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1142:
1139:
1136:, p. 71.
1135:
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1123:
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1098:
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1059:
1055:
1052:(5): 388–93.
1051:
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927:
924:
921:, p. 11.
920:
915:
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909:
905:
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897:
894:, p. 62.
893:
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846:
845:Physics Today
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747:
742:
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733:
731:
727:
726:Project Rover
723:
719:
714:
712:
708:
707:Edward Teller
704:
700:
695:
691:
687:
685:
682:in 1948. The
681:
677:
673:
663:
659:
657:
652:
649:for Physics,
648:
644:
643:Robert Bacher
640:
635:
633:
629:
625:
620:
618:
613:
608:
606:
603:
602:Major General
595:
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552:
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541:
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497:, to work on
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314:
311:(NERVA). The
310:
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302:
298:
294:
293:Edward Teller
290:
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271:
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53:
49:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
2553:Y-12 Project
2538:Smyth Report
2533:S-50 Project
2495:
2491:K-25 Project
2420:Pumpkin bomb
2391:
2384:
2377:
2307:John Wheeler
2277:Louis Slotin
2272:Emilio Segrè
2222:George Koval
2202:James Franck
2187:Enrico Fermi
2156:
2132:Luis Alvarez
2091:Paul Tibbets
2066:Deak Parsons
1853:Harold Agnew
1840:
1815:February 26,
1813:. Retrieved
1799:February 26,
1797:. Retrieved
1753:
1724:
1688:
1676:. Retrieved
1650:
1619:
1592:
1580:. Retrieved
1564:
1540:Ebinger 2006
1535:
1528:Ebinger 2006
1523:
1513:February 25,
1511:. Retrieved
1505:
1495:
1488:Ebinger 2006
1467:
1458:
1434:Ebinger 2006
1429:
1417:
1412:, p. 8.
1405:
1398:Ebinger 2006
1393:
1381:
1369:
1362:Ebinger 2006
1357:
1330:
1325:, p. 6.
1318:
1313:, p. 5.
1281:Ebinger 2006
1276:
1271:, p. 9.
1254:Ebinger 2006
1249:
1237:
1230:Ebinger 2006
1225:
1213:
1201:
1189:
1177:
1165:
1153:
1141:
1134:Ebinger 2006
1129:
1117:
1109:the original
1088:
1084:
1074:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1030:Ebinger 2006
997:
991:
985:
975:February 26,
973:. Retrieved
959:
954:, p. 4.
926:
904:Ebinger 2006
899:
892:Ebinger 2006
887:
882:, p. 3.
875:
851:(1): 74–75.
848:
844:
831:
814:
779:In 1969 the
778:
770:Harold Agnew
767:
738:
734:
715:
696:
692:
688:
668:
639:Darol Froman
636:
621:
609:
599:
567:
565:techniques.
544:
521:
516:Trinity Test
506:Deak Parsons
488:
477:World War II
454:
448:
442:
436:
414:
392:
390:fellowship.
379:
369:
333:World War II
322:
286:
282:
278:Trinity test
270:World War II
249:
248:
207:
176:Institutions
159:
78:(1997-08-20)
61:May 30, 1909
29:
2663:1997 deaths
2658:1909 births
2368:Silverplate
2322:Leona Woods
2287:Leo Szilard
2262:Bruno Rossi
2207:Klaus Fuchs
2111:Ed Westcott
2101:Harold Urey
1422:Hunner 2004
785:David Cargo
395:World War I
2652:Categories
2471:Demon core
2415:Little Boy
2336:Operations
2152:Niels Bohr
2142:Hans Bethe
2125:Scientists
2071:Boris Pash
1950:Los Alamos
1847:1945–1970
1549:References
810:Bruce King
797:Jane Fonda
756:Later life
722:Space Race
453:, and the
319:Early life
305:Space Race
274:the Gadget
118:Succeeded
57:1909-05-30
2642:Biography
2513:Plutonium
2379:Enola Gay
2197:Val Fitch
2147:Aage Bohr
2096:Bud Uanna
1965:Oak Ridge
1772:154690200
1678:March 26,
1673:637004643
806:bayoneted
503:Commander
361:chemistry
254:physicist
234:Signature
92:Education
2569:Category
2425:Thin Man
2386:Bockscar
1980:Wendover
1960:New York
1955:Montreal
1945:Inyokern
1920:Berkeley
1901:Timeline
1745:26764320
1721:(1993).
1638:62408863
1611:38257982
1582:April 6,
1577:79388516
1562:(1998).
817:Gangrene
465:in both
2606:Physics
2580:Portals
2543:Uranium
2410:Fat Man
2403:Weapons
1975:Trinity
1940:Hanford
1925:Chicago
1707:3717478
1093:Bibcode
1054:Bibcode
1002:Bibcode
853:Bibcode
574:Fat Man
372:physics
331:during
268:during
170:Physics
1935:Dayton
1929:Site A
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399:ensign
212:(1932)
210:
203:Thesis
166:Fields
151:(1970)
145:(1966)
139:(1945)
130:Awards
1908:Sites
1655:(PDF)
1569:(PDF)
824:Notes
674:", a
672:Super
559:X-ray
107:(PhD)
1915:Ames
1817:2014
1801:2014
1768:OCLC
1758:ISBN
1741:OCLC
1731:ISBN
1703:OCLC
1693:ISBN
1680:2013
1669:OCLC
1659:ISBN
1634:OCLC
1624:ISBN
1607:OCLC
1597:ISBN
1584:2013
1573:OCLC
1515:2014
977:2014
563:RaLa
561:and
555:jets
429:ions
339:and
101:(BA)
86:, US
73:Died
67:, US
51:Born
1101:doi
1062:doi
1010:doi
861:doi
526:'s
493:at
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