243:. President Roosevelt vetoed Canadian and British plans for the occupation of the island. In 1940, Greenland was subject to a U.S. protectorate enforced by the U.S. Coast Guard, and a survey for airfields was made. On 9 April 1941, the United States signed a treaty with the defected Danish Ambassador in Washington, allowing for unlimited U.S. military use of the island. The agreement, after explicitly recognizing Danish sovereignty over Greenland, granted to the United States the right to locate and construct aircraft landing fields and other facilities for the defense of Greenland and for the defense of the North American continent. President Roosevelt then authorized the War Department to build airfields and other facilities in Greenland. The United States had also taken over the defense of Iceland under an agreement with Britain in July 1941, relieving the British Empire troops then in Iceland. United States Army engineers began improving the airstrips previously begun by the British.
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World War II, performed any necessary servicing on aircraft transiting over North
Atlantic route. In addition, beginning in early 1943, it acquired the additional mission of training engineer aviation personnel and staging hundreds of 4-engined heavy bombers and preparing them for the overseas flight to European and Mediterranean combat theaters. Jurisdiction transferred to Air Transport Command March 1944. Controlled by 1379th AAFBU, North Atlantic Division, ATC. Over 8,400 aircraft passed through Dow in 1944, and approximately 2,150 in the last five months of the European conflict in 1945. After the end of the European war in May 1945, Dow was a stop on the return leg for aircraft returning to the United States, and remained part of ATC's North Atlantic Transport route for strategic air transportation between the United States and the United Kingdom. Placed on standby status May 1946.
1503:. Rebuilt in new location with longer wider runways. Turned over to Air Transport Command, 1 June 1943 for long-distance transports arriving from Stephenville Air Base, Newfoundland and aircraft being ferried to England from the Azores. Operated by 1406th AAFBU, ATC European Division. Served as hub for North African Division, ATC flights from French Morocco, along with ferried aircraft over the South Atlantic Route by ATC South Atlantic Division originating in South Florida. Was also terminal for ferrying of aircraft to Twelfth Air Force in French West Africa and Tunisia from United Kingdom, along with transport of supplies and materiel. From 1943 it was also used by RAF Ferry Command and
410:. On 1 December 1943, British and United States military representatives at RAF Lagens Field signed a joint agreement outlining the roles and responsibilities for the USAAF and United States Navy use of RAF Lagens Field. In return, the US agreed to assist the British in improving and extending existing facilities at Lagens. Air Transport Command transport planes began landing at Lagens Field immediately after the agreement was signed. Prime Minister Salazar gave his consent to the arrangement with the understanding the Americans would be under British control. By the end of June 1944, more than 1,900 American airplanes had passed through these two airfields in the Azores. The
739:, an air distance of 2,357 miles (3,793 km). Was capable by use of the largest United States aircraft and was the largest military airfield located outside of the Continental United States when constructed. The base became a frequent stopping and refueling point for USAAF aircraft crossing the Atlantic in both directions. Remained active after the war, renamed Ernest Harmon Air Force Base in 1948. Turned over to Canadian national government in 1966 with expiration of United States agreement with Canada for use of military bases.
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airfield between bases in
Bermuda, Great Britain and French Morocco. Air Transport Command traffic increased from approximately 90 planes in January 1944 to more than 600 planes in June 1944. By the end of June 1944 more than 1,900 American aircraft had passed through the base. In order for aircraft to operate on schedule, a 45-minute period was the average time limit allowed to service the aircraft after landing United States granted military rights, September 1946, remained active as
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Eastern United States could be flown north over
Ontario or Quebec to Greenland as well, avoiding the often stormy North Atlantic. Several airfields were developed in northern Canada, and the route was tested by some RAF aircraft, however the project was ended in 1943 by the development of the Mid-Atlantic Route from Florida to the Azores and never fully developed.
1941:
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military aircraft in the United States revived interest in intermediate airfields along the "stepping stone" of the North
Atlantic. Although airports existed in Newfoundland, and Britain built an airfield in Reykjavik, Iceland (1940), the only practical way to get short-range aircraft to Europe was by cargo ship.
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Seized from Vichy French control as part of
Operation Torch, November 1942. Became ATC base, operated by 1251st AAFBU, North African Division, ATC. Received ferried aircraft on South Atlantic route primarily from Roberts Field, Liberia, supporting Twelfth Air Force. Air route to Azores 1,140 miles
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base, jurisdiction assumed by Air
Transport Command on 1 January 1944. Grenier became the headquarters of the North Atlantic Division of Air Transport Command (ATC), its primary mission was the ferrying of aircraft from the United States to Great Britain. Operated by 1377th AAFBU, ATC. Approximately
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over Canada to
Greenland using Arctic air routes. This route had the advantage of avoiding the poor weather over the North Atlantic by flying over the high latitudes of northern Canada to Greenland, then across Greenland to Iceland and on to Great Britain. Aircraft manufactured in the Midwest and
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569 miles (916 km) from
Presque Isle. Established in 1941 by RCAF, became joint airfield with United States AAF and Royal Air Force. Became part of Newfoundland Base Command. In 1943, RCAF Station Goose Bay was the busiest airport in the world transiting aircraft being ferried to Greenland by
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1,000 miles (1,600 km) from Goose Bay. Established in 1941 by United States Army; operational in 1942. Alternate refueling/servicing stop in
Greenland for North Atlantic Route, also planned for use on Crimson Route over Canada. Used when weather in southern Greenland prohibited ferrying over
374:
The route was inaugurated in the spring of 1942, with large movements of aircraft taking place during the summer. Many serious problems were encountered, and the total loss rate on the route approached 10%. On 22 November Air
Transport Command suspended the transportation of passengers across the
164:
Although many air route surveys of the North Atlantic had been made in the 1930s, by the outbreak of World War II in Europe, civilian trans-Atlantic air service was just becoming a reality. It was soon suspended in favor of military activities. The increasing need for Britain and France to obtain
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2,145 miles (3,452 km) from Bermuda, 1,698 miles (2,733 km) from Newfoundland, 1,346 miles (2,166 km) from RAF St Mawgan. Usage rights obtained in December 1943 from British, former civil airport. Operated by 1390th AAFBU, North Atlantic Division, ATC, used as servicing/refueling
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748 miles (1,204 km) from BW-1, 455 miles (732 km) from BE-2. Built in 1941, headquarters of Iceland Base Command. Long runway used for ferrying of multi-engined aircraft. 1386th AAFBU, North Atlantic Division, ATC. Became NATO interceptor base during the Cold War as Keflavik Airport.
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Commercial airport taken over by USAAC in September 1941. Assigned to Air Service Command. Its initial mission was the maintenance and preparation of Lend-Lease aircraft bound for Great Britain, being transported by AAC Ferrying Command to RCAF Stations in Newfoundland. After American entry into
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Base, reassigned to Army Air Forces Ferrying Command (later Air Transport Command) on 19 January 1942, and for the balance of the war became Headquarters for the Caribbean Wing of ATC. Operated by 1103d AAFBU, ATC. Primary mission was to operate the South Atlantic Transport Route, although when
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467 miles (752 km) from RAF Vágar, 852 miles (1,371 km) from Iceland. Initial ATC base in United Kingdom for receiving ferried aircraft from the United States. 1403d AAFBU. Began operations in July 1941 as Eastern Terminus, Atlantic Division, Ferrying Command. Jan 1943 became HQ Air
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1,005 miles (1,617 km) from Morrison Field. Built by United States after basing rights obtained via Destroyers For Bases Agreement. Part of Bermuda Base Command, Ferrying operations began 1943 with opening of Mid-Atlantic route. 1389th AAFBU, North Atlantic Division, ATC. Performed
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776 miles (1,249 km) from Goose Bay. Established in 1941 by United States Army, operational in 1942. HQ Greenland Base Command. Primary refueling/servicing stop in Greenland for North Atlantic Route. Remained under United States Air Force control until 1958. Now a civilian airport.
19:
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by the British Army for the RAF. Used as a civil/military airfield during the war, also used by ATC as an overflow base. Turned over to Icelandic government in July 1946 and since then it has been operated by the Icelandic Civil Aviation Authority (now named Flugstoðir Airport).
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taken over by the Army Air Corps on 15 September 1941. 23d Ferrying Wing AAC Ferrying Command headquarters was established, later 1380th AAFBU, North Atlantic Division, ATC. June 1942 became HO ATC, North Atlantic Wing. The mission of the wing was to facilitate the transfer of
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North Atlantic for the duration of the winter. ATC traffic to Great Britain was diverted to the South Atlantic air ferry route in World War II. The distance to Britain by this route was significantly longer, but operations could be maintained on a year-round basis.
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on the continent, the need for the British to purchase replacement materiel from the United States was urgent. Aircraft ordered by France and also by the Netherlands were impounded. The aircraft purchased in the United States by Britain were flown to airports in
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643 miles (1,035 km) from Presque Isle. Established as civil airport, turned over to RCAF in 1940. Became part of Newfoundland Base Command. Heavily used by Ferrying Command and ATC for transporting military aircraft from Canada and the United States to the
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in Cornwall throughout the year. Single-engine aircraft, however, had to be ferried on the North Atlantic Route due to their shorter ranges. Also aircraft were ferried from Newfoundland via the Azores to Cornwall. This route was subsequently designated as the
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621 miles (999 km) from RAF Vágar, 979 miles (1,576 km) from Iceland. An established RAF Station, it was brought into use in April 1943 as an ATC base, 1407th AAFBU, European Division. Was the closest ATC controlled airfield to most of the USAAF
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Originally Svidningar field, used by Iceland Base Command as a fighter base for air defense, however also used by ATC as an overflow base for ferrying single-engine aircraft due to its short runways. USAAF air activity ended at the airfield in March 1947.
185:, partially dis-assembled and loaded on ships and transported to England where they were unloaded and re-assembled, a process that could take several weeks, not counting repairing any damage to the aircraft incurred in the shipment. In addition, German
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Built by United States, early 1944. Operated by 1391st AAFBU, North Atlantic Division, ATC. Used as overflow airfield for RAF Lagans. Later became Azores Air Transfer Station. Turned over to Portuguese Government, 1 September 1946, now civil airport.
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aircraft to England and act as an embarkation point for movement of Army Air Corps personnel and equipment. From Presque Isle, most ferried aircraft were flown to RCAF Station Gander, Newfoundland, then switching to Goose Bay, Labrador in
2165:
John D. Carter, "The Air Transport Command", The Army Air Forces in World War II, vol. 7, Services Around the World, ed. Wesley Frank Craven and James Lea Cate, 42, 44–45 (Washington, D.C., Office of Air Force History, new imprint,
731:. Specifically developed with long runways to accommodate large multi-engined aircraft capable of Trans-Atlantic crossings when equipped with internal auxiliary fuel tanks. Used by Air Transport Command for direct flights to
1945:
614:, and was operated as a Civil/Military airfield throughout the war. Presque Isle remained the primary point of departure on the North Atlantic Route throughout the war. Returned to civil control September 1945.
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375 miles (604 km) from BW-8. Established in 1942 by United States Army; evacuated in 1947 and now abandoned. In limited use as a refueling/servicing stop; also planned for use on Crimson Route over Canada.
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were a constant menace to shipping routes in the North Atlantic making it very hazardous for merchant shipping between Newfoundland and Great Britain. Larger aircraft could be flown to the UK and the
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Azores bases became available in the summer of 1943, also handled ferrying of long-range aircraft via Bermuda to United Kingdom. Also operated intermediate emergency refueling/servicing airfield at
2577:
Fletcher, Harry R. (1989) Air Force Bases Volume II, Active Air Force Bases outside the United States of America on 17 September 1982. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History.
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Under the Destroyers for Bases Agreement, the first United States troops arrived in Newfoundland on 29 January 1941. The first USAAF presence in Newfoundland came in May 1941 when six
100:
The route was developed as one of four major routes along which American and Canadian-built aircraft were ferried to the major combat areas. It originated at several Army Air Bases in
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519 miles (835 km) from RAF Vágar, 863 miles (1,389 km) from Iceland. Opened in 1941, ATC base established in June 1943, 1404th AAFBU, European Division. Detachment also at
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Using these new airfields in Newfoundland, Greenland and Iceland, land based air routes were developed to transport United States aircraft, soldiers and war supplies between the
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MacLeod, Malcolm (1986). Peace of the continent: The impact of Second World War Canadian and American bases in Newfoundland.. St. John's, Nfld.: Harry Cuff Publications.
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Transport Command, Eastern European Wing. Remained as primary terminus of North Atlantic route throughout the war. Under United States control until 31 May 1945.
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The air routes established allowed long range multi-engined aircraft fitted with auxiliary fuel tanks to be ferried from Morrison Field, in South Florida through
1911:
324:, a much more northerly base at Sondrestrom on the western coast of Greenland. Next year, on the east coast, an airfield was built 50 kilometres northeast of
1831:, November 1942. Became ATC base, operated by 1257th AAFBU, North African Division, ATC. Received ferried aircraft on South Atlantic route primarily from
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460 miles (740 km) from Presque Isle. Developed by the United States and Newfoundland as a ferrying staging field in mid-1941 as a result of the 1940
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region of eastern England. Sixty to seventy aircraft arrived each day, then forwarded to operational bases. Returned to sole RAF use in September 1945.
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31:
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direct route to Iceland. Remained under United States Air Force control until end of Cold War. Became Greenland's main airport after the war.
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to lease bases on Azores Islands to the British. The agreement was signed on 17 August 1943 and represented a key turning point in the
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391:. However, diplomatic efforts in 1943 based on the 570 year old Treaty of Windsor of 1373 helped persuade Portuguese Prime Minister
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was completed. In exchange for fifty obsolete destroyers, the U. S. got ninety-nine-year leases for air and naval bases in the
48:
297:. Captain Roosevelt also surveyed Iceland and Greenland and reported to his superiors on the air route development during the
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300–400 aircraft transited the airfield each month over North Atlantic Route. Placed on standby status on 30 October 1946.
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104:, which permitted short range single-engined aircraft to be flown to Britain using a series of intermediate airfields in
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Although Iceland was viewed as a part of Europe, Greenland was considered a part of North America and subject to the
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servicing/refueling en route to Azores. Remained active after World War II, became Kindley Air Force Base in 1948.
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1372:, Northern Ireland. Langford Lodge also was used as a servicing facility (403d Air Depot). Closed 30 June 1945.
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During the 1950s, MATS operated WB-50 Superfortress weather aircraft (28th Weather Squadron) from the base.
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491 miles (790 km) from Iceland. Used as refueling/servicing/emergency landing base. Built by British
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The Air Ferry Routes of WWII, including North Atlantic Route, South Atlantic Route and South Pacific Route
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Global Networks Before Globalisation: Imperial Airways and the Development of Long-Haul Air Routes
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The Crimson Route was a planned Great Circle route to ferry aircraft from manufacturing plants in
281:, the son of the president. He made the 1941 surveys that resulted in construction of airports at
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in Labrador. The other stations followed in October, but they were built by the United States.
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2177:"US Air Defense in the Northeast, Lydus H. Buss, USAF Continental Air Defense Command, 1957"
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1591:(Detachment, 1103d AAFBU), Freeport. Aircraft likely ferried over Mid-Atlantic Route from
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on 1 July 1942. The 23d Ferrying Wing was replaced by the ATC North Atlantic Division,
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120:. Long-range multi-engined aircraft could be flown from Newfoundland directly using
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359:, New Hampshire on 1 January 1944. The Royal Air Force counterpart organization was
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140:(MTO). Later in the war, air routes over the North Atlantic were developed from
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1839:. Air route to Azores 1,182 miles (1,902 km) established in January 1944.
434:. In addition, ATC ferried aircraft to French Morocco to support forces in the
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The British established RAF Lagens Field at an existing packed earth runway on
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allowing the Allies to provide aerial coverage in the middle of the Atlantic.
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Pre-war civil airport taken over by RAF initially as a satellite of nearby
336:, and became one of the major transport and supply routes of World War II.
363:(before mid-1941 known as RAF Atlantic Ferry Service and after March 1943
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Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving the United States
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name was used by both the British and Americans until it was changed to
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government only allowed German U-boats and navy ships to refuel in the
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MANCHESTER, NH AIRPORT (MHT) The World War Two Years by Tom Hildreth
236:. (Technically, not all bases were exchanged; some were "gifted.")
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in August 1941. In September 1941 Canada began the development of
155:
17:
1719:, active today as joint Portuguese Air Force/USAF/Civil Airport.
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Efforts on another front were also productive. Prior to 1943 the
1504:
1259:. Control of the islands reverted to Denmark following the war.
425:, Bermuda to one of the two airfields in the Azores. then on to
1949:
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in Greenland to build the air base that came to be known as
308:
In July 1941, the United States sent construction crews to
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1105th AAFBU. Placed in reserve status on 1 July 1947.
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The North Atlantic Route was initially operated by the
2553:"American Military Bases in Bermuda from 1941 to 1995"
2268:
Interesting facts about the Atlantic Air Routesof WWII
1968:. Toronto and Buffalo: University of Toronto Press.
2062:
The Early Development of Air Transport and Ferrying
2210:"Lajes Field History - The U.S. Enters the Azores"
197:was set up to manage this using civilian pilots.
406:and given the use of an additional airfield on
1907:South Atlantic air ferry route in World War II
2643:(Used for calculating great circle distances)
1966:Ocean Bridge The History of RAF Ferry Command
1912:South Pacific air ferry route in World War II
1894:(1,830 km) established in January 1944.
8:
351:, Maine. Ferrying Command was re-designated
798:(ETO) via Greenland and Iceland airfields.
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277:. Attached to the 21st Recon was Captain
2414:Historical buildings and sites in Iceland
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2080:The New Bases Acquired for old Destroyers
332:East 2). This air route was known as the
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1245:pre-emptive occupation by British forces
1073:Turned over to Iceland Government 2006.
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320:. The following October, work began on
77:on which aircraft were ferried from the
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1956:
1924:(Air Transport Command route to Alaska)
172:in June 1940, and the loss of much war
2667:Military history of the Atlantic Ocean
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2400:Establishing the Iceland Base Command
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610:The airport remained Corporate HQ of
7:
2619:. Mississauga: Winston Manor Press.
1950:Air Force Historical Research Agency
136:to support Allied air forces in the
93:to support combat operations in the
73:was a series of Air Routes over the
1241:Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers
436:Mediterranean Theater of Operations
138:Mediterranean Theatre of Operations
1507:. RAF control from February 1946.
1435:Air Force stations located in the
316:(BW-1), later the headquarters of
128:and southwest England; or via the
14:
2615:Biss RCAF Ret., F/L E.E. (2005).
341:23d Army Air Forces Ferrying Wing
1944: This article incorporates
1939:
345:Army Air Forces Ferrying Command
2641:Google Maps Distance Calculator
796:European Theater of Operations
725:Destroyers for Bases Agreement
202:Destroyers for Bases Agreement
95:European Theatre of Operations
71:North Atlantic air ferry route
1:
2029:Mitchell with Royal Air Force
365:No. 45 (North Atlantic) Group
347:, initially headquartered at
2672:Newfoundland in World War II
271:21st Reconnaissance Squadron
22:Air Transport Command emblem
2007:Curtiss P-40D (Kittyhawk I)
1849:Casablanca, French Morocco
1724:Santa Maria Island, Azores
551:Presque Isle Air Force Base
393:António de Oliveira Salazar
349:Presque Isle Army Air Field
195:Atlantic Ferry Organization
59:GPX (secondary coordinates)
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2018:Airacobra I for RAF, P-400
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1779:Marrakech, French Morocco
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132:to the UK or airfields in
2677:Greenland in World War II
1180:Built in October 1940 at
729:Newfoundland Base Command
200:On 2 September 1940, the
54:GPX (primary coordinates)
29:Map all coordinates using
2481:"RAF St Mawgan airfield"
2118:The North Atlantic Route
1670:Terceira Island, Azores
206:Dominion of Newfoundland
37:Download coordinates as:
2594:AFHRA Document 01099524
2538:AFHRA Document 00175886
2527:AFHRA Document 00178808
2516:AFHRA Document 00175860
2505:AFHRA Document 00193321
2494:AFHRA Document 00007558
2469:AFHRA Document 00497356
2447:AFHRA Document 00007547
2436:AFHRA Document 00097383
2425:AFHRA Document 00240544
2384:AFHRA Document 00180719
2356:AFHRA Document 00007448
2345:AFHRA Document 00171573
2334:AFHRA Document 00171555
2323:AFHRA Document 00176742
2312:AFHRA Document 00172847
2301:AFHRA Document 00172817
2279:AFHRA Document 00172794
1964:Christie, Carl (1995).
1917:Northwest Staging Route
438:(MTO) from the Azores.
124:routes to airfields in
1946:public domain material
1835:, Liberia, supporting
1251:in 1940 following the
804:RCAF Station Goose Bay
397:Battle of the Atlantic
318:Greenland Base Command
161:
23:
2682:1940s in Newfoundland
1994:15 April 2012 at the
1746:36.97444°N 25.16944°W
1692:38.76167°N 27.08806°W
1631:32.36611°N 64.68778°W
1560:26.68472°N 80.08917°W
1324:Northern Ireland, UK
1253:occupation of Denmark
1158:64.13000°N 21.94056°W
1103:63.95861°N 22.54944°W
1050:63.98417°N 22.60667°W
995:65.58306°N 37.61667°W
940:67.01056°N 50.70917°W
885:61.16667°N 45.43306°W
830:53.31917°N 60.42583°W
771:48.93694°N 54.56806°W
701:48.54389°N 58.55333°W
675:Stephenville Air Base
646:44.81417°N 68.83083°W
577:46.68889°N 68.04472°W
518:42.93250°N 71.43556°W
492:Grenier Army Air Base
369:RAF Transport Command
357:Grenier Army Air Base
353:Air Transport Command
159:
49:GPX (all coordinates)
21:
1871:33.55694°N 7.66056°W
1801:31.60694°N 8.03639°W
1589:Grand Bahama Airport
1477:50.43778°N 5.00583°W
1404:53.24806°N 4.53528°W
1346:54.62917°N 6.15000°W
1291:55.50944°N 4.59444°W
1217:62.06361°N 7.27722°W
600:Presque Isle Airport
470:North Atlantic Route
334:North Atlantic Route
258:North Atlantic Route
191:North Atlantic Ocean
75:North Atlantic Ocean
1866: /
1827:control as part of
1796: /
1751:36.97444; -25.16944
1741: /
1697:38.76167; -27.08806
1687: /
1636:32.36611; -64.68778
1626: /
1597:Miami Army Airfield
1595:(1104th AAFBU) and
1565:26.68472; -80.08917
1555: /
1472: /
1399: /
1341: /
1286: /
1212: /
1163:64.13000; -21.94056
1153: /
1108:63.95861; -22.54944
1098: /
1055:63.98417; -22.60667
1045: /
1000:65.58306; -37.61667
990: /
945:67.01056; -50.70917
935: /
890:61.16667; -45.43306
880: /
835:53.31917; -60.42583
825: /
782:RCAF Station Gander
776:48.93694; -54.56806
766: /
745:RCAF Station Gander
706:48.54389; -58.55333
696: /
651:44.81417; -68.83083
641: /
582:46.68889; -68.04472
572: /
523:42.93250; -71.43556
513: /
454:Southern California
299:Atlantic Conference
275:RCAF Station Gander
2559:on 9 November 2018
2458:RAF Valley History
1876:33.55694; -7.66056
1806:31.60694; -8.03639
1514:Mid-Atlantic Route
1482:50.43778; -5.00583
1409:53.24806; -4.53528
1370:RAF Langford Lodge
1351:54.62917; -6.15000
1296:55.50944; -4.59444
1243:in 1942 after the
1222:62.06361; -7.27722
612:Northeast Airlines
432:Mid-Atlantic Route
379:Mid-Atlantic Route
264:Douglas B-18 Bolos
162:
24:
2662:Aircraft ferrying
2626:978-0-9869660-0-2
2183:on 2 October 2008
1975:978-0-8020-8131-5
1898:
1897:
1837:Twelfth Air Force
1659:RAF Lagens Field
1511:
1510:
1302:Prestwick Airport
1265:Prestwick Airport
1182:Reykjavík Airport
620:Dow Army Airfield
408:Sao Miguel Island
361:RAF Ferry Command
279:Elliott Roosevelt
189:operating in the
2689:
2630:
2607:
2602:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2555:. Archived from
2549:
2540:
2535:
2529:
2524:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2502:
2496:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2477:
2471:
2466:
2460:
2455:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2411:
2402:
2397:
2386:
2381:
2375:
2364:
2358:
2353:
2347:
2342:
2336:
2331:
2325:
2320:
2314:
2309:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2287:
2281:
2276:
2270:
2265:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2216:on 28 March 2016
2212:. Archived from
2206:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2179:. Archived from
2173:
2167:
2163:
2120:
2115:
2082:
2077:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2037:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2004:
1998:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1961:
1943:
1942:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:RAF Lagens Field
1699:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1518:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1357:RAF Nutts Corner
1353:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1320:RAF Nutts Corner
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1078:Patterson Field
1069:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1002:
1001:
996:
991:
988:
987:
986:
983:
959:
958:
956:
955:
954:
952:
947:
946:
941:
936:
933:
932:
931:
928:
904:
903:
901:
900:
899:
897:
892:
891:
886:
881:
878:
877:
876:
873:
849:
848:
846:
845:
844:
842:
837:
836:
831:
826:
823:
822:
821:
818:
790:
789:
787:
786:
785:
783:
778:
777:
772:
767:
764:
763:
762:
759:
720:
719:
717:
716:
715:
713:
708:
707:
702:
697:
694:
693:
692:
689:
665:
664:
662:
661:
660:
658:
653:
652:
647:
642:
639:
638:
637:
634:
596:
595:
593:
592:
591:
589:
588:Presque Isle AAF
584:
583:
578:
573:
570:
569:
568:
565:
537:
536:
534:
533:
532:
530:
525:
524:
519:
514:
511:
510:
509:
506:
474:
456:and Seattle via
295:Padloping Island
2697:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2647:
2646:
2637:
2627:
2617:Yesterday's Sky
2614:
2611:
2610:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2588:
2576:
2572:
2562:
2560:
2551:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2521:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2488:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2389:
2382:
2378:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2350:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2273:
2266:
2229:
2219:
2217:
2208:
2207:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2123:
2116:
2085:
2078:
2067:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2012:
2005:
2001:
1996:Wayback Machine
1987:
1983:
1976:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1940:
1936:
1922:West Coast Wing
1903:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1829:Operation Torch
1811:
1809:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1757:Santa Maria AAF
1756:
1754:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1667:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1584:Third Air Force
1570:
1568:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1535:Morrison Field
1516:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1114:Patterson Field
1113:
1111:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1005:
1003:
999:
997:
993:
992:
989:
984:
981:
979:
977:
976:
950:
948:
944:
942:
938:
937:
934:
929:
926:
924:
922:
921:
895:
893:
889:
887:
883:
882:
879:
874:
871:
869:
867:
866:
840:
838:
834:
832:
828:
827:
824:
819:
816:
814:
812:
811:
781:
779:
775:
773:
769:
768:
765:
760:
757:
755:
753:
752:
712:Stephenville AB
711:
709:
705:
703:
699:
698:
695:
690:
687:
685:
683:
682:
656:
654:
650:
648:
644:
643:
640:
635:
632:
630:
628:
627:
609:
587:
585:
581:
579:
575:
574:
571:
566:
563:
561:
559:
558:
542:First Air Force
528:
526:
522:
520:
516:
515:
512:
507:
504:
502:
500:
499:
472:
467:
450:
444:
404:Terceira Island
381:
268:First Air Force
260:
241:Monroe Doctrine
154:
148:to the Azores.
67:
66:
65:
64:
63:
12:
11:
5:
2695:
2693:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2636:
2635:External links
2633:
2632:
2631:
2625:
2609:
2608:
2597:
2586:
2570:
2541:
2530:
2519:
2508:
2497:
2486:
2472:
2461:
2450:
2439:
2428:
2417:
2403:
2387:
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2348:
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2326:
2315:
2304:
2293:
2282:
2271:
2227:
2194:
2168:
2121:
2083:
2065:
2054:
2043:
2040:Brewster F2A-1
2032:
2021:
2010:
1999:
1981:
1974:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1850:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1821:
1812:Menara Airport
1780:
1777:
1775:Menara Airport
1771:
1770:
1766:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1712:
1671:
1668:
1665:Lajes Air Base
1660:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1610:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1580:
1571:Morrison Field
1539:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1497:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1424:
1383:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1366:
1325:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1270:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1247:of the Danish
1237:
1196:
1195:Faroe Islands
1193:
1187:
1186:
1178:
1137:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1029:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1015:
974:
971:
965:
964:
960:
919:
916:
910:
909:
905:
864:
861:
855:
854:
850:
841:Goose Air Base
809:
806:
800:
799:
791:
750:
747:
741:
740:
721:
680:
677:
671:
670:
666:
625:
622:
616:
615:
597:
556:
553:
547:
546:
538:
497:
496:New Hampshire
494:
488:
487:
484:
481:
478:
471:
468:
466:
463:
446:Main article:
443:
440:
380:
377:
259:
256:
252:United Kingdom
214:British Guiana
170:Fall of France
153:
150:
134:French Morocco
62:
61:
56:
51:
46:
40:
34:
27:
26:
25:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2694:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
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2655:
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2652:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2606:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2583:0-912799-53-6
2580:
2574:
2571:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2523:
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2517:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2501:
2498:
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2462:
2459:
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2440:
2437:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2372:0-919095-96-8
2369:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2297:
2294:
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2280:
2275:
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2269:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
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2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1989:Northrop A-17
1985:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1957:
1951:
1948:from the
1947:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1928:Crimson Route
1926:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1892:
1888:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1833:Roberts Field
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1767:
1763:
1726:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1658:
1652:
1648:
1642:Kindley Field
1611:
1608:
1606:
1605:Kindley Field
1603:
1598:
1594:
1593:Homestead AAF
1590:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1513:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1488:RAF St Mawgan
1457:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1448:RAF St Mawgan
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1312:
1308:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1249:Faroe Islands
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1169:RAF Reykjavik
1138:
1135:
1133:
1132:RAF Reykjavik
1130:
1124:
1120:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1071:
1067:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1016:
1012:
975:
972:
970:
967:
961:
957:
920:
917:
915:
912:
906:
902:
865:
862:
860:
857:
851:
847:
810:
807:
805:
802:
797:
792:
788:
751:
749:Newfoundland
748:
746:
743:
738:
734:
733:RAF St Mawgan
730:
726:
722:
718:
681:
679:Newfoundland
678:
676:
673:
667:
663:
626:
623:
621:
618:
613:
606:
601:
598:
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2013:
2002:
1984:
1965:
1959:
1882:Anfa Airport
1845:Anfa Airport
1825:Vichy French
1823:Seized from
1582:Initially a
1527:Coordinates
1440:
1257:Nazi Germany
1006:Bluie East 2
969:Bluie East 2
951:Bluie West 8
914:Bluie West 8
896:Bluie West 1
859:Bluie West 1
483:Coordinates
451:
431:
420:
412:Lagens Field
401:
382:
373:
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326:Angmagssalik
322:Bluie West 8
314:Bluie West 1
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183:Newfoundland
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122:Great Circle
99:
91:World War II
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1874: /
1861:007°39′38″W
1804: /
1791:008°02′11″W
1749: /
1736:025°10′10″W
1717:Lajes Field
1695: /
1682:027°05′17″W
1662:Lajes Field
1634: /
1621:064°41′16″W
1563: /
1550:080°05′21″W
1501:RAF St Eval
1480: /
1437:East Anglia
1407: /
1349: /
1294: /
1281:004°35′40″W
1220: /
1207:007°16′38″W
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1148:021°56′26″W
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1024:Meeks Field
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875:045°25′59″W
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761:054°34′05″W
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691:058°33′12″W
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636:068°49′51″W
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529:Grenier AAB
521: /
508:071°26′08″W
416:Lajes Field
273:arrived at
179:Nova Scotia
102:New England
2651:Categories
1934:References
1880: (
1858:33°33′25″N
1810: (
1788:31°36′25″N
1755: (
1733:36°58′28″N
1701: (
1679:38°45′42″N
1640: (
1618:32°21′58″N
1569: (
1547:26°41′05″N
1486: (
1467:05°00′21″W
1464:50°26′16″N
1455:, England
1415:RAF Valley
1413: (
1394:04°32′07″W
1391:53°14′53″N
1382:Wales, UK
1378:RAF Valley
1355: (
1336:06°09′00″W
1333:54°37′45″N
1300: (
1278:55°30′34″N
1226: (
1204:62°03′49″N
1167: (
1145:64°07′48″N
1112: (
1093:22°32′58″W
1090:63°57′31″N
1059: (
1040:22°36′24″W
1037:63°59′03″N
1004: (
985:37°37′00″W
982:65°34′59″N
973:Greenland
949: (
927:67°00′38″N
918:Greenland
894: (
872:61°10′00″N
863:Greenland
839: (
817:53°19′09″N
780: (
758:48°56′13″N
710: (
688:48°32′38″N
655: (
633:44°48′51″N
605:Lend-Lease
586: (
567:68°02′41″W
564:46°41′20″N
540:Initially
527: (
505:42°55′57″N
385:Portuguese
310:Narsarsuaq
287:Fort Chimo
1524:Location
1269:Scotland
1228:RAF Vágar
1191:RAF Vágar
808:Labrador
608:mid-1942.
480:Location
465:Airfields
418:in 1953.
303:Goose Bay
283:Goose Bay
266:from the
226:St. Lucia
168:With the
114:Greenland
2605:00007512
1992:Archived
1901:See also
1609:Bermuda
1538:Florida
1453:Cornwall
1136:Iceland
1081:Iceland
1028:Iceland
737:Cornwall
250:and the
232:and the
222:Trinidad
174:materiel
110:Labrador
2563:5 April
2220:4 April
2187:4 April
657:Dow AAF
458:Montana
367:within
234:Bahamas
230:Jamaica
218:Antigua
210:Bermuda
187:U-boats
152:Origins
146:Bermuda
126:Ireland
118:Iceland
97:(ETO).
89:during
2623:
2581:
2370:
2166:1983).
1972:
1530:Notes
1429:Eighth
727:under
624:Maine
555:Maine
486:Notes
389:Azores
293:, and
130:Azores
83:Canada
1521:Name
1433:Ninth
853:ATC.
477:Name
330:Bluie
2621:ISBN
2579:ISBN
2565:2011
2368:ISBN
2222:2011
2189:2011
1970:ISBN
1505:BOAC
1431:and
181:and
144:via
116:and
81:and
69:The
1255:by
735:in
371:).
85:to
44:KML
2653::
2544:^
2406:^
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2197:^
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343:,
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