1289:
revolution in the 6th millennium BCE, just before the rapid desertification of the Sahara around 3500 B.C. largely due to a tilt in the Earth's orbit. It was during this period that domesticated plants and animals were introduced in the region, spreading from the north and east to the southwest. There has been an inferred connection between areas of rapid drying and the introduction of livestock in which the natural (orbital) aridification was amplified by the spread of shrubs and open land due to grazing. Nevertheless, changes in northern Africa's ecology after 3500 BCE provided the backdrop for the formation of dynastic civilizations and the construction of monumental architecture such as the
4700:
346:
2130:
46:
3291:
There is a minuscule amount of input from the
Eastern Mediterranean with genetic affinity to Christian Lebanon....We documented clustering of the Maltese markers with those of Sicilians and Calabrians. The study is published in the Annals of Human Genetics by C. Capelli, N. Redhead, N. Novelletto, L. Terrenato, P. Malaspina, Z. Poulli, G. Lefranc, A. Megarbane, V. Delague, V. Romano, F. Cali, V.F. Pascali, M. Fellous, A.E. Felice, and D.B. Goldstein; "Population Structure in the Mediterranean Basin; A Y Chromosome Perspective", AHG, 69, 1–20, 2005..
1327:
1044:
1486:, whereupon they overcame the fickle Roman defense. The loss of North Africa is considered a pinnacle point in the fall of the Western Roman Empire as Africa had previously been an important grain province that maintained Roman prosperity despite the barbarian incursions, and the wealth required to create new armies. The issue of regaining North Africa became paramount to the Western Empire, but was frustrated by Vandal victories. The focus of Roman energy had to be on the emerging threat of the
1632:
212:
383:
314:
1578:
163:
1028:
4674:
4648:
4609:
2075:
1958:
1805:
248:
181:
136:
110:
71:
4661:
4635:
4622:
2013:
1910:
1860:
230:
123:
97:
84:
283:
266:
295:
194:
771:
1261:
facilitated by a wetter climate that created a "green Sahara", around 330,000 to 300,000 years ago. The rise of modern humans may thus have taken place on a continental scale rather than being confined to a particular corner of Africa. In
September 2019, scientists reported the computerized determination, based on 260
1288:
The cave paintings found at
Tassili n'Ajjer, north of Tamanrasset, Algeria, and at other locations depict vibrant and vivid scenes of everyday life in central North Africa during the Neolithic Subpluvial period (about 8000 to 4000 BCE). Some parts of North Africa began to participate in the Neolithic
3290:
Together with colleagues from other institutions across the
Mediterranean and in collaboration with the group led by David Goldstein at the University College, London, we have shown that the contemporary males of Malta most likely originated from Southern Italy, including Sicily and up to Calabria.
1260:
dispersed around the continent and elements of human modernity appeared in different places, and so different parts of Africa contributed to the emergence of what we call modern humans today." Early humans may have comprised a large, interbreeding population dispersed across Africa whose spread was
832:
are the second largest ethnic group after the Arab majority. Arabs constitute 70% to 80% of the population of
Algeria, 92%97% of Libya, 67% to 70% of Morocco and 98% of Tunisia's population. The Berbers comprise 20% of Algeria, 10% of Libya, 35% of Morocco and 1% of Tunisia's population. The region
1300:
era and from the 5th millennium BC onwards, whereas there is "no or scanty evidence" of human presence in the
Egyptian Nile Valley during these periods, which may be due to problems in site preservation.Several scholars have argued that the African origins of the Egyptian civilisation derived from
3249:
Repopulation is likely to have occurred by a clan or clans (possibly of Arab or Arab-like speaking people) from neighbouring Sicily and
Calabria. Possibly, they could have mixed with minute numbers of residual inhabitants, with a constant input of immigrants from neighbouring countries and later,
966:
westward into the
Maghreb in the eleventh century, which introduced Arab culture and language to the countryside. Historians mark their movement as a critical moment in the Arabization of North Africa. As Arab nomads spread, the territories of the local Berber tribes were moved and shrank. The
3483:
The largest
Christian community in the Middle East, Coptic Christians make up the majority of Egypt's roughly 9 million Christians. About 1 million more Coptic Christians are spread across Africa, Europe, the United Kingdom and the United States, according to the World Council of
710:, are grown. Typical Mediterranean crops, such as olives, figs, dates and citrus fruits, also thrive in these areas. The Nile Valley is particularly fertile and most of Egypt lives close to the river. Elsewhere, irrigation is essential to improve crop yields on the desert margins.
3265:, Valletta: Said International, 1993, pp. 317–330. Scientific etymologies of the longest-established Maltese family names are given in Geoffrey Hull, "The Oldest Maltese Surnames: A Window on Sicily's Medieval History", in Claudia Karagoz and Giovanna Summerfield (eds),
1380:, a Phoenician princess, was granted land by a local ruler based on how much land she could cover with a piece of cowhide. She ingeniously devised a method to extend the cowhide to a high proportion, thus gaining a large territory. She was also rejected by the
3121:"Refworld – Morocco: General situation of Muslims who converted to Christianity, and specifically those who converted to Catholicism; their treatment by Islamists and the authorities, including state protection (2008–2011)"
694:
in the northeast. Most of Egypt is also desert, with the exception of the Nile River and the irrigated land along its banks. The Nile Valley forms a narrow fertile thread that runs along the length of the country.
4580:
3806:"Scientists Find the Skull of Humanity's Ancestor — on a Computer – By comparing fossils and CT scans, researchers say they have reconstructed the skull of the last common forebear of modern humans"
1215:, the history of Prehistoric North Africa is important to the understanding of pre-hominid and early modern human history in Africa. Some researchers have postulated that North Africa rather than
880:. However, these areas are not generally considered part of North Africa, but rather Southern Europe, due to their proximity to mainland Europe and their European-based cultures and religion.
1226:
The earliest inhabitants of central North Africa have left behind significant remains: early remnants of hominid occupation in North Africa, for example, were found in Ain el Hanech, near
1540:. Furthermore, during the rule of the Romans, Byzantines, Vandals, Ottomans and Carthaginians the Kabyle people were the only or one of the few in North Africa who remained independent.
1749:
1601:
included North Africa by 640. By 700, most of North Africa had come under Muslim rule. Indigenous
Berbers subsequently started to form their own polities in response in places such as
4573:
2339:
5656:
1732:
1451:, and stretching the constitutional burden of the Roman republic as Marius required a professional army, something previously contrary to Roman values, to overcome the talented
2624:
2539:
861:, Morocco, Libya, and Tunisia. In 2001, the number of Christians in North Africa was estimated at 9 million, the majority of whom live in Egypt, with the remainder live in
4566:
2329:
2324:
1744:
1543:
The Kabyle people were incredibly resistible so much so that even during the Arab conquest of North Africa they still had control and possession over their mountains.
1431:
Over a hundred years and more, all Carthaginian territory was eventually conquered by the Romans, resulting in the Carthaginian North African territories becoming the
753:
1620:
North Africa's populous and flourishing civilization collapsed after exhausting its resources in internal fighting and suffering devastation from the invasion of the
702:, and the Mediterranean coast are the main sources of fertile farming land. A wide variety of valuable crops including cereals, rice and cotton, and woods such as
1158:
when the North African nations gained independence. Prior to the modern establishment of Israel, there were about 500,000 Jews in Northern Africa, including both
1277:, representative of the earliest modern humans, and suggested that modern humans arose between 260,000 and 350,000 years ago through a merging of populations in
1774:
1109:. The cultures of the Maghreb and the Sahara therefore combines Arab, indigenous Berber and African elements. In the Sahara, the distinction between sedentary
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were pushed to the north. The Berbers took refuge in the mountains whereas the plains were Arabized. This heavily shifted the demographics of the Maghreb.
816:
as a second official language after Arabic. French also serves as an administrative language in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. The most spoken dialects are
4015:
Gatto, Maria (2015). "Holocene supra-regional environmental changes as trigger for major socio-cultural processes in northeastern Africa and the Sahara".
2955:
1737:
1490:. In 468 AD, the Romans made one last serious attempt to invade North Africa but were repelled. This perhaps marks the point of terminal decline for the
1256:
may already have been present across the length of Africa 100,000 years earlier. According to study author Jean-Jacques Hublin, "The idea is that early
2334:
4456:
4689:
1189:
761:
445:
553:
The countries and people of North Africa share a large amount of their genetic, ethnic, cultural and linguistic identity and influence with the
3079:
1220:
1212:
5701:
4437:
4369:
4343:
4301:
4185:
4152:
3640:
Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Boutakiout, Mohamed; Eggins, Stephen; Grün, Rainer; Reid, Donald J.; Tafforeau, Paul; Smith, Tanya M. (10 April 2007).
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1166:. Today, less than 3,000 remain in the region, almost all in Morocco and Tunisia, and are mostly part of a French-speaking urban elite. (See
4548:
3899:
686:. The Sahara covers the southern part of Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia, and most of Libya. Only two regions of Libya are outside the desert:
4134:
405:
continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of the
4779:
3891:
3283:
3242:
2494:
904:. Ancient Egyptians record extensive contact in their Western desert with people that appear to have been Berber or proto-Berber. As the
5210:
2994:
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2829:
2791:
2725:
1400:
was a commercial power and had a strong navy, but relied on mercenaries for land soldiers. The Carthaginians developed an empire in the
20:
2886:
2686:
796:
The inhabitants of North Africa are roughly divided in a manner corresponding to the principal geographic regions of North Africa: the
5769:
2440:
2435:
1761:
1139:
while retaining a sense of national identity that has historically set them apart from other people in the region. Most Egyptians are
4233:
3314:
2531:
2398:
1655:
conquered several coastal cities between the 16th and 18th centuries. After the 19th century, the imperial and colonial presence of
3496:
4120:
Across the Mediterranean – Along the Nile: Studies in Egyptology, Nubiology and Late Antiquity Dedicated to László Török. Budapest
2553:
876:
are of primarily Southern Italian/Sicilian, as well as, to a lesser extent, North African and Middle Eastern ancestry and speak a
4913:
4727:
4704:
4699:
2135:
542:
that has defined the cultural landscape of North Africa ever since. Many but not all Berbers and Egyptians gradually merged into
448:
350:
345:
1304:
When Egypt entered the Bronze Age, the Maghreb remained focused on small-scale subsistence in small, highly mobile groups. Some
4963:
1148:
757:
3591:
Cruciani, Fulvio; Trombetta, Beniamino; Massaia, Andrea; Destro-Bisol, Giovanni; Sellitto, Daniele; Scozzari, Rosaria (2011).
5536:
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1301:
pastoral communities which emerged in both the Egyptian and Sudanese regions of the Nile Valley in the fifth millennium BCE.
955:
531:
3020:
5551:
5048:
1022:
643:
landscape before meeting the Sahara desert, which covers more than 75 percent of the region. The tallest peaks are in the
3699:
5676:
5133:
24:
1717:
in Libya. Large protests also occurred in Algeria and Morocco to a lesser extent. Many hundreds died in the uprisings.
1710:
1526:
1066:
and almost exclusively follow Islam. The Arabic and Berber languages are distantly related, both being members of the
4116:"Gift of the Nile? Climate Change, the Origins of Egyptian Civilization and Its Interactions within Northeast Africa"
3735:
5774:
5511:
4956:
3478:
1895:
1572:
5446:
4552:
2910:
Changing Female Literacy Practices in Algeria: Empirical Study on Cultural Construction of Gender and Empowerment
2711:
Changing Female Literacy Practices in Algeria: Empirical Study on Cultural Construction of Gender and Empowerment
765:
4474:
4264:
4067:"Cultural convergence in the Neolithic of the Nile Valley: a prehistoric perspective on Egypt's place in Africa"
3805:
1360:. The Phoenicians colonized much of North Africa including Carthage and parts of present-day Morocco (including
3269:, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015, pp. 78–108; "Late Medieval Maltese Surnames of Arabic and Greek Origin",
2454:
1682:. During the 1950s and 1960s all of the North African states gained independence. There remains a dispute over
1582:
1558:
1200:
1006:
791:
53:
3357:
Drake, Nick A.; Blench, Roger M.; Armitage, Simon J.; Bristow, Charlie S.; White, Kevin H. (11 January 2011).
2947:
1326:
3593:"A Revised Root for the Human y Chromosomal Phylogenetic Tree: The Origin of Patrilineal Diversity in Africa"
939:
periods possessed dark skin complexions. The archaeological evidence from the Holocene period has shown that
5646:
1993:
1552:
1432:
1321:
1206:
1179:
1102:
984:
45:
1043:
5163:
2224:
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2214:
2206:
2110:
1714:
1679:
1656:
1598:
994:
809:
749:
527:
480:
471:, can be considered as the southern boundary of North Africa. North Africa includes the Spanish cities of
270:
3331:
5764:
5588:
5546:
5541:
5456:
5319:
5138:
5058:
5053:
4453:
3838:
1840:
1296:
Archaeological evidence has attested that population settlements occurred in Nubia as early as the Late
1067:
4065:
Wengrow, David; Dee, Michael; Foster, Sarah; Stevenson, Alice; Ramsey, Christopher Bronk (March 2014).
5242:
5063:
4052:"The Nubian Pastoral Culture as Link between Egypt and Africa: A View from the Archaeological Record"
3987:
3926:
3847:
3653:
3557:
3370:
1628:. Ibn Khaldun noted that the lands ravaged by Banu Hilal invaders had become completely arid desert.
1514:
1491:
1290:
562:
3072:
1154:
The Maghreb formerly had a significant Jewish population, almost all of whom emigrated to France or
583:
influence in North Africa has remained dominant ever since, with the region being major part of the
5661:
5641:
5506:
5178:
5086:
1756:
1706:
1562:
1483:
1063:
719:
441:
3548:
Balter, Michael (7 January 2011). "Was North Africa the Launch Pad for Modern Human Migrations?".
650:
South of the Atlas Mountains is the dry and barren expanse of the Sahara desert, the largest sand
5721:
5626:
5235:
5183:
4829:
4774:
4096:
4032:
3952:
3810:
3771:
2644:
1795:
1614:
1471:
1018:
662:—streams that flow only after rainfall but are usually dry. The Sahara's major landforms include
905:
4359:
4168:
Barker, Graema (2005). "Agriculture, Pastoralism, and Mediterranean Landscapes in Prehistory".
2505:
2495:"The Circassian Qubbas of Abbas Avenue, Khartoum: Governors and Soldiers in 19th Century Sudan"
382:
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4148:
4088:
3944:
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3681:
3622:
3573:
3528:
3458:
3431:
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3406:
3388:
3337:
3310:
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3197:
3172:
3166:
3145:
3100:
3049:
2984:
2914:
2858:
2852:
2819:
2781:
2754:
2715:
2676:
2630:
2477:
2394:
1610:
1609:. In the eleventh century, a reformist movement made up of members that called themselves the
1537:
1401:
1330:
1227:
1144:
1128:
523:
4409:
4386:
3834:"Deciphering African late middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species"
3522:
3043:
2978:
2908:
2813:
2775:
2748:
2709:
2571:"The 'Greater Middle East' as a 'Modern' Geopolitical Imagination in American Foreign Policy"
1513:
and North Africa remained intact until the coming of Islam. Some Berbers were members of the
1219:
served as the exit point for the modern humans who first trekked out of the continent in the
5743:
5731:
5716:
5696:
5681:
5556:
5220:
5198:
4558:
4173:
4144:
4140:
4078:
4024:
3995:
3934:
3863:
3855:
3776:
3671:
3661:
3612:
3604:
3565:
3396:
3378:
2878:
2670:
2582:
2319:
2190:
2064:
1475:
1474:, until incompetent leadership from Roman commanders in the early fifth century allowed the
1397:
1071:
1052:
1014:
944:
877:
813:
511:
3762:
2430:
1631:
1577:
313:
5738:
5531:
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5451:
5416:
5386:
5282:
4999:
4824:
4598:
4460:
3083:
2656:
2182:
2002:
1988:
1849:
1695:
1421:
1282:
1185:
1162:(refugees from Spain, France and Portugal from the Renaissance era) as well as indigenous
1136:
1132:
1010:
1002:
936:
913:
821:
817:
683:
679:
636:
612:
547:
5636:
3991:
3930:
3851:
3657:
3561:
3374:
3359:"Ancient watercourses and biogeography of the Sahara explain the peopling of the desert"
2980:
Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues
1470:
North Africa remained a part of the Roman Empire, producing notable citizens, including
951:
speakers, around 1500 years ago, who now largely populate the Sahara in the modern era.
5726:
5561:
5476:
5471:
5461:
5376:
5349:
5267:
5215:
5188:
5173:
5148:
5091:
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4896:
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4764:
4749:
4733:
3868:
3833:
3676:
3641:
3617:
3592:
3401:
3358:
2417:
2387:
2123:
2105:
2055:
2043:
1929:
1890:
1835:
1683:
1664:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1566:
1425:
1309:
1036:
928:
888:
The Maghreb or western North Africa on the whole is believed to have been inhabited by
869:
663:
632:
500:
452:
437:
406:
287:
217:
1244:
Recent finds in Jebel Irhoud in Morocco have been found to contain some of the oldest
5758:
5526:
5292:
5287:
5277:
5249:
5153:
4928:
4036:
1590:
1533:
1159:
1118:
972:
924:
921:
917:
707:
463:
defines the region similarly, only differing from the UN in excluding the Sudan. The
460:
4202:
4100:
3956:
3642:"Earliest evidence of modern human life history in North African early Homo sapiens"
5686:
5501:
5339:
5193:
5168:
5106:
4883:
3915:"Climate-Controlled Holocene Occupation in the Sahara: Motor of Africa's Evolution"
1940:
1675:
1602:
1530:
1444:
1338:
1334:
1270:
1163:
1090:
1086:
998:
943:
speaking groups had populated the central and southern Sahara before the influx of
940:
687:
584:
571:
and pre Dynastic Egypt. The countries of North Africa are also a major part of the
543:
535:
4423:
2602:
1027:
3780:
3452:
3309:. Historical Dictionaries of Peoples and Cultures. Scarecrow Press. p. 112.
3304:
3139:
1074:
Berber languages are notably more conservative than those of the coastal cities.
5671:
5616:
5578:
5573:
5566:
5521:
5516:
5493:
5364:
5334:
5329:
5078:
5038:
5033:
4861:
4848:
3801:
3569:
3016:
2363:
1702:
1644:
1636:
1621:
1522:
1506:
1297:
1278:
1266:
1249:
1216:
1140:
990:
963:
893:
592:
588:
554:
539:
3859:
3608:
3363:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3120:
5621:
5595:
5431:
5421:
5411:
5359:
5344:
5309:
5225:
5043:
5011:
4319:"Sketches of Algeria During the Kabyle War By Hugh Mulleneux Walmsley: Pg 118"
4177:
4083:
4066:
4028:
3710:
2587:
2570:
2048:
1790:
1625:
1460:
1357:
959:
932:
699:
644:
572:
374:
370:
366:
4092:
4000:
3971:
3392:
2555:
National Geographic's DNA Analysis Concludes that Egyptians are Only 17% Arab
1077:
Over the years, Berbers have been influenced by contact with other cultures:
5691:
5611:
5481:
5158:
5143:
5121:
4979:
4834:
4714:
3939:
3914:
3666:
3383:
1728:
1606:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1305:
1124:
1078:
927:
and Tin Hanakaten child, suggesed that the Central Saharan peoples from the
897:
735:
727:
691:
558:
515:
488:
317:
19:"Northern Africa" redirects here. For the region of the United Nations, see
3983:
3948:
3877:
3685:
3626:
3577:
3410:
1312:
were established along the Mediterranean coast during the 7th century BCE.
4136:
Egypt and the Mediterranean in the Bronze Age: The Archaeological Evidence
1443:
and Rome. The Numidian wars are notable for launching the careers of both
892:
since at least 10,000 B.C., while the eastern part of North Africa or the
872:
are of mixed Spanish and North African Berber ancestry, and the people of
770:
619:
and delta in the east. The Atlas Mountains extend across much of northern
5436:
5426:
5297:
5021:
4789:
3427:
Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience
2413:
2140:
266,000 (total land area, control is split between Morocco and the SADR)
2051:
2032:
1785:
1518:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1409:
1349:
743:
503:, which are all closer or as close to the African continent than Europe.
492:
321:
168:
1463:
remained independent until being annexed to the Roman Empire by Emperor
812:
as their official language. Additionally, Algeria and Morocco recognize
5314:
5272:
5203:
5016:
4871:
4797:
4759:
4723:
4679:
4653:
4614:
4248:
2851:
Son, George Philip &; Press, Oxford University (26 December 2002).
2080:
1963:
1824:
1810:
1713:
which ultimately led to the overthrow of their governments, as well as
1691:
1687:
1671:
left the entirety of the region under one form of European occupation.
1586:
1502:
1498:
1479:
1440:
1413:
1361:
1353:
1262:
1238:
1114:
1094:
1062:
The majority of the people of the Maghreb and the Sahara regions speak
1056:
901:
889:
862:
858:
846:
842:
829:
797:
778:
774:
739:
731:
675:
628:
624:
620:
507:
496:
476:
433:
429:
417:
410:
253:
186:
141:
115:
76:
28:
4521:
North Africa, Revised Edition: A History from Antiquity to the Present
3892:"Green Sahara: African humid periods paced by Earth's orbital changes"
5706:
5666:
5441:
5324:
5026:
4983:
4493:
The awakening of Muslim democracy: Religion, modernity, and the state
2186:
2178:
2115:
2060:
1998:
1948:
1900:
1845:
1510:
1417:
1389:
1385:
1155:
1106:
1082:
1048:
1032:
968:
948:
909:
834:
824:. The largest and most numerous ethnic group in North Africa are the
703:
671:
655:
651:
640:
608:
468:
402:
387:
4948:
4500:
Biographical encyclopedia of the modern Middle East and North Africa
4115:
2462:
820:, a form of ancient Arabic dating back from the 8th century AD, and
487:, as well as other Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish regions such as
3457:. Museum With No Frontiers, MWNF (Museum Ohne Grenzen). p. 9.
1593:
in 670, one of the oldest and most notable mosques in North Africa.
5711:
5354:
4875:
4856:
4844:
4816:
4812:
4754:
4741:
4666:
4640:
4627:
4051:
3736:"Eritrea's human rights record comes under fire at United Nations"
2094:
2018:
1977:
1915:
1879:
1865:
1668:
1630:
1576:
1448:
1405:
1348:
The most notable nations of antiquity in western North Africa are
1342:
1325:
1110:
1098:
1042:
1026:
916:
in 3500 B.C and even today continues to host small populations of
873:
854:
850:
825:
805:
769:
723:
647:
range in south-central Morocco, which has many snow-capped peaks.
580:
576:
519:
484:
472:
464:
456:
425:
421:
381:
300:
282:
265:
235:
199:
128:
102:
89:
4463:, Claire Russell and W.M.S. Russell, Galton Institute, March 1996
3972:"Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period"
3263:
The Malta Language Question: A Case Study in Cultural Imperialism
3250:
even from afar. There seems to be little input from North Africa.
5304:
5126:
1487:
1393:
1381:
1377:
1241:
technology there, and indicate a date of up to 1.8 million BCE.
838:
801:
667:
659:
616:
596:
416:
The most common definition for the region's boundaries includes
4952:
4562:
3451:
Farida, Benouis; Houria, Chérid; Lakhdar, Drias; Amine, Semar.
4543:
4533:
3267:
Sicily and the Mediterranean: Migration, Exchange, Reinvention
3138:
Morgan, Jason; Falola, Toyin; Oyeniyi, Bukola Adeyemi (2012).
1436:
698:
Sheltered valleys in the Atlas Mountains, the Nile Valley and
514:, while the eastern part of North Africa has been home to the
4429:
Tracing The Way: Spiritual Dimensions of the World Religions
1396:, as Aeneas would eventually lay the foundations for Rome.
1237:); in fact, more recent investigations have found signs of
1190:
List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa § North Africa
4538:
1147:. The Copts are the largest Christian denomination in the
1011:
Music of Africa § North Africa and the Horn of Africa
908:
and other rock art findings in the Sahara have shown, the
21:
United Nations geoscheme for Africa § Northern Africa
1392:, thus creating a historical enmity between Carthage and
1248:
remains; This suggests that, rather than arising only in
958:
began in the 7th century, including the migration of the
534:
began immediately after, which started a long process of
455:' definition includes all these countries as well as the
3194:
Africa and the Americas : Culture, Politics, and History
1945:
United Nations Interim Democratic provisional authority
1750:
List of countries and dependencies by population density
4539:
North Africa's Weather Forecasts and Weather Conditions
4514:
An economic history of the Middle East and North Africa
2389:
Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa
2340:
List of Roman Latin poets and writers from North Africa
1376:
origin, with the Roman myth of their origin being that
1007:
List of African cuisines § Central African cuisine
401:) is a region encompassing the northern portion of the
5657:
List of countries where Arabic is an official language
4203:"Volubilis – Ancient Village or Settlement in Morocco"
3333:
Round Heads: The Earliest Rock Paintings in the Sahara
1647:
much of the area was loosely under the control of the
766:
Writing systems of Africa § Ancient orthographies
607:
North Africa has three main geographic features: the
1127:
over the centuries have shifted their language from
5604:
5492:
5385:
5258:
5077:
4990:
4870:
4843:
4811:
4788:
4740:
4722:
4713:
4688:
4597:
3097:
Routledge Handbook of Minorities in the Middle East
1678:from 1940 to 1943 the area was the setting for the
758:
List of ethnic groups of Africa § North Africa
666:, large seas of sand that sometimes form into huge
362:
52:
38:
2386:
2330:European Digital Archive on Soil Maps of the World
1639:, showing the Ottoman held regions of North Africa
3336:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 19–24.
1497:The last Roman emperor was deposed in 476 by the
1023:Traditional African religions § North Africa
912:also hosted various populations before its rapid
4507:Historical dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen)
4410:"The Barbary Coast By Henry Martyn Field: Pg 93"
3497:"Jews of the Maghreb on the eve of World War II"
3454:An Architecture of Light. Islamic Art in Algeria
3306:Historical Dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen)
3221:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 317.
2885:, Central Intelligence Agency, 2 December 2022,
2325:Demographics of the Middle East and North Africa
1745:List of countries and dependencies by population
808:. The countries making up North Africa all have
754:Demographics of the Middle East and North Africa
639:. They recede to the south and east, becoming a
3646:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3192:Juang, Richard M.; Morrissette, Noelle (2008).
1553:History of North Africa § Arrival of Islam
1435:in 146 B.C. This led to tension and eventually
1322:History of North Africa § Classical period
1019:History of theatre § North African theatre
2532:"North Africa and the African Transition Zone"
1143:, although there is a significant minority of
27:. For the western part of the Arab world, see
4964:
4574:
3285:Genetic Origin of Contemporary Maltese People
3244:Genetic Origin of Contemporary Maltese People
3196:. UK: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 929–930.
2569:Güney, Aylın; Gökcan, Fulya (February 2012).
1775:List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita
8:
4361:The Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 1: Pg 568
2774:Malcolm, Peter; Losleben, Elizabeth (2004).
2357:
2355:
1168:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries
25:Regions of the African Union § Northern
4934:Disputed between South Sudan and the Sudan.
4170:The Archaeology of Mediterranean Prehistory
2907:Laaredj-Campbell, Anne (10 December 2015).
2708:Laaredj-Campbell, Anne (10 December 2015).
2364:"Definition: North Africa (region, Africa)"
2238:History of science and technology in Africa
23:. For the region of the African Union, see
4971:
4957:
4949:
4719:
4581:
4567:
4559:
3424:Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2005).
1738:List of countries and dependencies by area
1724:
995:Architecture of Africa § North Africa
35:
4912:Entirely claimed by both Morocco and the
4082:
3999:
3938:
3867:
3675:
3665:
3616:
3521:Rosenberg, Jerry M. (28 September 2009).
3400:
3382:
3077:, Radio France Internationale, 7 mai 2001
3042:Rosenberg, Jerry M. (28 September 2009).
2586:
2005:(both official), French is commonly used
1968:446,550 (undisputed), ~710,881 (claimed)
1852:(both official), French is commonly used
1536:served during the reign of Roman emperor
1207:History of North Africa § Prehistory
849:, and significant Christian minority—the
4937:Part of Chad, formerly claimed by Libya.
4922:Portuguese archipelago claimed by Spain.
4454:Populations Crises and Population Cycles
4293:The Middle East and North Africa: Pg 156
3984:https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2017.00004
3430:. Oxford University Press. p. 360.
2335:List of modern conflicts in North Africa
1701:The wider protest movement known as the
1337:emperor native to North Africa, born in
658:is cut by irregular watercourses called
3832:Mounier, Aurélien; Lahr, Marta (2019).
3219:The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions
2623:Group, The Diagram (26 November 2013).
2351:
2236:Further information in the sections of
2205:Further information in the sections of
1563:Postcolonial Africa § North Africa
762:List of African countries by population
518:. In the seventh and eighth centuries,
506:Northwest Africa has been inhabited by
483:. It can also be considered to include
338:
155:
66:
4114:Smith, Stuart Tyson (1 January 2018).
3597:The American Journal of Human Genetics
2750:Almanac of African Peoples and Nations
2652:
2642:
2215:Prehistoric North African Architecture
1213:recent African origin of modern humans
635:system that also runs through much of
587:. North Africa is associated with the
5702:Portuguese-speaking African countries
4925:Disputed between Egypt and the Sudan.
4201:C. Michael Hogan (18 December 2007).
4145:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935413.013.35
3902:from the original on 29 October 2013.
3168:The Encyclopedia of Christianity: J-O
2542:from the original on 1 December 2022.
2443:from the original on 16 January 2023.
1269:of the last common human ancestor to
7:
4931:located between Egypt and the Sudan.
4919:Spanish exclaves claimed by Morocco.
4475:"In search of an African revolution"
4335:The Kabyle People By Glora M. Wysner
4332:Wysner, Glora M. (30 January 2013).
3479:"Who are Egypt's Coptic Christians?"
3330:Soukopova, Jitka (16 January 2013).
3023:from the original on 12 January 2018
2958:from the original on 29 January 2023
2889:from the original on 10 January 2021
1015:Cinema of Africa § North Africa
4534:Human Rights for Indigenous Peoples
4495:(Cambridge University Press, 2014).
3742:. Associated Press. 25 October 2013
2977:Danver, Steven L. (10 March 2015).
2747:Yakan, Mohamad (30 November 2017).
2225:Medieval North African Architecture
1186:African empires § North Africa
1003:African cuisine § North Africa
999:Folk costume § Northern Africa
526:swept across the region during the
4940:Disputed between Morocco and Spain
4523:(University of Texas Press, 2015).
2997:from the original on 15 March 2023
2927:from the original on 26 March 2023
2794:from the original on 10 April 2023
2728:from the original on 26 March 2023
2689:from the original on 10 April 2023
2436:United Nations Statistics Division
2220:Ancient North African Architecture
1762:List of countries by GDP (nominal)
631:. These mountains are part of the
409:in the west, to Egypt and Sudan's
14:
4509:(Rowman & Littlefield, 2017).
4317:Walmsley, Hugh Mulleneux (1858).
2832:from the original on 7 March 2023
2502:Nordic Journal of African Studies
4705:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
4698:
4672:
4659:
4646:
4633:
4620:
4607:
2857:. Oxford University Press, USA.
2136:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
2128:
2073:
2011:
1956:
1908:
1858:
1803:
1420:, the latter being the cause of
1252:around 200,000 years ago, early
971:were pushed to the west and the
920:. Laboratory examination of the
561:, a process that began with the
449:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
344:
312:
293:
281:
264:
246:
228:
210:
192:
179:
161:
134:
121:
108:
95:
82:
69:
44:
4473:Essa, Azad (21 February 2011).
2818:. Oxford Business Group. 2012.
2675:. Oxford Business Group. 2007.
2626:Encyclopedia of African Peoples
2530:Berglee, Royal (17 June 2016).
991:African art § North Africa
868:The inhabitants of the Spanish
334:Partially recognized states (1)
5537:Guinean Forests of West Africa
4544:North Africa news and analysis
3524:The Rebirth of the Middle East
3171:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
3045:The Rebirth of the Middle East
2948:"Berbers fear ethnic conflict"
2455:"The Assembly – African Union"
2420:, claimant to the whole area).
2385:Mattar, Philip (1 June 2004).
956:Arab migrations to the Maghreb
678:without soil or sand; and the
532:Arab migrations to the Maghreb
1:
5552:Guinean forest-savanna mosaic
5049:Cameroonian Highlands forests
4589:Countries and territories of
4017:African Archaeological Review
2603:"Largest Desert in the World"
2558:, CairoScene, 16 January 2017
2482:(in Arabic). Paris E. Leroux.
2476:es-Sadi, Abderrahman (1898).
1547:Arab conquest to modern times
1372:). The Carthaginians were of
1231:
918:nomadic trans-Saharan peoples
565:
16:Northernmost region of Africa
5677:Middle East and North Africa
5134:East African montane forests
4408:Field, Henry Martyn (1893).
3781:10.1126/science.356.6342.993
3761:Gibbons, Ann (7 June 2017).
3217:Juergensmeyer, Mark (2008).
3141:Culture and Customs of Libya
1149:Middle East and North Africa
896:has mainly been home to the
654:in the world. In places the
3570:10.1126/science.331.6013.20
2393:. Macmillan Reference USA.
2118:, French is commonly used.
1527:traditional Berber religion
1068:Afroasiatic language family
5793:
4690:Partially recognized state
4555:(archived 17 January 2010)
4498:Fischbach, ed. Michael R.
4271:. The Story of Africa. BBC
3976:Frontiers in Earth Science
3860:10.1038/s41467-019-11213-w
3609:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.002
3273:No. 11 (2015), pp. 129–143
3099:. Routledge. p. 133.
2185:(Moroccan zone); commonly
1896:Semi-presidential republic
1705:began with revolutions in
1589:, founded by Arab general
1573:Status of forces agreement
1570:
1556:
1550:
1319:
1316:Antiquity and ancient Rome
1204:
1198:
1183:
1177:
988:
982:
828:. In Algeria and Morocco,
789:
747:
717:
386:The population density of
18:
5770:Geography of North Africa
5447:Indian Ocean coastal belt
4909:
4892:
4553:United States Army Africa
4226:The Punic Wars 264–146 BC
4178:10.1002/9780470773536.ch3
4084:10.1017/S0003598X00050249
4029:10.1007/s10437-015-9191-x
3767:fossils found in Morocco"
3165:Fahlbusch, Erwin (2003).
2588:10.1080/14650040903420370
2493:Andrew, McGregor (2001).
2366:. Encyclopedia Britannica
1121:is particularly marked.
611:desert in the south, the
43:
4001:10.3389/feart.2017.00004
3144:. ABC-CLIO. p. 40.
2854:Encyclopedic World Atlas
2815:The Report: Morocco 2012
2672:The Report: Algeria 2007
2536:World Regional Geography
1583:Great Mosque of Kairouan
1559:Decolonisation of Africa
1433:Roman province of Africa
1201:Prehistoric North Africa
1113:inhabitants and nomadic
792:Ethnic groups in Algeria
597:Middle East-North Africa
444:between Morocco and the
5647:Guineo-Congolian region
4224:Bagnall, Nigel (2002).
4205:. The Megalithic Portal
4133:Bader, Bettina (2015).
3940:10.1126/science.1130989
3667:10.1073/pnas.0700747104
3384:10.1073/pnas.1012231108
3303:Ilahine, Hsain (2006).
3095:P S Rowe, Paul (2018).
3082:18 October 2017 at the
3075:Christianity in Kabylie
2416:government of parts of
1994:Constitutional monarchy
1517:(but evolved their own
1180:History of North Africa
985:Culture of North Africa
510:since the beginning of
4549:Africa Interactive Map
3970:Wright, David (2017).
3913:Kuper, Rudolf (2006).
3501:encyclopedia.ushmm.org
3481:. CNN. 10 April 2017.
3017:"Q&A: The Berbers"
2780:. Marshall Cavendish.
2231:Science and technology
2207:Architecture of Africa
2111:Parliamentary republic
1680:North African Campaign
1640:
1599:early Muslim conquests
1594:
1525:, and some adhered to
1345:
1059:
1040:
810:Modern Standard Arabic
782:
750:Demographics of Africa
528:early Muslim conquests
391:
5589:West Sudanian savanna
5547:Lower Guinean forests
5542:Upper Guinean forests
5457:Cape Floristic Region
5320:Cataracts of the Nile
5139:Eastern Arc Mountains
5059:Congolian rainforests
5054:East Sudanian savanna
3839:Nature Communications
3804:(10 September 2019).
2292:Communication systems
1841:Presidential republic
1634:
1580:
1557:Further information:
1329:
1205:Further information:
1184:Further information:
1046:
1030:
989:Further information:
773:
748:Further information:
690:in the northwest and
615:in the west, and the
385:
151:Other territories (3)
5243:Zanzibar Archipelago
5211:Indian Ocean islands
4296:. Psychology Press.
2465:on 29 November 2018.
2431:"UNSD — Methodology"
1613:expanded south into
1515:Early African Church
1492:Western Roman Empire
878:derivative of Arabic
563:Neolithic Revolution
446:partially recognized
62:Sovereign states (6)
5662:Mediterranean Basin
5642:Greater Middle East
5179:Ethiopian Highlands
5087:African Great Lakes
4929:Unclaimed territory
4519:Naylor, Phillip C.
4502:(Gale Group, 2008).
4459:27 May 2013 at the
4253:De Bello Iugurthino
3992:2017FrEaS...5....4W
3931:2006Sci...313..803K
3852:2019NatCo..10.3406M
3658:2007PNAS..104.6128S
3562:2011Sci...331...20B
3375:2011PNAS..108..458D
3271:Symposia Melitensia
2511:on 15 February 2019
2282:Maritime technology
1484:Strait of Gibraltar
1133:varieties of Coptic
1131:(in its late form,
1064:varieties of Arabic
720:North African Arabs
481:plazas de soberanía
413:coast in the east.
271:Plazas de soberanía
5722:Sub-Saharan Africa
5627:Commonwealth realm
5236:Northern Highlands
5184:Dahlak Archipelago
4830:Wadi Halfa Salient
4780:Vélez de la Gomera
4516:(Routledge, 2013).
4491:Cesari, Jocelyne.
3811:The New York Times
3527:. Hamilton Books.
3048:. Hamilton Books.
2946:Zurutuza, Karlos.
2883:The World Factbook
2655:has generic name (
1796:Official languages
1721:Country statistics
1661:the United Kingdom
1641:
1615:Sub-Saharan Africa
1595:
1472:Augustine of Hippo
1346:
1235: 200,000 BCE
1060:
1041:
884:Historic movements
783:
392:
5775:Regions of Africa
5752:
5751:
5652:Islands of Africa
5632:Equatorial Africa
5584:Inner Niger Delta
5372:Tibesti Mountains
5231:Central Highlands
5117:Virunga Mountains
5112:Rift Valley lakes
5102:Great Rift Valley
5097:East African Rift
5064:Ouaddaï highlands
4946:
4945:
4905:
4904:
4512:Issawi, Charles.
4505:Ilahiane, Hsain.
4439:978-0-8264-9423-8
4432:. A&C Black.
4385:Bodichon (1865).
4371:978-0-7172-0121-1
4364:. Grolier. 1990.
4345:978-1-4474-8352-6
4303:978-1-85743-132-2
4269:BBC World Service
4187:978-0-470-77353-6
4154:978-0-19-993541-3
3925:(5788): 803–708.
3652:(15): 6128–6133.
3534:978-0-7618-4846-2
3464:978-3-902966-14-8
3437:978-0-19-517055-9
3343:978-1-4438-4579-3
3288:. 5 August 2007.
3247:. 5 August 2007.
3228:978-0-19-976764-9
3203:978-0-521-88952-0
3178:978-0-8028-2415-8
3151:978-0-313-37860-7
3106:978-1-317-23379-4
3055:978-0-7618-4846-2
3019:. 12 March 2004.
2990:978-1-317-46400-6
2920:978-3-658-11633-0
2864:978-0-19-521920-3
2825:978-1-907065-54-5
2787:978-0-7614-1702-6
2760:978-1-351-28930-6
2721:978-3-658-11633-0
2682:978-1-902339-70-2
2636:978-1-135-96341-5
2197:
2196:
1611:Almoravid dynasty
1538:Septimius Severus
1519:Donatist doctrine
1402:Iberian Peninsula
1331:Septimius Severus
1145:Coptic Christians
954:Several waves of
833:is predominantly
524:Arabian Peninsula
380:
379:
5782:
5744:Zambezian region
5732:Sudanian savanna
5717:Southeast Africa
5697:Northeast Africa
5682:Miombo woodlands
5557:Guinea Highlands
5221:Lamu Archipelago
5199:Gulf of Tadjoura
4973:
4966:
4959:
4950:
4825:Hala'ib Triangle
4720:
4703:
4702:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4626:
4624:
4623:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4599:Sovereign states
4583:
4576:
4569:
4560:
4479:
4478:
4470:
4464:
4451:
4445:
4443:
4420:
4414:
4413:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4387:"Kabyle Pottery"
4382:
4376:
4375:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4261:
4255:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4198:
4192:
4191:
4165:
4159:
4158:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4086:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4050:Gatto, Maria C.
4047:
4041:
4040:
4012:
4006:
4005:
4003:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3942:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3898:. 12 July 1999.
3888:
3882:
3881:
3871:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3763:"World's oldest
3758:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3715:
3709:. Archived from
3704:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3679:
3669:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3620:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3404:
3386:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3280:
3274:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3092:
3086:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2654:
2650:
2648:
2640:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2510:
2504:. Archived from
2499:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2479:Tarikh es soudan
2473:
2467:
2466:
2461:. Archived from
2451:
2445:
2444:
2427:
2421:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2392:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2362:Brett, Michael.
2359:
2320:Culture of Egypt
2134:
2132:
2131:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2067:(both official)
2017:
2015:
2014:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1781:
1771:
1769:
1725:
1476:Germanic peoples
1398:Ancient Carthage
1291:Pyramids of Giza
1236:
1233:
804:valley, and the
674:, a level rocky
591:in the realm of
570:
569: 10,000 BC
567:
512:recorded history
440:, the territory
351:Sahrawi Republic
349:
348:
335:
316:
311:
299:
297:
296:
286:
285:
269:
268:
252:
250:
249:
234:
232:
231:
216:
214:
213:
198:
196:
195:
185:
183:
182:
167:
165:
164:
152:
140:
138:
137:
127:
125:
124:
114:
112:
111:
101:
99:
98:
88:
86:
85:
75:
73:
72:
63:
48:
36:
5792:
5791:
5785:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5780:
5779:
5755:
5754:
5753:
5748:
5739:Tropical Africa
5600:
5488:
5467:Kalahari Desert
5452:Albany thickets
5417:Succulent Karoo
5381:
5283:Atlas Mountains
5254:
5073:
4986:
4977:
4947:
4942:
4901:
4888:
4866:
4839:
4807:
4784:
4736:
4709:
4697:
4684:
4673:
4671:
4660:
4658:
4647:
4645:
4634:
4632:
4621:
4619:
4608:
4606:
4593:
4587:
4530:
4488:
4486:Further reading
4483:
4482:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4461:Wayback Machine
4452:
4448:
4440:
4422:
4421:
4417:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4391:The Art-Journal
4384:
4383:
4379:
4372:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4346:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4304:
4289:
4288:
4284:
4274:
4272:
4263:
4262:
4258:
4247:
4243:
4236:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4208:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4188:
4167:
4166:
4162:
4155:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4077:(339): 95–111.
4064:
4063:
4059:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4014:
4013:
4009:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3816:
3814:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3785:
3783:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3745:
3743:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3702:
3700:"Sahnouni 1998"
3698:
3697:
3693:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3556:(6013): 20–23.
3547:
3546:
3542:
3535:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3505:
3503:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3438:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3344:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3317:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3261:Geoffrey Hull,
3260:
3256:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3229:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3204:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3179:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3107:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3084:Wayback Machine
3069:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3026:
3024:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3000:
2998:
2991:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2961:
2959:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2930:
2928:
2921:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2892:
2890:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2835:
2833:
2826:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2797:
2795:
2788:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2731:
2729:
2722:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2692:
2690:
2683:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2651:
2641:
2637:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2497:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2369:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2353:
2348:
2316:
2311:
2233:
2202:
2129:
2127:
2074:
2072:
2012:
2010:
1989:Moroccan dirham
1957:
1955:
1909:
1907:
1859:
1857:
1804:
1802:
1779:
1777:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1752:
1740:
1723:
1696:Polisario Front
1575:
1569:
1555:
1549:
1482:, to cross the
1422:First Punic War
1341:in present-day
1324:
1318:
1283:Southern Africa
1265:, of a virtual
1234:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1192:
1182:
1176:
1137:Egyptian Arabic
1025:
987:
981:
914:desertification
906:Tassili n'Ajjer
886:
822:Egyptian Arabic
818:Maghrebi Arabic
794:
788:
768:
746:
718:Main articles:
716:
684:desert pavement
637:Southern Europe
613:Atlas Mountains
605:
568:
548:Islamic culture
467:, south of the
399:Northern Africa
373:
369:
358:
355:
343:
337:
336:
333:
329:
326:
305:
294:
292:
280:
263:
247:
245:
229:
227:
211:
209:
193:
191:
180:
178:
162:
160:
154:
153:
150:
146:
135:
133:
122:
120:
109:
107:
96:
94:
83:
81:
70:
68:
65:
64:
61:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5790:
5789:
5786:
5778:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5757:
5756:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5735:
5734:
5727:Sudan (region)
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5608:
5606:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5598:
5593:
5592:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5571:
5570:
5569:
5564:
5562:Gulf of Guinea
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5498:
5496:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5486:
5485:
5484:
5477:Cape Peninsula
5474:
5472:Okavango Delta
5469:
5464:
5462:Skeleton Coast
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5408:
5407:
5402:
5391:
5389:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5377:Western Sahara
5374:
5369:
5368:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5350:Nuba Mountains
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5302:
5301:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5270:
5268:Eastern Desert
5264:
5262:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5252:
5247:
5246:
5245:
5240:
5239:
5238:
5233:
5223:
5218:
5216:Comoro Islands
5208:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5189:Hanish Islands
5186:
5181:
5176:
5174:Danakil Desert
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5149:Horn of Africa
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5092:Albertine Rift
5083:
5081:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5069:Ennedi Plateau
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5030:
5029:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5008:
5007:
5005:Gulf of Guinea
4996:
4994:
4988:
4987:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4968:
4961:
4953:
4944:
4943:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4880:
4878:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4853:
4851:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4821:
4819:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4803:Savage Islands
4800:
4794:
4792:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4750:Canary Islands
4746:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4734:Western Sahara
4732:
4730:
4717:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4707:
4694:
4692:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4682:
4669:
4656:
4643:
4630:
4617:
4603:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4578:
4571:
4563:
4557:
4556:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4529:
4528:External links
4526:
4525:
4524:
4517:
4510:
4503:
4496:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4465:
4446:
4438:
4415:
4400:
4377:
4370:
4351:
4344:
4338:. Read Books.
4324:
4309:
4302:
4282:
4256:
4241:
4234:
4216:
4193:
4186:
4160:
4153:
4125:
4106:
4057:
4042:
4023:(2): 301–333.
4007:
3962:
3905:
3883:
3824:
3793:
3753:
3727:
3716:on 10 May 2013
3691:
3632:
3603:(6): 814–818.
3583:
3540:
3533:
3513:
3488:
3470:
3463:
3443:
3436:
3416:
3369:(2): 458–462.
3349:
3342:
3322:
3315:
3295:
3275:
3254:
3234:
3227:
3209:
3202:
3184:
3177:
3157:
3150:
3130:
3112:
3105:
3087:
3073:Sadek Lekdja,
3061:
3054:
3034:
3008:
2989:
2969:
2938:
2919:
2899:
2870:
2863:
2843:
2824:
2805:
2786:
2766:
2759:
2739:
2720:
2700:
2681:
2662:
2635:
2615:
2594:
2561:
2545:
2522:
2485:
2468:
2446:
2422:
2418:Western Sahara
2406:
2399:
2377:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2124:Western Sahara
2120:
2119:
2113:
2108:
2106:Tunisian dinar
2103:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2069:
2068:
2058:
2056:military junta
2046:
2044:Sudanese pound
2041:
2038:
2035:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2007:
2006:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1943:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1891:Egyptian pound
1888:
1885:
1882:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1854:
1853:
1843:
1838:
1836:Algerian dinar
1833:
1830:
1827:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1772:
1759:
1754:
1747:
1742:
1735:
1722:
1719:
1684:Western Sahara
1653:Spanish Empire
1649:Ottoman Empire
1567:Neocolonialism
1551:Main article:
1548:
1545:
1416:and northwest
1320:Main article:
1317:
1314:
1310:Greek colonies
1199:Main article:
1196:
1193:
1178:Main article:
1175:
1172:
983:Main article:
980:
977:
929:Epipaleolithic
885:
882:
870:Canary Islands
787:
784:
715:
712:
604:
601:
501:Canary Islands
453:United Nations
438:Western Sahara
407:Western Sahara
378:
377:
364:
360:
359:
357:
356:
354:
353:
340:
332:
331:
330:
328:
327:
325:
324:
303:
290:
288:Alboran Island
273:
256:
238:
220:
218:Canary Islands
202:
189:
171:
157:
149:
148:
147:
145:
144:
131:
118:
105:
92:
79:
60:
59:
58:
56:
50:
49:
41:
40:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5788:
5787:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5733:
5730:
5729:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5605:Macro-regions
5603:
5597:
5594:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5576:
5575:
5572:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5534:
5533:
5532:Guinea region
5530:
5528:
5527:Cape Mesurado
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5495:
5491:
5483:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5388:
5384:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5306:
5303:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5293:Gibraltar Arc
5291:
5289:
5288:Barbary Coast
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5278:Ancient Libya
5276:
5275:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5261:
5257:
5251:
5250:Swahili coast
5248:
5244:
5241:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5213:
5212:
5209:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5154:Afar Triangle
5152:
5151:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5076:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5001:
5000:Guinea region
4998:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4974:
4969:
4967:
4962:
4960:
4955:
4954:
4951:
4941:
4938:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4926:
4923:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4908:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4891:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4846:
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4836:
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4826:
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4778:
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4773:
4771:
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4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
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4745:
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4706:
4701:
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4691:
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4681:
4670:
4668:
4657:
4655:
4644:
4642:
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4616:
4605:
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4602:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4584:
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4570:
4565:
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4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4527:
4522:
4518:
4515:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4497:
4494:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4477:. Al Jazeera.
4476:
4469:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4455:
4450:
4447:
4441:
4435:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4419:
4416:
4411:
4404:
4401:
4397:. London: 45.
4396:
4392:
4388:
4381:
4378:
4373:
4367:
4363:
4362:
4355:
4352:
4347:
4341:
4337:
4336:
4328:
4325:
4320:
4313:
4310:
4305:
4299:
4295:
4294:
4286:
4283:
4270:
4266:
4265:"The Berbers"
4260:
4257:
4254:
4250:
4245:
4242:
4237:
4235:9781472895530
4231:
4227:
4220:
4217:
4204:
4197:
4194:
4189:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4164:
4161:
4156:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4137:
4129:
4126:
4121:
4117:
4110:
4107:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4061:
4058:
4053:
4046:
4043:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4011:
4008:
4002:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3966:
3963:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3909:
3906:
3901:
3897:
3896:Science Daily
3893:
3887:
3884:
3879:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3828:
3825:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3794:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3766:
3757:
3754:
3741:
3737:
3731:
3728:
3712:
3708:
3701:
3695:
3692:
3687:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3636:
3633:
3628:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3587:
3584:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3544:
3541:
3536:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3517:
3514:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3466:
3460:
3456:
3455:
3447:
3444:
3439:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3420:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3353:
3350:
3345:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3326:
3323:
3318:
3316:0-8108-6490-8
3312:
3308:
3307:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3286:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3245:
3238:
3235:
3230:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3210:
3205:
3199:
3195:
3188:
3185:
3180:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3161:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3134:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3108:
3102:
3098:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3065:
3062:
3057:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3038:
3035:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3009:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2983:. Routledge.
2982:
2981:
2973:
2970:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2939:
2926:
2922:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2903:
2900:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2871:
2866:
2860:
2856:
2855:
2847:
2844:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2809:
2806:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2770:
2767:
2762:
2756:
2753:. Routledge.
2752:
2751:
2743:
2740:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2704:
2701:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2666:
2663:
2658:
2646:
2638:
2632:
2629:. Routledge.
2628:
2627:
2619:
2616:
2604:
2598:
2595:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2562:
2557:
2556:
2549:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2523:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2486:
2481:
2480:
2472:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2459:African Union
2456:
2450:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2407:
2402:
2400:9780028657691
2396:
2391:
2390:
2381:
2378:
2365:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2199:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1776:
1773:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1592:
1591:Uqba ibn Nafi
1588:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1521:), some were
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1459:. Kingdom of
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1388:according to
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1271:modern humans
1268:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1221:Out of Africa
1218:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1160:Sephardi Jews
1157:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1054:
1053:Aït Benhaddou
1050:
1045:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
986:
978:
976:
974:
970:
965:
961:
957:
952:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
923:
922:Uan Muhuggiag
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
883:
881:
879:
875:
871:
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
793:
786:Ethnic groups
785:
780:
776:
772:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
713:
711:
709:
705:
701:
696:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
633:fold mountain
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
602:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
564:
560:
556:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
469:Sahara Desert
466:
462:
461:African Union
458:
454:
450:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
389:
384:
376:
372:
368:
365:
361:
352:
347:
342:
341:
339:
323:
319:
315:
309:
304:
302:
291:
289:
284:
278:
274:
272:
267:
261:
257:
255:
243:
239:
237:
225:
221:
219:
207:
203:
201:
190:
188:
176:
172:
170:
159:
158:
156:
143:
132:
130:
119:
117:
106:
104:
93:
91:
80:
78:
67:
57:
55:
51:
47:
42:
37:
34:
30:
26:
22:
5765:North Africa
5687:Mittelafrika
5637:Françafrique
5502:Pepper Coast
5340:Middle Egypt
5259:
5194:Gulf of Aden
5169:Danakil Alps
5107:Gregory Rift
4939:
4936:
4933:
4927:
4924:
4921:
4918:
4911:
4884:Aouzou Strip
4591:North Africa
4590:
4520:
4513:
4506:
4499:
4492:
4468:
4449:
4428:
4418:
4403:
4394:
4390:
4380:
4360:
4354:
4334:
4327:
4312:
4292:
4285:
4273:. Retrieved
4268:
4259:
4252:
4244:
4225:
4219:
4207:. Retrieved
4196:
4169:
4163:
4135:
4128:
4119:
4109:
4074:
4070:
4060:
4045:
4020:
4016:
4010:
3979:
3975:
3965:
3922:
3918:
3908:
3895:
3886:
3843:
3837:
3827:
3817:10 September
3815:. Retrieved
3809:
3802:Zimmer, Carl
3796:
3784:. Retrieved
3770:
3765:Homo sapiens
3764:
3756:
3744:. Retrieved
3740:The Guardian
3739:
3730:
3718:. Retrieved
3711:the original
3706:
3694:
3649:
3645:
3635:
3600:
3596:
3586:
3553:
3549:
3543:
3523:
3516:
3504:. Retrieved
3500:
3491:
3482:
3473:
3453:
3446:
3426:
3419:
3366:
3362:
3352:
3332:
3325:
3305:
3298:
3289:
3284:
3278:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3248:
3243:
3237:
3218:
3212:
3193:
3187:
3167:
3160:
3140:
3133:
3125:Refworld.org
3124:
3115:
3096:
3090:
3074:
3064:
3044:
3037:
3025:. Retrieved
3011:
2999:. Retrieved
2979:
2972:
2960:. Retrieved
2951:
2941:
2929:. Retrieved
2913:. Springer.
2909:
2902:
2891:, retrieved
2882:
2873:
2853:
2846:
2834:. Retrieved
2814:
2808:
2796:. Retrieved
2776:
2769:
2749:
2742:
2730:. Retrieved
2714:. Springer.
2710:
2703:
2691:. Retrieved
2671:
2665:
2625:
2618:
2606:. Retrieved
2597:
2578:
2574:
2564:
2554:
2548:
2535:
2525:
2513:. Retrieved
2506:the original
2501:
2488:
2478:
2471:
2463:the original
2458:
2449:
2434:
2425:
2409:
2388:
2380:
2368:. Retrieved
2287:Architecture
2235:
2234:
2204:
2203:
2200:Architecture
2193:(SADR zone)
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2102:$ 4,190.603
1985:$ 3,979.871
1941:Libyan dinar
1937:$ 5,872.222
1887:$ 3,770.133
1873:110,990,103
1832:$ 4,874.706
1700:
1676:World War II
1673:
1642:
1619:
1596:
1542:
1531:African pope
1507:Trade routes
1496:
1469:
1445:Gaius Marius
1430:
1347:
1339:Leptis Magna
1333:, the first
1303:
1295:
1287:
1274:
1258:Homo sapiens
1257:
1254:Homo sapiens
1253:
1246:Homo sapiens
1245:
1243:
1225:
1223:migration.
1210:
1164:Mizrahi Jews
1153:
1141:Sunni Muslim
1135:) to modern
1123:
1087:Punic people
1076:
1061:
1031:A market in
953:
941:Nilo-Saharan
887:
867:
841:minority in
795:
714:Demographics
697:
688:Tripolitania
649:
606:
595:to form the
585:Muslim world
552:
536:Islamization
505:
415:
398:
395:North Africa
394:
393:
307:
306:
276:
275:
259:
258:
241:
240:
223:
222:
205:
204:
174:
173:
39:North Africa
33:
5672:Middle East
5617:Afromontane
5579:Niger Delta
5574:Niger Basin
5567:Dahomey Gap
5522:Cape Palmas
5517:Ivory Coast
5512:Slave Coast
5365:Upper Egypt
5335:Lower Nubia
5330:Lower Egypt
5305:Nile Valley
5039:Congo Basin
5034:Pool Malebo
4862:Kafia Kingi
4849:South Sudan
4715:Territories
3846:(1): 3406.
3506:18 February
3070:(in French)
3027:12 December
2962:12 December
2893:12 December
2653:|last=
2608:30 December
2575:Geopolitics
2370:9 September
2272:Agriculture
2257:Mathematics
2177:: commonly
2088:12,235,000
2026:50,467,278
1971:37,022,000
1818:45,973,000
1733:territories
1703:Arab Spring
1645:Middle Ages
1637:Cedid Atlas
1622:Banu Sulaym
1523:Berber Jews
1298:Pleistocene
1267:skull shape
1250:East Africa
1217:East Africa
1211:Due to the
964:Banu Sulaym
925:child mummy
894:Nile Valley
865:countries.
593:geopolitics
589:Middle East
555:Middle East
540:Arabization
397:(sometimes
5759:Categories
5622:Arab world
5596:Yorubaland
5507:Gold Coast
5432:Maputaland
5422:Nama Karoo
5412:Thembuland
5360:The Sudans
5345:Nile Delta
5310:Nile Delta
5226:Madagascar
5044:Chad Basin
5012:Cape Lopez
4775:Chafarinas
4444:, page 248
4424:Küng, Hans
4275:8 February
4228:. Osprey.
4122:: 325–345.
3746:30 October
3707:Gi.ulpc.es
3001:30 January
2952:Al Jazeera
2931:30 January
2836:30 January
2798:30 January
2732:30 January
2693:30 January
2515:25 October
2346:References
2307:By country
2262:Metallurgy
2040:$ 533.845
2023:1,886,068
1982:$ 147.343
1923:6,845,000
1920:1,759,540
1884:$ 398.397
1870:1,010,408
1829:$ 224.107
1815:2,381,741
1791:Government
1643:After the
1626:Banu Hilal
1571:See also:
1467:in 42 AD.
1461:Mauretania
1374:Phoenician
1358:Mauretania
1306:Phoenician
1275:H. sapiens
1195:Prehistory
1117:Arabs and
960:Banu Hilal
933:Mesolithic
790:See also:
645:High Atlas
617:Nile River
573:Arab world
499:, and the
479:, and the
390:as of 2000
363:Time zones
5692:Negroland
5612:Aethiopia
5482:False Bay
5159:Al-Habash
5144:Serengeti
5122:Kavirondo
4835:Bir Tawil
4770:Alhucemas
4551:from the
4172:: 46–76.
4093:0003-598X
4071:Antiquity
4037:126834892
3720:10 August
3484:Churches.
3393:1091-6490
2879:"Tunisia"
2645:cite book
2581:: 22–38.
2252:Astronomy
2247:Education
2099:$ 51.271
2037:$ 25.569
1934:$ 40.194
1770:billions)
1753:(per km)
1729:Countries
1715:civil war
1607:Sijilmasa
1424:with the
1370:Volubilis
1366:Essaouira
1125:Egyptians
1103:Europeans
1079:Egyptians
898:Egyptians
777:women in
736:Maghrebis
728:Egyptians
692:Cyrenaica
603:Geography
559:West Asia
522:from the
516:Egyptians
489:Lampedusa
375:UTC+02:00
371:UTC+01:00
367:UTC+00:00
318:Lampedusa
54:Countries
5437:Highveld
5427:Bushveld
5395:Rhodesia
5298:Ifriqiya
5164:Barbaria
5022:Igboland
4790:Portugal
4457:Archived
4426:(2006).
4101:49229774
3957:20003260
3949:16857900
3900:Archived
3878:31506422
3686:17372199
3627:21601174
3578:21212332
3411:21187416
3080:Archived
3021:Archived
2995:Archived
2956:Archived
2925:Archived
2887:archived
2830:Archived
2792:Archived
2726:Archived
2687:Archived
2540:Archived
2441:Archived
2414:De facto
2314:See also
2302:Commerce
2277:Textiles
2267:Medicine
2175:Disputed
2170:disputed
2165:disputed
2160:disputed
2155:disputed
2150:disputed
2143:576,000
2085:163,610
2054:under a
2052:republic
2033:Khartoum
1786:Currency
1694:-backed
1692:Algerian
1690:and the
1686:between
1534:Victor I
1509:between
1501:general
1465:Claudius
1457:Jugurtha
1453:military
1439:between
1437:conflict
1410:Sardinia
1350:Carthage
1263:CT scans
1129:Egyptian
1107:Africans
962:and the
937:Pastoral
744:Haratins
599:region.
493:Lampione
442:disputed
322:Lampione
169:Portugal
5315:Bashmur
5273:Maghreb
5204:Red Sea
5017:Mayombe
4992:Central
4980:Regions
4897:Perejil
4872:Morocco
4798:Madeira
4765:Alboran
4760:Melilla
4724:Morocco
4680:Tunisia
4654:Morocco
4615:Algeria
4249:Sallust
3988:Bibcode
3927:Bibcode
3919:Science
3869:6736881
3848:Bibcode
3772:Science
3677:1828706
3654:Bibcode
3618:3113241
3558:Bibcode
3550:Science
3402:3021035
3371:Bibcode
2297:Warfare
2191:Spanish
2081:Tunisia
2065:English
2049:Federal
1964:Morocco
1930:Tripoli
1876:105.41
1825:Algiers
1811:Algeria
1757:Capital
1707:Tunisia
1688:Morocco
1587:Tunisia
1503:Odoacer
1480:Vandals
1455:leader
1441:Numidia
1414:Corsica
1384:prince
1362:Chellah
1354:Numidia
1239:Oldowan
1174:History
1119:Tuaregs
1115:Bedouin
1095:Vandals
1057:Morocco
1039:in 1899
1037:Algeria
979:Culture
973:Kabyles
902:Nubians
890:Berbers
863:Maghreb
859:Algeria
847:Tunisia
843:Morocco
837:with a
830:Berbers
798:Maghreb
781:in 1922
779:Tunisia
775:Bedouin
740:Berbers
732:Nubians
676:plateau
672:hammada
629:Tunisia
625:Morocco
621:Algeria
577:Islamic
508:Berbers
497:Madeira
477:Melilla
434:Tunisia
430:Morocco
418:Algeria
411:Red Sea
403:African
254:Melilla
187:Madeira
142:Tunisia
116:Morocco
77:Algeria
29:Maghreb
5707:Sahara
5667:MENASA
5442:Fynbos
5325:Darfur
5027:Mbaise
4984:Africa
4677:
4664:
4651:
4638:
4625:
4612:
4436:
4368:
4342:
4300:
4232:
4209:23 May
4184:
4151:
4099:
4091:
4035:
3955:
3947:
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3866:
3786:8 June
3684:
3674:
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3531:
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3103:
3052:
2987:
2917:
2861:
2822:
2784:
2757:
2718:
2679:
2633:
2397:
2187:Arabic
2183:French
2179:Arabic
2133:
2116:Arabic
2091:74.78
2078:
2061:Arabic
2016:
2003:Berber
1999:Arabic
1974:82.91
1961:
1949:Arabic
1913:
1901:Arabic
1863:
1850:Berber
1846:Arabic
1821:19.30
1808:
1657:France
1651:. The
1565:, and
1511:Europe
1499:Heruli
1478:, the
1447:, and
1426:Romans
1418:Sicily
1390:Virgil
1386:Aeneas
1382:Trojan
1188:, and
1156:Israel
1105:, and
1091:Romans
1083:Greeks
1072:Tuareg
1070:. The
1049:kasbah
1033:Biskra
1021:, and
969:Zenata
949:Arabic
945:Berber
935:, and
910:Sahara
839:Jewish
835:Muslim
814:Berber
800:, the
764:, and
742:, and
670:; the
656:desert
652:desert
641:steppe
627:, and
609:Sahara
575:. The
530:. The
459:. The
451:. The
436:, and
388:Africa
310:
298:
279:
262:
251:
244:
233:
226:
215:
208:
197:
184:
177:
166:
139:
126:
113:
100:
87:
74:
5712:Sahel
5405:South
5400:North
5387:South
5355:Nubia
5260:North
4876:Spain
4857:Abyei
4845:Sudan
4817:Egypt
4813:Sudan
4755:Ceuta
4742:Spain
4667:Sudan
4641:Libya
4628:Egypt
4290:Eur.
4097:S2CID
4033:S2CID
3953:S2CID
3714:(PDF)
3703:(PDF)
2777:Libya
2509:(PDF)
2498:(PDF)
2146:2.17
2095:Tunis
2029:21.3
2019:Sudan
1978:Rabat
1926:3.89
1916:Libya
1880:Cairo
1866:Egypt
1741:(km)
1711:Egypt
1669:Italy
1665:Spain
1635:1803
1449:Sulla
1406:Malta
1343:Libya
1335:Roman
1228:Saïda
1111:oasis
1099:Arabs
874:Malta
855:Egypt
851:Copts
826:Arabs
806:Sahel
724:Arabs
704:cedar
700:Delta
668:dunes
660:wadis
520:Arabs
485:Malta
473:Ceuta
465:Sahel
457:Sudan
426:Libya
422:Egypt
301:Italy
236:Ceuta
200:Spain
129:Sudan
103:Libya
90:Egypt
5494:West
5127:Zanj
5079:East
4914:SADR
4728:SADR
4434:ISBN
4366:ISBN
4340:ISBN
4298:ISBN
4277:2023
4230:ISBN
4211:2010
4182:ISBN
4149:ISBN
4089:ISSN
3945:PMID
3874:PMID
3819:2019
3788:2017
3748:2013
3722:2018
3682:PMID
3623:PMID
3574:PMID
3529:ISBN
3508:2022
3459:ISBN
3432:ISBN
3407:PMID
3389:ISSN
3338:ISBN
3311:ISBN
3223:ISBN
3198:ISBN
3173:ISBN
3146:ISBN
3101:ISBN
3050:ISBN
3029:2022
3003:2023
2985:ISBN
2964:2022
2933:2023
2915:ISBN
2895:2022
2859:ISBN
2838:2023
2820:ISBN
2800:2023
2782:ISBN
2755:ISBN
2734:2023
2716:ISBN
2695:2023
2677:ISBN
2657:help
2631:ISBN
2610:2011
2517:2018
2395:ISBN
2372:2021
2189:and
2181:and
2063:and
2001:and
1848:and
1780:US$
1768:US$
1731:and
1709:and
1667:and
1624:and
1605:and
1597:The
1581:The
1488:Huns
1394:Rome
1378:Dido
1368:and
1356:and
1308:and
1281:and
1279:East
1047:The
947:and
900:and
853:—in
845:and
802:Nile
708:cork
706:and
682:, a
664:ergs
581:Arab
579:and
544:Arab
538:and
491:and
475:and
320:and
4982:of
4174:doi
4141:doi
4079:doi
4025:doi
3996:doi
3935:doi
3923:313
3864:PMC
3856:doi
3777:doi
3672:PMC
3662:doi
3650:104
3613:PMC
3605:doi
3566:doi
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3397:PMC
3379:doi
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