200:
188:
33:
295:, an iron instrument with 4 sharp prongs forced into the mouth, so that two prongs pressed against the tongue, and the two others against the cheeks. She was kept without sleep and thrown with a rope around her head. After these ordeals she confessed to the 53 indictments against her. She was finally strangled and burned as a witch. According to
342:, who forced her to make a confession. Apparently Duncan suddenly began to exhibit a miraculous healing ability and would sneak out of the house during the night. When Seaton confronted her, she could not explain her new ability and strange behaviour and he had her tortured. Whilst she was able to withstand many forms of torture including
538:, although not taking place in Scotland, mentions the North Berwick Witch Trials and the trials are used to shape some of the plot points and events that occur in the book. Additionally, the two main characters, Diana and Matthew travel to the past, to Elizabethan England on Halloween night 1590 at the beginning of the book.
2095:
291:. Both initially refused to confess and were put to severe torture. Sampson was brought before King James and a council of nobles. She denied all the charges, but after torture, she confessed. By special commandment, her head and body hair was shaved and she was fastened to the wall of her cell by a
433:
James VI wanted an appeal to overturn the first verdict, in order to better prosecute the Earl of
Bothwell, and an "assize of error" was planned. James VI spoke the jurors, who faced penalties for their former decision, on 7 June 1591, and they agreed with his views. Her fate is unclear, and it is
364:
in
Lowthian, of whose life and strange acts you shal hear more largely in the end of this discourse. These were by the said Geillis Duncane accused, as also George Motts wife, dwelling in Lowthian; Robert Grierson, skipper; and Jannet Blandilands; with the potter's wife of Seaton: the smith at the
263:
More than 100 suspected witches in North
Berwick were arrested. Several confessed under torture to having met with the Devil in the church at night, and devoted themselves to doing evil, including poisoning the King and other members of his household, and attempting to sink the King's ship. In
425:
who employed her and her husband. They did not work as she lost her job. When it all came to trial, Napier was accused of a practice to kill the king by witchcraft but was found guilty of only the lesser crime of conspiring with witches. James VI ordered the
171:, who, when tortured, divulged the names of five other women; one of whom was Malin, the wife of the burgomaster of Helsingor. They all confessed that they had been guilty of sorcery in raising storms that menaced Queen Anne's voyage, and that on
365:
Brigge Hallis, with innumerable others in those parts, and dwelling in those bounds aforesaid; of whom some are already executed, the rest remained in prison to receive the doome of judgment at the Kinges
Majesties will and pleasure.
346:, she eventually confessed to witchcraft when the method of searching was used (searching is where a suspected witch would be 'searched' for a blemish such as a mole or birth mark, this would then be proclaimed to be a
2175:
450:
In March 2022 Nicola
Sturgeon, the first minister of Scotland, apologized for the persecution of alleged witches during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. The Scottish government had not apologized previously.
1179:
2168:
472:. Borrowing many quotes from the treaties, the three witches cast their spells in the same manner: "purposely to be cassin into the sea to raise winds for destruction of ships."
2161:
434:
possible that she was eventually burnt to death. The town council bought materials to build a fire for her execution and these were used on 25 June 1591 at the burning of
427:
2039:
1952:
360:
Agnes
Sampson the eldest witch of them all, dwelling in Haddington; Agnes Tompson of Edenbrough; Doctor Fian alias John Cuningham, master of the school at
163:
about the state of the ships used to transport Anne of
Denmark. The storms were blamed on the wife of an official in Copenhagen whom he had insulted. The
148:
and had to shelter in Norway for several weeks before continuing. At this point, the interest in witch trials were revived in
Denmark because of ongoing
1087:
462:
adapted or was influenced by several concepts from the trials, including the rituals confessed by the witches and the
Scottish setting, in his tragedy
1339:
1329:
499:
2118:
1835:
1226:
1217:
1187:
1675:
3137:
1487:
1260:
1149:
771:
323:
117:
75:
396:
503:. The lyrics of the song are, however, slightly erroneous as James was not yet the king of England during the North Berwick Witch Trials.
2420:
2246:
1858:
1776:
306:
Dr. Fian also suffered severe torture. His fingernails were forcibly extracted, then iron pins were inserted. He was tortured with the
3107:
2634:
2471:
2410:
1999:
1597:
1240:
399:. Archibald was reported to have died from a disease so strange there could be no cure or remedy. He fell ill at Langhope and died at
145:
272:
wrote that these fugitives were "the worst sort of witches". David Seton's servant
Geillis Duncan had been one of the first accused.
3132:
2300:
1294:
974:
338:
Scottish witches were linked to storms by the testimony of Gillis Duncan (or Geillis Duncan). She was a servant of David Seaton in
3102:
2425:
2376:
1265:
913:
1830:
544:, a 2023 debut novel by Naomi Kelsey, describes the North Berwick witch trials from the perspectives of Geillis Duncan and of
3062:
2764:
1983:
430:
to have physicians examine her to see if she was pregnant, and if she was not, to have her burnt and publicly disembowelled.
128:
This was the first major witchcraft persecution in Scotland, and began with a sensational case involving the royal houses of
2699:
2491:
2295:
1401:
1305:
410:
It was alleged that Euphame MacCalzean, Barbara Napier, Agnes Sampson and others had attended an assembly of witches at "
3122:
3097:
2862:
2754:
2521:
2023:
1652:
1470:
1323:
1245:
422:
199:
3127:
2210:
1440:
3041:
2689:
3117:
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2719:
2639:
2315:
2047:
1894:
1575:
1435:
1210:
790:
516:
of novels features a recurring character named Geillis Duncan who is tried and convicted of being a witch. In the
3092:
2079:
1764:
1744:
1539:
1395:
269:
2958:
2087:
1959:
1929:
1917:
1911:
1749:
1563:
1557:
1039:
245:
1704:
1680:
1545:
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night they had sent devils to climb up the keel of her ship. In September, two women were burnt as witches at
1069:
797:. Vol. 3. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania. Dept. of History. 1912. pp. 19–23
2933:
2599:
2571:
2220:
2015:
1967:
1864:
1811:
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1692:
1646:
1628:
1607:
1602:
1592:
1509:
1503:
1413:
1385:
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439:
164:
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94:
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2063:
1770:
1754:
1716:
1622:
1617:
1612:
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1390:
468:. Heavily influenced by the incidents made public, the play was published a few years after King James's
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1888:
1805:
1759:
1739:
1710:
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1533:
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1458:
1203:
517:
475:
The trials and the events leading up to them are fictionalised in the 1971 young adult historical novel
86:
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1669:
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1350:
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549:
415:
343:
307:
3004:
2905:
2876:
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2140:
2125:
2031:
1991:
1852:
1846:
1799:
1722:
1663:
1634:
1521:
1407:
411:
352:
330:, between 3,000 and 4,000 accused witches may have been killed in Scotland in the years 1560–1707.
319:
99:
38:
2857:
2734:
2561:
2511:
2501:
2451:
2391:
2381:
2341:
1935:
1781:
1527:
1515:
1446:
1362:
1317:
1311:
1282:
1082:
764:
The Demonology of King James I: Includes the Original Text of Daemonologie and News from Scotland
435:
370:
326:
in a supernatural conspiracy, bringing a political element into the ongoing trials. According to
228:
149:
133:
389:
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came from a good family and had married a book dealer named George Ker in 1572. George died at
2895:
2256:
1882:
1158:
1145:
767:
574:
545:
486:
421:
Napier had bought charms to help her own health and to try and fix her poor relationship with
388:
in 1576, and she then married Archibald Douglas whose brother Robert Douglas was the laird of
327:
292:
36:
The North Berwick Witches meet the Devil in the local kirkyard, from a contemporary pamphlet,
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2900:
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2270:
2225:
1698:
1276:
1109:
918:
535:
494:
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2714:
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2619:
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2441:
2320:
2135:
1876:
1356:
1270:
943:
557:
553:
404:
137:
17:
1640:
347:
85:
The "witches" allegedly held their covens on the Auld Kirk Green, part of the modern-day
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2739:
2729:
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506:
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311:
233:
216:
179:. James heard news from Denmark regarding this and decided to set up his own tribunal.
129:
104:
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32:
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521:
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276:
211:
168:
67:
911:"North Berwick witches (act. 1590–1592) | Oxford Dictionary of National Biography".
3012:
2948:
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2724:
2679:
2624:
2361:
2055:
2007:
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192:
109:
79:
55:
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930:
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1975:
459:
385:
361:
350:) and accused many others of witchcraft. According to the contemporary pamphlet
288:
222:
922:
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1787:
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156:
63:
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night. They ran for two years, and implicated over 70 people. These included
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1114:
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315:
284:
172:
116:
The North Berwick trials were among the better known of the large number of
71:
1000:
Anna of Denmark and Henrietta Maria, Virgins, Witches, and Catholic Queens
2351:
2230:
1840:
395:
Gillis Duncan caused the arrest of Barbara Naper for bewitching to death
176:
59:
2644:
1024:
464:
339:
268:
to find accused people who had fled to England. The English ambassador
265:
90:
875:
Satan's Conspiracy: Magic and Witchcraft in Sixteenth-century Scotland
300:
280:
2096:
Treatises on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants
120:
between the early sixteenth century and the mid-eighteenth century.
497:
has a song called "North Berwick Witch Trials" on their 2005 album
438:. The opinion of the 17th-century historian of the Douglas family,
2891:
198:
186:
51:
791:"Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of History"
2157:
1199:
1195:
680:
Survey of Scottish Witchcraft Database, University of Edinburgh
207:
The main alleged witches directly involved in the trials were:
948:
Extracts from the Records of the Burgh of Edinburgh: 1589-1603
560:, Queen of Scotland by marriage (at age 14) to King James VI.
356:, 1591, she named numerous individuals, both women and men:
167:
were held in July 1590. One of the first Danish victims was
975:"Scotland Apologizes for History of Witchcraft Persecution"
873:, vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), p. 530: P. G. Maxwell-Stuart,
651:
649:
264:
February 1591 James VI instructed David Seton or Seaton of
152:
in Germany, which were described and discussed in Denmark.
107:
wrote a dissertation on witchcraft and necromancy titled
418:
was given to the devil for the destruction of the king.
961:
David Hume of Godscroft's History of the House of Angus
859:
David Hume of Godscroft's History of the House of Angus
833:
David Hume of Godscroft's History of the House of Angus
702:
Louise Yeoman, 'Hunting the rich witch in Scotland',
1142:
Daemonologie. A Critical Edition. In Modern English.
3055:
3034:
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3000:
2991:
2914:
2884:
2875:
2848:
2585:
2434:
2409:
2329:
2278:
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2239:
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2196:
2106:
1945:
1904:
1821:
1732:
1585:
1480:
1423:
1378:
1233:
917:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.
219:, sister-in-law of Archibald Douglas of Carshogle.
901:, vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 518, 520, 522-5.
737:The Encyclopedia of Witches, Witchcraft and Wicca
392:. Her family included a daughter, Janet Douglas.
97:. One source for these events is a 1591 pamphlet
1186:, vol. 2, World wide school, archived from
1144:, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform,
822:, vol. 1, pt. 2 (Edinburgh, 1833), pp. 215-223.
358:
1953:Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament
846:The Business of the College of Justice in 1600
818:(London, 1591), reprinted in Robert Pitcairn,
314:. Fian was finally taken to the Castlehill in
191:Suspected witches kneeling before King James;
2169:
2040:A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts
1211:
369:Duncan was also found to have conspired with
8:
889:, vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 510, 514-5.
848:(Edinburgh: Stair Society, 2003), pp. 183-4.
693:, vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), p. 457 no. 520.
626:Ankarloo, B., Clark, S. & Monter, E. W.
322:on 16 December. Fian's testimony implicated
303:with 200 witches, including Giellis Duncan.
601:(Princeton University Press, 1959), p. 229.
3031:
2997:
2881:
2431:
2275:
2200:
2176:
2162:
2154:
1218:
1204:
1196:
1163:A History of the Scottish People 1560–1830
1011:
785:
783:
655:
253:The Wife of George Mott - Margaret Acheson
299:(1591), Sampson confessed to attending a
3063:Museum of Witchcraft and Magic, Cornwall
877:(Tuckwell: East Linton, 2001), p. 146-7.
31:
1836:Witch trials in the Spanish Netherlands
914:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
766:. Llewellyn Worldwide. pp. 15–16.
590:
144:. During their return to Scotland they
1002:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2017), pp. 64-67.
2690:Gormshuil Mhòr na Maighe (aka Gormla)
1488:Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire
1261:Witch trials in early modern Scotland
861:, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 2005), p. 396-8.
749:
622:
620:
373:in the murder of Duncan's godfather.
324:Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell
279:, a respected and elderly woman from
275:Two significant accused persons were
118:witch trials in early modern Scotland
76:Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell
7:
1340:Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1661–62
1330:Great Scottish witch hunt of 1649–50
1068:Andreeva, Nellie (17 October 2013).
397:Archibald Douglas, 8th Earl of Angus
89:area. Confessions were extracted by
2247:Dummy, the Witch of Sible Hedingham
2141:Witchcraft Act 1735 (Great Britain)
1859:Amersfoort and Utrecht witch trials
963:, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 2005), p. 398.
835:, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 2005), p. 397.
820:Ancient Criminal Trials in Scotland
54:in 1590 of a number of people from
2000:De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus
1598:Witch trials in Estonia and Latvia
1241:Witchcraft in early modern Britain
708:The Scottish Witch Hunt in Context
614:(Aarhus Universitetsforlag, 2020).
442:, was that she had been released.
25:
2301:Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn
1295:Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1597
871:Calendar of State Papers Scotland
795:The Witch Persecution in Scotland
155:The admiral of the Danish fleet,
2377:Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers
1266:Witchcraft in early modern Wales
1090:from the original on 11 May 2015
1042:The Garden of Unearthly Delights
722:Witchcraft in England, 1558–1618
500:The Garden of Unearthly Delights
446:Apology from Scottish government
287:, a schoolmaster and scholar in
66:in the St Andrew's Auld Kirk in
1831:Witch trials in the Netherlands
1522:Pappenheimer family witch trial
1984:Summis desiderantes affectibus
1777:Navarre witch trials (1525–26)
1676:Vardø witch trials (1651–1653)
973:Cramer, Maria (9 March 2022).
899:Calendar State Papers Scotland
887:Calendar State Papers Scotland
724:. Univ of Massachusetts Press.
691:Calendar State Papers Scotland
628:Witchcraft and Magic in Europe
136:sailed to Copenhagen to marry
1:
2492:Northamptonshire witch trials
2296:Hermetic Brotherhood of Luxor
1402:Northern Moravia witch trials
1306:Northamptonshire witch trials
27:Scottish witch trials in 1590
3138:Judicial torture in Scotland
3001:Last person imprisoned under
2522:Bury St Edmunds witch trials
2119:accusations against children
2024:The Discoverie of Witchcraft
1471:Trial of the Wizards of Lyon
1324:Bury St Edmunds witch trials
1246:Channel Islands Witch Trials
1184:Memoirs of Popular Delusions
931:UK public library membership
599:John Maitland of Thirlestane
423:Jean Lyon, Countess of Angus
2211:Anglo-Saxon metrical charms
1441:Aix-en-Provence possessions
710:(Manchester, 2002), p. 108.
146:experienced terrible storms
3154:
2770:George and Lachlan Rattray
2640:Janet Douglas, Lady Glamis
2462:North Berwick witch trials
2316:Society of the Inner Light
2048:Daemonolatreiae libri tres
1895:Liechtenstein witch trials
1576:Witch trial of Fuersteneck
1436:Labourd witch-hunt of 1609
1289:North Berwick witch trials
950:(Edinburgh, 1927), p. 334.
610:Louise Nyholm Kallestrup,
250:The Smith of bridge Hallis
159:argued with the treasurer
48:North Berwick witch trials
18:North Berwick Witch Trials
3108:Legal history of Scotland
2080:A Guide to Grand-Jury Men
1765:Val Camonica witch trials
1745:Witch trials in Catalonia
1653:Vardø witch trials (1621)
1396:Kasina Wielka witch trial
1335:Alloa witch trials (1658)
1159:Smout, Thomas Christopher
735:Guiley, Rosemary (2008).
639:Ethel Carleton Williams,
3133:Witch trials in Scotland
3042:Witches' Well, Edinburgh
2088:The Discovery of Witches
1960:Directorium Inquisitorum
1930:Witch trials in New York
1918:Connecticut Witch Trials
1912:Witch trials in Virginia
1750:Witch trials in Portugal
1564:Mergentheim witch trials
1558:Baden-Baden witch trials
1326:(1645, 1662, 1655, 1694)
3103:History of East Lothian
2572:Islandmagee witch trial
2221:Cunning folk in Britain
2016:De praestigiis daemonum
1968:De maleficis mulieribus
1865:Bredevoort witch trials
1812:Witch trial of Nogaredo
1693:Kastelholm witch trials
1629:Copenhagen witch trials
1608:Witch trials in Iceland
1603:Witch trials in Finland
1593:Witch trials in Denmark
1510:Rottenburg witch trials
1504:Wiesensteig witch trial
1386:Witch trials in Hungary
1369:Islandmagee witch trial
1251:Witch trials in England
720:Rosen, Barbara (1969).
440:David Hume of Godscroft
165:Copenhagen witch trials
161:Christoffer Valkendorff
142:Christian IV of Denmark
95:Old Tolbooth, Edinburgh
2526:1645, 1662, 1655, 1694
2072:Compendium Maleficarum
2064:Magical Investigations
1955:(8th–2nd centuries BC)
1771:Mirandola witch trials
1755:Witch trials in Sicily
1618:Witch trials in Sweden
1613:Witch trials in Norway
1570:Esslingen witch trials
1540:Eichstätt witch trials
1498:Derenburg witch trials
1431:Witch trials in France
1391:Witch trials in Poland
923:10.1093/ref:odnb/69951
762:Tyson, Donald (2012).
367:
204:
196:
43:
2472:Aberdeen witch trials
2131:Werewolf witch trials
1924:Maryland Witch Trials
1889:Salzburg witch trials
1806:Terrassa witch trials
1760:Witch trials in Spain
1740:Witch trials in Italy
1711:Katarina witch trials
1705:Torsåker witch trials
1681:Kirkjuból witch trial
1658:Akershus witch trials
1546:Würzburg witch trials
1534:Ellwangen witch trial
1493:Rottweil Witch Trials
1465:Affair of the Poisons
1459:Normandy witch trials
1414:Doruchowo witch trial
669:Old and New Edinburgh
548:, who was married to
518:television adaptation
477:The Thirteenth Member
244:The Porter's wife of
203:James VI in the 1590s
202:
190:
124:The Danish connection
87:North Berwick Harbour
35:
2542:Bideford witch trial
2311:Ordo Templi Orientis
2216:Anglo-Saxon paganism
1871:Roermond witch trial
1841:Stedelen witch trial
1794:Witches of Laspaúles
1670:Rosborg witch trials
1647:Finspång witch trial
1552:Bamberg witch trials
1453:Louviers possessions
1351:Bideford witch trial
1256:Witchcraft in Orkney
1234:In the British Isles
998:Susan Dunn-Hensley,
550:John Wemyss of Logie
520:she is portrayed by
414:" where an image of
297:Newes from Scotland,
3123:Torture in Scotland
3098:16th-century trials
3005:Witchcraft Act 1735
2877:Neopagan witchcraft
2670:Issobell Fergussone
2032:Newes from Scotland
1992:Malleus Maleficarum
1853:Geneva witch trials
1847:Valais witch trials
1800:Basque witch trials
1723:Thisted witch trial
1717:Rugård witch trials
1664:Ramsele witch trial
1635:Gyldenstierne-sagen
1623:Põlula witch trials
1408:Szeged witch trials
1190:on 27 November 2003
1140:King James (2016),
816:Newes from Scotland
534:series book #2) by
353:Newes from Scotland
320:burned at the stake
100:Newes from Scotland
39:Newes from Scotland
3128:Trials in Scotland
2858:Christian Caldwell
2735:Euphame MacCalzean
2635:Katherine Campbell
2562:Pittenweem witches
2512:Witches of Belvoir
2502:Samlesbury witches
2452:Witches of Warboys
2392:Austin Osman Spare
2382:Madeline Montalban
1936:Salem witch trials
1782:Lisbon witch trial
1733:In Southern Europe
1687:Vardø witch trials
1586:In Northern Europe
1528:Fulda witch trials
1516:Trier witch trials
1447:Loudun possessions
1363:Pittenweem witches
1318:Witches of Belvoir
1312:Samlesbury witches
1283:Witches of Warboys
1165:, pp. 198–207
1083:Deadline Hollywood
979:The New York Times
752:, pp. 184–92.
436:Euphame MacCalzean
407:on 4 August 1588.
371:Euphame MacCalzean
241:Lennit Bandilandis
229:Euphame MacCalzean
205:
197:
150:Trier witch trials
44:
3118:Scottish folklore
3075:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3021:
3020:
2987:
2986:
2896:Alexandrian Wicca
2871:
2870:
2849:Witch hunters and
2830:Major Thomas Weir
2405:
2404:
2265:
2264:
2257:George Pickingill
2151:
2150:
1905:Outside of Europe
1883:Lukh witch trials
1379:In Eastern Europe
1151:978-1-5329-6891-4
1012:King James (2016)
929:(Subscription or
844:Winifred Coutts,
773:978-0-7387-2994-7
656:King James (2016)
575:Scottish folklore
546:Margaret Vinstarr
328:Christopher Smout
225:(John Cunningham)
16:(Redirected from
3145:
3093:1590 in Scotland
3032:
2998:
2979:Cecil Williamson
2906:Cochrane's Craft
2901:Gardnerian Wicca
2882:
2800:Annaple Thomsone
2790:Bessie Stevenson
2705:Gwen ferch Ellis
2650:Margaret Duchill
2615:Margaret Barclay
2432:
2347:Aleister Crowley
2337:Peter J. Carroll
2276:
2271:Ceremonial magic
2201:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2155:
1699:Mora witch trial
1277:St Osyth Witches
1220:
1213:
1206:
1197:
1191:
1166:
1154:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1035:
1029:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1003:
996:
990:
989:
987:
985:
970:
964:
957:
951:
941:
935:
934:
926:
908:
902:
896:
890:
884:
878:
868:
862:
855:
849:
842:
836:
829:
823:
813:
807:
806:
804:
802:
787:
778:
777:
759:
753:
747:
741:
740:
732:
726:
725:
717:
711:
700:
694:
687:
681:
678:
672:
665:
659:
653:
644:
637:
631:
624:
615:
608:
602:
595:
536:Deborah Harkness
412:Atkynson's Haven
259:Others not named
78:, on charges of
21:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3067:
3051:
3027:
3017:
3002:
2993:
2983:
2974:Doreen Valiente
2959:Frederic Lamond
2934:Robert Cochrane
2929:Charles Cardell
2916:
2910:
2867:
2850:
2844:
2820:Beatrix Watsone
2715:Grissel Jaffray
2630:Margaret Burges
2620:Magdalene Blair
2605:Allison Balfour
2600:Margaret Aitken
2587:
2581:
2552:Paisley witches
2442:Windsor Witches
2430:
2412:
2401:
2342:Andrew Chumbley
2325:
2321:Typhonian Order
2261:
2235:
2192:
2182:
2152:
2147:
2136:Witchcraft Acts
2102:
1941:
1900:
1877:Spa witch trial
1823:
1817:
1728:
1581:
1476:
1419:
1374:
1357:Paisley witches
1271:Windsor Witches
1229:
1224:
1178:
1175:
1170:
1157:
1152:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1120:
1118:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1093:
1091:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1052:
1050:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1028:, I. iii. 15-25
1022:
1018:
1010:
1006:
997:
993:
983:
981:
972:
971:
967:
958:
954:
944:Marguerite Wood
942:
938:
928:
910:
909:
905:
897:
893:
885:
881:
869:
865:
856:
852:
843:
839:
830:
826:
814:
810:
800:
798:
789:
788:
781:
774:
761:
760:
756:
748:
744:
734:
733:
729:
719:
718:
714:
701:
697:
688:
684:
679:
675:
666:
662:
654:
647:
643:(London, 1970).
641:Anne of Denmark
638:
634:
625:
618:
609:
605:
596:
592:
588:
583:
566:
558:Anne of Denmark
554:lady-in-waiting
528:Shadow of Night
457:
455:Popular culture
448:
379:
336:
238:Robert Grierson
185:
138:Anne of Denmark
126:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3151:
3149:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3080:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3038:
3036:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3009:
3007:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2954:Gerald Gardner
2951:
2946:
2944:Stewart Farrar
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2920:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2888:
2886:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2851:Witch-prickers
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2810:Issobell Young
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2785:Isobell Shyrie
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2765:Alison Pearson
2762:
2757:
2752:
2750:Barbara Napier
2747:
2742:
2740:Elspeth McEwen
2737:
2732:
2730:Beatrix Leslie
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2655:Geillis Duncan
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2482:Pendle witches
2479:
2478:
2477:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2438:
2436:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2417:
2415:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2291:Alpha et Omega
2288:
2282:
2280:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2207:
2205:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2158:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2092:
2084:
2076:
2068:
2060:
2052:
2044:
2036:
2028:
2020:
2012:
2004:
1996:
1988:
1980:
1972:
1964:
1956:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1833:
1827:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
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1482:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
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1433:
1427:
1425:
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1420:
1418:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1388:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1300:Pendle witches
1297:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1174:
1173:External links
1171:
1169:
1168:
1155:
1150:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1110:"The Burnings"
1101:
1078:Cast Regulars"
1060:
1030:
1016:
1004:
991:
965:
952:
936:
903:
891:
879:
863:
850:
837:
824:
808:
779:
772:
754:
742:
727:
712:
704:Julian Goodare
695:
682:
673:
671:, vol. 3 p. 9.
660:
645:
632:
616:
603:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
578:
577:
572:
565:
562:
507:Diana Gabaldon
456:
453:
447:
444:
382:Barbara Napier
378:
377:Barbara Napier
375:
335:
334:Geillis Duncan
332:
293:scold's bridle
261:
260:
257:
254:
251:
248:
242:
239:
236:
234:Geillis Duncan
231:
226:
220:
217:Barbara Napier
214:
184:
181:
132:and Scotland.
130:Denmark-Norway
125:
122:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3150:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3113:North Berwick
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3024:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
2999:
2996:
2990:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
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2965:
2962:
2960:
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2902:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2847:
2841:
2840:Bessie Wright
2838:
2836:
2835:Janet Wishart
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2815:Marion Walker
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2805:Marioun Twedy
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2780:Agnes Sampson
2778:
2776:
2775:Elspeth Reoch
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2700:Helen Guthrie
2698:
2696:
2695:Isobel Gowdie
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2665:Isobel Elliot
2663:
2661:
2660:Bessie Dunlop
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2610:Margaret Bane
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2584:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2532:Alloa witches
2530:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2495:
2494:
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2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2357:Kenneth Grant
2355:
2353:
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2328:
2322:
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2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:Organizations
2277:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2252:James Murrell
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2227:
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2222:
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2018:
2017:
2013:
2010:
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1105:
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1089:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1076:The Black Box
1073:
1064:
1061:
1049:
1048:Jukebox Metal
1045:
1043:
1040:"Cathedral -
1034:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1014:, p. 107
1013:
1008:
1005:
1001:
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980:
976:
969:
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689:Joseph Bain,
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667:James Grant,
664:
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658:, p. 101
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629:
623:
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522:Lotte Verbeek
519:
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481:Mollie Hunter
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169:Anna Koldings
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134:King James VI
131:
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106:
105:King James VI
102:
101:
96:
92:
88:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
68:North Berwick
65:
62:, accused of
61:
57:
53:
49:
41:
40:
34:
30:
19:
3013:Helen Duncan
2969:Alex Sanders
2949:Janet Farrar
2863:John Kincaid
2755:Alice Nutter
2725:Marie Lamont
2680:Agnes Finnie
2625:Janet Boyman
2461:
2411:Early Modern
2362:Dion Fortune
2094:
2086:
2078:
2070:
2062:
2056:Daemonologie
2054:
2046:
2038:
2030:
2022:
2014:
2008:Laienspiegel
2006:
1998:
1990:
1982:
1974:
1966:
1958:
1767:(1505, 1518)
1641:Køge Huskors
1345:Bute witches
1288:
1227:Witch trials
1188:the original
1183:
1162:
1141:
1133:Bibliography
1121:17 September
1119:. Retrieved
1113:
1104:
1092:. Retrieved
1081:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1051:. Retrieved
1047:
1041:
1033:
1023:
1019:
1007:
999:
994:
982:. Retrieved
978:
968:
960:
959:David Reid,
955:
947:
939:
912:
906:
898:
894:
886:
882:
874:
870:
866:
858:
857:David Reid,
853:
845:
840:
832:
831:David Reid,
827:
819:
815:
811:
799:. Retrieved
794:
763:
757:
745:
736:
730:
721:
715:
707:
698:
690:
685:
676:
668:
663:
640:
635:
627:
611:
606:
598:
593:
542:The Burnings
541:
540:
531:
527:
526:
511:
505:
498:
485:
476:
474:
470:Daemonologie
469:
463:
458:
449:
432:
420:
409:
394:
380:
368:
359:
351:
348:witch's mark
337:
305:
296:
274:
270:Robert Bowes
262:
206:
193:Daemonologie
154:
140:, sister of
127:
115:
110:Daemonologie
108:
98:
84:
80:high treason
56:East Lothian
47:
45:
37:
29:
3088:1590 in law
3047:Maggie Wall
3028:and museums
2760:Mary Pannal
2710:Janet Horne
2595:Lilias Adie
2421:In Scotland
2397:A. E. Waite
1976:Formicarius
1938:(1692–1693)
1932:(1642–1790)
1926:(1654–1712)
1920:(1647–1663)
1914:(1626–1730)
1897:(1679–1682)
1891:(1675–1681)
1885:(1656–1660)
1861:(1591–1595)
1849:(1428–1447)
1843:(1397–1407)
1808:(1615–1619)
1790:(1575–1650)
1773:(1522–1525)
1725:(1696–1698)
1695:(1665–1668)
1672:(1639–1642)
1643:(1608–1615)
1572:(1662–1666)
1566:(1628–1631)
1560:(1627–1631)
1554:(1626–1631)
1548:(1626–1631)
1542:(1617–1630)
1536:(1611–1618)
1530:(1603–1606)
1518:(1581–1593)
1512:(1578–1613)
1506:(1562–1563)
1473:(1742–1745)
1467:(1679–1682)
1285:(1589–1593)
1038:Lye, Andy.
739:. Infobase.
460:Shakespeare
386:La Rochelle
289:Prestonpans
256:Alanis Muir
223:Doctor Fian
3082:Categories
2994:witchcraft
2964:Sybil Leek
2745:Violet Mar
2720:Mary Hicks
2413:witchcraft
2387:Alan Moore
2372:James Lees
2197:Folk magic
2191:in Britain
2189:witchcraft
2126:Drudenhaus
2114:Witch-hunt
1822:Elsewhere
1788:Benandanti
1481:In Germany
933:required.)
750:Smout 1969
581:References
552:and was a
491:doom metal
428:Chancellor
390:Corshogill
344:pilliwinks
310:, and the
308:pilliwinks
157:Peder Munk
64:witchcraft
3035:Monuments
3026:Monuments
2825:Jane Weir
2795:Anna Tait
2685:Maud Galt
2675:John Fian
2476:1596–1597
2456:1589–1593
2367:Phil Hine
2330:Magicians
2240:Magicians
1824:in Europe
1814:(1646–47)
1784:(1559–60)
1719:(1685–86)
1689:(1662–63)
1461:(1669–70)
1449:(1633–34)
1424:In France
1410:(1728–29)
1115:Goodreads
1094:12 August
1072:Outlander
1053:16 August
612:Heksejagt
586:Citations
570:Scots law
532:All Souls
512:Outlander
495:Cathedral
316:Edinburgh
285:John Fian
283:, and Dr
173:Halloween
113:in 1597.
72:Halloween
50:were the
2915:Neopagan
2885:Variants
2426:In Wales
2352:John Dee
2231:Nicnevin
2204:Variants
1161:(1969),
1088:Archived
564:See also
416:James VI
405:Dalkeith
362:Saltpans
177:Kronborg
60:Scotland
3056:Museums
2924:Artemis
2917:witches
2645:Meg Dow
2588:witches
2586:Accused
2107:Related
1044:review"
1025:Macbeth
984:9 March
801:17 June
630:, p. 79
465:Macbeth
401:Smeaton
340:Tranent
266:Tranent
183:Accused
93:in the
91:torture
2992:Modern
2435:Trials
2306:O∴A∴A∴
2226:Goetia
2099:(1751)
2091:(1647)
2083:(1627)
2075:(1608)
2067:(1599)
2059:(1597)
2051:(1595)
2043:(1593)
2035:(1591)
2027:(1584)
2019:(1563)
2011:(1509)
2003:(1489)
1995:(1487)
1987:(1484)
1979:(1475)
1971:(1440)
1963:(1376)
1879:(1616)
1873:(1613)
1867:(1610)
1855:(1571)
1802:(1609)
1796:(1593)
1713:(1676)
1707:(1675)
1701:(1669)
1683:(1656)
1666:(1634)
1660:(1624)
1649:(1617)
1637:(1596)
1631:(1590)
1625:(1542)
1578:(1703)
1524:(1600)
1500:(1555)
1455:(1647)
1443:(1611)
1416:(1783)
1404:(1678)
1398:(1634)
1371:(1711)
1365:(1704)
1359:(1696)
1353:(1682)
1347:(1662)
1320:(1619)
1314:(1612)
1308:(1612)
1302:(1612)
1291:(1590)
1279:(1582)
1273:(1579)
1148:
1074:&
927:
770:
514:series
493:group
301:Sabbat
281:Humbie
246:Seaton
195:(1597)
52:trials
2892:Wicca
2185:Magic
1946:Texts
487:Heavy
403:near
3003:the
2939:Dafo
2576:1711
2566:1704
2556:1696
2546:1684
2536:1658
2516:1619
2506:1612
2496:1612
2486:1612
2466:1590
2446:1579
2286:A∴A∴
2187:and
1180:"13"
1146:ISBN
1123:2023
1096:2015
1055:2019
986:2022
803:2016
768:ISBN
318:and
312:boot
46:The
919:doi
509:'s
479:by
70:on
3084::
2894::
1182:,
1112:.
1086:.
1080:.
1046:.
977:.
946:,
793:.
782:^
706:,
648:^
619:^
524:.
483:.
103:.
82:.
58:,
2177:e
2170:t
2163:v
1219:e
1212:t
1205:v
1192:.
1167:.
1125:.
1098:.
1070:"
1057:.
988:.
925:.
921::
805:.
776:.
530:(
489:/
42:.
20:)
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