87:
215:, while others consider NH to form a distinct language family, with no demonstrable relationship outside the region. The languages of North Halmahera appear to have the closest affinity with the languages of the Bird's Head, which suggests a migration from the western Bird's Head to northern Halmahera. However,
276:
in 1915. The structural similarities between NH and certain Papuan families in
Melanesia were noted as far back as 1900, and an early version of the West Papuan family was proposed by H.K.J. Cowan (1957â1965), linking NH with the Bird's Head languages, among others (based on lexical and morphemic
502:
involved, and the separation appears to be based on sociopolitical grounds. Voorhoeve groups these idioms together as varieties of a unitary "Ternate-Tidore" language, while Miriam van Staden classifies them as distinct languages. Other North
Halmahera languages, such as Galela and Tobelo, have
332:
The family is dialectally heterogeneous, with blurry lines between different languages. While different authors tend to disagree on the number of distinct languages identified, there is general accord regarding the internal subgrouping of the family.
167:
Some of the North
Halmahera languages are characterized by their elaborate morphological structures. Others exhibit deep external influence, having shifted to a more Austronesian-type grammar as a consequence of prolonged contact.
324:, as well as the use of object and subject prefixes. The presence of archaic typological features sharply distinguishes these languages from other West Papuan languages, which generally have a left-headed syntactic structure.
495:, though most speakers consider them to be distinct languages. They are probably best considered separate languages, as mutual intelligibility testing appears to be skewed by the cultural practice of multilingualism.
269:. The ethnic groups of the north Halmahera area share civilizational links with the Islamic world and the populations of western Indonesia, betraying a mismatch between cultural and linguistic affiliation.
2799:
Voorhoeve, Clemens L. 1988. The languages of the northern
Halmaheran stock. Papers in New Guinea Linguistics, no. 26., 181-209. (Pacific Linguistics A-76). Canberra: Australian National University.
272:
At the turn of the 19th century, the NH languages had already been recognized as a highly divergent (but perhaps
Austronesian) group. Their non-Austronesian character was finally demonstrated by
277:
evidence). Holton and Klamer (2018: 626) do not unequivocally accept the genealogical unity of West Papuan, but note that the more restricted "West Papuan" proposal, linking NH with
3049:
Voorhoeve, Clemens L. (1982), "The
Halmahera connection: a case for prehistoric traffic through Torres Straits", in Halim, Amran; Carrington, Lois; Wurm, Stephen A. (eds.),
2809:
Holton, Gary; Klamer, Marian; KratochvĂl, FrantiĹĄek; Robinson, Laura C.; Schapper, Antoinette (2012), "The
Historical Relations of the Papuan Languages of Alor and Pantar",
663:
The following proto-North
Halmahera reconstructions are listed in Holton and Klamer (2018: 620â621). Most of the forms in Holton and Klamer are derived from Wada (1980).
2757:
Voorhoeve, Clemens L. (1994), "Contact-induced change in the non-Austronesian languages in the north
Moluccas, Indonesia", in Dutton, Tom; Tryon, Darrell T. (eds.),
3294:
2132:
The following basic vocabulary words are from the Trans-New Guinea database. The words cited constitute translation equivalents, whether they are cognate (e.g.
4985:
3533:
3188:
Wada, Yuiti. "1980 Correspondence of consonants in North
Halmahera languages and the conservation of archaic sounds in Galela.". In Ishige, Naomichi (ed.).
3685:
3053:, Pacific Linguistics C-75, Canberra: Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, pp. 217â239,
3031:, Pacific Linguistics A-70, Canberra: Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, pp. 39â44,
3006:. Asia-Pacific Linguistics, School of Culture, History and Language, College of Asia and the Pacific, The Australian National University. p. 9.
491:
There is a degree of mutual intelligibility between the GalelaâTobelo languages, and Voorhoeve 1988 considered them dialects of a language he called
5091:
5000:
304:
ones; in particular, Voorhoeve (1982) has noted a set of lexical similarities between NH and the Central Papuan languages of the south coast of
5015:
4031:
5030:
3165:
3138:
3011:
2910:
2878:
2774:
2736:
2695:
2597:
4970:
248:
3987:
185:
5005:
3101:
Voorhoeve, Clemens L. (1982), "The West Makian language, North Moluccas, Indonesia: a fieldwork report", in Voorhoeve, Clemens L. (ed.),
316:
have adopted many elements of Austronesian grammar; however, other languages of the family are rather conservative, having preserved the
5025:
3287:
2674:
Bellwood, Peter (2019), "The Northern Spice Islands in prehistory, from 40,000 years ago to the recent past", in Bellwood, Peter (ed.),
4955:
4036:
5081:
220:
4995:
5020:
2945:
2652:
5010:
4865:
254:
4384:
5086:
3678:
3522:
3280:
223:
between the different "West Papuan" groupings is too skimpy to form a firm conclusion, suggesting that they be considered an
4025:
3866:
3861:
4140:
4067:
4049:
3926:
3544:
3320:
2727:
Holton, Gary; Klamer, Marian (2018). "The Papuan languages of East Nusantara and the Bird's Head". In Palmer, Bill (ed.).
278:
4041:
4833:
4828:
499:
4328:
4216:
3827:
3822:
3577:
192:, the two families are arguably the only non-Melanesian linguistic groups that can be linked to the Papuan families of
4407:
4154:
5059:
4990:
4965:
4843:
4197:
4192:
4060:
4055:
3871:
3741:
5096:
4945:
4930:
3710:
2861:
Musgrave, Simon (2014), "Language Shift and Language Maintenance in Indonesia", in Sercombe, P.; Tupas, R. (eds.),
4980:
4960:
4838:
3886:
3671:
233:
111:
5035:
4445:
4126:
3102:
4711:
297:
4908:
4014:
208:
156:
Most of these languages are very closely related to each other, and their family status is well-demonstrated.
119:
3266:
4935:
4741:
3976:
3756:
20:
3051:
Papers from the Third International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, Vol. 2, Tracking the travellers
5040:
4731:
4560:
4544:
4453:
4170:
4165:
3786:
3751:
161:
115:
3837:
4950:
4940:
4925:
4657:
4575:
4390:
4133:
4096:
3896:
3663:
3311:
3303:
649:
481:
289:
204:
60:
519:
Proto-North Halmahera consonants are (after Voorhoeve 1994: 68, cited in Holton and Klamer 2018: 584):
160:
stands out as an isolate. Their external links remain unclear. While genealogically distinct from most
4809:
4639:
4601:
4487:
4478:
4421:
4370:
3478:
2926:
Gil, David (2015), "The Mekong-Mamberamo linguistic area", in Enfield, Nick; Comrie, Bernard (eds.),
485:
457:
309:
293:
273:
266:
157:
142:
228:
4975:
3961:
3791:
2631:"The archaeology of Papuan and Austronesian prehistory in the Northern Moluccas, Eastern Indonesia"
653:
243:
212:
146:
123:
102:(NH) languages are a family of languages spoken in the northern and eastern parts of the island of
2901:
Pawley, Andrew; HammarstrĂśm, Harald (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family". In Palmer, Bill (ed.).
5101:
4650:
4645:
4440:
4425:
4402:
4318:
4177:
4115:
3946:
3941:
3891:
3772:
3722:
3390:
2980:
2836:
389:
3001:
4879:
4823:
4749:
4736:
4726:
4675:
4670:
4581:
4523:
4492:
4343:
4187:
4182:
4160:
3956:
3951:
3936:
3832:
3796:
3761:
3171:
3161:
3155:
3134:
3007:
2941:
2906:
2884:
2874:
2844:
2770:
2732:
2691:
2648:
2630:
2603:
2593:
504:
301:
164:, they all show evidence of extensive contact with the dominant Austronesian language family.
196:. The languages are thought to have been brought to the region as a result of migration from
4851:
4756:
4721:
4716:
4566:
4555:
4502:
4467:
4250:
4236:
4229:
4202:
4089:
4003:
3913:
3881:
3856:
3848:
3814:
3700:
3694:
3616:
3590:
3557:
3457:
3367:
3328:
3126:
3054:
3032:
3027:
Chlenov, Mikhail (1986), "North Halmahera languages: a problem of internal classification",
2972:
2933:
2866:
2826:
2818:
2762:
2681:
2640:
657:
409:
361:
305:
181:
130:
480:
West Makian is divergent due to heavy Austronesian influence. It was once classified as an
86:
4813:
4791:
4784:
4777:
4770:
4763:
4663:
4534:
4512:
4507:
4429:
4411:
4377:
4278:
4257:
4243:
4103:
3931:
3921:
3876:
3802:
3643:
3562:
3462:
3441:
3436:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3400:
3343:
3333:
3083:
Workshop on the Languages of Papua 3, 20â24 January 2014, Manokwari, West Papua, Indonesia
433:
421:
417:
413:
405:
385:
365:
138:
64:
55:
503:
received significant influence from Ternate, a historical legacy of the dominance of the
91:
Map of the North Halmahera languages; the location of the language users is mostly wrong.
5050:
4886:
4629:
4607:
4586:
4497:
4460:
4435:
4415:
4395:
4306:
4292:
4285:
4271:
4221:
4206:
4147:
3781:
3736:
3635:
3621:
3600:
3595:
3585:
3567:
3503:
3353:
3348:
3125:. Studies in Diversity Linguistics 28. Berlin: Language Science Press. pp. 35â37.
2636:
Archaeology and Language II : Correlating archaeological and linguistic hypotheses
498:
Ternate and Tidore are generally treated as separate languages, though there is little
317:
282:
227:
of unrelated linguistic families. Moreover, many speakers of NH languages, such as the
189:
177:
44:
2731:. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 569â640.
2586:
Reesink, Ger (2009), "West Papuan languages", in Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.),
77:
5075:
4897:
4872:
4798:
4705:
4690:
4618:
4612:
4592:
4550:
4517:
4299:
4264:
4210:
4082:
4075:
3902:
3746:
3648:
3552:
3508:
3498:
3431:
3395:
2905:. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21â195.
425:
381:
313:
258:
239:
134:
3110:, Materials in languages of Indonesia, vol. 12, Pacific Linguistics, p. 46
2976:
4858:
4336:
3731:
3338:
429:
321:
262:
3075:
2927:
2863:
Language, Education and Nation-building: Assimilation and Shift in Southeast Asia
2675:
2634:
2587:
2677:
The Spice Islands in Prehistory: Archaeology in the Northern Moluccas, Indonesia
2169:
2164:
2159:
292:, with the ancestral language having received lexical influence from an unnamed
216:
150:
4694:
2937:
2848:
2766:
224:
197:
3175:
2888:
2607:
3157:
Dictionary of Languages: The definitive reference to more than 400 languages
2870:
107:
103:
71:
48:
3240:. Tidore, Maluku, Indonesia: Pemerintah Daerah Tingkat II Halmahera Tengah.
3130:
2903:
The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide
2729:
The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide
2686:
2644:
2822:
508:
3272:
3058:
2840:
3076:"Emic and Etic Classifications of Languages in the North Maluku Region"
3036:
193:
2984:
2831:
110:. The southwestern part of the island is occupied by the unrelated
4354:
4358:
667:
proto-North Halmahera reconstructions (Holton & Klamer 2018)
3667:
3276:
184:(the only other such outlier family in eastern Indonesia being
3205:"TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea"
203:
These languages are classified by some to be part of a larger
3204:
180:, the North Halmahera languages are some of the westernmost
265:(2013) considers this paradox to be a result of historical
200:, likely predating the arrival of Austronesian languages.
118:. They may be most closely related to the languages of the
2929:
Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia: The State of the Art
336:
The classification used here is that of Voorhoeve 1988.
2963:
Foley, William (2000), "The Languages of New Guinea",
296:(or languages). There are also borrowings of probable
2759:
Language Contact and Change in the Austronesian World
2865:, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 87â105,
5049:
4918:
4896:
4808:
4689:
4628:
4533:
4477:
4353:
4316:
4113:
4013:
3974:
3912:
3846:
3812:
3770:
3720:
3709:
3634:
3609:
3576:
3543:
3532:
3521:
3491:
3471:
3450:
3409:
3383:
3374:
3362:
3319:
3310:
3225:
Sahu-Indonesian-English dictionary and Sahu grammar
2722:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
257:, while Papuan traits are more prevalent among the
70:
54:
38:
28:
3223:Visser, Leontien E., and C. L. Voorhoeve. 1987.
648:Proto-North Halmahera is notable for having the
3192:. Osaka: Museum of Ethnology. pp. 497â527.
2932:, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 266â355,
2795:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2761:, Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 649â674,
2752:
2750:
2748:
511:. Many Ternate loanwords can be found in Sahu.
2589:Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World
133:(50,000 native speakers), which is a regional
3679:
3288:
3190:The Galela of Halmahera: A Preliminary Survey
3123:Multi-verb constructions in Eastern Indonesia
2633:, in Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.),
8:
2958:
2956:
488:(Taba), an unrelated Austronesian language.
129:The best known North Halmaheran language is
288:The family has a demonstrable Austronesian
141:, were the languages of the rival medieval
4474:
3717:
3686:
3672:
3664:
3540:
3529:
3380:
3316:
3295:
3281:
3273:
2152:
672:
285:), appears to be particularly convincing.
3251:The Makian languages and their neighbours
3104:The Makian Languages and Their Neighbours
2830:
2685:
2680:, Canberra: ANU Press, pp. 211â221,
149:sultanates, famous for their role in the
3269:(Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database)
3160:, London: A & C Black, p. 620,
523:
3238:Kamus bahasa Tidore, Indonesia, Inggris
3029:Papers in New Guinea Linguistics No. 24
2639:, London: Routledge, pp. 128â140,
2575:
404:GalelaâTobelo (Northeast Halmaheran):
253:peoples, are physically distinct from
25:
3069:
3067:
2995:
2993:
2581:
2579:
526:
7:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2561:dimaede; edeng; je; maedeng; medeng
126:, but this is not well-established.
354:
346:
339:
484:. It should be distinguished from
207:, along with the languages of the
19:For the North Maluku regency, see
14:
2547:gominye; maminye; meminye; minye
350: Core Halmaheran
3253:. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
3227:. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
3121:Unterladstetter, Volker (2020).
2592:, Elsevier, pp. 1176â1178,
308:. In addition, Ternate, Tidore,
106:and some neighboring islands in
85:
5092:Languages of the Maluku Islands
2977:10.1146/annurev.anthro.29.1.357
2207:kocowo'o; ngau'u; 'oki; sidete
1:
2965:Annual Review of Anthropology
259:Austronesian-speaking peoples
5016:Central and South New Guinea
3236:Pikkert, J. J. et al. 1994.
281:in particular (and also the
219:notes that the evidence for
172:Genetic and areal relations
5118:
4986:East Bird's Head â Sentani
3267:North Halmahera word lists
3003:The Austronesian languages
114:, which are a subgroup of
18:
5082:North Halmahera languages
5026:East New Guinea Highlands
4032:Nuclear South Bird's Head
3203:Greenhill, Simon (2016).
2938:10.1515/9781501501685-008
2767:10.1515/9783110883091.649
2527:'doroga; kou; oromo; tabu
2235:cu'dumu; ngunungu; payĂĄha
2140:for âhairâ) or not (e.g.
627:
609:
591:
550:
537:
534:
531:
528:
455:
402:
378:
359:
352:
344:
112:South Halmahera languages
84:
56:Linguistic classification
33:
4056:Nuclear East Bird's Head
3695:Papuan language families
2629:Bellwood, Peter (1998),
5031:Yele â West New Britain
5021:Central West New Guinea
3249:Voorhoeve, C. L. 1982.
2871:10.1057/9781137455536_5
656:are often not found in
328:Internal classification
21:North Halmahera Regency
5060:Proto-TransâNew Guinea
4971:Trans-FlyâBulaka River
3154:Dalby, Andrew (2015),
3131:10.5281/zenodo.3546018
679:proto-North Halmahera
515:Lexical reconstruction
162:languages of Indonesia
137:and which, along with
5087:West Papuan languages
5011:West Papuan Highlands
5006:West TransâNew Guinea
4817:families and isolates
4698:families and isolates
4363:families and isolates
4322:families and isolates
4155:East Cenderawasih Bay
4119:families and isolates
4018:families and isolates
4015:Bird's Head Peninsula
3980:families and isolates
3304:West Papuan languages
3000:Robert Blust (2013).
2687:10.22459/TA50.2019.13
2645:10.4324/9780203202913
2128:Vocabulary comparison
650:voiced retroflex stop
482:Austronesian language
4956:BinandereanâGoilalan
4810:Bismarck Archipelago
4037:InanwatanâDuriankere
2823:10.1353/ol.2012.0001
1911:*fikiri < Arabic
654:retroflex consonants
493:Northeast Halmaheran
283:Yapen/Yawa languages
274:Hendrik van der Veen
267:language replacement
261:of South Halmahera.
5001:TorâKwerbaâNimboran
4996:Left May â Kwomtari
3927:Greater Binanderean
3363:Central Bird's Head
3059:10.15144/PL-C75.217
2811:Oceanic Linguistics
300:origin, as well as
294:Philippine language
221:genetic relatedness
4919:Proposed groupings
4834:South Bougainville
4829:North Bougainville
4319:Western New Guinea
4116:Western New Guinea
3037:10.15144/PL-A70.39
2555:'di'di; romo'dĂ'di
213:Western New Guinea
205:West Papuan family
188:). Located within
5097:Language families
5069:
5068:
4685:
4684:
4408:Leonhard Schultze
4026:South Bird's Head
3988:Timor-Alor-Pantar
3970:
3969:
3704:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3630:
3629:
3517:
3516:
3487:
3486:
3167:978-1-4081-0214-5
3140:978-3-96110-216-7
3013:978-1-922185-07-5
2912:978-3-11-028642-7
2880:978-1-137-45553-6
2776:978-3-11-012786-7
2738:978-3-11-028642-7
2697:978-1-76046-291-8
2599:978-0-08-087775-4
2565:
2564:
2471:ci'du; naoto; u'u
2123:
2122:
644:
643:
505:Ternate Sultanate
477:
476:
468:
467:
444:
443:
186:TimorâAlorâPantar
96:
95:
5109:
4946:Southeast Papuan
4931:Northwest Papuan
4839:Central Solomons
4475:
4385:Lower Sepik-Ramu
4068:West Bird's Head
4050:East Bird's Head
3914:Papuan Peninsula
3849:Papua New Guinea
3815:Papua New Guinea
3718:
3711:Trans-New Guinea
3698:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3665:
3545:East Bird's Head
3541:
3534:East Bird's Head
3530:
3381:
3321:West Bird's Head
3317:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3274:
3254:
3247:
3241:
3234:
3228:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3080:
3071:
3062:
3061:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3024:
3018:
3017:
2997:
2988:
2987:
2960:
2951:
2950:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2834:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2780:
2779:
2754:
2743:
2742:
2724:
2701:
2700:
2689:
2671:
2658:
2657:
2626:
2611:
2610:
2583:
2533:am; fajow; fiam
2153:
673:
658:Papuan languages
524:
355:
347:
340:
306:Papua New Guinea
279:West Bird's Head
252:
237:
182:Papuan languages
89:
80:
26:
5117:
5116:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5107:
5106:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5065:
5045:
4914:
4900:
4892:
4816:
4814:Solomon Islands
4804:
4697:
4681:
4624:
4529:
4473:
4362:
4349:
4321:
4312:
4118:
4109:
4017:
4009:
3995:North Halmahera
3979:
3966:
3908:
3887:East Strickland
3867:Kainantu-Goroka
3862:Finisterre-Huon
3842:
3808:
3766:
3713:
3705:
3703:classification)
3697:
3692:
3662:
3653:
3626:
3605:
3572:
3535:
3524:
3513:
3483:
3467:
3446:
3405:
3376:North Halmahera
3370:
3358:
3306:
3301:
3263:
3258:
3257:
3248:
3244:
3235:
3231:
3222:
3218:
3209:
3207:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3187:
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3168:
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3119:
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3099:
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3087:
3085:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3065:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3026:
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3021:
3014:
2999:
2998:
2991:
2962:
2961:
2954:
2948:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2913:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2881:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2808:
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2803:
2798:
2783:
2777:
2756:
2755:
2746:
2739:
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2704:
2698:
2673:
2672:
2661:
2655:
2628:
2627:
2614:
2600:
2585:
2584:
2577:
2572:
2499:ngo'omo; tapaka
2130:
517:
478:
469:
445:
330:
246:
231:
174:
100:North Halmahera
92:
76:
65:language family
63:or independent
40:
29:North Halmahera
24:
17:
16:Language family
12:
11:
5:
5115:
5113:
5105:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5074:
5073:
5067:
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5063:
5055:
5053:
5051:Proto-language
5047:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
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4953:
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4774:
4767:
4760:
4753:
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4724:
4719:
4714:
4712:Pahoturi River
4709:
4701:
4699:
4687:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4673:
4668:
4660:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4648:
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4303:
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4282:
4275:
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4168:
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4144:
4137:
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4100:
4093:
4086:
4079:
4071:
4070:
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4063:
4058:
4046:
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4044:
4042:KondaâYahadian
4039:
4034:
4021:
4019:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4007:
3999:
3998:
3991:
3983:
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3924:
3918:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3877:Enga-Kewa-Huli
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3853:
3851:
3844:
3843:
3841:
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3835:
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3482:
3481:
3475:
3473:
3469:
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3454:
3452:
3451:Ternate-Tidore
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3413:
3411:
3407:
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3404:
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3314:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3262:
3261:External links
3259:
3256:
3255:
3242:
3229:
3216:
3195:
3180:
3166:
3146:
3139:
3113:
3093:
3074:Bowden, John,
3063:
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2388:
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2363:
2360:
2359:'bero; 'obongo
2357:
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2329:
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2017:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2008:
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1021:
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1009:
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1001:
1000:
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973:
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968:
965:
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937:
936:
933:
929:
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925:
921:
920:
917:
913:
912:
909:
905:
904:
901:
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893:
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888:
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881:
880:
877:
873:
872:
869:
865:
864:
861:
857:
856:
853:
849:
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840:
837:
833:
832:
829:
825:
824:
821:
817:
816:
813:
809:
808:
805:
801:
800:
797:
793:
792:
789:
785:
784:
781:
777:
776:
773:
769:
768:
765:
761:
760:
757:
753:
752:
749:
745:
744:
741:
737:
736:
733:
729:
728:
725:
721:
720:
717:
713:
712:
709:
705:
704:
701:
697:
696:
693:
689:
688:
685:
681:
680:
677:
669:
668:
646:
645:
642:
641:
639:
637:
635:
632:
629:
625:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
611:
607:
606:
603:
601:
599:
596:
593:
589:
588:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
570:
569:
566:
563:
561:
558:
555:
552:
548:
547:
544:
540:
539:
536:
533:
530:
527:
516:
513:
475:
474:
471:
470:
466:
465:
462:
461:
454:
451:
450:
447:
446:
442:
441:
438:
437:
401:
398:
397:
394:
393:
377:
374:
373:
370:
369:
358:
353:
351:
345:
343:
338:
329:
326:
318:SOV word order
298:Central Maluku
190:Southeast Asia
178:Maluku Islands
176:Spoken in the
173:
170:
94:
93:
90:
82:
81:
74:
68:
67:
58:
52:
51:
45:Maluku Islands
42:
36:
35:
31:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5114:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5062:
5061:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5052:
5048:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4936:South Pauwasi
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4911:
4910:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4899:
4898:Rossel Island
4895:
4889:
4888:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4863:
4861:
4860:
4856:
4854:
4853:
4849:
4848:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4761:
4759:
4758:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4747:
4746:
4743:
4742:Yelmek-Maklew
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4707:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4696:
4693:and southern
4692:
4691:Gulf of Papua
4688:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4627:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4568:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4532:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4465:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4450:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4329:Bayono-Awbono
4327:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4217:Tofanma-Namla
4215:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4066:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4006:
4005:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3973:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3845:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3828:Turama-Kikori
3826:
3824:
3823:Gogodala-Suki
3821:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3769:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3757:West Bomberai
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3702:
3696:
3689:
3684:
3682:
3677:
3675:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3578:DemtaâSentani
3575:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3520:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3410:GalelaâTobelo
3408:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3293:
3291:
3286:
3284:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3252:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3206:
3199:
3196:
3191:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3163:
3159:
3158:
3150:
3147:
3142:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3117:
3114:
3106:
3105:
3097:
3094:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3023:
3020:
3015:
3009:
3005:
3004:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2947:9781501501685
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2922:
2919:
2914:
2908:
2904:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2817:(1): 86â122,
2816:
2812:
2805:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2654:9780415117616
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2185:apota; tabia
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2148:for âheadâ).
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2127:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1739:
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1734:
1731:
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1726:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1691:
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1683:
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1678:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1651:
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1635:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1002:
998:
995:
994:
990:
987:
986:
982:
979:
978:
974:
971:
970:
966:
964:âfat, greaseâ
963:
962:
958:
955:
954:
950:
947:
946:
942:
939:
938:
934:
931:
930:
926:
923:
922:
918:
915:
914:
910:
907:
906:
902:
899:
898:
894:
891:
890:
886:
883:
882:
878:
875:
874:
870:
867:
866:
862:
859:
858:
854:
851:
850:
846:
843:
842:
838:
835:
834:
830:
827:
826:
822:
819:
818:
814:
811:
810:
806:
803:
802:
798:
795:
794:
790:
787:
786:
782:
779:
778:
774:
771:
770:
766:
763:
762:
758:
755:
754:
750:
747:
746:
742:
739:
738:
734:
731:
730:
726:
723:
722:
718:
715:
714:
710:
707:
706:
702:
699:
698:
694:
691:
690:
686:
683:
682:
678:
675:
674:
671:
670:
666:
665:
664:
661:
659:
655:
651:
640:
638:
636:
633:
630:
626:
623:
620:
618:
615:
612:
608:
604:
602:
600:
597:
594:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
571:
567:
564:
562:
559:
556:
553:
549:
545:
542:
541:
525:
522:
521:
520:
514:
512:
510:
506:
501:
496:
494:
489:
487:
483:
473:
472:
464:
463:
460:
459:
453:
452:
449:
448:
440:
439:
436:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
400:
399:
396:
395:
392:
391:
387:
383:
376:
375:
372:
371:
368:
367:
363:
357:
356:
349:
348:
342:
341:
337:
334:
327:
325:
323:
322:postpositions
320:, the use of
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
286:
284:
280:
275:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
250:
245:
241:
235:
230:
226:
225:areal network
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
171:
169:
165:
163:
159:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
135:lingua franca
132:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
88:
83:
79:
75:
73:
69:
66:
62:
59:
57:
53:
50:
46:
43:
37:
32:
27:
22:
5058:
5041:Indo-Pacific
4991:KwomtariâFas
4966:AsmatâMombum
4907:
4885:
4878:
4871:
4864:
4857:
4850:
4844:Butam-Taulil
4797:
4790:
4783:
4776:
4769:
4762:
4755:
4748:
4732:Doso-Turumsa
4704:
4662:
4638:
4617:
4600:
4591:
4574:
4565:
4561:Yellow River
4545:Middle Sepik
4543:
4520:(West Wapei)
4466:
4459:
4452:
4383:
4376:
4369:
4342:
4335:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4277:
4270:
4263:
4256:
4249:
4242:
4235:
4228:
4198:Lepki-Murkim
4153:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4081:
4074:
4061:HatamâMansim
4048:
4024:
4002:
3994:
3993:
3986:
3901:
3872:Chimbu-Wahgi
3801:
3787:Greater Awyu
3752:Paniai Lakes
3742:Asmat-Kamoro
3375:
3250:
3245:
3237:
3232:
3224:
3219:
3208:. Retrieved
3198:
3189:
3183:
3156:
3149:
3122:
3116:
3103:
3096:
3086:, retrieved
3082:
3050:
3044:
3028:
3022:
3002:
2968:
2964:
2928:
2921:
2902:
2896:
2862:
2856:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2758:
2728:
2676:
2635:
2588:
2541:matĂŠngo; moi
2421:papa; songa
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2131:
1876:âtake, holdâ
1324:âlouse/fleaâ
662:
647:
628:Approximant
518:
497:
492:
490:
479:
456:
403:
379:
360:
335:
331:
287:
271:
263:Robert Blust
255:New Guineans
202:
175:
166:
155:
128:
116:Austronesian
99:
97:
41:distribution
4981:DaniâKwerba
4961:AraiâSamaia
4951:Papuan Gulf
4941:East Papuan
4926:West Papuan
4658:Middle Ramu
4576:Upper Sepik
4391:Lower Sepik
4134:Lakes Plain
4104:Tanah Merah
3897:Duna-Bogaya
3775:, Indonesia
3732:Ok-Oksapmin
3725:, Indonesia
3701:Palmer 2018
3525:West Papuan
3479:West Makian
3312:West Papuan
2971:: 357â404,
2530:oyo; talesa
2496:road, path
2331:gosi; tounu
2199:gigo; onga
2170:West Makian
1983:*monohalok
582:É <á¸>
486:East Makian
458:West Makian
310:West Makian
247: [
232: [
217:Ger Reesink
209:Bird's Head
158:West Makian
151:spice trade
120:Bird's Head
61:West Papuan
5076:Categories
5036:SepikâRamu
4695:New Guinea
4640:Lower Ramu
4602:Sepik Hill
4488:Marienberg
4479:Torricelli
4446:Amto-Musan
4422:Upper Yuat
4371:Torricelli
4127:Tor-Kwerba
3813:Southwest
3771:Southeast
3210:2020-11-05
3088:2024-07-10
2849:5964292934
2832:1887/18594
2570:References
2227:afe; sado
2111:*kalubati
2087:*golipupu
1887:*mogiowok
1836:âstraightâ
1647:*tumuá¸iĹi
1503:*hito(si)
1372:âmountainâ
1316:âlongâ (2)
1308:âlongâ (1)
1276:âleg/footâ
999:*Ĺopeá¸eka
812:âcoldâ (2)
804:âcoldâ (1)
783:*so(Ĺa)ra
592:Fricative
546:Retroflex
211:region of
198:New Guinea
124:West Papua
122:region of
39:Geographic
34:Halmaheran
5102:Halmahera
4976:Trans-Fly
4909:YĂŠlĂŽ Dnye
4632:subgroups
4537:subgroups
4481:subgroups
4114:Northern
3977:Nusantara
3962:Manubaran
3792:Kayagaric
3714:subgroups
3391:Gamkonora
3176:842286334
2889:888035738
2608:318247422
2281:tarotaro
2241:mudefete
2071:*peá¸akat
1895:*kipirin
1612:âscratchâ
1575:*pululun
1527:*girinak
1431:*momuane
1391:*gitipir
1212:âhusbandâ
988:âfeatherâ
935:*tupaaĹe
772:âbrotherâ
554:Unvoiced
538:Guttural
390:Gamkonora
108:Indonesia
104:Halmahera
72:Glottolog
49:Indonesia
4880:Makolkol
4750:Dibiyaso
4678:(Tanggu)
4651:Misegian
4646:Ottilien
4441:Left May
4426:Arafundi
4403:Kwomtari
4344:Uhunduni
4317:Central
4178:Nimboran
3975:Eastern
3947:Goilalan
3942:Koiarian
3847:Central
3721:Central
3536:âSentani
3523:Extended
2841:23321848
1991:*sinoto
1980:âtwentyâ
1948:âtongueâ
1940:âto dryâ
1935:*piriku
1927:*sariwi
1839:*bolowo
1791:*kamanu
1783:*bicara
1764:âsmoothâ
1735:*kiolok
1711:*butaĹa
1692:âsisterâ
1679:*timisi
1639:*gisisi
1631:*kelelo
1599:*á¸owoĹi
1564:ârottenâ
1535:*selera
1519:*sawala
1484:âpierceâ
1476:âpersonâ
1407:*peneto
1404:ânarrowâ
1364:âmotherâ
1271:*gubali
1247:*talaga
1183:*tubuso
1175:*siniĹa
1119:*ĹaĹaru
1060:âflowerâ
1039:*motoha
1015:*kuá¸ubu
996:âfemaleâ
972:âfatherâ
879:*pepeke
759:*sakahi
551:Plosive
509:Moluccas
78:nort2923
4901:isolate
4824:Baining
4757:Kaki Ae
4737:Komolom
4727:Teberan
4676:Ataitan
4671:Tamolan
4582:Wogamus
4567:Yerakai
4524:Monumbo
4493:Arapesh
4251:Kapauri
4237:Burmeso
4230:Abinomn
4188:Mairasi
4183:Sentani
4161:Pauwasi
4090:Maybrat
4004:Tambora
3957:Kwalean
3952:Yareban
3937:Mailuan
3838:Awin-Pa
3833:Kiwaian
3797:Kolopom
3762:Somahai
3617:Burmeso
3591:Sentani
3558:Moskona
3458:Ternate
3368:Maybrat
3329:Kalabra
2513:lomanga
2429:diwanga
2404:nau-nau
2384:breast
2365:subebi
2323:haywan
2260:tongue
2116:âyoungâ
2103:*poĹan
2100:âwoodsâ
2063:*Ĺohat
2052:âwhiteâ
2039:*Ĺekom
2028:âwaterâ
2015:*sakuk
1999:*ĹunaĹ
1996:âvomitâ
1956:âtoothâ
1943:*á¸uá¸uĹ
1924:âthrowâ
1919:*saaĹe
1916:âthreeâ
1908:âthinkâ
1892:âthickâ
1863:*toboĹ
1852:âswellâ
1828:âstoneâ
1812:âstandâ
1804:âsplitâ
1799:*hobir
1788:âspearâ
1780:âspeakâ
1775:*Ĺihia
1772:âsnakeâ
1767:*maahi
1756:âsmokeâ
1748:âsmellâ
1740:âsmallâ
1732:âsleepâ
1727:*á¸ipaĹ
1703:*tamie
1695:*biraĹ
1676:âshortâ
1668:âshootâ
1660:âsharpâ
1644:âsevenâ
1623:*Ĺolot
1572:âroundâ
1559:*gumin
1551:*Ĺutuk
1540:âroastâ
1532:âriverâ
1524:ârightâ
1511:*muura
1487:*topok
1455:*ĹunuĹ
1436:ânightâ
1380:âmouthâ
1359:*Ĺoosa
1311:*kurut
1300:âliverâ
1252:âlaughâ
1223:*tooma
1215:*rokat
1207:*sahuk
1180:âheavyâ
1172:âheartâ
1159:*sahek
1124:âgreenâ
1116:âgrassâ
1095:*sopok
1092:âfruitâ
1071:*sosor
1044:âfloatâ
1031:*nawok
1012:âfightâ
983:*moá¸oĹ
959:*kurut
932:âeightâ
911:*tonak
908:âearthâ
876:âdirtyâ
871:*puait
863:*soneĹ
852:âdanceâ
828:âcountâ
815:*malat
796:âcloudâ
791:*Ĺopak
788:âchildâ
775:*hiraĹ
767:*koboĹ
732:âbloodâ
727:*tarom
724:âblackâ
711:*lamok
695:*torou
687:*á¸uá¸un
652:*É, as
573:Voiced
532:Dental
529:Labial
507:in the
500:Abstand
410:Togutil
362:Ternate
302:Oceanic
290:stratum
229:Ternate
194:Oceania
143:Ternate
131:Ternate
4792:Purari
4785:Porome
4778:Pawaia
4771:Karami
4764:Kamula
4722:Oriomo
4717:Eleman
4556:Nukuma
4503:Maimai
4361:basin
4279:Massep
4258:Kembra
4244:Elseng
4203:Senagi
4141:Border
3892:Kutubu
3882:Bosavi
3857:Madang
3803:Marori
3644:Saweru
3610:Others
3563:Saponi
3492:Others
3472:Others
3463:Tidore
3442:Tobelo
3437:Tabaru
3427:Modole
3422:Loloda
3417:Galela
3401:Waioli
3344:Moraid
3334:Kuwani
3174:
3164:
3137:
3010:
2985:223425
2983:
2944:
2909:
2887:
2877:
2847:
2839:
2773:
2735:
2694:
2651:
2606:
2596:
2558:malofo
2505:gopao
2482:stone
2457:'banyo
2454:water
2435:tupam
2415:werĂŠ'a
2412:woman
2345:ngaunu
2342:blood
2303:nunu'u
2286:louse
2249:ngi'di
2246:tooth
2213:kameu
2182:dofolo
2165:Tidore
2142:dofolo
2119:*kiau
2108:âwormâ
2095:*piki
2092:âwipeâ
2084:âwingâ
2079:*paro
2076:âwindâ
2068:âwifeâ
2060:âwideâ
2055:*ares
2047:*pesa
2031:*aker
2023:*boka
2020:âwashâ
2012:âwarmâ
2007:*tagi
2004:âwalkâ
1975:*tero
1972:âtrueâ
1967:*gota
1964:âtreeâ
1959:*iĹir
1951:*akir
1903:*hina
1900:âthinâ
1871:*pego
1868:âtailâ
1860:âswimâ
1855:*á¸obo
1847:*suyu
1844:âsuckâ
1831:*teto
1823:*Ĺoma
1820:âstarâ
1807:*raca
1796:âspitâ
1759:*á¸opo
1751:*hame
1719:*kahi
1716:âskinâ
1687:*ɲaɲi
1684:âsingâ
1671:*á¸upu
1663:*á¸oto
1655:*urit
1636:âseedâ
1615:*rago
1607:*temo
1596:âsandâ
1591:*gasi
1588:âsaltâ
1567:*baka
1556:âropeâ
1548:ârootâ
1543:*tupu
1508:ârainâ
1500:âpushâ
1492:âpullâ
1479:*ɲawa
1463:*Ĺowo
1452:ânoseâ
1447:*siwo
1444:ânineâ
1439:*putu
1423:*toko
1420:âneckâ
1415:*á¸umu
1412:ânearâ
1399:*roĹa
1396:ânameâ
1388:ânailâ
1375:*tala
1356:âmoonâ
1351:*lake
1348:âmeatâ
1343:*á¸ala
1340:âmanyâ
1335:*naur
1332:âmaleâ
1327:*gani
1319:*teka
1303:*gate
1292:âliveâ
1287:*á¸aá¸u
1279:*á¸ohu
1268:âleftâ
1263:*soka
1260:âleafâ
1255:*á¸ohe
1244:âlakeâ
1239:*nako
1236:âknowâ
1231:*puku
1228:âkneeâ
1220:âkillâ
1199:*taá¸u
1196:âhornâ
1191:*Ĺapo
1167:*isen
1164:âhearâ
1156:âheadâ
1151:*giam
1148:âhandâ
1143:*hutu
1140:âhairâ
1135:*toto
1132:âgutsâ
1111:*loha
1108:âgoodâ
1103:*hike
1100:âgiveâ
1087:*ihat
1084:âfourâ
1079:*rasa
1063:*leru
1055:*uhis
1052:âflowâ
1047:*bawo
1036:âfiveâ
1028:âfishâ
1020:âfireâ
991:*gogo
980:âfearâ
975:*baba
967:*saki
951:*á¸ota
948:âfallâ
943:*lako
927:*boro
919:*oá¸om
903:*Ĺauk
895:*boĹo
892:âdullâ
887:*kaso
855:*selo
847:*luit
839:*ores
831:*etoĹ
823:*bola
820:âcomeâ
799:*lobi
780:âburnâ
764:âboneâ
756:âboilâ
751:*bisi
748:âblueâ
740:âblowâ
719:*goli
716:âbiteâ
703:*kahi
700:âbarkâ
684:âbackâ
610:Nasal
543:Plain
535:Velar
434:Tabaru
422:Modole
418:Loloda
414:Galela
406:Tobelo
386:Waioli
380:Sahu:
366:Tidore
312:, and
244:Galela
242:, and
240:Tidore
147:Tidore
139:Tidore
4887:Sulka
4664:Grass
4535:Sepik
4513:Palei
4508:Wapei
4461:Tayap
4430:Piawi
4412:Walio
4378:Sepik
4355:Sepik
4307:Yetfa
4293:Molof
4286:Mawes
4272:Kimki
4222:Yapen
4207:Angor
4193:Kaure
3932:Dagan
3922:Angan
3773:Papua
3723:Papua
3622:Tause
3601:Tabla
3596:Nafri
3586:Demta
3568:Sougb
3504:Hatam
3354:Tehit
3349:Seget
3108:(PDF)
3079:(PDF)
2981:JSTOR
2837:JSTOR
2544:rimoi
2516:ronga
2510:name
2502:linga
2485:ma'di
2468:fire
2443:ngara
2440:moon
2432:sorga
2401:nau'u
2393:susu
2373:eno'o
2370:skin
2356:bone
2314:bird
2295:bene
2269:belo
2263:yai'i
2232:nose
2190:hair
2179:sae'e
2176:head
2156:gloss
2146:apota
2044:âwetâ
2036:âwayâ
1988:âtwoâ
1932:âtieâ
1884:âtenâ
1879:*aho
1815:*oko
1743:*ece
1724:âskyâ
1708:âsixâ
1700:âsitâ
1652:âsewâ
1628:âseeâ
1620:âseaâ
1604:âsayâ
1583:*ese
1580:ârubâ
1516:âredâ
1495:*lia
1471:*moi
1468:âoneâ
1460:âoldâ
1428:ânewâ
1383:*uru
1367:*awa
1295:*oho
1284:âlieâ
1204:âhotâ
1188:âhitâ
1127:*ijo
1076:âfogâ
1068:âflyâ
1023:*uku
1007:*ucu
1004:âfewâ
956:âfarâ
940:âeyeâ
924:âeggâ
916:âeatâ
900:âearâ
884:âdogâ
868:âdigâ
860:âdieâ
844:âcutâ
836:âcryâ
807:*alo
743:*hoa
735:*aun
708:âbigâ
692:âbadâ
676:gloss
634:l (r)
251:]
236:]
4873:Kuot
4852:AnĂŞm
4812:and
4799:Tabo
4630:Ramu
4619:Amal
4608:Tama
4593:Abau
4587:Iwam
4498:Urim
4468:YadĂŤ
4454:Busa
4436:Yuat
4416:Papi
4396:Ramu
4359:Ramu
4300:Usku
4265:Keuw
4211:Dera
4171:West
4166:East
4083:Mpur
4076:Abun
3903:Wiru
3782:Anim
3737:Dani
3649:Yawa
3636:Yawa
3553:Meax
3509:Mpur
3499:Abun
3432:Pagu
3396:Sahu
3384:Sahu
3172:OCLC
3162:ISBN
3135:ISBN
3008:ISBN
2942:ISBN
2907:ISBN
2885:OCLC
2875:ISBN
2845:OCLC
2771:ISBN
2733:ISBN
2692:ISBN
2649:ISBN
2604:OCLC
2594:ISBN
2552:two
2538:one
2524:eat
2519:aym
2491:may
2488:mafu
2477:ipi
2449:odo
2426:sky
2418:faya
2398:man
2387:susu
2362:goka
2351:uni
2337:esi
2334:gosi
2328:egg
2320:namo
2317:namo
2309:aso
2306:kaso
2300:dog
2289:gane
2274:leg
2238:ngun
2221:la'o
2218:eye
2210:ngau
2204:ear
2196:hutu
2160:Sahu
2138:hutu
426:Pagu
382:Sahu
314:Sahu
145:and
98:The
4866:Kol
4859:Ata
4706:Yam
4613:Ram
4551:Ndu
4518:One
4337:Dem
4148:Sko
4097:Mor
3747:Mek
3339:Moi
3127:doi
3055:doi
3033:doi
2973:doi
2934:doi
2867:doi
2827:hdl
2819:doi
2763:doi
2682:doi
2641:doi
2474:uku
2463:be
2460:ake
2446:ora
2407:at
2390:isu
2379:fi
2376:ahi
2292:gan
2266:aki
2255:wi
2252:ing
2224:lao
2193:utu
2134:utu
430:Kao
5078::
3170:,
3133:.
3081:,
3066:^
2992:^
2979:,
2969:29
2967:,
2955:^
2940:,
2883:,
2873:,
2843:,
2835:,
2825:,
2815:51
2813:,
2784:^
2769:,
2747:^
2705:^
2690:,
2662:^
2647:,
2615:^
2602:,
2578:^
2348:au
2144:,
2136:,
660:.
605:h
568:q
432:,
424:,
420:,
412:,
388:,
384:,
249:ru
238:,
234:ru
153:.
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4667:?
4526:?
4432:)
4428:-
4424:(
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2915:.
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631:w
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616:n
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565:k
560:t
557:p
428:â
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