858:, as it has been found that there did not appear to be a preferred moa size for hunting. Though geographically restricted to the North Island, the diversity of habitat that the moa could survive in has dismantled theories that its extinction could have been a result of habitat loss. Meanwhile, radiocarbon data shows that the vast spread of the highly mobile Māori people across the country, highly correlates with the time upon which moa populations were plummeting. This was the case across all geographical areas, not just those that were being deforested, but also other areas where human activities, such as hunting, were carried out. Though human settlement and hunting activities played the most significant role, there are some factors that may have inhibited
42:
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is thought to have remained relatively unchanged for hundreds of thousands of years. This was in part due to the bird's inability to fly, as this restricted its movement between islands and therefore confined the species to the North Island of New
Zealand. Shifts in this moa's habitat have been noted
802:
were lighter than females, questions have been raised as to how birds of such weight, even those that were smaller, could manage to incubate the fragile eggs successfully since the possibility of breakage is many times greater than that of any other bird. For this reason, it is unlikely that larger
763:
region that these would often lead to freshwater springs and the bottom of rocky cliffs; where they would tend to nest and roost. Once this observation was made these paths became particularly useful for humans when searching for fresh water sources and were continued to be used for these purposes
524:
has been described as a bird that was “two-legged, tailless, wingless clad in woolly fibres”. It had, “long, shaggy hair-like feathers up to 18 cm long”. Feather and skin fragments indicate that all but the legs were fully feathered and that the wings of this bird were not visible. Their feathers
561:
due to the similarities that have been drawn between the time taken to reach complete maturity of hindlimbs (5 years), as well as the time upon which tarsals commence fusion with adjacent long bones (4 years). Due to extensive land clearance for agriculture during the nineteenth and twentieth
720:
There are theories that due to the moa's longstanding prevalence in New
Zealand's landscape, they would have come to form certain roles in New Zealand's ecology. One example that has been proposed is the possibility of their ability to spread seeds. This stems from findings in moa specimen
700:, deciduousness, spines or spine like structures (enlarged stinging hairs), leaf loss and photosynthetic stems, mimicry and reduced visual apparency, tough and fibrous leaves, distasteful compounds and low nutrient status. Though moa ate flowers, it is unlikely that they contributed to
788:
is estimated to have weighed over 3 kg and 190 x 150mm. There is a single, largely intact egg (197 x 151 mm) attributed to this species, from a rock shelter in the
Mangawhitikau Valley, Waitomo. Ancient DNA results reveal that surfaces of the outer shell of eggs that belonged to
675:(Nothofagaceae), seeds and leaves of small shrubs in forest areas. In non-forest areas there is speculation that they may have grazed on herbs. There is also theories that with such a diverse range of plants restricted to the North Island, if coprolites and gizzard content for the
793:
yielded DNA from males only. This indicates that the males were the likely incubators of eggs. Findings also show that the inside of these eggs, and the remains on the outer surface, matched female DNA, which is thought to be from the egg laying process. The eggs of
807:, would have been able to incubate their eggs using the same contact method that is practiced by almost all birds. Whilst the exact structure remains unclear, it is more likely they would have formed a special nest that would support their body weight in some way.
679:
are found, this would likely expand the number of plant taxa known to have been eaten by moa. Research into moa beak shapes and jaw muscle size provide some evidence for the diverse diets of moa. From such research it has been found that large
973:
Davies, S.J.J.F. (2003). "Moas". In
Hutchins, Michael (ed.). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins (2 ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 95–98. ISBN 0-7876-5784-0.
646:
in New
Zealand's terrestrial ecosystem. Their diet is described as diverse, consuming a wide range of plant taxa. It is difficult to be certain of the exact diet that this species of moa would have eaten, as
503:
The origin of ratites is becoming clearer, as it is now believed that early ancestors of these birds were able to fly. From such fossil evidence it is believed that the early flying ratites originated in the
1621:
Perry, George L.W.; Wheeler, Andrew B.; Wood, Jamie R.; Wilmshurst, Janet M. (December 2014). "A high-precision chronology for the rapid extinction of New
Zealand moa (Aves, Dinornithiformes)".
735:
There is also theories that moa defecation and their herbivorous diet may have contributed to nutrient spreading and cycling, though this is not easy to validate. However, large dung from the
819:(“The moa was cooked with the wood of the koromiko”). Other depictions, however, focus on the development and fate of their extinction. This is because the moa was used as a metaphor for the
823:
to express fears of their own extinction that developed; as illness, disease and deforestation, by
European settlers, posed severe threat to their survival. This is seen in sayings such as
2081:
Perry, George L.W.; Wheeler, Andrew B.; Wood, Jamie R.; Wilmshurst, Janet M. (2014). "A high-precision chronology for the rapid extinction of New
Zealand moa (Aves, Dinornithiformes)".
448:. Even though it might have walked with a lowered posture, standing upright, it would have been the tallest bird ever to exist, with a height estimated up to 3.6 metres (12 ft).
2273:
by Allen, Edgar W.; Erxleben, J.; Hanhart, Michael; Hanhart, N; Keulemans, J. G.; Mintern Bros.; Rowley, George Dawson; Smith, J.; Walther, T., Public domain, via
Wikimedia Commons.
1718:
Allen, E. W., Erxleben, J., Hanhart, M., Hanhart, N., Keulemans, J. G., Mintern B., Rowley, G. D., Smith, J., & Walther, T.(1878). Ornithological miscellany. Retrieved from.
1472:
Allen, E. W., Erxleben, J., Hanhart, M., Hanhart, N., Keulemans, J. G., Mintern B., Rowley, G. D., Smith, J., & Walther, T.(1878). Ornithological miscellany. Retrieved from.
932:
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The disappearance and eventually extinction of the moa occurred around the 15th c, 200 years after human settlement in New
Zealand. Before the settlement of humans,
2384:
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may have had on the North Island's ecology. The deep, longstanding interconnectedness between plants and moa means that the consequences of the extinction of the
2397:
684:
browsed primarily on coarse twigs. Further speculation suggests that in order to ferment their plant diet in accordance with their large body size, moa such as
2506:
827:("Hidden as the moa hid") and "Dead as the Moa", as well as depictions of moa whereby Māori describe it as “having a human face and living in a cave,”.
599:
during particular times of changing climates and vegetative zones and in reaction to the influence of anthropogenic factors such as the introduction of
537:
displayed a large reversed sexual dimorphism whereby the females were much larger than males, estimated to have had up to twice the body mass of males.
2358:
2209:
Wood, JR; Wilmshurst, JM (2013). "Age of North Island giant moa (Dinornis novaezealandiae) bones found on the forest floor in the Ruahine Range".
545:, an adult male has been estimated to weigh between 55 and 88 kg whilst females between 78 and 249 kg. The growth and development of
2491:
1571:
1103:
893:
2476:
1049:
Turvey, Samuel T.; Holdaway, Richard N. (July 2005). "Postnatal ontogeny, population structure, and extinction of the giant moaDinornis".
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content for this species of moa have not yet been found. However, studies propose that the diet would have been similar to that of the
2481:
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had few natural predators, meaning there was little threat that the species would become extinct. However, after the arrival of the
696:
New Zealand plants and moa were in co-evolution. Moa have been found to filiramulate growth habit in plants such as divarication,
2471:
2258:
by Paul Martinson. Artwork produced for the book Extinct Birds of New Zealand, by Alan Tennyson, Te Papa Press, Wellington, 2006
512:. This movement of flying ancestors is believed to be the cause of the distribution of ratites across the Southern Hemisphere.
798:
have also been shown to be more susceptible to breakage than any of the 3,434 avian species measured to date. Though the male
41:
2112:
Szabo, M.J. (2013). (updated 2017). North Island giant moa. In Miskelly, C.M. (ed.) New Zealand Birds Online. Retrieved from
1757:"Reconstructing the tempo and mode of evolution in an extinct clade of birds with ancient DNA: The giant moas of New Zealand"
1386:"Reconstructing the tempo and mode of evolution in an extinct clade of birds with ancient DNA: The giant moas of New Zealand"
1027:
Szabo, M.J. (2013). (updated 2017). North Island giant moa. In Miskelly, C.M. (ed.) New Zealand Birds Online. Retrieved from
2119:
Turvey, Samuel T.; Holdaway, Richard N. (2005). "Postnatal ontogeny, population structure, and extinction of the giant moa
2501:
1188:
McCallum, Jonathan; Hall, Samantha; Lissone, Iman; Anderson, Jennifer; Huynen, Leon; Lambert, David M. (16 January 2013).
784:
Whole moa eggs are a rare find in archaeology, however the abundance of fragments suggest that when fresh, the egg of the
541:
had long slim, elongated bones compared to other moa species. Using algorithms derived from the bone findings of juvenile
1832:. Vol. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins (2 ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 95–98.
2336:
557:, that does not reach adult body mass until 12 months, is viewed as a more appropriate developmental analog for the
866:. This is because it is believed that their extinction was at least in part due Polynesian dogs eating moa chicks.
2402:
79:
2028:
McCallum, Jonathan; Hall, Samantha; Lissone, Iman; Anderson, Jennifer; Huynen, Leon; Lambert, David M. (2013).
897:
1923:"Identification, Classification, and Growth of Moa Chicks (Aves: Dinornithiformes) from the Genus Euryapteryx"
1658:"Identification, Classification, and Growth of Moa Chicks (Aves: Dinornithiformes) from the Genus Euryapteryx"
854:
and their human activities of hunting and fires, humans soon became a threat to all species of moa, including
759:
The enormous, flightless birds caused large paths to be cleared through the landscape. It was observed in the
663:) due to the similarities in morphology and the landscapes that they roamed. This would suggest that like the
772:
554:
2486:
2298:
1256:
Lomolino, Mark V.; Tomlinson, Sean; Wood, Jamie; Wilmshurst, Janet; Fordham, Damien A. (2 December 2021).
660:
562:
century, most land surface containing moa bones was lost throughout New Zealand, making the bones of the
2443:
194:
619:
also contributed to habitat alterations. Based on recent knowledge, the Kahikatea-Pukatea-tawa forest,
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2350:
2218:
2090:
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1934:
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1630:
1514:
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1201:
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898:"Checklist-of-Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands and the Ross Dependency Antarctica"
815:
Some cultural depictions of moa focus on how the moa was best cooked and enjoyed as a food, such as,
2160:
1600:
727:, because this fungus is known in particular to be associated with higher spore dispersal by birds.
2286:
1975:
704:
processes. On the contrary, this would have been a more destructive process than other impacts the
509:
505:
488:
55:
2252:
1995:"Geographic and ecological segregation in an extinct guild of flightless birds: New Zealand's moa"
1656:
Huynen, Leon; Gill, Brian J.; Doyle, Anthony; Millar, Craig D.; Lambert, David M. (12 June 2014).
1258:"Geographic and ecological segregation in an extinct guild of flightless birds: New Zealand's moa"
2267:
2234:
2197:
2189:
2148:
2016:
1856:
1743:
1719:
1473:
1455:
1361:
1353:
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1156:
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222:
74:
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1993:
Lomolino, Mark V.; Tomlinson, Sean; Wood, Jamie; Wilmshurst, Janet; Fordham, Damien A. (2021).
2430:
2412:
2140:
2113:
2069:
1962:
1909:
1870:"Ancient DNA reveals extreme egg morphology and nesting behavior in New Zealand's extinct moa"
1833:
1796:
1697:
1577:
1567:
1542:
1503:"Ancient DNA reveals extreme egg morphology and nesting behavior in New Zealand's extinct moa"
1425:
1229:
1109:
1099:
1066:
1028:
441:
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was a widely represented genus of moa in the North Island of New Zealand. The habitat of the
2511:
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of Dinornis Novaezealandiae in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
2226:
2179:
2132:
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2006:
1952:
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abilities to reproduce at the rate that they were being culled, such as the introduction of
480:
385:
354:
28:
1921:
Huynen, Leon; Gill, Brian J.; Doyle, Anthony; Millar, Craig D.; Lambert, David M. (2014).
477:
456:
933:"Scientists reveal fossilised moa footprints in Otago are at least 3.6 million years old"
851:
820:
627:. However, bone discoveries also reveal it to have been in nearby places, such as Opito,
616:
2222:
2094:
2045:
1938:
1885:
1772:
1673:
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1518:
1401:
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Baker, A. J.; Huynen, L. J.; Haddrath, O.; Millar, C. D.; Lambert, D. M. (7 June 2005).
1205:
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Wood, Jamie R.; Richardson, Sarah J.; McGlone, Matt S.; Wilmshurst, Janet M. (2020).
2020:
1747:
1365:
1283:
1160:
1007:
131:
2152:
2102:
1642:
1078:
1847:
Horn, Peter L. (1989). "Moa Tracks: An Unrecognised Legacy from an Extinct Bird?".
1446:
Horn, Peter L. (1989). "Moa Tracks: An unrecognized legacy from an extinct bird?".
744:
740:
697:
575:
391:
360:
213:
1330:
Wood, Jamie R; Richardson, Sarah J; McGlone, Matt S.; Wilmshurst, Janet M (2020).
464:
2230:
2054:
1947:
1755:
Baker, A. J.; Huynen, L. J.; Haddrath, O.; Millar, C. D.; Lambert, D. M. (2005).
1682:
1214:
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2371:
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723:
701:
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2321:
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Wehi, P., & Cox, M. (2018). Dead as the Moa. Waikato.ac.nz. Retrieved from
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Wehi, P., & Cox, M. (2018). Dead as the Moa. Waikato.ac.nz. Retrieved from
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747:) in the North Island. Some of the dung mosses may have included those of the
672:
648:
643:
566:
a rarity that are only found in remote, undisturbed and rarely visited sites.
64:
1739:
1720:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/File:Ornithological_miscellany_(5982107548).jpg
1474:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/File:Ornithological_miscellany_(5982107548).jpg
999:
721:
examinations that show different species of fungi that moa ingested, such as
1894:
1781:
1581:
1527:
1501:
Huynen, L.; Gill, B. J.; Millar, C. D.; Lambert, D. M. (14 September 2010).
1410:
1113:
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583:
91:
2144:
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1966:
1913:
1800:
1701:
1546:
1429:
1233:
1070:
2184:
2167:
2109:
Scarlett, R. J. (1974). Moa and man in New Zealand. Notornis, 21(1), 1–12.
1348:
1331:
1178:
Scarlett, R. J. (1974). Moa and man in New Zealand. Notornis, 21(1), 1–12.
1127:
Wood, Jr; Wilmshurst, Jm (December 2013). "Age of North Island giant moa (
2315:
1561:
1093:
628:
436:
170:
111:
32:
2193:
2011:
1994:
1860:
1459:
1357:
1274:
1257:
2363:
2345:
2136:
1062:
760:
652:
620:
550:
484:
2376:
1977:
Catalogue of the fossil birds in the British Museum (Natural History)
492:
473:
101:
2292:
771:
463:
455:
432:
2161:
https://www.waikato.ac.nz/news-opinion/media/2018/dead-as-the-moa
1601:
https://www.waikato.ac.nz/news-opinion/media/2018/dead-as-the-moa
121:
2296:
2030:"Highly Informative Ancient DNA 'Snippets' for New Zealand Moa"
1868:
Huynen, L.; Gill, B. J.; Millar, C. D.; Lambert, D. M. (2010).
1566:. Paul Martinson. Wellington, N.Z.: Te Papa Press. p. 22.
1190:"Highly Informative Ancient DNA 'Snippets' for New Zealand Moa"
1098:. Paul Martinson. Wellington, N.Z.: Te Papa Press. p. 22.
615:). Later, the human environmental impact of fires made by the
428:
157:
144:
1828:
Davies, S.J.J.F. (2003). "Moas". In Hutchins, Michael (ed.).
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
2114:
https://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/species/north-island-giant-moa
1029:
https://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/species/north-island-giant-moa
834:
was largely for consumption, findings have also shown that
549:
long bones, compared to that of other ratites such as the
1131:) bones found on the forest floor in the Ruahine Range".
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1810:"Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification, Genus Dinornis"
1595:
1593:
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1496:
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1492:
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1484:
1482:
1616:
1614:
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1610:
1608:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
483:. The Dinornithiformes were flightless birds with a
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
2305:
986:Armstrong, Philip (September 2010). "Moa Citings".
838:bones were used to make many one-piece fish-hooks.
344:
337:
1174:
1172:
1170:
981:
979:
2254:North Island Giant Moa. Dinornis Novaezealandiae
776:Ornithological miscellany (5982107548) Image of
1874:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1761:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1507:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1390:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
671:diet would consist of forest trees, especially
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
1441:
1439:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
631:, where it was the predominant genus of moa.
8:
739:would have likely nurtured the existence of
2211:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
2168:"The diets of moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes)"
1332:"The diets of moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes)"
1133:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
49:Skeleton, Natural History Museum of London
2293:
688:may have evolved to have long intestines.
468:Skull at the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin
334:
40:
20:
2183:
2063:
2053:
2010:
1956:
1946:
1903:
1893:
1790:
1780:
1726:Armstrong, Philip (2010). "Moa Citings".
1691:
1681:
1536:
1526:
1419:
1409:
1347:
1273:
1223:
1213:
2517:Species made extinct by human activities
553:, has been found to be much slower. The
525:were brown, sometimes with pale edging.
875:
237:
1728:The Journal of Commonwealth Literature
988:The Journal of Commonwealth Literature
817:He koromiko te wahie i taona ai te moa
1980:. London: British Museum. p. 224
894:Ornithological Society of New Zealand
7:
2423:0640330d-58e4-480a-a31b-8a5cda98a20a
411:78–249 kg (170–550 lb)
1830:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia
397:55–88 kg (120–190 lb)
14:
2507:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
1808:Brands, Sheila (14 August 2008).
931:Doyle, Trent (15 November 2023).
764:long after the moa's extinction.
2279:
404:
390:
373:
359:
78:
2103:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.09.025
1643:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.09.025
590:, dunelands, and forests). The
491:. They also had a distinctive
2172:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
1849:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
1448:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
1336:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
712:may still be largely unknown.
623:, was home to the majority of
278:(Owen 1844) Reichenbach, 1850
272:(Owen 1844) Reichenbach, 1850
1:
1560:Tennyson, Alan J. D. (2006).
1092:Tennyson, Alan J. D. (2006).
582:, and lived in the lowlands (
2492:Extinct birds of New Zealand
2231:10.1080/03036758.2012.751038
2055:10.1371/journal.pone.0050732
1948:10.1371/journal.pone.0099929
1683:10.1371/journal.pone.0099929
1563:Extinct birds of New Zealand
1215:10.1371/journal.pone.0050732
1153:10.1080/03036758.2012.751038
1095:Extinct birds of New Zealand
380:300 cm (120 in)
2477:Bird extinctions since 1500
366:240 cm (94 in)
2538:
2522:Taxa named by Richard Owen
2083:Quaternary Science Reviews
1974:Lydekker, Richard (1891).
1623:Quaternary Science Reviews
290:Oliver 1930 non Owen 1846
266:Owen, 1846 spelling lapse
2482:Birds of the North Island
2269:Ornithological miscellany
1999:Frontiers of Biogeography
1262:Frontiers of Biogeography
349:
320:(Owen 1844) Hutton, 1891
228:
221:
200:
193:
75:Scientific classification
73:
62:
53:
48:
39:
23:
2497:Extinct flightless birds
2307:Dinornis novaezealandiae
1814:Project: The Taxonomicon
1740:10.1177/0021989410376799
1129:Dinornis novaezealandiae
1000:10.1177/0021989410376799
860:Dinornis novaezealandiae
856:Dinornis novaezealandiae
848:Dinornis novaezealandiae
811:Relationship with humans
791:Dinornis novaezealandiae
786:Dinornis novaezealandiae
710:Dinornis novaezealandiae
706:Dinornis novaezealandiae
677:Dinornis novaezealandiae
625:Dinornis novaezealandiae
596:Dinornis novaezealandiae
533:Research shows that the
522:Dinornis novaezealandiae
424:Dinornis novaezealandiae
207:Dinornis novaezealandiae
2472:Birds described in 1843
2337:Dinornis novaezelandiae
1895:10.1073/pnas.0914096107
1782:10.1073/pnas.0409435102
1528:10.1073/pnas.0914096107
1411:10.1073/pnas.0409435102
832:Dinornis novaezealandie
825:Huna I te huna a te moa
737:Dinornis novaezealandie
669:Dinornis novaezealandie
642:was one of the largest
640:Dinornis novaezealandie
555:North Island brown kiwi
326:(Owen 1844) Haast 1869
186:D. novaezealandiae
16:Extinct species of bird
2413:north-island-giant-moa
781:
661:South Island giant moa
574:This moa lived on the
469:
461:
460:Restoration by Frohawk
419:North Island giant moa
318:Tylopteryx struthoides
24:North Island giant moa
2444:Paleobiology Database
2185:10.20417/nzjecol.44.3
2125:Journal of Morphology
1349:10.20417/nzjecol.44.3
1051:Journal of Morphology
775:
692:Behaviour and ecology
467:
459:
2502:Holocene extinctions
921:Birds of New Zealand
892:Checklist Committee
476:and a member of the
246:Dinornis struthoides
2287:Paleontology portal
2223:2013JRSNZ..43..250W
2095:2014QSRv..105..126P
2046:2013PLoSO...850732M
2012:10.21425/F5FBG53416
1939:2014PLoSO...999929H
1886:2010PNAS..10716201H
1880:(37): 16201–16206.
1773:2005PNAS..102.8257B
1674:2014PLoSO...999929H
1635:2014QSRv..105..126P
1519:2010PNAS..10716201H
1513:(37): 16201–16206.
1402:2005PNAS..102.8257B
1275:10.21425/F5FBG53416
1206:2013PLoSO...850732M
1145:2013JRSNZ..43..250W
510:Southern Hemisphere
506:Northern Hemisphere
288:Dinornis dromioides
56:Conservation status
2137:10.1002/jmor.10341
1063:10.1002/jmor.10341
805:D. novaezealandiae
800:D. novaezealandiae
782:
686:D. novaezealandiae
564:D. novaezealandiae
535:D. novaezealandiae
470:
462:
252:Owenia struthoides
240:Dinornis giganteus
2459:
2458:
2431:Open Tree of Life
2299:Taxon identifiers
1767:(23): 8257–8262.
1722:January 11, 2022.
1573:978-0-909010-21-8
1476:January 11, 2022.
1396:(23): 8257–8262.
1105:978-0-909010-21-8
882:Brands, S. (2008)
803:moa, such as the
743:and dung mosses (
665:Dinornis robustus
657:Dinornis robustus
415:
414:
333:
332:
324:Palapteryx ingens
306:Dinornis excelsus
294:Dinornis hercules
282:Dinornis gracilis
234:
68:
2529:
2452:
2451:
2439:
2438:
2426:
2425:
2416:
2415:
2406:
2405:
2393:
2392:
2380:
2379:
2367:
2366:
2354:
2353:
2351:EF3ED15B28E9AA78
2341:
2340:
2339:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2242:
2205:
2187:
2156:
2106:
2077:
2067:
2057:
2024:
2014:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1970:
1960:
1950:
1917:
1907:
1897:
1864:
1843:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1804:
1794:
1784:
1751:
1706:
1705:
1695:
1685:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1618:
1603:
1597:
1586:
1585:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1540:
1530:
1498:
1477:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1443:
1434:
1433:
1423:
1413:
1381:
1370:
1369:
1351:
1327:
1288:
1287:
1277:
1253:
1238:
1237:
1227:
1217:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1165:
1164:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1046:
1031:
1025:
1012:
1011:
983:
974:
971:
948:
947:
945:
943:
928:
922:
919:
913:
912:
910:
908:
902:
889:
883:
880:
613:Canis familiaris
508:and flew to the
481:Dinornithiformes
427:) is an extinct
408:
394:
377:
363:
340:
335:
300:Dinornis gazella
232:
209:
205:
169:
156:
145:Dinornithiformes
143:
83:
82:
67:
44:
29:Late Pleistocene
27:Temporal range:
21:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2447:
2442:
2434:
2429:
2421:
2419:
2411:
2409:
2401:
2396:
2388:
2383:
2375:
2370:
2362:
2357:
2349:
2344:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2301:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2249:
2208:
2165:
2118:
2080:
2027:
1992:
1983:
1981:
1973:
1920:
1867:
1846:
1840:
1827:
1818:
1816:
1807:
1754:
1725:
1715:
1710:
1709:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1620:
1619:
1606:
1598:
1589:
1574:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1500:
1499:
1480:
1471:
1467:
1445:
1444:
1437:
1383:
1382:
1373:
1329:
1328:
1291:
1255:
1254:
1241:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1168:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1106:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1048:
1047:
1034:
1026:
1015:
985:
984:
977:
972:
951:
941:
939:
930:
929:
925:
920:
916:
906:
904:
903:. Te Papa Press
900:
891:
890:
886:
881:
877:
872:
864:Polynesian dogs
844:
830:Whilst hunting
813:
770:
757:
733:
718:
694:
637:
572:
531:
518:
501:
454:
338:
329:
312:Dinornis firmus
258:Dinornis ingens
236:
235:
217:
211:
203:
202:
189:
167:
154:
141:
77:
69:
58:
35:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2535:
2533:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2464:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2440:
2427:
2417:
2407:
2394:
2381:
2368:
2355:
2342:
2327:
2311:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2275:
2274:
2265:
2259:
2248:
2247:External links
2245:
2244:
2243:
2217:(4): 250–255.
2206:
2163:
2157:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2078:
2025:
1990:
1971:
1918:
1865:
1844:
1838:
1825:
1805:
1752:
1734:(3): 325–339.
1723:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1648:
1604:
1587:
1572:
1552:
1478:
1465:
1435:
1371:
1289:
1239:
1180:
1166:
1139:(4): 250–255.
1119:
1104:
1084:
1032:
1013:
994:(3): 325–339.
975:
949:
923:
914:
884:
874:
873:
871:
868:
843:
840:
812:
809:
769:
766:
756:
753:
732:
729:
717:
716:Spore disposal
714:
693:
690:
673:Southern Beech
636:
633:
609:Polynesian dog
605:Rattus exulans
601:Polynesian rat
571:
568:
530:
527:
517:
514:
500:
497:
487:but without a
453:
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315:
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297:
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279:
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264:Dinornis gigas
261:
255:
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2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
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2487:Dinornithidae
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
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2441:
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2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2040:(1): e50732.
2039:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1979:
1978:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1933:(6): e99929.
1932:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
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1839:0-7876-5784-0
1835:
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1717:
1716:
1712:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1668:(6): e99929.
1667:
1663:
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1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1617:
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1240:
1235:
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1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1200:(1): e50732.
1199:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1181:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
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1022:
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968:
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938:
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869:
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839:
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828:
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787:
779:
774:
767:
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750:
746:
742:
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569:
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536:
528:
526:
523:
515:
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479:
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451:
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387:
384:
383:
379:
376:
372:
370:
369:
365:
362:
358:
356:
353:
352:
348:
345:North Island
343:
336:
325:
322:
319:
316:
314:Hutton, 1891
313:
310:
308:Hutton, 1891
307:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
277:
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265:
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256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
241:
238:
227:
224:
220:
215:
210:
208:
199:
196:
195:Binomial name
192:
188:
187:
181:
178:
177:
174:
173:
166:
163:
162:
159:
158:Dinornithidae
153:
150:
149:
146:
140:
137:
136:
133:
132:Palaeognathae
130:
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
103:
100:
97:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
81:
76:
72:
66:
61:
57:
52:
47:
43:
38:
34:
30:
22:
19:
2306:
2268:
2253:
2214:
2210:
2175:
2171:
2131:(1): 70–86.
2128:
2124:
2120:
2086:
2082:
2037:
2033:
2002:
1998:
1982:. Retrieved
1976:
1930:
1926:
1877:
1873:
1852:
1848:
1829:
1817:. Retrieved
1813:
1764:
1760:
1731:
1727:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1626:
1622:
1562:
1555:
1510:
1506:
1468:
1451:
1447:
1393:
1389:
1339:
1335:
1265:
1261:
1197:
1193:
1183:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1094:
1087:
1057:(1): 70–86.
1054:
1050:
991:
987:
940:. Retrieved
936:
926:
917:
905:. Retrieved
887:
878:
859:
855:
852:Māori people
847:
845:
835:
831:
829:
824:
821:Māori people
816:
814:
804:
799:
795:
790:
785:
783:
777:
768:Reproduction
758:
748:
745:Splachnaceae
741:dung beetles
736:
734:
722:
719:
709:
705:
698:heteroblasty
695:
685:
681:
676:
668:
664:
656:
639:
638:
624:
617:Māori people
612:
604:
595:
591:
576:North Island
573:
563:
558:
546:
542:
538:
534:
532:
521:
519:
502:
471:
445:
435:
423:
422:
418:
416:
339:Measurements
323:
317:
311:
305:
302:Oliver 1949
299:
296:Oliver 1949
293:
287:
281:
276:Movia ingens
275:
269:
263:
257:
254:(Gray 1855)
251:
245:
239:
206:
201:
185:
184:
171:
128:Infraclass:
18:
2372:iNaturalist
2331:Wikispecies
2178:(1): 1–21.
2089:: 126–135.
1629:: 126–135.
1342:(1): 1–21.
942:23 February
724:Cortinarius
702:pollination
580:New Zealand
440:, known in
284:Owen, 1855
260:Owen, 1844
248:Owen, 1844
242:Owen, 1844
2466:Categories
1819:4 February
1713:References
842:Extinction
755:Moa tracks
649:coprolites
644:herbivores
588:grasslands
584:shrublands
516:Appearance
270:Moa ingens
2262:Holotypes
2239:140718113
2202:213789129
2021:238922082
1984:5 January
1855:: 45–50.
1748:220810430
1454:: 45–50.
1366:213789129
1284:238922082
1161:140718113
1008:220810430
907:4 January
870:Footnotes
472:It was a
179:Species:
98:Kingdom:
92:Eukaryota
2390:10736213
2322:Q4691773
2316:Wikidata
2194:26872856
2153:36557684
2145:15880459
2121:Dinornis
2074:23341875
2034:PLOS ONE
1967:24923666
1927:PLOS ONE
1914:20805485
1861:24053248
1801:15928096
1702:24923666
1662:PLOS ONE
1582:80016906
1547:20805485
1460:24053248
1430:15928096
1358:26872856
1234:23341875
1194:PLOS ONE
1114:80016906
1079:36557684
1071:15880459
896:(2010).
836:Dinornis
796:Dinornis
778:Dinornis
749:Tayloria
731:Moa dung
682:Dinornis
629:Auckland
592:Dinornis
559:Dinornis
547:Dinornis
543:Dinornis
539:Dinornis
452:Taxonomy
437:Dinornis
223:Synonyms
172:Dinornis
151:Family:
112:Chordata
108:Phylum:
102:Animalia
88:Domain:
33:Holocene
2512:Ratites
2364:4852043
2346:Avibase
2219:Bibcode
2091:Bibcode
2065:3547012
2042:Bibcode
1958:4055697
1935:Bibcode
1905:2941315
1882:Bibcode
1792:1149408
1769:Bibcode
1693:4055697
1670:Bibcode
1631:Bibcode
1538:2941315
1515:Bibcode
1421:1149408
1398:Bibcode
1225:3547012
1202:Bibcode
1141:Bibcode
937:Newshub
761:Poukawa
751:genus.
653:gizzard
621:Waikato
570:Habitat
551:Ostrich
529:Anatomy
485:sternum
446:kuranui
431:in the
204:†
183:†
164:Genus:
138:Order:
118:Class:
65:Extinct
2449:369698
2436:816669
2420:NZOR:
2410:NZBO:
2377:410551
2237:
2200:
2192:
2151:
2143:
2072:
2062:
2019:
1965:
1955:
1912:
1902:
1859:
1836:
1799:
1789:
1746:
1700:
1690:
1580:
1570:
1545:
1535:
1458:
1428:
1418:
1364:
1356:
1282:
1232:
1222:
1159:
1112:
1102:
1077:
1069:
1006:
667:, the
607:) and
499:Origin
493:palate
474:ratite
386:Weight
355:Length
2385:IRMNG
2235:S2CID
2198:S2CID
2190:JSTOR
2149:S2CID
2017:S2CID
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