756:
412:
681:
830:
613:
919:
1001:
444:
of 8 and has been assigned a total eruption volume (not just tephra) of 2,760 km (662.2 cu mi). The basaltic volcanism of the far north is tens of millions of years older than this but towards the south by the Bay of
Islands we have basaltic volcanoes that erupted only shortly before
869:
in the south. Activity began in the north around 18 million years ago, and was primarily andesitic until around 9â10 million years ago, when it changed to a bimodal basaltic/rhyolitic pattern. Eruptive centres gradually migrated southward, where they transitioned into early activity in the TaupÅ
1035:, (former name Mount Egmont), which last erupted in 1854, and its satellite vent, Fanthams Peak. This southeastward migration is the continuation of the 25 million year activity of the Northland-Mohakatino Volcanic Belt that extends mainly under the present
815:, it does not seem to have stayed still, but instead is migrating northward at a faster pace than the surrounding Indo-Australian Plate. Its motion has been explained as the tip of a propagating crack produced by the twisting of the North Island's crust.
2013:. In: Manville, V.R. (ed.) Geological Society of New Zealand/New Zealand Geophysical Society/26th New Zealand Geothermal Workshop, 6â9 December 2004 , Taupo: field trip guides. Geological Society of New Zealand miscellaneous publication 117B.
639:
and northern
Coromandel Peninsula), with western and eastern belts active between 25â15 million years ago and 23â11 million years ago respectively. Although this produced substantial volcanic edifices, including New Zealand's largest known
1308:
Cronin S, Kanakiya S, Brenna M, Shane P, Smith I, Ukstins I, Horkley K. 2018. Rangitoto
Volcano, Auckland city, a one-shot wonder or a continued volcanic threat? Paper presented at: DEVORA forum; Oct 25â26; Auckland, New Zealand.
736:, the field is likely to erupt again within the next "hundreds to thousands of years" (based on past events), a short timeframe in geologic terms. Auckland's residents, however, face more danger from volcanoes farther south.
439:
of a million years ago (1 Ma) produced 1,200 km (287.9 cu mi) of ignimbrite deposits, the most widespread on Earth, being over 45,000 km (17,000 sq mi) in area. This eruption had an estimated
870:
Volcanic Zone. Later activity in the CVZ and its interface with the TaupÅ Volcanic Zone is obscured by subsequent events and is not fully understood, but continued in the south until perhaps 1.5 million years ago in the
899:
shield volcano with a caldera partly formed in a large eruption some 7000 years ago. It has exhibited many eruptive styles, and its last eruption may have occurred only 500â1000 years ago. The island's Maori name,
1701:
1566:
Hayward, Bruce W.; Black, Philippa M.; Smith, Ian E. M.; Ballance, Peter F.; Itaya, Tetsumaru; Doi, Masako; Takagi, Miki; Bergman, Steve; Adams, Chris J.; Herzer, Richard H.; Robertson, David J. (2001).
1322:
Hayward, Bruce W.; Black, Philippa M.; Smith, Ian E. M.; Ballance, Peter F.; Itaya, Tetsumaru; Doi, Masako; Takagi, Miki; Bergman, Steve; Adams, Chris J.; Herzer, Richard H.; Robertson, David J. (2001).
536:
which towards its south last erupted about 5 million years ago but has similar timings to Great
Barrier to the north. The Coromandel Volcanic Zone contains andesitic and rhyolitic eruptives mainly.
992:
areas. Volcanic eruptions began here around two million years ago, with silicic eruptions starting around 1.55 million years ago, as activity shifted southeast from the
Coromandel Volcanic Zone.
1282:
Smith, Ian E. M.; Cronin, Shane J. (2021). "Geochemical patterns of late
Cenozoic intraplate basaltic volcanism in northern New Zealand and their relationship to the behaviour of the mantle".
1951:
K.N. Nicholson; P.M. Black; P.W.O. Hoskin; I.E.M. Smith (2004). "Silicic volcanism and back-arc extension related to migration of the Late
Cainozoic AustralianâPacific plate boundary".
1415:"Linking proximal ignimbrites and coeval distal tephra deposits to establish a record of voluminous Early Quaternary (2.4â1.9 Ma) volcanism of the Tauranga Volcanic Centre, New Zealand"
1924:(2005). "Ar/Ar ages of silicic volcanic rocks in the Tauranga-Kaimai area, New Zealand: dating the transition between volcanism in the Coromandel Arc and the Taupo Volcanic Zone".
811:
with over 80 volcanoes. The magma body that created the
Auckland volcanic field is considered to have been related to these outpourings also. Unlike typical hot spots such as
415:
Approximate extent of ignambrite sheets from
Kidnappers (yellow) and Rocky Hill eruptions (orange). These still comprise some of the surface deposits mentioned in this article
484:
which last erupted about 600 years ago It is part of the a line of monogenetic volcanic fields extending southward as they get older along the west coast from the dormant
1453:
387:
hosting multiple active volcanoes. There has been activity within the last 5000 years in all these areas, with most activity on North Island
Volcanic Plateau where the
339:
is recent in geological terms and has taken place over the last 30 million years. This is primarily due to the North Island's position on the boundary between the
568:. Its northeastern and southeastern portions are active andestic volcanoes while the central calderas erupt rhyolitic ignimbrite with later basaltic eruptions.
166:
648:, most of these have been eroded away, buried, or submerged, especially in the west, where a series of volcanoes buried offshore stretches south almost to
747:, as the earlier volcanic fields are to the south, the opposite expected from movement of the Australian Plate over a stationary mantle plume source.
1568:
1324:
787:
pattern seen in the later fields. The distinction between the Alexandra and Okete volcanics is not necessarily clear cut and is still being studied.
391:
is widening by as much as 19 mm (0.75 in)/year, much faster than other continental intraarc rifts. The TaupÅ volcanoes most recent major
755:
652:. This is called the Northland-Mohakatino Volcanic Belt. Remnants of these two ancient volcano belts are still exposed in many places, including
1452:
Pittari, Adrian; Prentice, Marlena L.; McLeod, Oliver E.; Zadeh, Elham Yousef; Kamp, Peter J. J.; DaniÅ¡Ãk, Martin; Vincent, Kirsty A. (2021).
759:
Hochstetter's 1859 geological map of the southern part of the then Auckland Province showing volcanic features of Waikato and South Auckland.
594:
450:
399:, took place around 232 CE, and ejected some 120 cubic kilometres (29 cu mi) of material (rating 7 on the VEI scale) This included
1801:"Ages of the Pliocene-Pleistocene Alexandra and Ngatatura Volcanics, western North Island, New Zealand, and some geological implications"
834:
544:
on the east coast was active with andesitic and rhyolitic events between 2.95 and 1.9 million years ago. Inland from the Coromandel and
359:
in geologically recent times and has resulted in much of the surface formations of the North Island being volcanic as shown in the map.
2035:
Locke, Corinne A.; John Cassidy (1997). "Egmont Volcano, New Zealand: three-dimensional structure and its implications for evolution".
356:
1782:
Geology of the Raglan-Kawhia Area: Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences (N.Z.), Barry Clayton Waterhouse, P. J. White 1994
2105:
2075:
1851:
1787:
1632:
1553:
225:. Clicking on the map enlarges it, and enables panning and mouseover of volcano name/wikilink and ages before present. Key for the
1454:"Inception of the modern North Island (New Zealand) volcanic setting: spatio-temporal patterns of volcanism between 3.0 and 0.9 Ma"
1075:
Seebeck, H. A.; Nicol, P.; Villamor, J.Ristau; Pettinga, J. (2014). "Structure and kinematics of the Taupo Rift, New Zealand".
1234:"Rejuvenation and Repeated Eruption of a 1.0 Ma Supervolcanic System at Mangakino Caldera, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand"
2085:
808:
524:
group of stratovolcanoes that have a history of collapse events. To the east of Auckland is the dacite stratovolcano of
489:
424:
384:
159:
1619:
116:
1310:
590:
465:
1156:
1103:
784:
709:
411:
245:
1621:
Out of the Ocean, Into the Fire: History in the Rocks, Fossils and Landforms of Auckland, Northland and Coromandel
1706:
436:
1886:"Geochronological and geochemical evolution of late Cenozoic volcanism in the Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand"
2080:
1991:
1746:"Petrological and trace element geochemical features of the Okete Volcanics, western North Island, New Zealand"
1660:"Magmatic and Tectonic Interactions Revealed by Buried Volcanoes in Te Riu-a-MÄui/Zealandia Sedimentary Basins"
1526:
1499:
1052:
871:
850:
824:
804:
788:
780:
772:
657:
541:
533:
505:
497:
493:
1413:
Prentice, Marlena; Pittari, Adrian; Lowe, David J.; Kilgour, Geoff; Kamp, Peter J.J.; Namaliu, Miriam (2022).
1200:
468:
volcanoes is adjacent to the andestic and dacitic remnants of 22 to 18 million years ago activity of a large
2100:
2095:
2090:
1996:
1531:
1504:
1208:
1155:
Illsley-Kemp, Finnigan; Barker, Simon J.; Wilson, Colin J. N.; Chamberlain, Calum J.; Hreinsdóttir, Sigrún;
977:
892:
887:
776:
705:
696:
540:
just off the Coromandel east coast is a rhyolitic caldera that last erupted only about 6,340 years ago. The
537:
485:
2022:
1596:
1352:
934:
913:
565:
513:
1375:
1107:
525:
340:
981:
739:
Auckland's volcanoes are believed to be the latest product of an unusual magma source related to local
597:. The latest activity in the Kaikohe-Bay of Islands field, around 1300 to 1800 years ago, created four
1414:
2044:
1960:
1387:
1172:
1119:
858:
854:
529:
517:
348:
256:
989:
669:
509:
403:
deposits and ash that impacted much of the North Island which was not settled by man at the time.
2010:
1921:
1765:
1679:
1588:
1476:
1344:
1233:
1159:; Hamling, Ian J.; Savage, Martha K.; Mestel, Eleanor R. H.; Wadsworth, Fabian B. (1 June 2021).
1137:
1016:
875:
680:
473:
1108:"Rapid Evolution of Subduction-Related Continental Intraarc Rifts: The Taupo Rift, New Zealand"
763:
Three volcanic fields erupted between 2.7 and 0.5 million years ago, migrating northwards from
1847:
1800:
1783:
1658:
Bischoff, Alan; Barriera, Andrea; Begg, Mac; Nicola, Andrew; Colea, Jim; Sahoo, Tusar (2020).
1628:
1549:
1434:
791:
rocks (mostly basalt) cover about 450 km amounting to 55 km from at least 40 vents.
744:
716:
metropolitan area. The field's many vents have produced a diverse array of explosion craters,
661:
645:
636:
602:
446:
2052:
1968:
1933:
1897:
1867:
1822:
1812:
1757:
1671:
1580:
1468:
1426:
1395:
1336:
1291:
1257:
1180:
1127:
1084:
922:
842:
829:
725:
684:
612:
582:
400:
368:
966:
962:
950:
733:
653:
396:
1722:
Nemeth, Karoly; Kereszturi, Gabor; AgustÃn-Flores, Javier; Briggs, Roger Michael (2012).
904:, refers to the obsidian they found on the island and prized for its sharp cutting edge.
2048:
1964:
1391:
1176:
1123:
355:
of the Pacific Plate under the Indo-Australian Plate. The activity has included some of
1745:
1040:
1032:
1004:
973:
812:
792:
764:
688:
665:
586:
521:
2056:
2025:, Volcanoes of New Zealand to Fiji, Global Volcanism Program, Smithsonian Institution.
1972:
1724:"Field Guide Monogenetic volcanism of the South Auckland and Auckland Volcanic Fields"
1015:
region has migrated southeastward during the last two million years. Beginning in the
2069:
1769:
1723:
1683:
1659:
1592:
1480:
1430:
1399:
1348:
1028:
1024:
958:
946:
866:
641:
620:
561:
549:
469:
388:
380:
344:
65:
27:
1141:
1817:
1020:
878:, the CVZ formed a precursor to the modern TaupÅ Volcanic Zone and Kermadec Ridge.
807:
which comprises about 16 volcanoes south of Port Waikato on the west coast and the
768:
729:
649:
557:
553:
501:
332:
226:
218:
123:
1937:
1902:
1885:
1675:
1584:
1472:
1340:
1311:
https://auckland.figshare.com/articles/media/DEVORA_Forum_2018_Collection/12725501
1295:
449:
at between 1300 and 1800 years ago. Also associated with the 20 million year old
896:
336:
222:
40:
1986:
1546:
A Field Guide to Auckland: Exploring the Region's Natural and Historic Heritage
1521:
1494:
1161:"Volcanic Unrest at TaupÅ Volcano in 2019: Causes, Mechanisms and Implications"
918:
461:
centres. The slightly older 8 million to 250,000 year ago mix of basaltic and
1036:
428:
420:
352:
310:
85:
50:
1438:
221:
which includes features from volcanic activity in recorded historic times in
181:
168:
954:
800:
740:
477:
119:
90:
34:
1102:
Villimor, P.; Berryman, K. R.; Ellis, S. M.; Schreurs, G.; Wallace, L. M.;
635:
volcanic arc ran through Northland and neighbouring regions (including the
520:. Much further south on the west coast is the potentially active andesitic
1376:"Evolution of a quaternary peralkaline volcano: Mayor Island, New Zealand"
508:. While considering stratovolcanoes, by Auckland on its west coast is the
1185:
1160:
1132:
1088:
1012:
942:
926:
862:
713:
632:
545:
481:
458:
454:
432:
392:
376:
372:
306:
289:
147:
143:
80:
75:
60:
55:
45:
1374:
Houghton, Bruce F.; Weaver, S.D.; Wilson, J. N.; Lanphere, M.A. (1992).
1000:
1761:
1569:"K-Ar ages of early Miocene arc-type volcanoes in northern New Zealand"
1325:"K-Ar ages of early Miocene arc-type volcanoes in northern New Zealand"
969:
938:
628:
95:
70:
1827:
985:
796:
717:
702:
606:
598:
462:
279:
235:
139:
532:
at 18.5 to 12.3 million years. Great Barrier Island leads on to the
1031:(230,000 years ago) before creating the large stratovolcano called
783:
which were traditionally more akaline and oxidised and were in the
564:
creating the most active area of silicic volcanism on Earth in the
999:
917:
828:
754:
679:
611:
410:
838:
721:
616:
1884:
C. J. Adams; I. J. Graham; D. Seward; D. N. B. Skinner (1994).
984:. The TVZ also contains numerous smaller volcanoes, along with
933:
About 350 kilometres long by 50 kilometres wide, the
1844:
The Restless Country: Volcanoes and earthquakes in New Zealand
441:
331:
Much of the volcanic activity in the northern portions of the
117:
Murihiku Terrane, Caples Terrane and Waipapa Composite Terrane
1799:
Briggs, R. M.; Itaya, T.; Lowe, D. J.; Keane, A. J. (1989).
427:
extend, under later sedimentary and volcanic deposits, from
1232:
Cooper, G.F.; C. J. Wilson; J. A. Baker; M. Millet (2012).
941:
volcanic activity, with the highest concentration of young
255: undifferentiated basalts of the Tangihua Complex in
217:
Map of selected surface volcanic features in the northern
1544:
Ewen Cameron; Bruce Hayward; and Graeme Murdoch (1997).
949:
marks its southwestern end, and it continues up through
1056:
732:, which last erupted 600â700 years ago. Currently
2009:
Karl D. Spinks, J.W. Cole, & G.S. Leonard (2004).
528:
that is between 3 and 1.2 million years old and older
937:(TVZ) is the world's most productive area of recent
205:
197:
158:
153:
135:
130:
112:
104:
21:
691:on the horizon, is an iconic landmark of Auckland.
1627:. Geoscience Society of New Zealand. title page.
1709:Technical Publication 165. Accessed 12 May 2008.
1702:Contingency Plan for the Auckland volcanic field
803:in the group. The later fields are the smallest
1915:
1913:
1653:
1651:
556:and have ages of about 1.8 million years. The
2037:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1953:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1419:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1380:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1106:; Langridge, R. M.; Ries, W. F. (2017-10-04).
16:Volcanic deposits of North Island, New Zealand
1926:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
1920:R. M. Briggs; B. F. Houghton; M. McWilliams;
1890:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
1805:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
1717:
1715:
1664:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
1573:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
1461:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
1329:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
1284:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
500:. This last is situated on the slopes of the
322:. White shading is selected caldera features.
8:
2011:Caldera Volcanism in the TaupÅ Volcanic Zone
1872:Geological Society of New Zealand Newsletter
1842:Cox, Geoffrey J.; Hayward, Bruce W. (1999).
1227:
1225:
775:which is distinguished by large arc volcano
367:The active or dormant volcanoes extend from
1548:, p. 168. Godwit Publishing Ltd, Auckland.
972:, the Okataina Volcanic Complex (including
1699:Beca Carter Hollings & Ferner (2002).
1057:Volcanism of New Zealand: Revision history
771:. The earliest of these fields formed the
548:are a line of andesitic volcanoes such as
516:remnants of the 23 to 15 million year old
18:
1901:
1826:
1816:
1750:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
1184:
1131:
853:(CVZ) was a volcanic arc stretching from
552:that are located on the far side of the
1868:Protecting NZ's Heritage Natural Arches
1695:
1693:
1067:
1516:
1514:
724:flows. The largest and most recent is
22:North Island surface volcanic deposits
874:. Together with the extinct undersea
623:in the western Northland volcanic arc
595:Kaikohe-Bay of Islands volcanic field
451:Kaikohe-Bay of Islands volcanic field
7:
1165:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
585:region contains two recently active
1039:from the west of Northland down to
961:, the Whakamaru, Mangakino, Maroa,
1744:Briggs, R.M.; Goles, G.G. (1984).
14:
371:through the "City of Volcanoes",
1431:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107595
1007:, with Fanthams Peak on the left
976:) and 85 kilometres beyond
504:basaltic stratovolcanoes of the
229:that are shown with panning is:
1818:10.1080/00288306.1989.10427549
779:cones but did have associated
476:Further south is the basaltic
1:
2057:10.1016/S0377-0273(96)00074-1
1973:10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00382-2
1938:10.1080/00288306.2005.9515126
1903:10.1080/00288306.1994.9514626
1676:10.1080/00288306.2020.1773510
1585:10.1080/00288306.2001.9514939
1473:10.1080/00288306.2021.1915343
1341:10.1080/00288306.2001.9514939
1296:10.1080/00288306.2020.1757470
809:South Auckland volcanic field
490:South Auckland volcanic field
425:North Island Volcanic Plateau
385:North Island Volcanic Plateau
357:the world's largest eruptions
313:is lighter shades of violet),
1400:10.1016/0377-0273(92)90124-V
1055:on pages creation date; see
1023:, activity then shifted to
2122:
1618:Hayward, Bruce W. (2017).
1495:"Whangarei Volcanic Field"
1238:AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts
1201:"Taupo â Eruptive History"
911:
885:
857:in the north, through the
822:
785:monogenetic volcanic field
751:Waikato and South Auckland
710:monogenetic volcanic field
694:
512:, which are the andesitic
445:human colonisation, being
239:(shades of brown/orange),
1707:Auckland Regional Council
845:about 8 million years ago
813:the one underlying Hawaii
213:
26:
2106:Volcanoes of New Zealand
2076:Volcanism of New Zealand
1992:Global Volcanism Program
1527:Global Volcanism Program
1522:"Kaikohe-Bay of Islands"
1500:Global Volcanism Program
1262:Global Volcanism Program
1258:"Kaikohe-Bay of Islands"
1205:Global Volcanism Program
1053:Volcanism of New Zealand
1027:(580,000 years ago) and
872:Tauranga Volcanic Centre
851:Coromandel Volcanic Zone
825:Coromandel Volcanic Zone
819:Coromandel Volcanic Zone
789:Alexandra Volcanic Group
658:Hen and Chickens Islands
619:'s Lion Rock, an eroded
542:Tauranga Volcanic Centre
534:Coromandel Volcanic Zone
506:Alexandra Volcanic Group
494:Ngatutura volcanic field
466:WhangÄrei volcanic field
1997:Smithsonian Institution
1532:Smithsonian Institution
1505:Smithsonian Institution
1209:Smithsonian Institution
978:Whakaari / White Island
743:which is not a classic
712:underlying much of the
706:Auckland volcanic field
697:Auckland volcanic field
676:Auckland volcanic field
593:, and the other is the
486:Auckland volcanic field
351:, and particularly the
298: basaltic andesite
2023:Volcanology highlights
1008:
930:
846:
760:
692:
624:
589:, one centered around
416:
379:on the west coast and
271: arc ring basalts
1003:
921:
832:
799:are part of the main
758:
687:, the gently sloping
683:
615:
526:Little Barrier Island
414:
383:on the East with the
2086:Subduction volcanoes
1866:Hayward, B. (2008).
1186:10.1029/2021GC009803
1133:10.1002/2017TC004715
1089:10.1002/2014TC003569
1051:Copied content from
893:Mayor Island / TÅ«hua
888:Mayor Island / TÅ«hua
882:Mayor Island / TÅ«hua
859:Coromandel Peninsula
855:Great Barrier Island
627:Earlier, during the
530:Great Barrier Island
498:Okete volcanic field
349:Pacific Ring of Fire
257:Northland Allochthon
2049:1997JVGR...76..149L
1965:2004JVGR..131..295N
1392:1992JVGR...51..217H
1177:2021GGG....2209803I
1124:2017Tecto..36.2250V
935:TaupÅ Volcanic Zone
914:TaupÅ Volcanic Zone
908:TaupÅ Volcanic Zone
805:Ngatutura Volcanics
773:Alexandra Volcanics
566:TaupÅ Volcanic Zone
437:Kidnappers eruption
178: /
28:Stratigraphic range
1762:10.1007/BF00373712
1017:Sugar Loaf Islands
1009:
982:WhakatÄne Seamount
931:
847:
761:
693:
625:
417:
265: arc basalts,
1846:. HarperCollins.
1118:(10): 2250â2272.
1059:for attribution.
1011:Volcanism in the
980:to the submarine
865:and the southern
662:Whangaroa Harbour
646:Waitakere volcano
637:Three Kings Ridge
518:WaitÄkere volcano
435:. This is as the
329:
328:
293:(shades of red),
2113:
2061:
2060:
2043:(1â2): 149â161.
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1959:(3â4): 295â306.
1948:
1942:
1941:
1917:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1881:
1875:
1874:145 (March), 23.
1864:
1858:
1857:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1820:
1796:
1790:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1719:
1710:
1697:
1688:
1687:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1626:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1595:. Archived from
1563:
1557:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1518:
1509:
1508:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1467:(2â3): 250â272.
1458:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1351:. Archived from
1319:
1313:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1290:(2â3): 201â212.
1279:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1229:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1135:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1072:
923:Lady Knox Geyser
843:pyroclastic flow
685:Rangitoto Island
670:WaitÄkere Ranges
510:WaitÄkere Ranges
496:and finally the
363:Current activity
347:, a part of the
321:
319:
304:
299:
297:
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287:
277:
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270:
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171:
100:
37:
19:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2081:Back-arc basins
2066:
2065:
2064:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2008:
2004:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1922:C. J. N. Wilson
1919:
1918:
1911:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1781:
1777:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1728:
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1721:
1720:
1713:
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1656:
1649:
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1612:
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1512:
1493:
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1446:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1373:
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1368:
1358:
1356:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1307:
1303:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1266:
1264:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1242:
1240:
1231:
1230:
1223:
1213:
1211:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1049:
998:
929:geothermal area
916:
910:
890:
884:
841:deposited by a
827:
821:
781:Okete Volcanics
753:
699:
678:
654:Whangarei Heads
587:volcanic fields
579:
574:
560:intercepts the
474:WhangÄrei Heads
431:all the way to
409:
397:Hatepe eruption
395:, the TaupÅ or
365:
341:Indo-Australian
325:
324:
323:
317:
316:
314:
302:
295:
294:
285:
284:
283:
275:
268:
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63:
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53:
48:
43:
32:
31:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2119:
2117:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2101:Rift volcanism
2098:
2096:Rift volcanoes
2093:
2091:Volcanic belts
2088:
2083:
2078:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2027:
2015:
2002:
1987:"Mayor Island"
1978:
1943:
1932:(3): 459â469.
1909:
1896:(3): 359â379.
1876:
1859:
1852:
1834:
1811:(4): 417â427.
1791:
1775:
1736:
1711:
1689:
1647:
1633:
1610:
1599:on 25 May 2010
1579:(2): 285â311.
1558:
1537:
1510:
1486:
1444:
1405:
1386:(3): 217â236.
1366:
1355:on 25 May 2010
1335:(2): 285â311.
1314:
1301:
1274:
1249:
1221:
1192:
1147:
1104:Leonard, G. S.
1094:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1048:
1045:
1041:Mount Taranaki
1033:Mount Taranaki
1005:Mount Taranaki
997:
994:
974:Mount Tarawera
912:Main article:
909:
906:
886:Main article:
883:
880:
876:Colville Ridge
835:Cathedral Cove
823:Main article:
820:
817:
793:Mount Pirongia
765:Mount Pirongia
752:
749:
695:Main article:
689:shield volcano
677:
674:
666:Waipoua forest
578:
575:
573:
572:Volcanic areas
570:
423:sheets of the
408:
405:
364:
361:
345:Pacific Plates
327:
326:
320: plutonic
301:
274:
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24:
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15:
13:
10:
9:
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3:
2:
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2107:
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2054:
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2046:
2042:
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2031:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
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1877:
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1855:
1853:1-86950-296-5
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1829:
1824:
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1788:0-478-08837-X
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1634:9780473395964
1630:
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1614:
1611:
1598:
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1574:
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1559:
1555:
1554:1-86962-014-3
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1529:
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1523:
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1506:
1502:
1501:
1496:
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1187:
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1143:
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1129:
1125:
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1117:
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1109:
1105:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1083:: 1178â1199.
1082:
1078:
1071:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
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1018:
1014:
1006:
1002:
995:
993:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
947:Mount Ruapehu
944:
940:
936:
928:
924:
920:
915:
907:
905:
903:
898:
894:
889:
881:
879:
877:
873:
868:
867:Kaimai Ranges
864:
860:
856:
852:
844:
840:
836:
831:
826:
818:
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
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790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
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748:
746:
742:
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735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
704:
698:
690:
686:
682:
675:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
642:stratovolcano
638:
634:
630:
622:
621:volcanic neck
618:
614:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
576:
571:
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
550:Maungatautari
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
470:stratovolcano
467:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
443:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
413:
406:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
381:Bay of Plenty
378:
374:
370:
362:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
312:
308:
291:
281:
258:
247:
237:
228:
224:
220:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
191:
163:
161:
157:
152:
149:
145:
141:
138:
134:
129:
125:
121:
118:
115:
111:
107:
103:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
36:
29:
25:
20:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2018:
2005:
1990:
1981:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1929:
1925:
1893:
1889:
1879:
1871:
1862:
1843:
1837:
1808:
1804:
1794:
1778:
1753:
1749:
1739:
1727:. Retrieved
1700:
1667:
1663:
1638:. Retrieved
1620:
1613:
1601:. Retrieved
1597:the original
1576:
1572:
1561:
1545:
1540:
1525:
1498:
1489:
1464:
1460:
1447:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1357:. Retrieved
1353:the original
1332:
1328:
1317:
1304:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1265:. Retrieved
1261:
1252:
1241:. Retrieved
1237:
1212:. Retrieved
1204:
1195:
1168:
1164:
1157:Ellis, Susan
1150:
1115:
1111:
1097:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1050:
1021:New Plymouth
1010:
932:
901:
891:
849:The extinct
848:
837:, carved in
833:Sea arch at
797:Mount Karioi
769:Bombay Hills
762:
738:
730:Hauraki Gulf
700:
650:New Plymouth
626:
580:
558:Hauraki Rift
554:Hauraki Rift
538:Mayor Island
514:conglomerate
502:calc-alkalic
418:
366:
333:North Island
330:
219:North Island
201:North Island
126:near Rotoroa
124:Haast Schist
30:: Miocene, ~
1670:: 378â401.
1640:20 February
1171:(6): 1â27.
1047:Attribution
945:volcanoes.
897:peralkaline
720:cones, and
631:, a mainly
480:Island off
401:pyroclastic
337:New Zealand
246:monogenetic
223:New Zealand
209:New Zealand
185: /
160:Coordinates
2070:Categories
1828:10289/5260
1729:2 November
1425:(107595).
1243:2022-05-15
1063:References
1037:Tasman Sea
990:geothermal
959:Lake TaupÅ
777:tholeiitic
668:, and the
562:TaupÅ Rift
429:Hawkes Bay
421:ignimbrite
419:The large
389:TaupÅ Rift
353:subduction
311:ignimbrite
182:37°S 175°E
33:25â0
1770:129834459
1756:: 77â88.
1684:221380777
1593:128957126
1481:235736318
1439:0377-0273
1349:128957126
1267:11 August
1112:Tectonics
1077:Tectonics
955:Tongariro
951:Ngauruhoe
943:rhyolitic
925:, in the
801:lineament
741:tectonics
726:Rangitoto
660:, around
633:andesitic
601:cones at
591:Whangarei
583:Northland
577:Northland
478:Rangitoto
459:rhyolitic
455:andesitic
369:Northland
227:volcanics
131:Lithology
120:Greywacke
1603:20 April
1359:20 April
1214:16 March
1142:56356050
1013:Taranaki
996:Taranaki
970:calderas
927:Waiotapu
863:Tauranga
745:hot spot
714:Auckland
703:basaltic
546:Tauranga
522:Taranaki
482:Auckland
433:Auckland
393:eruption
377:Taranaki
373:Auckland
307:rhyolite
290:andesite
187:-37; 175
154:Location
148:rhyolite
144:andesite
113:Overlies
2045:Bibcode
1961:Bibcode
1388:Bibcode
1173:Bibcode
1120:Bibcode
1029:Pouakai
1025:Kaitake
1019:, near
986:geysers
967:Rotorua
963:Reporoa
939:silicic
767:to the
734:dormant
728:in the
629:Miocene
603:Te Puke
492:, then
488:to the
463:dacitic
447:Te Puke
407:Geology
248:basalts
206:Country
136:Primary
122:, some
108:Igneous
1850:
1786:
1768:
1682:
1631:
1591:
1552:
1479:
1437:
1347:
1140:
965:, and
718:scoria
656:, the
644:, the
607:Paihia
605:(near
599:scoria
318:
305:
303:
296:
288:
286:
280:dacite
278:
276:
269:
263:
253:
244:
242:
236:basalt
234:
232:
198:Region
140:Basalt
1766:S2CID
1680:S2CID
1625:(PDF)
1589:S2CID
1477:S2CID
1457:(PDF)
1345:S2CID
1138:S2CID
902:Tuhua
895:is a
861:, to
708:is a
173:175°E
1848:ISBN
1784:ISBN
1731:2022
1642:2022
1629:ISBN
1605:2010
1550:ISBN
1435:ISSN
1361:2010
1269:2012
1216:2008
988:and
839:tuff
795:and
722:lava
701:The
617:Piha
581:The
472:off
457:and
453:are
343:and
315:and
170:37°S
146:and
105:Type
41:Preê
2053:doi
1969:doi
1957:131
1934:doi
1898:doi
1823:hdl
1813:doi
1758:doi
1672:doi
1581:doi
1469:doi
1427:doi
1423:429
1396:doi
1337:doi
1292:doi
1181:doi
1128:doi
1085:doi
609:).
442:VEI
375:to
335:of
309:, (
2072::
2051:.
2041:76
2039:.
1995:.
1989:.
1967:.
1955:.
1930:48
1928:.
1912:^
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1888:.
1870:,
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1809:32
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1465:64
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1288:64
1286:.
1260:.
1236:.
1224:^
1207:.
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1169:22
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1126:.
1116:36
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1081:33
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1043:.
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953:,
672:.
664:,
300:,
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91:Pg
35:Ma
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2047::
1999:.
1975:.
1971::
1963::
1940:.
1936::
1906:.
1900::
1856:.
1831:.
1825::
1815::
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1471::
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