Three Sisters (Oregon) - Knowledge (XXG)

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silicic magma that erupted from 20 vents on the southeast side and from a smaller line on the north side. These eruptions generated pyroclastic flows and lava domes from vents on the northern, southern, eastern, and southeastern sides of the volcano. These relatively recent, postglacial eruptions suggest the presence of a silicic magma reservoir under South Sister, one that could perhaps lead to future eruptions.

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which causes it to become warmer and drier. On the western slopes, precipitation ranges from 80 to 125 in (200 to 320 centimeters) annually, while precipitation over the eastern slopes varies from 40 to 80 in (100 to 200 cm) in the east. Temperature extremes reach 80 to 90 degrees Fahrenheit (27 to 32 degrees Celsius) in summers and −20 to −30 °F (−29 to −34 °C) during the winters.

669:, producing a large mudflow that could endanger wilderness visitors and the town of Sisters. Studies at Collier Lake and Diller Lake suggested that both had breached their dams in the early 1940s and in 1970, respectively. Other moraine-dammed lakes within the wilderness area include Thayer Lake on North Sister's east flank and four members of the Chambers Lakes group between Middle and South Sister. 681:

common in the Deschutes National Forest. In September 2012, a lightning strike caused a fire that burned 41 square miles (110 km) in the Pole Creek area within the Three Sisters Wilderness, leaving the area closed until May 2013. In August 2017, officials closed 417 sq mi (1,080 km) in the western half of the Three Sisters Wilderness, including 24 mi (39 km) of the

4243: 1002:/rhyodacitic and rhyolitic eruptions. The volcano built a broad andesitic cone, forming a steep summit cone of andesite about 27,000 years ago. South Sister remained dormant for 15,000 years, after which its composition shifted from dacitic to more rhyolitic lava. An eruptive episode about 2,200 years ago, termed the Rock Mesa eruptive cycle, first spread 491:. The three peaks are the third-, fourth-, and fifth-highest in Oregon, and contain 16 named glaciers. Their ice volume totals 5.6 billion cubic feet (160 million cubic metres). The Sisters were named Faith, Hope and Charity by early settlers, but are now known as North Sister, Middle Sister and South Sister, respectively. 944:

events (about 38,000 years ago) produced the rhyolite of Obsidian Cliffs on the mountain's northwestern flank. Thick and rich in dacite, the flows extended from the northern and southern sides. They stand in contrast to older, andesitic lava remains that reach as far as 4.3 mi (7 km) from its base.

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With an elevation of 10,052 ft (3,064 m), the mountain is cone-shaped. The eastern side has been heavily eroded by glaciation, while the western face is mostly intact. Of the Three Sisters, Middle Sister has the largest ice cover. The Hayden and Diller glaciers continue to cut into the east

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In the late 19th century, there was extensive wool production in eastern Oregon. Shepherds led their herds of 1,500 to 2,500 sheep to the Three Sisters. They arrived in eastern foothills near Whychus Creek by May or June, and then climbed to higher pastures in August and September. By the 1890s, the

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A study published in 2010 described the magma intrusion as having a volume of about 2.1 billion cubic feet (59,000,000 m). Scientists determined in 2013 that the uplift had slowed to a rate of about 0.3 inches (7.6 mm) per year, compared to up to 2 in (51 mm) per year in the

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completed an analysis of the Three Sisters vicinity and concluded that Multnomah had never existed, instead demonstrating that each volcano in the area possessed its own individual eruptive history. Williams' 1944 paper defined the basic outline of the Three Sisters vicinity, though he lacked access

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stratovolcano overlying an older shield structure. Its modern structure is no more than 50,000 years old, and it last erupted about 2,000 years ago. Although its first eruptive events from 50,000 to 30,000 years ago were predominantly rhyolitic, between 38,000 and 32,000 years ago the

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Neither North nor Middle Sister is likely to resume volcanic activity. An eruption from South Sister would pose a threat to nearby life, as the proximal danger zone extends 1.2 to 6.2 mi (2 to 10 km) from the volcano's summits. During an eruption, tephra could accumulate to 1 to 2 in

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demonstrate similar compositions throughout the mountain's long eruptive history. The oldest lava flows on North Sister have been dated to roughly 311,000 years ago, though the oldest reliably dated deposits are approximately 119,000 years old. Estimates place the volcano's last eruption at 46,000

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caused by the Cascade Range. Air from the Pacific Ocean rises over the western slopes, which causes it to cool and dump its moisture as rain (or snow in the winter). Precipitation increases with elevation. Once the moisture is wrung from the air, the air descends on the eastern side of the crest,

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When the first geological reconnaissance of the Three Sisters region was published in 1925, its author, Edwin T. Hodge, suggested that the Three Sisters and five smaller mountains in the present-day wilderness area were the remains of an enormous collapsed volcano that had been active during the

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that has also erupted more-viscous andesite, dacite, and rhyodacite. The smallest and least studied of the three, Middle Sister began eruptive activity 48,000 years ago, and it was primarily built by eruptions occurring between 25,000 and 18,000 years ago. One of the earliest major eruptive

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The Three Sisters join several other volcanoes in the eastern segment of the Cascade Range known as the High Cascades, which trends north–south. Constructed towards the end of the Pleistocene Epoch, these mountains are underlain by more ancient volcanoes that subsided due to parallel north–south

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forests on the eastern slopes. Due to fire suppression over the past century, the forests have become overgrown, and at higher elevations, they are further susceptible to summertime fires, which threaten surrounding life and property. In the 21st century, wildfires have been larger and more

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The Three Sisters form the center of a region of closely grouped volcanic peaks. This is in contrast to the typical 40-to-60 mi (64-to-97 km) spacing between volcanoes elsewhere in the Cascades. Among the most active volcanic areas in the Cascades and one of the most densely populated

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account for about a third of the Three Sisters Wilderness, and this area is known as the Alpine Crest Region. Rising from about 5,200 ft (1,600 m) to 10,358 ft (3,157 m) in elevation, the Alpine Crest Region features the wilderness area's most-frequented glaciers, lakes, and

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South Sister is the easiest of the three to climb, and has a trail all the way to the summit. The standard route up the south ridge runs for 12.6 mi (20.3 km) round trip, rising from 5,446 ft (1,660 m) at the trailhead to 10,363 ft (3,159 m) at its summit. It is a

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from flank vents from the south and southwest flanks, followed by a thick rhyolite lava flow. Next, the Devils Hill eruptive cycle consisted of explosive ash eruptions followed by viscous rhyolitic lava flows. Unlike the previous eruptive period, it was caused by the intrusion of a dike of new

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in the area of uplift; the hundreds of small earthquakes subsided after several days. According to a 2011 study, this swarm may have initiated a significant decrease in the peak uplift rate, which dropped by 80% after 2004. By 2007 the uplift had slowed, though the area was still considered

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Most of the Three Sisters glaciers were described for the first time by Ira A. Williams in 1916. Collier Glacier, between North and Middle Sister, was first studied and mapped by Edwin Hodge. Ruth Hopsen Keen took a forty-year photographic record of Collier Glacier, documenting part of the

923:. The dikes and plug were exposed by centuries of erosion. At one point, the volcano stood more than 11,000 ft (3,400 m) high, but erosion reduced this volume by a quarter to a third. The plug is now exposed and forms North Sister's summits at Prouty Peak and the South Horn. 1161:

3 mi (4.8 km) west of the mountain. The ground began to bulge in late 1997, as magma started to pool about 4 mi (6.4 km) underground. Scientists became concerned that the volcano was awakening, but examination of interferograms, or diagrams of patterns formed by

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In 1862, to connect the Willamette Valley to the ranches of Central Oregon and the gold mines of eastern Oregon and Idaho, Felix and Marion Scott traced a route over Scott Pass. This route was known as the Scott Trail, but was superseded in the early 20th century by the

689:. As a result of the increasing incidence of fires, public officials have factored the role of wildfire into planning, including organizing prescribed fires with scientists to protect habitats at risk while minimizing adverse effects on air quality and environmental health. 1199:

radar observations from 1992 to 2001, and it followed up with campaign GPS and tilt-leveling surveys in August 2004. As of 2009, semi-permanent GPS networks have been deployed every year at the Three Sisters, continually showing that inflation persists at South Sister.

962: m) of ice and is the thickest and largest glacier in the region, descends along the north side of Middle Sister, cutting into the west side of North Sister. Erosion from Pleistocene and Holocene glaciation exposed a plug near the center of Middle Sister. 1619:, which led to the reinstatement of French Pete Creek and its surroundings in the Three Sisters Wilderness Area. The Oregon Wilderness Act of 1984 further expanded the wilderness with the addition of 38,100 acres (154 km) around Erma Bell Lakes. 1039:

Despite its relatively young age, every part of South Sister other than its peak has undergone significant erosion due to Pleistocene and Holocene glaciation. Between 30,000 and 15,000 years ago, South Sister's southern flanks were covered with

426:. Diverse species of flora and fauna inhabit the area, which is subject to frequent snowfall, occasional rain, and extreme temperature variation between seasons. The mountains, particularly South Sister, are popular destinations for climbing and 618:. The Collier Glacier, despite a 4,900 ft (1,500 m) retreat and a 64% loss of its surface area between 1910 and 1994, is generally considered to be the largest glacier of the Three Sisters at 160 acres (0.65 km). 3733:

Dzurisin, D.; Lisowski, M.; Wicks, C. W Jr.; Poland, M. P.; Endo, E. T. (2006). "Geodetic observations and modeling of magmatic inflation at the Three Sisters volcanic center, central Oregon Cascade Range, USA".

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present in the lavas of the younger two mountains is unusual relative to nearby peaks. The Three Sisters form the leading edge of a rhyolitic crustal-melting anomaly, which might be explained by a combination of

1643:. Due to extensive erosion and rockfall, North Sister is the most dangerous climb of the three peaks, and is often informally called the "Beast of the Cascades". One of its peaks, Little Brother, can be safely 4140:

Wicks, C. W. Jr.; Dzurisin, D.; Ingebritsen, S.; Thatcher, W.; Lu, Zhong; Iverson, J. (2002). "Magmatic activity beneath the quiescent Three Sisters volcanic center, central Oregon Cascade Range, USA".

1595:. To maintain its authority over the region, the Forest Service decided to create a 191,108-acre (773 km) primitive area in 1937. The following year, at the instigation of Forest Service employee 558:

The Three Sisters have about 130 snowfields and glaciers ranging in altitude from 6,742 to 10,308 ft (2,055 to 3,142 m) with a cumulative surface area of about 2,500 acres (10 km). The

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that overlays a more ancient shield volcano named Little Brother. North Sister is 5 mi (8 km) wide, and its summit elevation is 10,090 ft (3,075 m). Consisting primarily of

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that has generated similar melting and rhyolitic volcanism nearby for the past 16 million years. Like other Cascade volcanoes, the Three Sisters were fed by magma chambers produced by the

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Dzurisin, D.; Lisowski, M.; Wicks, C. W Jr. (2009). "Continuing inflation at Three Sisters volcanic center, central Oregon Cascade Range, USA, from GPS, leveling, and InSAR observations".

2311: 1060:, or glacial valleys, that made the outer walls of the crater rim significantly steeper. The slopes of South Sister contain small glaciers, including the Lost Creek and Prouty glaciers. 109: 124: 1545:

area was getting overgrazed. Despite regulatory measures, sheep grazing peaked in 1910 before being banned in the 1930s at North and Middle Sister, and in 1940 at South Sister.

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From 1986 to 1987, the USGS surveyed the Three Sisters vicinity with tilt-leveling networks and electro-optical distance meters, but South Sister was not the subject of close

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in 1907. In 1908, the forest was split: the eastern half became the Deschutes National Forest, while the western half merged in 1934 to form the Willamette National Forest.

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and shrubby subalpine meadows. This zone has a large winter snowpack, with low temperatures for much of the year. There are patches of mountain hemlock, subalpine fir, and

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The ecology of the Three Sisters reflect their location in central Oregon's Cascade Range. The westside slopes from 3,000 to 6,500 ft (910 to 2,000 m) lie in the

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than any similar Cascade peak, caused by lava intruding into pre-existing rocks. Many of these dikes were pushed aside by the intrusion of a 980 ft (300 m)-wide

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to the west. They harvested berries, made baskets, hunted, and made obsidian arrowheads and spears. Traces of rock art can be seen at Devils Hill, south of South Sister.

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is now two-and-a-half times larger than the Collier Glacier. According to sources, the Prouty Glacier is sometimes considered to be larger than the Collier glacier.

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was passed, but the area still excluded the French Pete Creek basin. Responding to environmental mobilization throughout the state of Oregon, Congress passed the

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The region was active in the Pleistocene, with eruptions between about 650,000 and about 250,000 years ago from an explosively active complex known as the

1195:. The agency completed a GPS survey campaign, including planning, documentation, and data processing and archiving, at South Sister in 2001, as well as annual 5259: 2709: 867:

lava flows from North Sister overlay the youngest Tumalo pyroclastic deposits, indicating that North Sister was active more recently than 260,000 years ago.

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South Sister, also known as "Charity", is the tallest volcano of the trio, standing at 10,363 ft (3,159 m). The eruptive products range from

7187: 6464: 5592: 5542: 5320: 1556:. Cascades Reserve was a strip of land from 20 to 60 mi (30 to 100 km) wide around the main crest of the Cascade Range, stretching from the 1142:, though an eruption of ash with local volcanic rock accumulation and slow lava flows is considered most likely. The Three Sisters area does not have 466: 2280: 201: 6595: 1873: 1816: 1768: 1196: 1187:

early 2000s. Because of the uplift at South Sister, the USGS planned to increase monitoring of the Three Sisters and their vicinity by installing a

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occurred. A 2002 study inferred that the composition of intruding magma was basaltic or rhyolitic. A map at the Lava Lands Visitor Center of the

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North Sister, also known as "Faith", is the oldest and most highly eroded of the three, with zigzagging rock pinnacles between glaciers. It is a

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Middle Sister can also be scrambled, for a round trip of 16.4 mi (26.4 km) and an elevation gain of 4,757 ft (1,450 m).

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Geologic map of Three Sisters volcanic cluster, Cascade Range, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3186, pamphlet

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Although they are often grouped together as one unit, the three mountains have their own individual geology and eruptive history. Neither

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about 1,200 ft (370 m) high. During the Holocene, smaller glaciers formed, alternating between advance and retreat, depositing

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last erupted about 2,000 years ago and could erupt in the future, threatening life within the region. After satellite imagery detected

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analysis for the next two decades. The volcano was found to be potentially active in 2000, when satellite imagery showed a deforming

5658: 4797: 1565: 402:. Each over 10,000 feet (3,000 meters) in elevation, they are the third-, fourth- and fifth-highest peaks in Oregon. Located in the 5229: 852: 4954: 3333: 1869: 1163: 454: 273: 3965:

Poland, M. P.; Lisowski, M.; Dzurisin, D.; Kramer, R.; McLay, M.; Pauk, B. (2017). "Volcano geodesy in the Cascade arc, USA".

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Thorson, T. D.; Bryce, S. A.; Lammers, D. A.; Woods, A. J.; Omernik, J. M.; Kagan, J.; Pater, D. E.; Comstock, J. A. (2003).

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in 1870. Today, the common trail covers 11 mi (18 km) round-trip, gaining 3,165 ft (965 m) in elevation.

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grow beneath the trees. Douglas-fir is dominant below 3,500 ft (1,100 m), while western hemlock dominates above.

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could run down the sides of the mountain, threatening any life in their paths. Eruptions from South Sister could be either

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Pater, D. E.; Bryce, S. A.; Thorson, T. D.; Kagan, J.; Chappell, C.; Omernik, J. M.; Azevedo, S. H.; Woods, A. J. (1998).

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lie between Middle Sister and South Sister. Finally, around the summit of South Sister, in a clockwise direction, are the

2245: 7192: 7177: 6996: 6863: 6658: 6159: 6154: 6062: 5947: 5937: 5929: 5745: 5651: 5305: 1569: 521:. The area includes 260 mi (420 km) of trails and many forests, lakes, waterfalls, and streams, including the 117: 764: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7049: 7039: 7034: 6615: 6363: 6260: 5562: 5104: 3549: 514: 328: 3685: 2632: 1939: 7172: 7157: 6759: 6648: 6393: 5350: 5269: 4947: 4737: 4427: 4274: 2512:"The Shevlin Park Tuff, Central Oregon Cascades Range: Magmatic processes recorded in an arc-related ash-flow tuff" 1652: 1553: 658: 480: 415: 2713: 6734: 6144: 6128: 6073: 6054: 5855: 5796: 5791: 5778: 5481: 5169: 5074: 4837: 4259: 2791: 1188: 1167: 778: 484: 419: 6830: 6469: 6459: 6020: 5340: 5199: 4989: 4787: 4707: 4672: 4652: 4407: 4247: 1901: 1607:

of the French Pete Creek basin, despite protests of local environmental activists. The area became part of the

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in 1825. He describes "a number of high mountains" south of Mount Hood. Ten months later in 1826, the botanist

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south of Bend shows the extent of the uplift, which reaches a maximum of 11 in (28 cm). In 2004, an

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The Three Sisters Wilderness covers an area of 281,190 acres (1,137.9 km), making it the second-largest

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between 7,000 and 9,000 ft (2,100 and 2,700 m) on the mountain. The Lewis and Clark glaciers have

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approached the summits from the west and probably named them individually at that time. Explorers, such as

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The Wilderness Concept and the Three Sisters Wilderness: Deschutes and Willamette National Forests, Oregon

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further north. Around 1866, there were reports that one of the Three Sisters emitted some fire and smoke.

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known as Teardrop Pool, the highest lake in Oregon. Its cone consists of basaltic andesite along with red

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national forests in the U.S. state of Oregon, about 10 miles (16 kilometers) south of the nearest town of

298: 94: 4587: 1647:. The first recorded ascent of North Sister was made in 1857 by six people, including Oregon politicians 657:, including an event on October 7, 1966, caused by a sudden avalanche; this flash flood reached the 6976: 6794: 6789: 6744: 6704: 6426: 6096: 6000: 5806: 5552: 5496: 5441: 5406: 5401: 4922: 4452: 4387: 4267: 768:

Rock Mesa is an example of a rhyolite dome near the Three Sisters. South Sister rises in the background.

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basin. In 1957, the Forest Service decided to reclassify the area as a wilderness area and removed the

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fragments of various sizes, while the viscous rhyolite domes extrude onto the surface like toothpaste.

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has erupted in the last 14,000 years, and it is considered unlikely that either will ever erupt again.

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at the Three Sisters occurs at 6,500 ft (2,000 m), where the forest canopy opens and the

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Williams, Howel (1944). Louderback, G. D.; Anderson, C. A.; Camp, C. L.; Chaney, R. W. (eds.).

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Sherrod, D. R.; Taylor, E. M.; Ferns, M. L.; Scott, W. E.; Conrey, R. M.; Smith, G. A. (2004).

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in 1843, used the Three Sisters as a landmark from the east. The area was further explored by

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Location of the Three Sisters relative to other major volcanoes in the Cascade Range of Oregon

383: 321: 2312:"Lightning-sparked wildfires prompt large closure of Three Sisters Wilderness east of Eugene" 1705: 7021: 6962: 6754: 6749: 6633: 6441: 6431: 6348: 6030: 5880: 5612: 5466: 5411: 5396: 5239: 5194: 5134: 5054: 4822: 4642: 4637: 4592: 4582: 4522: 4402: 4392: 4382: 4357: 4158: 4023: 3982: 3803: 3751: 3713: 1657: 1549: 1538: 1489: 1363:. These slopes support nearly pure stands of ponderosa pine. Understory vegetation includes 1351:

The lower eastern slopes of the Three Sisters below 5,200 ft (1,600 m) lie in the

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glaciers retreated during the 20th century, water filled in the spaces left behind, forming

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Aerial view over the Three Sisters Wilderness, showing Middle Sister (left) and South Sister

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are on the northwestern and northeastern slopes of Middle Sister, respectively, while the

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face, while the Renfrew Glacier sits on the northwestern slope. The large but retreating

4154: 4019: 3978: 3799: 3747: 3709: 3684:. Vol. II. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. pp. 743–788. Archived from 2527: 7101: 6936: 6906: 6858: 6834: 6714: 6525: 6300: 6290: 6265: 6250: 6203: 6192: 6184: 6179: 6123: 6104: 6049: 5995: 5962: 5957: 5942: 5919: 5893: 5888: 5821: 5811: 5722: 5694: 5451: 5416: 5391: 5290: 5264: 5034: 4782: 4717: 4627: 4617: 4607: 4572: 4562: 4532: 4502: 3856: 3779: 2250: 1640: 1557: 1380: 1329: 1208: 1107: 1094: 916: 884: 856: 790: 774: 758: 754: 677: 642: 615: 599: 591: 583: 579: 567: 308: 254: 817:; it produces lava flows and is less prone to explosive eruptions than silicic magma. 773:

volcanic centers in the world, the Three Sisters region includes nearby peaks such as

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Portrait of Peter Skene Ogden, Western re-discoverer of the Three Sisters, circa 1854

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national forests, they are about 10 miles (16 kilometers) south of the nearest town,

387: 304: 261: 4170: 1102:. Over the past 70 years, scientists have published several reconnaissance maps and 730:(movement of Earth's solid silicate mantle layer caused by convection currents) and 697: 7131: 6916: 6911: 6901: 6812: 6764: 6699: 6686: 6570: 6373: 6255: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6149: 6118: 6025: 5990: 5972: 5952: 5909: 5904: 5875: 5865: 5850: 5826: 5816: 5801: 5786: 5773: 5758: 5732: 5717: 5704: 5602: 5597: 5572: 5532: 5516: 5456: 5446: 5421: 5224: 5189: 5139: 5129: 5099: 5094: 5079: 5039: 4999: 4877: 4827: 4812: 4802: 4767: 4677: 4667: 4567: 4547: 4497: 4467: 4457: 4397: 4367: 4352: 3852: 3783: 1376: 1360: 1345: 1295: 1273: 1265: 1261: 1086: 860: 731: 559: 522: 346: 316: 4347: 4046: 3153: 1964: 1032:

and tephra, with exposed black and red inner walls made of scoria. Hodge Crest, a

649:, which are more common in the Three Sisters Wilderness than anywhere else in the 574:

is nestled between North Sister and Middle Sister and flows to the northwest. The

1290:. Mountain hemlock trees dominate the forest in this area, while meadows sustain 903:, and they are progressively more iron-rich the younger they are. North Sister's 7126: 7121: 7116: 7011: 6719: 6580: 6575: 6403: 6010: 6005: 5914: 5845: 5768: 5763: 5699: 5622: 5607: 5476: 5425: 5234: 5184: 5154: 5089: 5029: 4857: 4832: 4807: 4682: 4612: 4577: 4527: 4372: 4327: 1395: 1321: 1269: 1253: 1221: 1192: 1103: 1090: 825: 750: 654: 551: 1896: 1838: 1348:. Near the peaks of the Three Sisters, there are extensive areas of bare rock. 6881: 6739: 6729: 6510: 6495: 6295: 6216: 6015: 5737: 5709: 5627: 5587: 5381: 5376: 5325: 5219: 5164: 4912: 4897: 4742: 4727: 4692: 4622: 4602: 4517: 4512: 4492: 4437: 4417: 4254: 3986: 3786:; Calvert, A. T. (2011). "Eruptive history of South Sister, Oregon Cascades". 3763:

Faculty of the School of Geography, Geology and Environmental Science (2006).

3717: 2281:"11 new wildfires prompt closure of 266,891 acres in Three Sisters Wilderness" 1644: 1561: 1475: 1459: 1356: 1307: 1257: 1147: 1041: 1033: 990: 896: 844: 829: 810: 735: 686: 665:(USGS) identified that Carver Lake on South Sister could flood and breach its 623: 530: 427: 375: 357: 334: 291: 3031: 3029: 1552:

decided to create the Cascades Forest Reserve, based on the authority of the

139: 126: 6886: 6358: 5870: 5632: 5330: 5179: 5159: 5149: 4842: 4487: 4307: 1443: 1419: 1368: 1317: 1283: 1249: 1241: 1233: 1179: 994: 904: 833: 814: 41: 17: 2246:"Hiking Pole Creek fire three years after burn in Three Sisters Wilderness" 1668:

popular climb during August and September, with up to 400 people each day.

4242: 3407: 2510:

Conrey, RM; Donnelly-Nolan, J; Taylor, EM; Champion, D; Bullen, T (2001).

970: 875: 5577: 5537: 5109: 5069: 4852: 4162: 4028: 4003: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2481: 2479: 2477: 1407: 1279: 1220:, where precipitation is abundant. Forests here consist predominantly of 1143: 1074: 1045: 986: 982: 979: 802: 722: 673: 633:

Carver Lake is dammed by a glacial moraine and could produce a dangerous

4122:

The ecology of the timberline and alpine vegetation of the Three Sisters

3819:(Third ed.). Missoula, Montana: Mountain Press Publishing Company. 2665: 2663: 2661: 2464: 2462: 1989: 1987: 1985: 5674: 4927: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3182: 1820: 1772: 1384: 1303: 1154: 1082: 1070: 1049: 999: 798: 361: 5643: 2031:. U.S. Geological Survey, Cascades Volcano Observatory. Archived from 1940:"Three Sisters loop offers one of Oregon's most scenic backpack trips" 1588:

0.93 mi (1,500 m) retreat of the glacier from 1910 to 1994.

5678: 4302: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 1483: 1466:

species are many of the predators throughout the Three Sisters area.

1455: 1451: 1447: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1291: 1191:(GPS) receiver, sampling airborne and ground-based gases, and adding 1117:

Map of hazards from the Three Sisters showing risk of lava flows and

1057: 1029: 1003: 900: 864: 806: 379: 353: 246: 57: 4939: 1639:

The Three Sisters are a popular climbing destination for hikers and

797:(basaltic) lavas; only South and Middle Sister have an abundance of 749:

The three mountains were also shaped by the changing climate of the

685:, to the public because of 11 lightning-caused fires, including the 4066:"Geologic Map of the Bend 30-×60-Minute Quadrangle, Central Oregon" 4045:

Scott, W. E.; Iverson, R.M.; Schilling, S.P.; Fisher, B.J. (2000).

3835: 2072:. U.S. Forest Service and the University of Montana. Archived from 1583:

North and Middle Sister, with Collier Glacier between the two peaks

1497:

The first Westerner to discover the Three Sisters was the explorer

895:

composition than the other two volcanoes. Its deposits are rich in

3860: 2564: 1626: 1578: 1488: 1320:

occurs at 7,500 feet (2,300 m). The vegetation in this harsh

1207: 1127: 1118: 1112: 1011: 969: 930: 892: 874: 794: 763: 696: 634: 628: 541: 1513:. As the Willamette Valley was gradually colonized in the 1840s, 1024:

about 0.25 mi (0.40 km) in diameter that holds a small

3913:(Fourth ed.). Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society. 1463: 1403: 1053: 5647: 4943: 4263: 3817:

Fire Mountains of the West: The Cascade and Mono Lake Volcanoes

3016: 3014: 4291:

The 126 most prominent summits of the United States of America

672:

Before settlement of the area at the end of the 19th century,

666: 3898:

Forest Conditions in the Cascade Range Forest Reserve, Oregon

2166:. Portland State University and the Oregon Historical Society 2136:. Portland State University and the Oregon Historical Society 851:

deposits in ground eruptions across the area, similar to the

3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3173: 3052:"Bulge near South Sister volcano has nearly stopped growing" 3035: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2610: 2608: 2606: 1564:. In 1905, administration of the Reserve was moved from the 1016:

Teardrop Pool on South Sister is the highest lake in Oregon.

676:

frequently burned through the local forests, especially the

3837:

Quaternary Magmatism in the Cascades, Geologic Perspectives

3242: 3240: 2981: 793:

to the south. Most of the surrounding volcanoes consist of

3840:. United States Geological Survey. Professional Paper 1744 3595:"Oregon's beginner-friendly mountain a grueling adventure" 3506: 3504: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 4180:"Volcanoes of the Three Sisters Region, Oregon Cascades" 3950:(4th ed.). Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown Publishers. 3678:

Encyclopedia of American Forest and Conservation History

3196: 3005: 2969: 2941: 2939: 2914: 2912: 2745: 2733: 2485: 2468: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2412: 2339:"Fire forces trail closures in Three Sisters Wilderness" 1993: 1591:

In the 1930s, the Three Sisters were part of a proposed

3815:

Harris, S. L. (2005). "Chapter 13: The Three Sisters".

3440:

Williams, IA (1916). "Glaciers of the Three Sisters ".

3316: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3257: 3255: 2863: 2861: 2680: 2678: 2669: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 1763: 1761: 1599:, it was expanded by 55,620 acres (225 km) in the 3219: 1811: 1809: 1020:

Unlike its sister peaks, South Sister has an uneroded

4047:"Volcano Hazards in the Three Sisters Region, Oregon" 3113:"Modern Deformation and Uplift in the Sisters Region" 1332:

near the treeline, as well as wet meadows supporting

4207:

Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada

7228:

Stratovolcanoes with shield volcano characteristics

7088: 7020: 6829: 6667: 6330: 5685: 5525: 5278: 5022: 4977: 1106:studies of the Three Sisters, including a detailed 939:Middle Sister, also known as "Hope", is a basaltic 836:. Cinder cones accumulate from the airfall of many 517:to the north and shares its southern edge with the 345: 340: 327: 315: 297: 285: 280: 267: 253: 234: 155: 116: 103: 93: 56: 51: 34: 4209:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 3906: 3900:. Vol. 9–10. U.S. Government Printing Office. 3658:75 Scrambles in Oregon: Best Non-Technical Ascents 3524:"Story of First Ascent of North Sister is Related" 1081:, Hodge theorized that it had collapsed to form a 4187:Bulletin of the Department of Geological Sciences 2790:. U.S. Forest Service. 2004-03-25. Archived from 2712:. U.S. Forest Service. 2004-03-25. Archived from 1478:since the end of the last glaciation, mainly the 390:in western North America extending from southern 1819:elevation of 3,073.9 meters was converted using 1771:elevation of 3,062.3 meters was converted using 1126:(25 to 51 millimetres) in the city of Bend, and 952:, which contains 700 million cubic feet (20 566:are north of the North Sister summit, while the 3152:. Smithsonian Institution. 2013. Archived from 2029:"Geology and History Summary for Three Sisters" 1718:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 3788:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 3736:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 3132: 3099: 3058:. Eugene, Oregon. Associated Press. 2013-02-05 3020: 2840: 2552: 2530:. Fall Meeting Supplement, Abstract V32D-0994. 2516:Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 2497: 2453: 2218: 2216: 550:Weather varies greatly in the area due to the 5659: 4955: 4275: 4226:Oregon's Wilderness Areas: The Complete Guide 4090:. Guilford, Connecticut: Globe Pequot Press. 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 1509:reported snow-covered peaks visible from the 1353:Ponderosa Pine/Bitterbrush Woodland ecoregion 8: 3946:Plummer, Charles C.; McGeary, David (1988). 3530:. Guard Publishing Co. 1942-01-04. p. 9 2627: 2625: 2623: 81:North 10,090 ft (3,075.3 m) 65:South 10,363 ft (3,158.5 m) 4255:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ulCjWYPQ81A 3931:Ecoregions of Western Washington and Oregon 3660:. Seattle, Washington: Mountaineers Books. 3641:. Seattle, Washington: Mountaineers Books. 3618: 3246: 3087: 3075: 2993: 1925: 1218:Western Cascade Montane Highlands ecoregion 853:eruption of Vesuvius that destroyed Pompeii 457:improved monitoring in the immediate area. 5666: 5652: 5644: 4962: 4948: 4940: 4282: 4268: 4260: 3588: 3586: 3046: 3044: 2762: 2710:"Oregon Volcanoes – Middle Sister Volcano" 2614: 1617:Endangered American Wilderness Act of 1978 1212:Mountain hemlock growing on andesitic lava 31: 4027: 3471: 3146:"Three Sisters: Index of Monthly Reports" 2788:"Oregon Volcanoes – South Sister Volcano" 2274: 2272: 2183: 824:. This area features andesitic and mafic 471:The Three Sisters are at the boundary of 467:Topographic map of the Three Sisters area 374:are closely spaced volcanic peaks in the 4253:The Sisters from the air.(Minute 4.51) 3394: 3382: 2957: 2852: 2804: 2597: 2576: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2052: 1874:United States Department of the Interior 1787: 1785: 1739: 1737: 99:5,588 feet (1,703 m) (South Sister) 4002:Riddick, S. N.; Schmidt, D. A. (2011). 3881:. Bend, Oregon: Wilderness Associates. 2565:Faculty of the School of Geography 2006 2023: 2021: 1694: 1609:National Wilderness Preservation System 1474:The Three Sisters area was occupied by 73:Middle 10,052 ft (3,063.7 m) 6932:John Day Fossil Beds National Monument 4205:Wood, C. A.; Kienle, J., eds. (1992). 3550:"Trail-Making in the Oregon Mountains" 3495: 3370: 3358: 3320: 3297: 3285: 3273: 3261: 3231: 3006:Hildreth, Fierstein & Calvert 2012 2970:Fierstein, Hildreth & Calvert 2011 2945: 2930: 2918: 2903: 2891: 2879: 2867: 2828: 2816: 2774: 2746:Hildreth, Fierstein & Calvert 2012 2734:Hildreth, Fierstein & Calvert 2012 2696: 2684: 2652: 2540: 2486:Hildreth, Fierstein & Calvert 2012 2469:Hildreth, Fierstein & Calvert 2012 2441: 2424: 2413:Hildreth, Fierstein & Calvert 2012 2400: 2388: 2207: 2195: 2105: 2093: 2012: 1994:Hildreth, Fierstein & Calvert 2012 1683:List of volcanoes in the United States 1288:Cascade Crest montane forest ecoregion 1286:zone begins. These forests lie in the 1166:, revealed that only small amounts of 7213:Volcanoes of Deschutes County, Oregon 7203:Shield volcanoes of the United States 7183:Mountains of Deschutes County, Oregon 6892:Fort Rock-Christmas Lake Valley Basin 4073:Geologic Investigations Series I–2683 3483: 3427: 1700: 1698: 208: 175: 7: 4008:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 3637:Bishop, E. M.; Allen, J. E. (2004). 3577: 3510: 3115:. U.S. Geological Survey. 2013-11-18 2635:. U.S. Geological Survey. 2013-11-15 1891: 1889: 1722:United States Department of Commerce 1655:, according to a story published in 1077:epochs. Naming this ancient volcano 1064:Recent history and potential hazards 27:Three volcanic peaks in Oregon, U.S. 3410:. US Forest Service. 2 October 2015 2633:"Eruption History for North Sister" 2364:"Prescribed Fire in Central Oregon" 2066:"Three Sisters Wilderness: General" 1865:Geographic Names Information System 1678:List of Ultras of the United States 1394:Local fauna includes birds such as 1172:Newberry National Volcanic Monument 998:volcano began to alternate between 586:is on its southeastern slope. The 25: 3896:Langille, Harold Douglas (1903). 3865:. United States Geological Survey 3548:Victor, Mrs. F. F. (March 1870). 2224:"Central Oregon Fire Environment" 1566:United States General Land Office 789:to the north, and Broken Top and 221:Three Sisters (the United States) 7188:Mountains of Lane County, Oregon 5230:Marble Mountain-Trout Creek Hill 5013: 4241: 3808:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2011.06.003 3756:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.07.011 3593:Umess, Zach (3 September 2014). 653:The local area has a history of 207: 200: 174: 167: 46:The Three Sisters, looking north 40: 3937:(Map). U.S. Geological Survey. 3675:Davis, Richard C., ed. (1983). 1870:United States Geological Survey 1635:in the Three Sisters Wilderness 1412:golden-mantled ground squirrels 529:. The Three Sisters and nearby 455:United States Geological Survey 5301:Mount Scott (Clackamas County) 4128:(Thesis). Oregon State College 4114:(Map). U.S. Geological Survey. 4088:Climbing the Cascade Volcanoes 1572:. The Reserve was renamed the 1414:, and larger species like the 742:under the western edge of the 1: 7198:North American 3000 m summits 5250:Battle Ground Lake State Park 2310:Darling, Dylan (2017-08-16). 2244:Richard, Terry (2015-08-30). 1938:Richard, Terry (2010-08-28). 1146:activity, although there are 935:Middle Sister is cone-shaped. 855:. These deposits spread from 753:epoch, during which multiple 744:North American tectonic plate 570:is on its eastern slope. The 509:in Oregon. Designated by the 276:South Sister and North Sister 224:Show map of the United States 6944:Lava Butte (Basin and Range) 6864:Devils Garden Volcanic Field 6740:Lava Butte (Newberry/Tumalo) 6659:Willamette National Cemetery 6160:Sand Mountain Volcanic Field 5432:Mount Scott (Klamath County) 5306:Willamette National Cemetery 4143:Geophysical Research Letters 3767:. The University of Auckland 1827:elevation of 3,075.3 meters. 1779:elevation of 3,063.7 meters. 1570:United States Forest Service 915:North Sister possesses more 7035:Columbia River Basalt Group 6917:Harney Basin Volcanic Field 6616:Southern Oregon Coast Range 6261:Tom Dick and Harry Mountain 5563:Lava Beds National Monument 2279:Urness, Zach (2017-08-15). 1416:Columbian black-tailed deer 1228:, with minor components of 1098:to chemical techniques and 740:Juan de Fuca tectonic plate 710:in the surrounding region. 515:Mount Washington Wilderness 7244: 7218:Willamette National Forest 6760:Oregon Badlands Wilderness 6649:Upper and Lower Table Rock 5934:Little Chinquapin Mountain 4224:Wuerthner, George (2003). 3334:"Eruption (Three Sisters)" 3133:Riddick & Schmidt 2011 3100:Riddick & Schmidt 2011 2553:Plummer & McGeary 1988 2498:Plummer & McGeary 1988 2454:Riddick & Schmidt 2011 2345:. Bend, Oregon. 2017-08-15 1560:almost to the border with 1554:Forest Reserve Act of 1891 843:The Tumalo volcano spread 659:Cascade Lakes Scenic Byway 498: 464: 7223:Stratovolcanoes of Oregon 7168:Deschutes National Forest 7112:Cobb-Eickelberg Seamounts 5792:Davis Lake Volcanic Field 5482:Mountain Lakes Wilderness 5011: 4838:Mount Cleveland (Montana) 4297: 3987:10.1007/s00445-017-1140-x 3859:; Calvert, A. T. (2012). 3718:10.1007/s00445-009-0296-4 1793:"North Sister Quadrangle" 1745:"North Sister Quadrangle" 1371:at higher elevations and 1189:global positioning system 160: 140:44.103449°N 121.7692058°W 39: 6808:Wildcat Mountain Caldera 5543:Black Butte (California) 4990:Franklin Glacier Complex 4708:Mount Cleveland (Alaska) 4673:Mount Jefferson (Oregon) 4653:Mount Jefferson (Nevada) 4119:Van Vechten, GW (1960). 3905:McArthur, L. A. (1974). 3340:. Seattle Weekly Gazette 3150:Global Volcanism Program 1902:Global Volcanism Program 1714:National Geodetic Survey 1531:Pacific Railroad Surveys 1387:, and sedges grow along 1344:, tufted hairgrass, and 993:. It is a predominantly 513:in 1964, it borders the 501:Three Sisters Wilderness 404:Three Sisters Wilderness 307:(South, Middle) and one 7122:Devils Elbow State Park 7070:Saddle Mountains Basalt 6897:Four Craters Lava Field 6521:Mount Scott (Clackamas) 5316:Rooster Rock State Park 5085:White Chuck Cinder Cone 4228:. Big Earth Publishing. 4051:Open-File Report 99-437 3967:Bulletin of Volcanology 3909:Oregon Geographic Names 3698:Bulletin of Volcanology 3639:Hiking Oregon's Geology 3619:Bishop & Allen 2004 2134:The Oregon Encyclopedia 1926:Bishop & Allen 2004 1907:Smithsonian Institution 1574:Cascade National Forest 1529:in 1855 as part of the 761:eroded the mountains. 382:. They are part of the 145:44.103449; -121.7692058 110:US most prominent peaks 6987:Squaw Ridge Lava Field 6977:Powder River Volcanics 6973:Powder River Volcanics 6606:Siletz River Volcanics 6480:Little Butte Volcanics 6286:Tumalo Volcanic Center 5948:Lost Lake Cinder Cones 5361:Tumalo Volcanic Center 5255:Beacon Rock State Park 5045:Schriebers Meadow Cone 4248:Three Sisters (Oregon) 2763:Wood & Kienle 1992 2615:Wood & Kienle 1992 1636: 1613:Wilderness Act of 1964 1584: 1519:Nathaniel Jarvis Wyeth 1494: 1213: 1150:west of South Sister. 1122: 1017: 975: 936: 880: 822:Tumalo volcanic center 813:. Mafic magma is less 769: 702: 663:U.S. Geological Survey 638: 547: 511:United States Congress 7163:Volcanic crater lakes 6795:Smith Rock State Park 6705:Crooked River Caldera 6682:Bald Mountain Caldera 6045:Mount Scott (Klamath) 5930:Little Cache Mountain 5553:Medicine Lake Volcano 4388:San Gorgonio Mountain 3834:Hildreth, W. (2007). 2500:, pp. 51 and 57. 2366:. U.S. Forest Service 2320:. Guard Publishing Co 2226:. U.S. Forest Service 1630: 1582: 1492: 1402:, small mammals like 1375:at lower elevations. 1211: 1121:in the immediate area 1116: 1015: 973: 934: 878: 767: 700: 632: 545: 519:Waldo Lake Wilderness 364:travel on some routes 112:, 85th (South Sister) 7208:Subduction volcanoes 7002:Strawberry Volcanics 6551:Oregon's Matterhorns 6105:Pine Marten Mountain 6079:Oregon's Matterhorns 5145:Goat Island Mountain 4985:Silverthrone Caldera 4873:Abercrombie Mountain 4698:Great Sitkin Volcano 4250:at Wikimedia Commons 4163:10.1029/2001GL014205 4108:Ecoregions of Oregon 4029:10.1029/2011GC003826 3656:Bond, B. I. (2005). 2256:Advance Publications 2160:"Glaciers in Oregon" 2127:"Glaciers of Oregon" 2125:Fountain, Andrew G. 1965:"The Oregon Top 100" 1527:John Strong Newberry 1503:Hudson's Bay Company 1373:antelope bitterbrush 1183:potentially active. 715:Cascade Volcanic Arc 647:moraine-dammed lakes 384:Cascade Volcanic Arc 322:Cascade Volcanic Arc 7193:Mountains of Oregon 7178:Landmarks in Oregon 7107:Brown Bear Seamount 7055:Hat Rock State Park 7040:Grande Ronde Basalt 6997:Strawberry Mountain 6710:Deschutes Formation 6312:Williamson Mountain 6228:Three Fingered Jack 6197:South Pinhead Butte 6067:North Pinhead Butte 5783:Cupit Mary Mountain 5751:Chinquapin Mountain 4995:Mount Meager massif 4478:White Mountain Peak 4155:2002GeoRL..29.1122W 4020:2011GGG....1212005R 3979:2017BVol...79...59P 3877:Joslin, L. (2005). 3800:2011JVGR..207..145F 3748:2006JVGR..150...35D 3710:2009BVol...71.1091D 3430:, pp. 743–788. 3197:Thorson et al. 2003 3021:Dzurisin et al 2006 2841:Dzurisin et al 2009 2670:Sherrod et al. 2004 2528:2001AGUFM.V32D0994C 2164:Oregon Encyclopedia 1928:, pp. 139–142. 1649:George Lemuel Woods 1633:Pacific Crest Trail 1548:In 1892, President 1428:American black bear 1365:greenleaf manzanita 1110:published in 2012. 787:Three Fingered Jack 683:Pacific Crest Trail 406:at the boundary of 400:Northern California 386:, a segment of the 136: / 7094:Juan de Fuca Ridge 6922:Hole-in-the-Ground 6799:Tea Table Mountain 6639:Tualatin Mountains 6336:Oregon Coast Range 6305:West Pinhead Butte 5938:Little Nash Crater 5915:Little Aspen Butte 5175:Old Snowy Mountain 5125:Burroughs Mountain 5120:Little Tahoma Peak 4738:Sierra Blanca Peak 4648:Sovereign Mountain 4358:Shishaldin Volcano 4338:Mount Marcus Baker 4086:Smoot, J. (1993). 3528:The Register-Guard 3338:Volcanoes USGS Gov 3174:Poland et al. 2017 3056:The Register-Guard 3036:Poland et al. 2017 2972:, pp. 147–48. 2882:, pp. 187–88. 2777:, pp. 186–87. 2699:, pp. 182–84. 2317:The Register-Guard 2070:Wilderness Connect 1946:. Advance Internet 1637: 1631:Two hikers on the 1585: 1539:McKenzie Pass Road 1495: 1342:black alpine sedge 1246:Pacific silver fir 1214: 1123: 1100:radiometric dating 1089:collapsed to form 1018: 976: 937: 908:years ago, in the 899:and red and black 881: 770: 703: 639: 548: 538:Physical geography 191:Show map of Oregon 188:Location in Oregon 84: NAVD 88 76: NAVD 88 68: NAVD 88 52:Highest point 7173:Dormant volcanoes 7158:Cascade Volcanoes 7140: 7139: 6948:Mahogany Mountain 6725:Gearhart Mountain 6484:Little Pilot Rock 6394:Crescent Mountain 6369:Boring Lava Field 6180:Sheridan Mountain 5846:Greylock Mountain 5641: 5640: 5512:Gearhart Mountain 5351:Crescent Mountain 5286:Boring Lava Field 5215:Sawtooth Mountain 4971:Cascade Volcanoes 4937: 4936: 4788:Flat Top Mountain 4763:North Schell Peak 4558:Mount San Antonio 4333:Mount Saint Elias 4318:Mount Fairweather 4246:Media related to 4216:978-0-521-43811-7 4097:978-1-56044-889-1 3957:978-0-697-05092-2 3920:978-0-87595-102-7 3888:978-0-9647167-4-2 3826:978-0-87842-511-2 3704:(10): 1091–1110. 3667:978-0-89886-550-9 3648:978-0-89886-847-0 3599:Statesman Journal 3580:, pp. 61–64. 3513:, pp. 59–61. 3361:, pp. 65–66. 3288:, pp. 49–50. 3220:Pater et al. 1998 2982:Scott et al. 2000 2522:(47): V32D–0994. 2427:, pp. 30–31. 2415:, pp. 11–12. 2286:Statesman Journal 2108:, pp. 32–33. 1605:old-growth forest 1601:French Pete Creek 1593:National Monument 1511:Willamette Valley 1499:Peter Skene Ogden 1312:Newberry knotweed 1178:occurred with an 1164:wave interference 1132:pyroclastic flows 889:basaltic andesite 479:counties and the 414:counties and the 368: 367: 86: 78: 70: 16:(Redirected from 7235: 7022:Columbia Plateau 6963:Mutton Mountains 6803:Wildcat Mountain 6755:Ochoco Mountains 6750:Newberry Volcano 6735:Grizzly Mountain 6669:Eastern Cascades 6379:Chamberlain Hill 6332:Western Cascades 6088:Peavine Mountain 6055:Mount Washington 6031:Mount McLoughlin 5977:Maklaks Mountain 5958:Lookout Mountain 5881:Howlock Mountain 5834:Frog Lake Buttes 5755:Clear Lake Butte 5668: 5661: 5654: 5645: 5613:Bumpass Mountain 5548:Rainbow Mountain 5467:Mount McLoughlin 5412:Howlock Mountain 5397:Newberry Volcano 5240:Trout Creek Hill 5195:Mount St. Helens 5135:Cowlitz Chimneys 5055:Hannegan caldera 5017: 4978:British Columbia 4964: 4957: 4950: 4941: 4823:Mount Timpanogos 4818:Carlisle Volcano 4643:Makushin Volcano 4593:Mount Washington 4583:Pogromni Volcano 4523:Mount Chiginagak 4403:Mount Veniaminof 4383:San Jacinto Peak 4284: 4277: 4270: 4261: 4245: 4229: 4220: 4201: 4199: 4198: 4184: 4174: 4149:(7): 26:1–26:4. 4136: 4134: 4133: 4127: 4115: 4113: 4101: 4082: 4080: 4079: 4070: 4060: 4058: 4057: 4041: 4031: 3998: 3961: 3948:Physical Geology 3942: 3936: 3924: 3912: 3901: 3892: 3873: 3871: 3870: 3848: 3846: 3845: 3830: 3811: 3794:(3–4): 145–179. 3775: 3773: 3772: 3759: 3729: 3692: 3690: 3683: 3671: 3652: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3590: 3581: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3566: 3565: 3554:Overland Monthly 3545: 3539: 3538: 3536: 3535: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3450: 3449: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3416: 3415: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3250: 3247:Van Vechten 1960 3244: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3200: 3194: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3162: 3161: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3121: 3120: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3088:Wicks et al 2002 3085: 3079: 3076:Wicks et al 2002 3073: 3067: 3066: 3064: 3063: 3048: 3039: 3033: 3024: 3018: 3009: 3003: 2997: 2994:Wicks et al 2002 2991: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2949: 2943: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2907: 2901: 2895: 2889: 2883: 2877: 2871: 2865: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2784: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2718: 2717: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2673: 2667: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2643: 2641: 2640: 2629: 2618: 2612: 2601: 2595: 2580: 2574: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2507: 2501: 2495: 2489: 2483: 2472: 2466: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2428: 2422: 2416: 2410: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2375: 2374: 2372: 2371: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2351: 2350: 2335: 2329: 2328: 2326: 2325: 2307: 2301: 2300: 2298: 2297: 2276: 2267: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2232: 2231: 2220: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2187: 2181: 2175: 2174: 2172: 2171: 2156: 2145: 2144: 2142: 2141: 2131: 2122: 2109: 2103: 2097: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2082: 2081: 2062: 2056: 2050: 2044: 2043: 2041: 2040: 2025: 2016: 2010: 1997: 1991: 1980: 1979: 1977: 1976: 1961: 1955: 1954: 1952: 1951: 1935: 1929: 1923: 1917: 1916: 1914: 1913: 1893: 1884: 1883: 1881: 1880: 1856: 1850: 1849: 1847: 1846: 1834: 1828: 1813: 1804: 1803: 1801: 1800: 1789: 1780: 1765: 1756: 1755: 1753: 1752: 1741: 1732: 1731: 1729: 1728: 1702: 1658:Overland Monthly 1550:Grover Cleveland 1482:to the east and 1300:tufted hairgrass 1230:mountain hemlock 1176:earthquake swarm 1093:. In the 1940s, 958: 957: 951: 910:Late Pleistocene 891:, it has a more 838:pyroclastic rock 779:Mount Washington 596:Skinner Glaciers 564:Villard Glaciers 452: 444: 440: 436: 392:British Columbia 349: 257: 225: 211: 210: 204: 192: 178: 177: 171: 151: 150: 148: 147: 146: 141: 137: 134: 133: 132: 129: 82: 74: 66: 44: 32: 21: 7243: 7242: 7238: 7237: 7236: 7234: 7233: 7232: 7143: 7142: 7141: 7136: 7084: 7065:Pendleton Vents 7060:Hermiston Butte 7016: 6992:Steens Mountain 6970:Poker Jim Ridge 6967:Pillars of Rome 6872:Diamond Craters 6868:Dooley Mountain 6831:Basin and Range 6825: 6821:Yamsay Mountain 6663: 6596:Saddle Mountain 6561:Pepper Mountain 6492:Lost Lake Butte 6470:Laurel Mountain 6451:Indian Mountain 6432:Harter Mountain 6417:Elk Rock Island 6326: 6322:Zigzag Mountain 6281:Tumalo Mountain 6036:Mount Multnomah 6021:Mount Jefferson 5901:Le Conte Crater 5769:Crater Mountain 5681: 5672: 5642: 5637: 5618:Dittmar Volcano 5583:Burney Mountain 5558:Schonchin Butte 5521: 5507:Yamsay Mountain 5387:Tumalo Mountain 5371:Mount Multnomah 5341:Mount Jefferson 5296:Elk Rock Island 5274: 5245:Tumtum Mountain 5050:Kulshan caldera 5018: 5009: 5005:Mount Garibaldi 4973: 4968: 4938: 4933: 4932: 4918:Korovin Volcano 4888:Chiricahua Peak 4783:Veniaminof Peak 4663:Isanotski Peaks 4448:Mount Tom White 4423:Iliamna Volcano 4393:Charleston Peak 4363:Redoubt Volcano 4323:Mount Blackburn 4293: 4288: 4238: 4233: 4232: 4223: 4217: 4204: 4196: 4194: 4182: 4177: 4139: 4131: 4129: 4125: 4118: 4111: 4104: 4098: 4085: 4077: 4075: 4068: 4063: 4055: 4053: 4044: 4001: 3964: 3958: 3945: 3939:to back of map) 3934: 3927: 3921: 3904: 3895: 3889: 3876: 3868: 3866: 3851: 3843: 3841: 3833: 3827: 3814: 3778: 3770: 3768: 3762: 3732: 3695: 3688: 3681: 3674: 3668: 3655: 3649: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3625: 3617: 3613: 3603: 3601: 3592: 3591: 3584: 3576: 3572: 3563: 3561: 3547: 3546: 3542: 3533: 3531: 3522: 3521: 3517: 3509: 3502: 3494: 3490: 3482: 3478: 3470: 3453: 3439: 3438: 3434: 3426: 3422: 3413: 3411: 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2337: 2336: 2332: 2323: 2321: 2309: 2308: 2304: 2295: 2293: 2291:Gannett Company 2278: 2277: 2270: 2260: 2258: 2243: 2242: 2238: 2229: 2227: 2222: 2221: 2214: 2206: 2202: 2194: 2190: 2182: 2178: 2169: 2167: 2158: 2157: 2148: 2139: 2137: 2129: 2124: 2123: 2112: 2104: 2100: 2092: 2088: 2079: 2077: 2064: 2063: 2059: 2051: 2047: 2038: 2036: 2027: 2026: 2019: 2011: 2000: 1992: 1983: 1974: 1972: 1963: 1962: 1958: 1949: 1947: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1924: 1920: 1911: 1909: 1897:"Three Sisters" 1895: 1894: 1887: 1878: 1876: 1858: 1857: 1853: 1844: 1842: 1839:"OREGON P2000s" 1836: 1835: 1831: 1814: 1807: 1798: 1796: 1791: 1790: 1783: 1766: 1759: 1750: 1748: 1743: 1742: 1735: 1726: 1724: 1704: 1703: 1696: 1691: 1674: 1625: 1480:Northern Paiute 1472: 1226:western hemlock 1206: 1159:tectonic uplift 1079:Mount Multnomah 1066: 968: 955: 953: 950:Collier Glacier 949: 929: 873: 859:to the town of 759:glacial advance 755:glacial periods 695: 651:contiguous U.S. 616:Eugene Glaciers 580:Hayden Glaciers 572:Collier Glacier 540: 507:wilderness area 503: 497: 469: 463: 450: 447:tectonic uplift 442: 438: 434: 347: 305:stratovolcanoes 255: 230: 229: 228: 227: 226: 223: 222: 219: 218: 217: 216: 212: 195: 194: 193: 190: 189: 186: 185: 184: 183: 179: 144: 142: 138: 135: 130: 127: 125: 123: 122: 89: 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7241: 7239: 7231: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7145: 7144: 7138: 7137: 7135: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7102:Axial Seamount 7098: 7096: 7086: 7085: 7083: 7082: 7080:Wanapum Basalt 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7026: 7024: 7018: 7017: 7015: 7014: 7009: 7007:Tower Mountain 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6971: 6968: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6942: 6939: 6937:Jordan Craters 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6907:Hager Mountain 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6853: 6850: 6845: 6839: 6837: 6835:Eastern Oregon 6827: 6826: 6824: 6823: 6818: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6715:Hager Mountain 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6673: 6671: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6634:Three Pyramids 6631: 6626: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6546:Olson Mountain 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6526:Mount Sylvania 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6506:Mount Defiance 6503: 6498: 6493: 6490: 6485: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6465:Larch Mountain 6462: 6457: 6452: 6449: 6447:Hunsinger Peak 6444: 6439: 6437:Highland Butte 6434: 6429: 6424: 6422:Grass Mountain 6419: 6414: 6409: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6340: 6338: 6328: 6327: 6325: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6308:Whiteface Peak 6306: 6303: 6301:Waldo Mountain 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6251:Three Trappers 6248: 6230: 6225: 6222: 6219: 6214: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6198: 6195: 6190: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6145:Royce Mountain 6142: 6137: 6134: 6133:Robinson Butte 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6113: 6110: 6107: 6102: 6101:Pinhead Buttes 6099: 6094: 6089: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6068: 6065: 6060: 6057: 6052: 6050:Mount Thielsen 6047: 6042: 6039: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6011:Mount Harriman 6008: 6003: 5998: 5996:Mount Bachelor 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5975: 5973:Maklaks Crater 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5932: 5927: 5925:Little Brother 5922: 5920:Little Belknap 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5899: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5885:Irish Mountain 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5835: 5832: 5829: 5827:Forgotten Cone 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5797:Davis Mountain 5794: 5789: 5784: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5753: 5748: 5746:Cache Mountain 5743: 5742:Buckskin Butte 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5723:Belknap Crater 5720: 5715: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5695:Applegate Peak 5691: 5689: 5683: 5682: 5673: 5671: 5670: 5663: 5656: 5648: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5529: 5527: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5472:Brown Mountain 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5452:Applegate Peak 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5419: 5417:Mount Thielsen 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5392:Mount Bachelor 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5321:Larch Mountain 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5291:Mount Sylvania 5288: 5282: 5280: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5272: 5267: 5265:Greenleaf Peak 5262: 5260:Table Mountain 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5105:Cathedral Rock 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5035:Sherman Crater 5032: 5026: 5024: 5020: 5019: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4981: 4979: 4975: 4974: 4969: 4967: 4966: 4959: 4952: 4944: 4935: 4934: 4931: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4718:Mount Wrangell 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4638:Tanaga Volcano 4635: 4630: 4628:Mount Natazhat 4625: 4620: 4618:Humphreys Peak 4615: 4610: 4608:Mount Mitchell 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4573:Telescope Peak 4570: 4565: 4563:Kichatna Spire 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4533:Sacajawea Peak 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4508:Mount Hesperus 4505: 4503:Mount Vsevidof 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4398:Pavlof Volcano 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4295: 4294: 4289: 4287: 4286: 4279: 4272: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4251: 4237: 4236:External links 4234: 4231: 4230: 4221: 4215: 4202: 4175: 4137: 4116: 4102: 4096: 4083: 4061: 4042: 3999: 3962: 3956: 3943: 3925: 3919: 3902: 3893: 3887: 3874: 3849: 3831: 3825: 3812: 3776: 3760: 3742:(1–3): 35–54. 3730: 3693: 3691:on 2012-10-28. 3672: 3666: 3653: 3647: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3623: 3621:, p. 139. 3611: 3582: 3570: 3540: 3515: 3500: 3498:, p. 185. 3488: 3486:, p. 137. 3476: 3474:, p. 175. 3472:Wuerthner 2003 3451: 3432: 3420: 3399: 3387: 3375: 3363: 3351: 3325: 3302: 3290: 3278: 3266: 3251: 3236: 3224: 3201: 3178: 3166: 3137: 3125: 3104: 3092: 3080: 3068: 3040: 3025: 3010: 2998: 2986: 2974: 2962: 2950: 2948:, p. 182. 2935: 2933:, p. 193. 2923: 2921:, p. 192. 2908: 2906:, p. 191. 2896: 2894:, p. 188. 2884: 2872: 2857: 2845: 2833: 2831:, p. 190. 2821: 2819:, p. 189. 2809: 2797: 2794:on 2011-05-12. 2779: 2767: 2765:, p. 185. 2750: 2738: 2719: 2716:on 2011-05-16. 2701: 2689: 2674: 2657: 2655:, p. 183. 2645: 2619: 2617:, p. 184. 2602: 2581: 2569: 2557: 2545: 2533: 2502: 2490: 2473: 2458: 2446: 2444:, p. 179. 2429: 2417: 2405: 2393: 2376: 2355: 2330: 2302: 2268: 2251:OregonLive.com 2236: 2212: 2200: 2188: 2186:, p. 174. 2184:Wuerthner 2003 2176: 2146: 2110: 2098: 2086: 2057: 2055:, p. 544. 2045: 2017: 1998: 1981: 1971:. June 8, 2013 1956: 1944:OregonLive.com 1930: 1918: 1885: 1860:"South Sister" 1851: 1837:Martin, Andy. 1829: 1805: 1781: 1757: 1733: 1710:NGS Data Sheet 1706:"South Sister" 1693: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1686: 1685: 1680: 1673: 1670: 1624: 1621: 1558:Columbia River 1515:Euro-Americans 1471: 1468: 1462:, and several 1381:stream dogwood 1377:Mountain alder 1334:Brewer's sedge 1330:whitebark pine 1308:red paintbrush 1205: 1202: 1108:geological map 1095:Howel Williams 1065: 1062: 967: 964: 928: 925: 885:shield volcano 872: 869: 834:rhyolite domes 801:rocks such as 791:Mount Bachelor 775:Belknap Crater 694: 691: 678:ponderosa pine 643:Little Ice Age 584:Diller Glacier 568:Thayer Glacier 539: 536: 499:Main article: 496: 493: 462: 459: 398:and Oregon to 366: 365: 351: 343: 342: 338: 337: 331: 325: 324: 319: 313: 312: 309:shield volcano 301: 295: 294: 289: 283: 282: 278: 277: 271: 265: 264: 259: 251: 250: 236: 232: 231: 220: 214: 213: 206: 205: 199: 198: 197: 196: 187: 181: 180: 173: 172: 166: 165: 164: 163: 162: 161: 158: 157: 153: 152: 120: 114: 113: 107: 101: 100: 97: 91: 90: 88: 87: 79: 71: 62: 60: 54: 53: 49: 48: 45: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7240: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7153:Cascade Range 7151: 7150: 7148: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7095: 7091: 7090:Pacific Coast 7087: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7075:Steens Basalt 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7050:Imnaha Basalt 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7027: 7025: 7023: 7019: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6972: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6958:Modoc Plateau 6956: 6954: 6953:Malheur Butte 6951: 6949: 6946: 6943: 6941:Lambert Rocks 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6927:Jackies Butte 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6877:Doherty Slide 6875: 6873: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6838: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6822: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6780:Powell Buttes 6778: 6776: 6775:Pine Mountain 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6677:Bald Mountain 6675: 6674: 6672: 6670: 6666: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625:Sunshine Rock 6624: 6622: 6621:Spencer Butte 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6591:Roxy Ann Peak 6589: 6587: 6586:Ross Mountain 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6541:Nesmith Point 6539: 6537: 6536:Mount Talbert 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6501:Mount Ashland 6499: 6497: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6488:Lookout Point 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6475:Lenhart Butte 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6455:Iron Mountain 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408:French's Dome 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6384:Clatsop Butte 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6364:Bone Mountain 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6317:Wizard Island 6315: 6313: 6310: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6276:Triangle Peak 6274: 6272: 6271:Triangle Hill 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6256:Timber Crater 6254: 6252: 6249: 6246: 6242: 6241:Middle Sister 6238: 6234: 6233:Three Sisters 6231: 6229: 6226: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6209:Teardrop Pool 6207: 6205: 6204:Talapus Butte 6202: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6193:South Belknap 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6170:Sentinel Rock 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6155:Sand Mountain 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6114: 6111: 6109:Pothole Butte 6108: 6106: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6092:Pelican Butte 6090: 6087: 6085: 6084:Olallie Butte 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6040: 6038:(unconfirmed) 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6006:Mount Carmine 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5991:Merriam Point 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5953:Lookout Butte 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5861:Hayrick Butte 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5841:Garfield Peak 5839: 5837:Fuji Mountain 5836: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5687:High Cascades 5684: 5680: 5676: 5669: 5664: 5662: 5657: 5655: 5650: 5649: 5646: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5593:Snow Mountain 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5568:Modoc Plateau 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5524: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5487:Roxy Ann Peak 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5462:Pelican Butte 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5437:Wizard Island 5435: 5433: 5430: 5427: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373:(unvalidated) 5372: 5369: 5367: 5366:Three Sisters 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5356:Iron Mountain 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5336:Olallie Butte 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5281: 5277: 5271: 5270:Wind Mountain 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5205:Indian Heaven 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5115:Mount Rainier 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5065:Ruth Mountain 5063: 5061: 5060:Hannegan Peak 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5021: 5016: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4965: 4960: 4958: 4953: 4951: 4946: 4945: 4942: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4903:Mount Augusta 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4883:Mount Gareloi 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4863:Mount Deborah 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4798:Mount Steller 4796: 4794: 4793:Bearhole Peak 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4773:Mount Foresta 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4758:Snowshoe Peak 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4748:Mount Russell 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4733:Mount Seattle 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4713:McDonald Peak 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4633:Hanagita Peak 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4598:Mount Igikpak 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4553:Mount Douglas 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4538:Mount Neacola 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4483:Mount Crillon 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4473:Mount Foraker 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4463:Mount Kimball 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4443:Mount Sanford 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4428:Mount Olympus 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4413:Mount Hubbard 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4378:Mount Torbert 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4343:Mount Whitney 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4313:Mount Rainier 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4285: 4280: 4278: 4273: 4271: 4266: 4265: 4262: 4256: 4252: 4249: 4244: 4240: 4239: 4235: 4227: 4222: 4218: 4212: 4208: 4203: 4192: 4188: 4181: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4138: 4124: 4123: 4117: 4110: 4109: 4103: 4099: 4093: 4089: 4084: 4074: 4067: 4062: 4052: 4048: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3963: 3959: 3953: 3949: 3944: 3940: 3933: 3932: 3926: 3922: 3916: 3911: 3910: 3903: 3899: 3894: 3890: 3884: 3880: 3875: 3864: 3863: 3858: 3857:Fierstein, J. 3854: 3850: 3839: 3838: 3832: 3828: 3822: 3818: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3780:Fierstein, J. 3777: 3766: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3694: 3687: 3680: 3679: 3673: 3669: 3663: 3659: 3654: 3650: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3634: 3628: 3620: 3615: 3612: 3600: 3596: 3589: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3571: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3544: 3541: 3529: 3525: 3519: 3516: 3512: 3507: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3452: 3447: 3443: 3436: 3433: 3429: 3424: 3421: 3409: 3408:"Our History" 3403: 3400: 3397:, p. 18. 3396: 3395:Langille 1903 3391: 3388: 3385:, p. 15. 3384: 3383:Langille 1903 3379: 3376: 3373:, p. 67. 3372: 3367: 3364: 3360: 3355: 3352: 3339: 3335: 3329: 3326: 3323:, p. 62. 3322: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3303: 3300:, p. 61. 3299: 3294: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3279: 3276:, p. 49. 3275: 3270: 3267: 3264:, p. 48. 3263: 3258: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3241: 3237: 3234:, p. 60. 3233: 3228: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3167: 3156:on 2014-08-15 3155: 3151: 3147: 3141: 3138: 3134: 3129: 3126: 3114: 3108: 3105: 3102:, p. 11. 3101: 3096: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3081: 3077: 3072: 3069: 3057: 3053: 3047: 3045: 3041: 3038:, p. 11. 3037: 3032: 3030: 3026: 3023:, p. 38. 3022: 3017: 3015: 3011: 3008:, p. 15. 3007: 3002: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2963: 2959: 2958:Williams 1944 2954: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2873: 2870:, p. 37. 2869: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2855:, p. 30. 2854: 2853:Hildreth 2007 2849: 2846: 2842: 2837: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2810: 2807:, p. 49. 2806: 2805:Williams 1944 2801: 2798: 2793: 2789: 2783: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2751: 2748:, p. 12. 2747: 2742: 2739: 2736:, p. 11. 2735: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2711: 2705: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2690: 2687:, p. 35. 2686: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2672:, p. 11. 2671: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2646: 2634: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2600:, p. 28. 2599: 2598:Hildreth 2007 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2582: 2579:, p. 27. 2578: 2577:Hildreth 2007 2573: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2558: 2555:, p. 54. 2554: 2549: 2546: 2543:, p. 33. 2542: 2537: 2534: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2506: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2491: 2488:, p. 10. 2487: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2406: 2403:, p. 31. 2402: 2397: 2394: 2391:, p. 30. 2390: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2365: 2359: 2356: 2344: 2340: 2334: 2331: 2319: 2318: 2313: 2306: 2303: 2292: 2288: 2287: 2282: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2257: 2253: 2252: 2247: 2240: 2237: 2225: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2210:, p. 47. 2209: 2204: 2201: 2198:, p. 44. 2197: 2192: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2177: 2165: 2161: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2135: 2128: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2099: 2096:, p. 34. 2095: 2090: 2087: 2076:on 2014-04-01 2075: 2071: 2067: 2061: 2058: 2054: 2053:McArthur 1974 2049: 2046: 2035:on 2013-10-02 2034: 2030: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2015:, p. 57. 2014: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1970: 1966: 1960: 1957: 1945: 1941: 1934: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1919: 1908: 1904: 1903: 1898: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1866: 1861: 1855: 1852: 1840: 1833: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1794: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1746: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1688: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1659: 1654: 1653:James McBride 1650: 1646: 1642: 1634: 1629: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1581: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1546: 1542: 1540: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1507:David Douglas 1504: 1500: 1491: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1470:Human history 1469: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1424:Roosevelt elk 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1400:ruffed grouse 1397: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1296:dwarf willows 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1238:subalpine fir 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1210: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1184: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1156: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1120: 1115: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1063: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1022:summit crater 1014: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1001: 996: 992: 988: 984: 981: 972: 965: 963: 961: 945: 942: 941:stratovolcano 933: 927:Middle Sister 926: 924: 922: 921:volcanic plug 918: 913: 911: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 877: 870: 868: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 841: 839: 835: 832:, as well as 831: 827: 823: 818: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 766: 762: 760: 757:occurred and 756: 752: 747: 745: 741: 737: 733: 732:decompression 729: 724: 720: 719:Cascade Range 716: 711: 709: 699: 692: 690: 688: 684: 679: 675: 670: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 636: 631: 627: 625: 621: 620:Eliot Glacier 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 556: 553: 544: 537: 535: 532: 528: 527:Whychus Creek 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 502: 494: 492: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 468: 460: 458: 456: 453:in 2000, the 448: 439:Middle Sister 431: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 388:Cascade Range 385: 381: 377: 373: 372:Three Sisters 363: 359: 355: 352: 350: 348:Easiest route 344: 339: 336: 332: 330: 329:Last eruption 326: 323: 320: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 300: 299:Mountain type 296: 293: 290: 288: 284: 279: 275: 272: 270: 266: 263: 262:Cascade Range 260: 258: 252: 248: 244: 240: 237: 233: 215:Three Sisters 203: 182:Three Sisters 170: 159: 154: 149: 121: 119: 115: 111: 108: 106: 102: 98: 96: 92: 85: 80: 77: 72: 69: 64: 63: 61: 59: 55: 50: 43: 38: 35:Three Sisters 33: 30: 19: 7132:Yaquina Head 7117:Devils Elbow 6982:Saddle Butte 6912:Harney Basin 6902:Glass Buttes 6855:Clarks Butte 6817:Yainax Ridge 6813:Yainax Butte 6765:Paulina Peak 6700:Cline Buttes 6691:Bly Mountain 6687:Barnes Butte 6571:Powell Butte 6516:Mount Pisgah 6442:High Prairie 6427:Grizzly Peak 6399:Devil's Rest 6389:Cook's Butte 6374:Cascade Head 6291:Twin Craters 6266:Tot Mountain 6245:South Sister 6244: 6240: 6237:North Sister 6236: 6232: 6217:The Pinnacle 6208: 6200:Summit Butte 6150:Rustler Peak 6139: 6097:Phantom Ship 6070:North Wilson 6059:Mount Wilson 6026:Mount Mazama 6001:Mount Bailey 5986:Merriam Cone 5981:Melvin Butte 5963:Lumrum Butte 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Peaklist 1799:2017-11-25 1751:2017-11-25 1727:2017-06-29 1623:Recreation 1562:California 1444:wolverines 1357:Mazama Ash 1326:herbaceous 1280:Timberline 1034:false peak 991:rhyodacite 905:lava flows 897:palagonite 830:Lava Butte 811:rhyodacite 736:subduction 687:Milli Fire 624:Mount Hood 612:Lost Creek 531:Broken Top 495:Wilderness 481:Willamette 465:See also: 428:scrambling 416:Willamette 396:Washington 376:U.S. state 358:scrambling 292:Quaternary 245:counties, 128:44°06′12″N 95:Prominence 7030:Boat Rock 6887:Fort Rock 6695:China Hat 6611:Snow Peak 6412:Elk Point 6359:Battle Ax 6221:The Twins 6140:Rock Mesa 6041:Mount Ray 5910:Llao Rock 5871:Hogg Rock 5822:Egan Cone 5812:Dry Butte 5759:Cleetwood 5675:Volcanoes 5633:Goosenest 5346:Snow Peak 5331:Battle Ax 5180:Ives Peak 5160:Mount Aix 5150:Mount Wow 4843:Kawaikini 4778:Star Peak 4488:Mauna Loa 4348:Haleakalā 4308:Mauna Kea 4038:134308941 3995:133965157 3726:128434879 3578:Bond 2005 3511:Bond 2005 1645:scrambled 1611:when the 1420:mule deer 1408:chipmunks 1369:snowberry 1318:Tree line 1284:subalpine 1250:red alder 1242:grand fir 1234:noble fir 1180:epicenter 1136:explosive 1073:or early 995:rhyolitic 674:wildfires 534:meadows. 485:Deschutes 477:Deschutes 461:Geography 420:Deschutes 412:Deschutes 243:Deschutes 156:Geography 58:Elevation 7045:Hat Rock 6843:Big Hole 6224:The Wife 6119:Red Cone 6112:Redcloud 5905:Llao Bay 5578:Big Cave 5538:Shastina 5110:Mount Si 5070:Icy Peak 4853:Arc Dome 4171:16234883 3604:17 April 1672:See also 1155:geodetic 1144:fumarole 1140:effusive 1128:mudflows 1085:just as 1075:Pliocene 1050:moraines 1046:headwall 987:rhyolite 983:andesite 980:basaltic 865:Basaltic 828:such as 803:andesite 723:rhyolite 717:and the 708:faulting 394:through 341:Climbing 269:Topo map 235:Location 6644:TV Hill 6115:Red Box 4928:Kamakou 4151:Bibcode 4016:Bibcode 3975:Bibcode 3796:Bibcode 3744:Bibcode 3706:Bibcode 3344:30 July 2524:Bibcode 1825:NAVD 88 1823:to the 1821:VERTCON 1817:NGVD 29 1777:NAVD 88 1775:to the 1773:VERTCON 1769:NGVD 29 1568:to the 1501:of the 1456:weasels 1452:badgers 1448:martens 1440:coyotes 1436:cougars 1432:Bobcats 1389:streams 1385:willows 1204:Ecology 1083:caldera 1071:Miocene 1058:cirques 1000:dacitic 901:cinders 849:plinian 815:viscous 799:silicic 738:of the 693:Geology 576:Renfrew 489:Sisters 424:Sisters 362:glacier 360:, plus 311:(North) 281:Geology 105:Listing 7092:& 6833:& 6334:& 5679:Oregon 5279:Oregon 4303:Denali 4213: 4169: 4094: 4036: 3993: 3954: 3917: 3885: 3823: 3724: 3664: 3645: 3442:Mazama 1795:. USGS 1747:. USGS 1484:Molala 1426:, and 1410:, and 1310:, and 1304:lupine 1292:sedges 1272:, and 1252:, and 1119:lahars 1030:scoria 857:Tumalo 809:, and 807:dacite 785:, and 614:, and 600:Prouty 592:Carver 588:Irving 523:source 380:Oregon 354:Hiking 249:, U.S. 247:Oregon 6354:Baldy 5492:Baldy 4183:(PDF) 4167:S2CID 4126:(PDF) 4112:(PDF) 4069:(PDF) 4034:S2CID 3991:S2CID 3935:(PDF) 3722:S2CID 3689:(PDF) 3682:(PDF) 2130:(PDF) 1689:Notes 1404:pikas 1197:InSAR 917:dikes 893:mafic 795:mafic 641:When 635:lahar 608:Clark 604:Lewis 449:near 4211:ISBN 4092:ISBN 3952:ISBN 3915:ISBN 3883:ISBN 3821:ISBN 3662:ISBN 3643:ISBN 3606:2019 3346:2018 2263:2017 1815:The 1767:The 1651:and 1464:hawk 1398:and 1396:blue 1367:and 1224:and 1130:and 1054:till 1052:and 989:and 861:Bend 847:and 594:and 578:and 562:and 560:Linn 483:and 475:and 473:Lane 437:nor 418:and 410:and 408:Lane 370:The 333:440 303:Two 274:USGS 241:and 239:Lane 5677:of 4159:doi 4024:doi 3983:doi 3804:doi 3792:207 3752:doi 3740:150 3714:doi 1138:or 985:to 622:on 525:of 378:of 356:or 7149:: 6243:, 6239:, 4191:27 4189:. 4185:. 4165:. 4157:. 4147:29 4145:. 4071:. 4049:. 4032:. 4022:. 4012:12 4010:. 4006:. 3989:. 3981:. 3971:79 3969:. 3855:; 3802:. 3790:. 3782:; 3750:. 3738:. 3720:. 3712:. 3702:71 3700:. 3597:. 3585:^ 3556:. 3552:. 3526:. 3503:^ 3454:^ 3444:. 3336:. 3305:^ 3254:^ 3239:^ 3204:^ 3181:^ 3148:. 3054:. 3043:^ 3028:^ 3013:^ 2938:^ 2911:^ 2860:^ 2753:^ 2722:^ 2677:^ 2660:^ 2622:^ 2605:^ 2584:^ 2520:82 2518:. 2514:. 2476:^ 2461:^ 2432:^ 2379:^ 2341:. 2314:. 2289:. 2283:. 2271:^ 2254:. 2248:. 2215:^ 2162:. 2149:^ 2132:. 2113:^ 2068:. 2020:^ 2001:^ 1984:^ 1967:. 1942:. 1905:. 1899:. 1888:^ 1872:, 1868:. 1862:. 1808:^ 1784:^ 1760:^ 1736:^ 1720:, 1716:, 1712:. 1708:. 1697:^ 1533:. 1458:, 1454:, 1450:, 1446:, 1442:, 1438:, 1434:, 1430:. 1422:, 1418:, 1406:, 1391:. 1383:, 1379:, 1340:, 1336:, 1314:. 1306:, 1302:, 1298:, 1294:, 1268:, 1264:, 1260:, 1256:. 1248:, 1244:, 1240:, 1236:, 1232:, 956:10 912:. 863:. 805:, 781:, 777:, 746:. 610:, 606:, 602:, 590:, 430:. 335:CE 6247:) 6235:( 5667:e 5660:t 5653:v 5428:) 5424:( 4963:e 4956:t 4949:v 4283:e 4276:t 4269:v 4219:. 4200:. 4173:. 4161:: 4153:: 4135:. 4100:. 4081:. 4059:. 4040:. 4026:: 4018:: 3997:. 3985:: 3977:: 3960:. 3941:. 3923:. 3891:. 3872:. 3847:. 3829:. 3810:. 3806:: 3798:: 3774:. 3758:. 3754:: 3746:: 3728:. 3716:: 3708:: 3670:. 3651:. 3608:. 3567:. 3558:4 3537:. 3446:5 3417:. 3348:. 3222:. 3199:. 3163:. 3122:. 3065:. 2960:. 2642:. 2567:. 2526:: 2373:. 2352:. 2327:. 2299:. 2265:. 2233:. 2173:. 2143:. 2083:. 2042:. 1978:. 1953:. 1915:. 1882:. 1848:. 1802:. 1754:. 1730:. 960:^ 954:× 637:. 20:)

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