50:
29:
370:
57:
1239:
302:
and broke-up into
Antarctica, South America, and Africa. This volcanism lasted until 94 Ma after which seafloor spreading detached the Northeast Georgia Rise and Maude Rise from the Agulhas Plateau and the Northeast Georgia Rise migrated westward to its current location and Maud Rise south towards
412:
from where it escapes through gaps in the South Scotia Ridge, such as the South
Sandwich Trench. It then flows across the Scotia Sea which it can only escape through the Georgia Passage. WSDW can reach the Georgia Basin by two routes: either by circumnavigating the Northeast Georgia Rise on its
401:
north of it, and flows across the
Northeast Georgia Rise before looping cyclonically into the South Atlantic. The retroflection north of the island and across the rise shows a strong seasonal variability but SACCF remains constrained by these bathymetric obstacles.
238:
north of the rise are aligned with a gap in the AFFZ. East of this gap the AFFZ is a single ridge with an average height of 2,500 m (8,200 ft) but west of the gap the AFFZ is a double ridge with an average height of 1,500 m (4,900 ft).
330:
block about 10 Ma which caused the uplift of this block and the creation of the present islands. The collision coincided with the termination of spreading at the West Scotia Sea and resulted in a bathymetric obstacle that still steers the
361:-Scotia margin, the rise stopped the South Georgia block, transformed it into a series of fault blocks, and forced the margin to relocate south of the South Georgia block — effectively making it part of the South American Plate.
397:
Front (SACCF) meanders across the Scotia Sea from the western shelf of the
Antarctic Peninsula to the southwestern side of South Georgia. From there SACCF wraps the island anti-cyclonically,
242:
On the eastern flank of the rise is a prominent ridge, the
Soledad Ridge, about 1,000 m (3,300 ft) tall. It has the same orientation as the southeastern part of the rise. It is a
990:
49:
33:
Centred in the
Georgia Basin, Northeast Georgia Rise is located northeast of South Georgia, west of Islas Orcadas Rise, south the Falkland Ridge and north of the
357:, the South Georgia block has been moving eastward. It is possible that when Northeast Georgia Rise, with its thickened, buoyant crust, reached the convergent
318:
respectively. Because of this, these two plateaus can be used to reconstruct the movements of the two plates from the formation of the southeast
African LIP.
1214:
1263:
1071:
37:. North or Northwest Georgia Rise, barely visible just north of South Georgia, also affects ocean circulation but has a different tectonic history.
230:
The rise is separated from South
Georgia Island by the Northeast Georgia Passage. The Georgia Basin surrounds the northern end of the rise. The
1076:
983:
338:
Two or more episodes of deformation have modified the topography of the ridge. Late
Oligocene faulting coincides with the opening of the
1093:
1041:
1046:
1268:
1142:
1098:
1036:
976:
778:
1171:
1127:
1081:
570:"Antarctic Circumpolar Current frontal system in the South Atlantic: Monitoring using merged Argo and animal-borne sensor data"
1176:
639:"Cenozoic tectonic history of the South Georgia microcontinent and potential as a barrier to Pacific-Atlantic through flow"
393:. North of South Georgia the southern boundary of the ACC is retroflected around the Northeast Georgia Rise. The Southern
841:
Meredith, M. P.; Watkins, J. L.; Murphy, E. J.; Ward, P.; Bone, D. G.; Thorpe, S. E.; Grant, S. A.; Ladkin, R. S. (2003).
394:
382:
332:
1199:
116:
123:
1056:
231:
346:(23-3 Ma); the topography of the southwestern part of the rise may have formed by interaction with the advancing
1132:
405:
342:; the western part of the Northeast Georgia Rise was uplifted by 0.5–1 km (0.31–0.62 mi) during the
815:
611:
1147:
999:
283:
175:
170:
1224:
1219:
1166:
1161:
347:
247:
34:
770:
219:
1154:
1051:
941:
899:
857:
787:
734:
692:
650:
581:
358:
311:
310:
Northeast
Georgia Rise and the Agulhas Plateau were always located on different tectonic plates, the
215:
211:
158:
1181:
1086:
1031:
250:
east of it, are seemingly dissected by transverse valleys that extend to the fracture zones of the
186:
842:
390:
386:
251:
243:
246:-feature in which bottom-water have scoured a channel. Both the Northeast Georgia Rise and the
1189:
1115:
369:
179:
28:
843:"Southern ACC front to the northeast of South Georgia: pathways, characteristics, and fluxes"
1185:
1137:
949:
907:
865:
795:
750:
742:
700:
658:
589:
234:(AFFZ) stretches across the Atlantic north of the Northeast Georgia Rise. A group of small
1105:
1010:
295:
276:
207:
945:
927:"Variability of the southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current front north of South Georgia"
903:
861:
791:
738:
696:
654:
585:
1243:
1209:
1066:
1026:
327:
953:
814:
Kristoffersen, Y.; LaBrecque, J. (1991). Ciesielski, P. F.; Kristofferson, Y. (eds.).
746:
1257:
922:
912:
887:
719:
715:
705:
680:
638:
569:
315:
299:
268:
1238:
1204:
1194:
1120:
1110:
1061:
409:
354:
291:
287:
926:
304:
799:
398:
378:
339:
138:
125:
1019:
280:
720:"Modification and pathways of Southern Ocean deep waters in the Scotia Sea"
968:
870:
594:
272:
235:
568:
Boehme, L.; Meredith, M. P.; Thorpe, S. E.; Biuw, M.; Fedak, M. (2008).
192:
343:
754:
663:
771:"Growth and dispersal of a southeast African Large Igenous Province"
294:. This LIP, often called the southeast African LIP, formed at the
413:
eastern side or by passing through the Northeast Georgia Passage.
368:
271:
that formed when Africa and South America spread apart after the
972:
482:, Timing and extent of Large Igneous Province formation, P. 384
98:
400 km × 400 km (250 mi × 250 mi)
69:
Location of Northeast Georgia Rise in the South Atlantic Ocean
823:
Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results
542:, 4.1.4. The entry to the western Georgia Basin, pp. 692-694
494:, Fracture zones and isochrons in the South Atlantic, p. 354
619:
Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Initial Reports
479:
816:"2. On the Tectonic Origin of the Northeast Georgia Rise"
551:
449:
447:
527:
727:
Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
503:
326:
Northeast Georgia rise collided with the South Georgia
539:
515:
453:
438:
389:. It then widens extensively before passing over the
275:. 100 Ma the Northeast Georgia Rise was part of the
769:Gohl, K.; Uenzelmann-Neben, G.; Grobys, N. (2011).
185:
169:
164:
154:
115:
107:
102:
94:
86:
78:
21:
530:, Southern ACC Front:27, p. 13; Summary:50, p. 17
637:Carter, A.; Curtis, M.; Schwanethal, J. (2014).
468:
886:Thomas, C.; Livermore, R.; Pollitz, F. (2003).
434:
432:
430:
612:"Bathymetry of the Georgia Basin and environs"
56:
984:
8:
286:(LIP) in what today is the southwesternmost
16:Oceanic plateau in the South Atlantic Ocean
991:
977:
969:
464:
462:
27:
18:
925:; Brandon, M. A.; Stevens, D. P. (2002).
911:
869:
704:
662:
593:
480:Gohl, Uenzelmann-Neben & Grobys 2011
850:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
426:
681:"New angles on South Atlantic opening"
554:, 3.2.2. Deep and Bottom Waters:24, p.
491:
408:(WSDW) circulates cyclonically in the
267:The Northeast Georgia Rise is made of
504:Carter, Curtis & Schwanethal 2014
7:
540:Garabato, Heywood & Stevens 2002
516:Thomas, Livermore & Pollitz 2003
454:Garabato, Heywood & Stevens 2002
610:Brenner, C.; LaBrecque, J. (1988).
373:Fronts of the ACC in the Scotia Sea
439:Kristoffersen & LaBrecque 1991
14:
888:"Motion of the Scotia Sea plates"
685:Geophysical Journal International
111:Northeast of South Georgia Island
1237:
913:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2003.02069.x
779:South African Journal of Geology
706:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03206.x
385:(ACC) is deflected north by the
55:
48:
1264:Landforms of the Atlantic Ocean
298:where Gondwana passed over the
441:, Abstract; Introduction p. 23
232:Agulhas-Falkland Fracture Zone
1:
1072:Ethiopian and Yemen Highlands
954:10.1016/s0924-7963(02)00197-5
747:10.1016/S0967-0637(01)00071-1
395:Antarctic Circumpolar Current
383:Antarctic Circumpolar Current
350:or the South Sandwich block.
333:Antarctic Circumpolar Current
469:Brenner & LaBrecque 1988
322:Collision with South Georgia
263:LIP formation and dispersal
1285:
800:10.2113/gssajg.114.3-4.379
1233:
1006:
934:Journal of Marine Systems
718:; Stevens, D. P. (2002).
506:, Discussion, pp. 301-302
42:
26:
279:-Northeast Georgia Rise-
1269:Large igneous provinces
1000:Large igneous provinces
90:3 km (1.9 mi)
82:2 km (1.2 mi)
1016:Northeast Georgia Rise
406:Weddell Sea Deep Water
374:
284:large igneous province
204:Northeast Georgia Rise
63:Northeast Georgia Rise
22:Northeast Georgia Rise
372:
348:South Sandwich Trench
35:South Sandwich Trench
1155:Mackenzie dike swarm
871:10.1029/2001jc001227
714:Garabato, A. C. N.;
595:10.1029/2007JC004647
552:Meredith et al. 2003
216:South Georgia Island
212:South Atlantic Ocean
1200:Paraná and Etendeka
1087:Franklin dike swarm
1077:Equatorial Atlantic
1032:Brazilian Highlands
946:2002JMS....37...87T
904:2003GeoJI.155..789T
862:2003JGRC..108.3162M
792:2011SAJG..114..379G
739:2002DSRI...49..681N
697:2007GeoJI.168..353E
679:Eagles, G. (2007).
655:2014Geo....42..299C
586:2008JGRC..113.9012B
193:100 to 94
135: /
1244:Geology portal
528:Boehme et al. 2008
518:, pp. 802–803
391:North Scotia Ridge
387:South Scotia Ridge
375:
252:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
248:Islas Orcadas Rise
1251:
1250:
353:As a part of the
200:
199:
1276:
1242:
1241:
1157:
1150:
1148:Coppermine River
1123:
1101:
1089:
1042:Central Atlantic
1022:
993:
986:
979:
970:
964:
962:
960:
931:
917:
915:
882:
880:
878:
873:
847:
837:
835:
833:
820:
810:
808:
806:
786:(3–4): 379–386.
775:
765:
763:
761:
724:
710:
708:
675:
673:
671:
666:
664:10.1130/g35091.1
633:
631:
629:
616:
606:
604:
602:
597:
555:
549:
543:
537:
531:
525:
519:
513:
507:
501:
495:
489:
483:
477:
471:
466:
457:
451:
442:
436:
328:microcontinental
273:Gondwana breakup
220:Falkland Plateau
218:and west of the
196:
150:
149:
147:
146:
145:
140:
136:
133:
132:
131:
128:
59:
58:
52:
31:
19:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1236:
1229:
1153:
1146:
1119:
1097:
1085:
1052:Circum-Superior
1047:Central Iapetus
1014:
1002:
997:
967:
958:
956:
929:
921:Thorpe, S. E.;
920:
892:Geophys. J. Int
885:
876:
874:
845:
840:
831:
829:
818:
813:
804:
802:
773:
768:
759:
757:
722:
713:
678:
669:
667:
636:
627:
625:
614:
609:
600:
598:
574:J. Geophys. Res
567:
563:
558:
550:
546:
538:
534:
526:
522:
514:
510:
502:
498:
490:
486:
478:
474:
467:
460:
452:
445:
437:
428:
424:
419:
367:
324:
296:triple junction
277:Agulhas Plateau
265:
260:
228:
210:located in the
208:oceanic plateau
191:
180:hotspot volcano
143:
141:
137:
134:
129:
126:
124:
122:
121:
74:
73:
72:
71:
70:
67:
66:
65:
64:
60:
38:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1282:
1280:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1256:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1179:
1174:
1172:North Atlantic
1169:
1164:
1159:
1151:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1099:Sverdrup Basin
1091:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1057:Columbia River
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1007:
1004:
1003:
998:
996:
995:
988:
981:
973:
966:
965:
923:Heywood, K. J.
918:
898:(3): 789–804.
883:
838:
811:
766:
733:(4): 681–705.
716:Heywood, K. J.
711:
691:(1): 353–361.
676:
649:(4): 299–302.
634:
607:
564:
562:
559:
557:
556:
544:
532:
520:
508:
496:
484:
472:
458:
443:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
366:
363:
359:South American
323:
320:
316:African plates
312:South American
300:Bouvet Hotspot
264:
261:
259:
256:
227:
224:
198:
197:
189:
183:
182:
173:
167:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
119:
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
100:
99:
96:
92:
91:
88:
84:
83:
80:
76:
75:
68:
62:
61:
54:
53:
47:
46:
45:
44:
43:
40:
39:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1281:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1001:
994:
989:
987:
982:
980:
975:
974:
971:
955:
951:
947:
943:
940:(1): 87–105.
939:
935:
928:
924:
919:
914:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
884:
872:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
844:
839:
828:
824:
817:
812:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
780:
772:
767:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
721:
717:
712:
707:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
677:
665:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
635:
624:
620:
613:
608:
596:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
566:
565:
560:
553:
548:
545:
541:
536:
533:
529:
524:
521:
517:
512:
509:
505:
500:
497:
493:
488:
485:
481:
476:
473:
470:
465:
463:
459:
455:
450:
448:
444:
440:
435:
433:
431:
427:
421:
416:
414:
411:
407:
403:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
371:
364:
362:
360:
356:
351:
349:
345:
341:
336:
334:
329:
321:
319:
317:
313:
308:
306:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
282:
278:
274:
270:
269:oceanic crust
262:
257:
255:
253:
249:
245:
240:
237:
233:
225:
223:
221:
217:
214:northeast of
213:
209:
205:
194:
190:
188:
184:
181:
177:
174:
172:
168:
163:
160:
159:International
157:
153:
148:
139:52.5°S 31.0°W
120:
118:
114:
110:
106:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
51:
41:
36:
30:
25:
20:
1235:
1121:Broken Ridge
1111:Karoo-Ferrar
1015:
957:. Retrieved
937:
933:
895:
891:
875:. Retrieved
856:(C5): 3162.
853:
849:
830:. Retrieved
826:
822:
803:. Retrieved
783:
777:
758:. Retrieved
730:
726:
688:
684:
668:. Retrieved
646:
642:
626:. Retrieved
622:
618:
599:. Retrieved
577:
573:
547:
535:
523:
511:
499:
487:
475:
410:Weddell Gyre
404:
376:
365:Oceanography
355:Scotia Plate
352:
337:
325:
309:
292:South Africa
288:Indian Ocean
266:
241:
229:
203:
201:
144:-52.5; -31.0
79:Summit depth
1182:Ontong Java
1094:High Arctic
492:Eagles 2007
399:retroflects
335:northward.
305:Weddell Sea
187:Age of rock
142: /
117:Coordinates
95:Summit area
1258:Categories
1167:Mistassini
1162:Matachewan
1138:Long Range
1133:Keweenawan
755:1834/17132
580:(C09012).
417:References
379:Scotia Sea
340:Scotia Sea
226:Bathymetry
1215:Skagerrak
1190:Hikurangi
1143:Mackenzie
1116:Kerguelen
1037:Caribbean
1020:Maud Rise
290:south of
281:Maud Rise
236:seamounts
1225:Winagami
1210:Siberian
1186:Manihiki
1128:Marathon
1082:Franklin
1067:Emeishan
805:11 April
456:, Fig. 1
244:basement
108:Location
103:Location
1205:Shatsky
1177:Ongeluk
1106:Iceland
1011:Agulhas
959:19 July
942:Bibcode
900:Bibcode
877:19 July
858:Bibcode
832:19 July
788:Bibcode
760:19 July
735:Bibcode
693:Bibcode
670:19 July
651:Bibcode
643:Geology
628:19 July
601:19 July
582:Bibcode
561:Sources
377:In the
344:Neogene
258:Geology
165:Geology
155:Country
130:31°00′W
127:52°30′S
1220:Ungava
1195:Panjal
1062:Deccan
1027:Azores
206:is an
87:Height
930:(PDF)
846:(PDF)
819:(PDF)
774:(PDF)
723:(PDF)
615:(PDF)
422:Notes
961:2015
879:2015
834:2015
807:2015
762:2015
672:2015
630:2015
603:2015
381:the
314:and
303:the
202:The
171:Type
950:doi
908:doi
896:155
866:doi
854:108
827:114
796:doi
784:114
751:hdl
743:doi
701:doi
689:168
659:doi
623:114
590:doi
578:113
176:LIP
1260::
1018:,
948:.
938:37
936:.
932:.
906:.
894:.
890:.
864:.
852:.
848:.
825:.
821:.
794:.
782:.
776:.
749:.
741:.
731:49
729:.
725:.
699:.
687:.
683:.
657:.
647:42
645:.
641:.
621:.
617:.
588:.
576:.
572:.
461:^
446:^
429:^
307:.
254:.
222:.
195:Ma
178:,
1188:-
1184:-
1158:)
1145:(
1124:)
1118:(
1102:)
1096:(
1090:)
1084:(
1023:)
1013:(
992:e
985:t
978:v
963:.
952::
944::
916:.
910::
902::
881:.
868::
860::
836:.
809:.
798::
790::
764:.
753::
745::
737::
709:.
703::
695::
674:.
661::
653::
632:.
605:.
592::
584::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
