261:
history before it moved its capital to the Korean peninsula, as part of the history of China rather than Korea. As early as 1993, the leader of a North Korean delegation attending a historical conference on
Goguryeo in China accused Chinese historians of understanding ancient China as coterminous with the PRC, a view he claimed was not backed up by historical evidence. In 2002, the PRC government took the North Korea delegation leader's challenge and initiated the Northeast Project.
453:(Chinese: 黑龍江省) included Goguryeo and Balhae's territory, which became another source of controversy. The Great Wall of China had been extended again in 2012, exceeding almost twice the original length of the Great Wall. Korean scholars have strongly protested against the repeated alteration of historical details published by the Chinese government. Korean scholars also protest that historical artifacts chiefly in Goguryeo and Balhae territory are being destroyed.
395:. The Northeast Project's appropriation of Goguryeo has become a turning point in public perception of China in South Korea and also affected strategic and diplomatic relations between the two countries. In South Korea, the Northeast Project has come to symbolize China's historical revisionism and radical political expansionism and continues to be mentioned even well after the Project was officially concluded in 2007.
25:
81:
201:
relationship between
Goguryo and the current North Korean regime. The Tohoku Project argued that there is no relationship between Goguryo and the current Korean regime. The Northeast Project argued that the main part of Goguryo has been integrated into the Chinese nation (Han and minority nationalities, and its branches may be integrated into the current Korean nation.
229:" (第二届东北边疆历史与现状暨高句丽学术研讨会) was held in Changchun in July 2002, organized by the "Research Center for Chinese Borderland History and Geography" (中国边疆史地研究中心; part of the CASS) and the Jilin Academy of Social Sciences, and supported by ten more academic institutions from the Northeast Chinese provinces of Jilin,
376:, South and North Korea and the PRC. Research in the Northeast Project has claimed Gojoseon, Bueyo, Goguryeo and Balhae as regional governments of the ancient Chinese empire. This contrasts with other historiography, where these kingdoms are considered to be sovereign independent states in Korean history.
390:
The
Northeast Project's claims on ancient kingdoms that most Koreans consider as part of their own history began to receive wide press coverage in South Korea in 2004, which led to public outrage. The Northeast Project has also received strong criticism from academic experts from South Korea and many
299:
or a "unified multi-ethnic state", which conceives ancient China in terms of the territorial bounds of the modern
Chinese state. This has led to numerous historical research projects by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences on areas near the Chinese border, where historical territory overlaps with
260:
as a "unitary multinational state built up jointly by the people of all its nationalities" (中华人民共和国是全国各族人民共同缔造的统一的多民族国家). Inspired by such concepts, in the 1990s some
Chinese historians such as Sun Jinji 孫進己 and Zhang Boquan 張博泉 began to re-identify Goguryeo, especially the first half of Goguryeo's
429:
Chinese history education that changed after 2001 History
Curriculum Standards, a governmental policy overseeing Chinese history education, have drastically reduced discussion regarding history in the Korean peninsula. Korean scholars make note of the fact that, under the policy of History Program
200:
The
Northeast Project advocated that Goguryeo and other Northeast ethnic groups belonged to the local minority, non-Han, ethnic regime in ancient China. The Northeast Project argued that there is no relationship between Goguryo and the Goryeo regime. The Northeast Project argued that there is no
166:. According to this idea, there was a greater Chinese state in the ancient past. Accordingly, any pre-modern people or state that occupied any part of what is now the People's Republic of China is defined as having been part of Chinese history. Similar projects have been conducted on
331:
The
Northeast Project consists of research on historical kingdoms, polities and ethnicities in this area, and also modern issues such as territorial disputes and immigration. Pre-modern historical kingdoms and polities covered in the Northeast Project are in chronological order:
197:, the project sparked disputes with South Korea. In 2004, this dispute threatened to lead to diplomatic disputes between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Korea, although all governments involved seem to exhibit no desire to see the issue damage relations.
402:
Local governments of the
Dungbei region are still carrying out the project's legacy with the central government's approval, with signs and pamphlets in many tourist sites that introduce Goguryeo as a local government of a Chinese minority
151:" started in 1978. Two of the project's leaders accused some foreign scholars and institutions of rewriting history to demand territory from China or to promote instability in the frontier regions, hence the necessity of the Project.
1734:
Pak, Yangjin (2008), "A Comparative Look at
Chinese Historical Research Projects: The Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project and the Search for the Origins of Chinese Civilization Project 중국 역사공정의 비판적 검토: 하상주단대공정과 중화문명탐원공정을 중심으로",
1686:
Ma, Dazheng (2003), "A Few Issues Concerning the 'Serialized Research Project on the History and Current State of the Northeast Frontiers' 关于'东北边疆历史与现状系列研究工程'的几个问题", in Ma, Dazheng 马大正 (editor-in-chief) (ed.),
422:
and other Korean cultures, but this project's attempts at including the Hongshan culture as the source of Chinese ancient history sparked debate with the Korean claims and its sources based on
1579:
Kim (1), Ji Hoon (2007), "Resolving the conflicts over historical issues between Korea and China : The "Northeast Project" and Chinese historical textbooks 한중 역사갈등 줄이기: 동북공정과 중국의 역사교과서",
225:
of the Communist Party of Jilin Province, but the five-year project officially began in February 2002. The "Second Academic Conference on the History and Current State of the Northeast and on
434:
invasion of Goguryeo ended in failure and has contributed to the downfall of the Sui dynasty, but now has been deleted. Balhae has also been recorded as one of the local governments of the
139:
The stated purpose of the Northeast Project was to use authoritative academic research to restore historical facts and protect the stability of Northeast China—a region sometimes known as
398:
However, there are lingering doubts as to whether the Northeast Project is truly finished. According to some Korean scholars, the termination of the Northeast Project is still debatable.
1763:
Wang, Luolin 王洛林 (2003), "Strengthen Research on the Northeast Frontiers, Stimulate the Building of Academic Disciplines 加强东北边疆研究，促进学科建设", in Ma, Dazheng 马大正 (editor-in-chief) (ed.),
482:. The journal continued most research formerly conducted by the Northeast Project, and further expanded its research scope to include the historical kingdoms and polities of
240:
Two articles unrelated to the Northeast Project claim that the Project had a budget of "an astounding 20 billion yuan" (3.21 billion US dollars), or about "three trillion
253:
696:
The publications of the Northeast Project include at least the following books, which were all published in the "Northeast Borderland Research" (东北边疆研究) series of the
1631:
1598:
1462:
883:
406:
2001-2008 Origin of Chinese Civilization Project (Chinese: 中華文明探源工程) is also argued to be a continuation the Northeast Project, attempting to define the
292:
45:
1867:
1862:
309:
1323:
1078:
1616:
1749:
Seo, Gilsu (2007), "Results and Outlook on the Five-Year's Northeast Asia Project in the People's Republic of China 중화인민공화국 동북공정 5년의 성과와 전망",
1641:
1847:
965:
697:
276:
462:
After the Northeast Project came under strong criticism in 2004, key members of the Northeast Project, along with other academics in
34:
802:
787:
735:
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218:
133:
67:
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1882:
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859:
832:
817:
772:
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121:
101:
280:
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1311:
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other countries including China itself. Controversy mainly focused on Goguryeo, which continues to play a central role in
313:
284:
257:
113:
93:
1535:, Proceedings of the 1st World Congress of Korean Studies, III. Songnam, Republic of Korea: The Academy of Korean Studies
1405:
445:
to include the Balhae and Goguryeo castle walls are also interpreted as a continuation of the Northeast Project. While
1797:
896:
479:
855:
1607:
Kim (2), Taeho (2007), "China's ascendancy and the future of the Korean peninsula", in Nicolas, Françoise (ed.),
954:
868:
411:
905:
38:
1183:
914:
892:
534:
History of Economic Relationship Between Chinese Northeast and Russia (USSR) from mid-17th century to 1949 (
1842:
1110:
1544:
909:
385:
295:. These projects and other subsequent ones such as the Northeast Project are based on the modern idea of
1063:[Comprehensive research project on the history and current situation of the northern frontier].
918:
1720:
Mohan, Pankaj (2011), "Contending Perspectives on Koguryo: A Fresh Look at China's Northeast Project",
1333:
1088:
879:
873:
864:
851:
845:
179:
175:
1034:"How was the "Southwest Project" that preceded the Chinese Northeast Project? 중국 동북공정에 앞서 '서남공정'은 어떻게"
876:(南方工程, a.k.a. Thailand/Laos/Cambodia/Myanmar/Malaysia/Singapore/Indonesia/Brunei/Philippines project)
449:(Chinese: 山海關) were confirmed as the east end of the Great Wall before the project, the extension to
1378:
Chung, Jae Ho (May–June 2009). "China's "Soft" Clash with South Korea: The History War and Beyond".
888:
442:
1525:
901:
1674:
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392:
321:
148:
1033:
1897:
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1592:
1503:
1286:
828:
813:
798:
783:
768:
746:
731:
716:
483:
430:
that precede the 2001 History Curriculum Standards, books included historical record that the
407:
317:
128:), was a five-year research project on the history and current situation of the frontiers of
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1656:
1559:
1432:
1387:
1118:
928:
923:
522:
415:
305:
265:
241:
275:
The Northeast Project is part of a series of historical research projects conducted by the
1892:
1787:
1711:
1515:
1437:
958:
463:
418:(Chinese: 红山文化). Chinese historians have regarded the Hongshan culture to be related with
369:
272:
are citizens of China and viewed as part of China's multi-ethnic historical civilization.
129:
209:
The Northeast Project was approved in 2001. Its first organizational meeting was held in
414:. It is deemed controversial as the Liao River civilization includes the representative
1466:
1037:
296:
214:
155:
144:
1856:
1837:
1571:
1498:(in Chinese), Beijing: Chinese Academy of Social Science Press 中国社会科学出版社, p. 323
1291:
368:. Modern historical and contemporary states covered by the Northeast Project are the
337:
269:
136:(CASS) and received financial support from both the Chinese government and the CASS.
1678:
1526:"The Creation of an Ancient Minority Nationality: Koguryo in Chinese Historiography"
154:
The Project has been criticized for applying the contemporary vision of China as a "
110:
Serial Research Project on the History and Current State of the Northeast Borderland
500:
450:
446:
435:
373:
365:
357:
353:
230:
49:
80:
810:
History of Economic Relations Between China's Northeast and Russia (Soviet Union)
1410:
1328:
1188:
1083:
1058:
992:, pp. 108–9, citing two of the Northeast Project's programmatic statements.
646:
560:
431:
1563:
1491:
Anonymous (2003), "Afterword 后记", in Ma, Dazheng 马大正 (editor-in-chief) (ed.),
678:
608:
Research on Borderland Policies of Northeastern Region during Republican Era (
1545:"The Koguryo Controversy, National Identity, and Sino-Korean Relations Today"
1391:
964:, Research Center for Chinese Borderland History and Geography (中国边疆史地研究中心),
659:
Research Topics Regarding Han Chinese Demographic History in the Northeast (
301:
222:
210:
159:
140:
1812:
626:
Research on Northeastern Policies of Various Chinese Dynasties in History (
1660:
854:(西南工程, a.k.a. Tibet/Nepal/Bhutan/Pakistan/Bangladesh/India project) &
635:
Issues Regarding International Law and China-North Korea Border Disputes (
617:
Issues of Recent International Migration in Chinese Northeastern Region (
423:
341:
333:
234:
226:
190:
186:
171:
1770:(in Chinese), Beijing: Chinese Academy of Social Science Press 中国社会科学出版社
1694:(in Chinese), Beijing: Chinese Academy of Social Science Press 中国社会科学出版社
728:
History of the Development of Ancient Nationalities in China's Northeast
1669:
1609:
Korea in the New East Asia: East Asian Integration and the China Factor
512:
Cultural Research Topics of 20th Century Chinese Northeast Borderland (
441:
The Chinese government's attempts at extending the total length of the
345:
325:
951:
438:, which remains a controversial topic in the Northeast Asian academia.
410:
as the root of ancient Chinese civilization instead of the well-known
590:
History of the Development of Ancient Peoples in Northeastern China (
544:
419:
361:
349:
194:
756:
Ma Dazheng 马大正, Li Dalong 李大龙, Geng Tiehua 耿铁华, and Quan Hexiu 权赫秀.
1533:
Embracing the Other: The Interaction of Korean and Foreign Cultures
795:
Emergence and Transformation of the Gaogouli Nationality and State
487:
167:
163:
143:—in the context of the strategic changes that have taken place in
1463:
Centre of China's Borderland History and Geography Research, CASS
765:
Research on Immigration Development in Eastern Russia, 1861–1917
599:
Research and Theory on Related Family Names of China and Korea (
556:
158:" to ancient ethnic groups, states and history of the region of
713:
Research on the Dependency System in the Han and Tang Dynasties
706:
One Thousand Five Hundred Eighty Years of the Gwanggaeto Stele
18:
1798:"China's Northeast Project: Defensive or Offensive Strategy?"
867:(北方工程, a.k.a. Mongol/Siberia/Russian Far East project) &
268:
state; and in modern-day China, Tungusic ethnicities like
1312:
China shock for South Korea By Bruce Klingner. Asia Times
823:
Zheng Yongzhen 郑永振, Li Donghui 李东辉, and Yin Xuanzhe 尹铉哲.
1406:"[단독]동북공정 중단했다는 중국, 알고 보니 지방정부 동원해 고구려 역사 왜곡 지속"
778:
Wei Guozhong 魏国忠, Zhu Guochen 朱国忱, and Hao Qingyun 郝庆云.
572:
Research on Russian Oriental Migration and Development (
132:
which lasted from 2002 to 2007. It was launched by the
848:(西北工程, a.k.a. Uyghur/Central Asia/Afghanistan project)
882:(东南工程, a.k.a. Vietnam/South China Sea project) &
308:, which comprise the contemporary territories of the
1611:, London and New York: Routledge, pp. 117–34,
1642:"Building the chronology of early Chinese history"
1287:"Korea finds some allies in Goguryeo history spat"
917:(海洋边疆工程, a.k.a. West Pacific Ocean project) &
1838:China ups ante in ancient-kingdom feud with Korea
904:(阿伊努族工程, a.k.a. Hokkaido/Sakhalin project) &
1324:"Chinese Scholar Slams Co-opting Korean History"
1204:, p. 12, citing from the PRC Constitution.
758:More on the History of Ancient China's Gaogouli
677:Research on the Restriction and Development of
217:) in June 2001 between representatives of the
1268:
1266:
1184:"What China's Northeast Project Is All About"
1000:
998:
952:"Brief introduction to the Northeast Project"
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627:
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609:
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535:
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513:
504:
8:
668:Research on Governing of Balhae Immigrants (
1630:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1597:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
891:(琉球工程, a.k.a. Okinawa/Japan project) &
884:Territorial disputes in the South China Sea
264:China asserted that Goguryeo was an ethnic
48:. Please do not remove this message until
1668:
1581:Critical Studies on Modern Korean History
1166:
743:Research on China's Northeast Borderlands
68:Learn how and when to remove this message
1765:Research on China's Northeast Frontiers
1689:Research on China's Northeast Frontiers
1493:Research on China's Northeast Frontiers
1285:Bae, Young-dae; Min-a Lee (2004-09-16).
1225:
1213:
1201:
1079:"China Co-Opts More Old Korean Kingdoms"
1065:inner mongolia academy of social science
490:, both located in the Korean peninsula.
468:History and Geography of Northeast China
79:
44:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1179:
1111:"Skepticism Lingers over History Issue"
944:
681:-river-region during the Qing Dynasty (
1783:
1773:
1707:
1697:
1623:
1590:
1511:
1501:
300:contemporary neighbors. This includes
281:Origin of Chinese Civilization Project
1365:
1353:
1257:
1008:
310:Democratic People's Republic of Korea
7:
1253:
1150:
1138:
1020:
1004:
989:
977:
1272:
1249:
1237:
1154:
966:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
741:Ma Dazheng 马大正 (editor in chief).
700:Press. All titles are in Chinese.
698:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
644:Detailed Analysis and Research of
14:
683:
670:
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652:
637:
628:
619:
610:
601:
592:
583:
574:
565:
549:
536:
527:
514:
505:
293:Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project
277:Chinese Academy of Social Science
219:Chinese Academy of Social Science
134:Chinese Academy of Social Science
16:2002–2007 Chinese history project
1182:, p. 126. 20 billion yuan:
480:Jilin Academy of Social Sciences
23:
1192:(retrieved on 11 January 2013).
968:(retrieved on 11 January 2013).
860:String of Pearls (Indian Ocean)
793:Yang Jun 杨军 (editor in chief).
726:Li Deshan 李德山 and Luan Fan 栾凡.
581:Historical Theories of Balhae (
1843:Tussle over a vanished kingdom
537:中国东北与俄国（苏联）经济关系史（17世纪中叶—1949年）
475:
288:
221:(CASS) and delegates from the
125:
117:
105:
97:
1:
1465:. 2007-07-04. Archived from
1433:"고무줄 만리장성...中. 고구려-발해땅까지 연장"
1332:. 2006-09-13. Archived from
1109:Seo, Hyun-jin (2004-08-24).
1087:. 2006-09-06. Archived from
825:Historical Theories on Bohai
256:was amended to redefine the
185:Due to its claims regarding
1868:China–North Korea relations
1863:China–South Korea relations
1811:(4): 99–121, archived from
934:China–South Korea relations
897:East China Sea EEZ disputes
869:Sino-Russian border dispute
84:outline of research outputs
50:conditions to do so are met
1914:
1737:Critical Review of History
1543:Gries, Peter Hays (2005),
906:Ainu independence movement
856:Sino-Indian border dispute
780:History of the Bohai State
383:
314:People's Republic of China
258:People's Republic of China
108:), which is short for the
1564:10.1007/s12140-005-0001-y
812:中国东北与俄国(苏联)经济关系史 (2003).
412:Yellow River civilization
156:unified multiethnic state
1751:Koguryeo Balhae Research
1539:. 23 pages, unpaginated.
1392:10.1525/as.2009.49.3.468
1059:
174:, which have been named
1883:Historiography of China
1878:Historiography of Korea
1524:Byington, Mark (2002),
1459:"项目介绍 (Topic Overview)"
915:Marine frontier project
893:Senkaku Islands dispute
797:高句丽民族与国家的形成和演变 (2006).
575:俄国东部移民开发问题研究（1861—1917）
494:List of research topics
408:Liao River civilization
1796:Yoon, Hwy-tak (2004),
1640:Lee, Yun Kuen (2002),
910:Ainu Revolution Theory
466:, founded the journal
386:Goguryeo controversies
85:
1661:10.1353/asi.2002.0006
919:Island chain strategy
767:俄国东部移民开发问题研究 (2003).
83:
1873:History of Manchuria
1722:The Dong Gook Sa Hak
808:Zhang Fengming 张凤鸣.
708:好太王碑一千五百八十年祭 (2003).
478:), published by the
1784:|editor-first=
1708:|editor-first=
1512:|editor-first=
1469:on October 16, 2008
760:古代中国高句丽历史续论 (2003).
730:中国东北古民族发展史 (2003).
499:General History of
443:Great Wall of China
122:traditional Chinese
102:traditional Chinese
37:of this article is
1786:has generic name (
1710:has generic name (
1649:Asian Perspectives
1618:978-0-415--42006-8
1514:has generic name (
957:2012-08-11 at the
521:1580 Years of the
393:Korean nationalism
322:Russian Federation
279:, preceded by the
149:Reform and Opening
114:simplified Chinese
94:simplified Chinese
86:
1805:East Asian Review
1216:, pp. 14–15.
880:Southeast project
874:Southward project
865:Northward project
852:Southwest project
846:Northwest project
763:Wang Xiaoju 王晓菊.
745:中国东北边疆研究 (2003).
715:汉唐藩属体制研究 (2006).
704:Geng Tiehua 耿铁华.
484:Lelang Commandery
318:Republic of Korea
180:Northwest Project
176:Southwest Project
90:Northeast Project
78:
77:
70:
1905:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1817:
1802:
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1785:
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1507:
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1205:
1199:
1193:
1178:3 trillion won:
1176:
1170:
1164:
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1148:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1119:The Korea Herald
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1100:
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1096:
1075:
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1055:
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1045:
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1024:
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993:
987:
981:
975:
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963:
949:
929:History of China
924:History of Korea
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523:Gwanggaeto Stele
517:
516:
515:二十世纪中国东北边疆文化研究课题
508:
507:
477:
416:Hongshan culture
306:Korean peninsula
290:
254:PRC constitution
182:, respectively.
127:
119:
107:
99:
73:
66:
62:
59:
53:
27:
26:
19:
1913:
1912:
1908:
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1904:
1903:
1902:
1853:
1852:
1848:북방고대사(北邦古代史) 논쟁
1834:
1829:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1800:
1795:
1782:
1772:
1762:
1748:
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1719:
1706:
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1438:The Dong-a Ilbo
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1414:. 10 April 2015
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1061:
1060:北部边疆历史与现状综合研究项目
1057:
1056:
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959:Wayback Machine
950:
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842:
711:Li Dalong 李大龙.
694:
684:清代鸭绿江流域的封禁与开发研究
620:近代中国东北地区的国际移民问题
496:
464:Northeast China
460:
388:
382:
370:Empire of Japan
250:
207:
147:since China's "
130:Northeast China
126:東北邊疆歷史與現狀系列研究工程
118:东北边疆历史与现状系列研究工程
74:
63:
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43:
28:
24:
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1832:External links
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1167:Anonymous 2003
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1025:
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1818:on 2012-11-14
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1335:
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1292:Joongang Ilbo
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1227:
1226:Byington 2002
1222:
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1210:
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1198:
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1156:
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1152:
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1121:
1120:
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1091:on 2007-11-28
1090:
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827:渤海史论 (2003).
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803:9787500453741
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1467:the original
1453:
1442:. Retrieved
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1409:
1400:
1383:
1380:Asian Survey
1379:
1373:
1368:, p. 8.
1361:
1349:
1338:. Retrieved
1334:the original
1327:
1318:
1307:
1296:. Retrieved
1290:
1280:
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1209:
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1180:Kim (2) 2007
1174:
1162:
1146:
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1134:
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1117:
1104:
1093:. Retrieved
1089:the original
1082:
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1053:
1042:. Retrieved
1040:. 2006-09-14
1028:
1016:
985:
973:
962:(in Chinese)
947:
902:Ainu project
824:
809:
794:
779:
764:
757:
742:
727:
712:
705:
695:
692:Publications
671:渤海移民的治理与归属研究
645:
638:国际法与中朝边界争议问题
501:Heilongjiang
467:
461:
451:Heilongjiang
436:Tang dynasty
397:
389:
374:Soviet Union
366:Qing dynasty
358:Ming dynasty
354:Yuan dynasty
330:
274:
263:
252:In 1982 the
251:
239:
231:Heilongjiang
208:
205:Organization
199:
184:
153:
138:
109:
89:
87:
64:
58:January 2013
55:
33:
1670:10125/17161
1558:(4): 3–17,
1484:Works cited
1411:Kukmin Ilbo
1329:Chosun Ilbo
1189:Chosun Ilbo
1084:Chosun Ilbo
662:东北汉族人口史研究课题
653:《三国史记》详注及研究
647:Samguk Sagi
561:Gija Joseon
543:History of
447:Shanhaiguan
432:Sui dynasty
1857:Categories
1822:2013-01-10
1473:2009-07-28
1444:2016-09-29
1418:2016-09-29
1386:(3): 476.
1366:Gries 2005
1354:Gries 2005
1340:2007-03-06
1298:2007-03-06
1258:Mohan 2011
1125:2012-01-08
1095:2007-05-30
1044:2007-04-20
1009:Mohan 2011
833:7547203760
818:7500437609
773:7500437714
751:7500437595
602:中韩相关姓氏族源考论
593:中国东北古民族发展史
563:Research (
320:, and the
248:Background
242:Korean won
35:neutrality
1743:: 299–320
1587:: 123–153
1572:144129470
1552:East Asia
1254:Yoon 2004
1151:Wang 2003
1139:Wang 2003
1114:(Reprint)
1021:Yoon 2004
1005:Yoon 2004
990:Yoon 2004
978:Yoon 2004
566:箕子与箕子朝鲜研究
528:好太王碑1580年
380:Reactions
302:Manchuria
223:Politburo
211:Changchun
160:Manchuria
141:Manchuria
46:talk page
1898:Goguryeo
1888:Gojoseon
1776:citation
1767:中国东北边疆研究
1700:citation
1691:中国东北边疆研究
1679:67818363
1626:citation
1593:citation
1504:citation
1495:中国东北边疆研究
1273:Seo 2007
1250:Lee 2002
1238:Pak 2008
955:Archived
840:See also
629:历朝东北治边研究
424:Gojoseon
342:Goguryeo
334:Gojoseon
304:and the
289:中華文明探源工程
266:Tungusic
235:Liaoning
227:Goguryeo
191:Goguryeo
187:Gojoseon
172:Xinjiang
39:disputed
1757:: 13–62
1728:: 53–93
1155:Ma 2003
472:Chinese
346:Baekjae
326:Siberia
285:Chinese
270:Manchus
1893:Balhae
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403:group.
372:, the
362:Joseon
350:Balhae
316:, the
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287::
233:, and
195:Balhae
124::
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1816:(PDF)
1801:(PDF)
1675:S2CID
1645:(PDF)
1568:S2CID
1548:(PDF)
1529:(PDF)
940:Notes
506:黑龙江通史
488:Silla
338:Buyeo
168:Tibet
164:Korea
1788:help
1712:help
1632:link
1613:ISBN
1599:link
1516:help
829:ISBN
814:ISBN
799:ISBN
784:ISBN
769:ISBN
747:ISBN
732:ISBN
717:ISBN
679:Yalu
584:渤海史论
559:and
557:Jizi
550:渤海国史
486:and
476:东北史地
364:and
193:and
178:and
170:and
106:東北工程
98:东北工程
88:The
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