223:
1906:
352:
The number of competent native speakers is not known, but native speakers are found mostly among old people—as a result of Japan's language policy which suppresses proliferation of minority languages, the younger generations speak mostly
Japanese as their first language. Estimates run around 10,000
416:, and the dialects/languages of the islands between – form a third branch. In this proposal, Amami Ōshima does not constitute a single language, and the northern and southern varieties are not even more closely related to each other than they are to other Ryukyuan languages.
482:
share the seven-vowel system with Amami Ōshima and
Tokunoshima to the south, while the rest of Kikai falls in with Okinoerabu and Yoron even further south. Based on other evidence, however, Karimata (2000) and Lawrence (2011) tentatively group Kikai dialects together.
684:
without an initial glottal stop, the glottal stop elsewhere became phonemic. When still later initial vowels were elided, an initial glottal stop merged with the following consonant, establishing a series of "glottalized" consonants. While the nasals are truly
420:
The two-subdivision hypothesis is convenient for discussing the modern languages since the posited linguistic boundary corresponds to the centuries-old administrative boundary that today separates
Kagoshima and Okinawa Prefectures. In addition, several
1140:. In Shodon dialect, for example, the noun with accent classes 2.1 and 2.2 are realized as (water, 2.1) and (stone, 2.2) while 2.3-5 nouns retain final vowels, e.g. (ear, 2.3), (needle, 2.4) and (spring, 2.5).
1354:. A dictionary for the author's home community, Aden, and a couple of other southern communities on Kikai Island of the Amami Islands (its membership disputed). Can also be accessed at the NDL Digital Collections
1328:, Suyama Nahoko and Fujii Misako. A dictionary for the dialect of Osada's home community, Yamatohama, Yamato Village of Amami Ōshima (part of Northern Amami Ōshima). Its phonemic romanization was designed by
3350:
1148:
There are seven distinct vowel qualities in Amami Ōshima, in addition to a phonemic distinction between long and short vowels and in some dialects oral and nasal vowels.
3201:
3444:
3397:
2144:
1860:
1497:消滅危機方言の調査・保存のための総合的研究: 喜界島方言調査報告書 (General Study for Research and Conservation of Endangered Dialects in Japan: Research Report on the Kikaijima Dialects )
3196:
1312:
Kasarisani dialect has 11 oral and nasal vowels, while Sani dialect adds long vowels for a total of 18, the largest inventory of any
Ryukyuan dialect.
1804:
1065:
571:
Southern Amami Ōshima contrasts with
Northern Amami Ōshima in its final unreleased consonants. For example, "shrimp" is in Ōshama (Southern) and in
1492:
2823:
1136:'well'. Other dialects are similar. Final consonants are usually the result of eliding high front vowels. Elision is partly conditioned by
1045:
2818:
1828:
2302:
1217:
2703:
1947:
496:
492:
314:
3437:
3409:
3128:
907:
861:
1793:
1784:
1719:
1454:
1384:
1375:
3082:
3077:
2603:
2137:
1853:
1210:
244:
3251:
546:
In addition, Sani, a small community on a peninsula at the northern tip of the island, is known to have distinct phonology.
2309:
3705:
3092:
2808:
1189:
369:
as a family. The subdivisions of Amami–Okinawan, however, remain a matter of scholarly debate, with two major hypotheses:
366:
3223:
3062:
2621:
1224:
977:
3710:
3430:
2956:
2936:
2740:
2693:
2002:
1925:
1182:
990:
132:
1276:
mostly derives from a merger of *ae and *ai, and so is usually long. In several northern dialects, the nasal vowels
3679:
3072:
2946:
2130:
1962:
1846:
1240:
1038:
900:
893:
854:
847:
35:
3357:
3335:
3123:
1009:
409:
236:
Each orange area indicates where people characterize the local dialect as being the same language as they speak.
222:
3630:
3392:
3330:
3320:
3284:
3182:
3133:
3057:
3032:
2641:
1196:
254:
625:, is absent from Osada's dictionary. According to Kurai Norio (b. 1923), a local historian from Amami Ōshima,
1705:
Shigehisa
Karimata (2015) "Ryukyuan languages: a grammar overview", in Heinrich, Miyara, & Shimoji (eds)
499:
despite conflicting patterns of isoglosses. The distribution of
Southern Amami Ōshima roughly corresponds to
2776:
2032:
941:
934:
916:
870:
460:
The three-subdivision hypothesis is more phylogenetically-oriented. A marked isogloss is the vowel systems.
167:
3684:
3674:
3635:
2793:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1251:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1105:
1093:
1089:
740:
681:
677:
622:
615:
606:
597:
472:
468:
464:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
328:
As Amami does not have recognition within Japan as a language, it is officially known as the Amami dialect
1332:. He also supervised the early compilation process. This dictionary is partially available online as the
3274:
3163:
2636:
2182:
2172:
2111:
2094:
782:
775:
401:
572:
382:
506:
Shibata et al. (1984) takes a lexicostatistic approach to subgrouping
Northern Amami Ōshima dialects:
3568:
3535:
3325:
3148:
3052:
2926:
2728:
2663:
2177:
2106:
2087:
1957:
1812:
1504:
952:
642:
478:
The vowel system-based classification is not without complication. The northern three communities of
374:
95:
1351:
378:
3641:
3625:
3620:
3530:
3495:
3374:
3256:
3228:
3143:
2723:
2668:
1895:
840:
757:
549:
Based on phonetic and lexical evidence, Shibata et al. (1984) subdivide
Southern Amami Ōshima into
500:
354:
318:
3345:
397:
3610:
3500:
3453:
3404:
3266:
3153:
3087:
2977:
2972:
2685:
2427:
2099:
2074:
1916:
1269:
735:
730:
322:
127:
3233:
2673:
2509:
2458:
1342:
The
Phonetics and Vocabulary of the Sani Dialect (Amami Oshima Island, Ryukyuan language group)'
1325:
584:
393:, with the northern and southern varieties of Amami Ōshima both falling within the Amami branch.
1495:
Shōmetsu kiki hōgen no chōsa hozon no tame no sōgōteki kenkyū: Kikai-jima hōgen chōsa hōkokusho
3573:
3545:
3525:
3515:
3472:
3467:
3168:
3138:
2941:
2760:
2745:
2718:
2713:
2651:
2589:
2564:
2499:
2417:
2373:
2216:
2211:
2201:
2192:
2153:
2045:
2017:
1988:
1983:
1888:
1883:
1869:
999:
927:
747:
715:
588:
535:
516:
461:
413:
302:
122:
412:
form two branches, while the intervening varieties – Southern Amami Ōshima (Setouchi),
3615:
3605:
3600:
3593:
3540:
3362:
3340:
3118:
2914:
2755:
2557:
2547:
2542:
2530:
2478:
2422:
2383:
2319:
2275:
2260:
2040:
1329:
886:
690:
2883:
1825:
3588:
3520:
3387:
3047:
3042:
3037:
2750:
2523:
2434:
2334:
2295:
2290:
2251:
2231:
2022:
1934:
1832:
1797:
1788:
1556:
Shibata Takeshi 柴田武; Sanada Shinji 真田信治; Shimono Masaaki 下野雅昭; Sawaki Motoei 沢木幹栄 (1984).
1388:
1379:
764:
752:
705:
521:
137:
114:
31:
2516:
91:
568:
belonged to the Nishi Magiri district, its dialect is closer to that of Higashi Magiri.
503:, including offshore islands. The rest of the main island speaks Northern Amami Ōshima.
3550:
3510:
3382:
2733:
2708:
2631:
2611:
2584:
2535:
2487:
2451:
2405:
2349:
2344:
2324:
1967:
1952:
1835:
published by the National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (in Japanese)
1765:
1055:
813:
806:
799:
694:
686:
405:
160:
39:
17:
213:
3699:
3658:
3490:
3173:
2919:
2898:
2616:
2468:
2412:
2280:
2270:
2246:
2236:
2226:
2069:
1791:
1782:
1731:
1466:
1382:
1373:
1164:
968:
306:
1905:
3158:
2987:
2552:
2446:
2390:
2359:
2354:
2167:
2082:
1137:
877:
479:
1459:奄美沖縄方言群における沖永良部方言の位置づけ (Position of Okierabu Dialect in Northern Ryukyu Dialects)"
310:
653:. He thought that the dialect of one's home community was better referred to as
3213:
2441:
1159:
1026:
3242:
3208:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2888:
1429:
1424:
1415:
1410:
1176:
1169:
673:
565:
561:
3578:
3022:
2951:
2931:
2873:
1649:
Samuel E. Martin (1970) "Shodon: A Dialect of the Northern Ryukyus", in the
1336:
1232:
1204:
962:
834:
206:
180:
2893:
2878:
618:
for the language of mainland Japan (i.e. Standard Japanese). Another term,
196:
189:
3302:
3187:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2785:
2626:
637:
was associated with accentual and intonational differences among various
422:
262:
250:
3583:
3279:
3218:
2835:
1592:
Osada Suma 長田須磨; Suyama Nahoko 須山名保子; Fujii Misako 藤井美佐子, eds. (1980).
1535:奄美大島の方言区画". In Kyū gakkai rengō Amami chōsa iinkai 九学会連合奄美調査委員会 (ed.).
829:
258:
445:. This can rarely be observed in Okinawan dialects. Standard Japanese
3422:
3297:
2830:
2798:
425:
do group Northern and Southern Amami together. In Amami, word-medial
2122:
1838:
1614:シマユムタいまむかし". In Matsumoto Hirotake 松本泰丈; Tabata Chiaki 田畑千秋 (eds.).
649:
was of relatively recent origin, possibly made through analogy with
645:(1905–1988), a folklorist from Naze, Amami Ōshima, conjectured that
1757:
1363:
1355:
654:
610:
601:
592:
400:(1972) as one of several possible classifications and supported by
288:
69:
3292:
2840:
2803:
81:
1722:
Kagoshima-ken Ōshima-gun Setouchi-chō Shodon hōgen no fonēmu (ge)
1344:(2003) by Karimata Shigehisa. Sani is known as a language island.
2850:
3426:
2126:
1842:
1707:
Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use
1457:
Amami Okinawa hōgengun ni okeru Okinoerabu hōgen no ichizuke"
1904:
321:
township may be a distinct language more closely related to
1088:
In the southern Shodon dialect (just off Kakeroma Island),
282:
276:
64:
58:
261:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1258:
are generally transcribed "ï" and "ë" in the literature.
1805:
Phonological characteristics of Northern Amami dialects
1491:喜界島方言の系統的位置について". In Kibe Nobuko; et al. (eds.).
404:(2000), Northern Amami Ōshima (perhaps together with
353:
for the northern variety and 2,000 for the southern (
2077:
1766:
How Do We Describe Demonstratives in Yuwan Ryukyuan?
3667:
3651:
3561:
3483:
3460:
3373:
3313:
3265:
3107:
2965:
2907:
2849:
2784:
2775:
2684:
2650:
2602:
2575:
2498:
2372:
2200:
2191:
2160:
2062:
2031:
2010:
2001:
1976:
1933:
1924:
1915:
1876:
1653:, vol. 90, no. 1 (Jan–Mar), pp. 97–139.
575:(Northern); "blade" is in Ōshama and in Tatsugō.
560:reflecting the administrative divisions during the
204:
178:
173:
157:
111:
101:
87:
77:
47:
1780:The Phonemes of the Shodon dialect in Amami-Oshima
1371:The Phonemes of the Shodon dialect in Amami-Oshima
471:in Northern Amami Ōshima while it was merged into
385:(1990), among others, Amami–Okinawan divides into
1685:Hirayama Teruo 平山輝男; et al., eds. (1966).
1503:(in Japanese). pp. 115–122. Archived from
1120:In the southern Shodon dialect, the consonants
609:for 'island language' (i.e. Amami Ōshima) and
396:In a three-subdivision hypothesis, proposed by
337:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1124:occur at the end of a word or syllable, as in
672:Historically, vowel-initial words acquired an
365:Linguists mostly agree on the validity of the
331:
3438:
2138:
1854:
1551:
1549:
1526:
1524:
8:
1489:Kikai-jima hōgen no keitōteki ichi ni tsuite
1108:is only found in recent loans from Japanese.
676:glottal stop. When *wo and *we later became
1701:
1699:
475:in Southern Amami Ōshima through Okinawan.
3445:
3431:
3423:
2781:
2656:
2197:
2145:
2131:
2123:
2007:
1930:
1921:
1861:
1847:
1839:
721:
221:
44:
1826:Research Report on the Kikaijima Dialects
1813:Phonological characteristics of Kikaijima
1758:Shodon: A Dialect of the Northern Ryukyus
1364:Shodon: A Dialect of the Northern Ryukyus
1280:developed from the loss of a word-medial
433:or even dropped when it is surrounded by
1651:Journal of the American Oriental Society
1465:(in Japanese) (6): 43–69. Archived from
1150:
587:(1902–1998), the dialect of Yamatohama,
1730:(in Japanese) (2): 1–57. Archived from
1400:
1081:
373:In a two-branch hypothesis, posited by
255:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
1406:
1404:
689:, the "glottalized" stops are merely
7:
1718:Karimata Shigehisa かりまたしげひさ (1996).
25:
1239:
1223:
1216:
1209:
1195:
1188:
1181:
1064:
1044:
1037:
1008:
989:
976:
951:
940:
933:
915:
906:
899:
892:
876:
869:
860:
853:
846:
812:
805:
781:
774:
491:Amami Ōshima can be divided into
1728:Nihon Tōyō bunka ronshū 日本東洋文化論集
1674:(in Japanese). pp. 312–370.
1663:Nakamoto Masachie 中本正智 (1976). "
1599:(in Japanese). pp. 387–388.
1542:(in Japanese). pp. 150–156.
1463:Nihon Tōyō bunka ronshū 日本東洋文化論集
1453:Karimata Shigehisa 狩俣繁久 (2000).
1264:derives from *e and merges with
200: – Southern (Setouchi)
1778:Shigehisa Karimata, 1995–1996.
1688:Ryūkyū hōgen no sōgōteki kenkyū
1574:Nakamoto Masachie 中本正智 (1976).
1369:Shigehisa Karimata, 1995–1996.
693:, contrasting with the default
325:than it is to northern Ōshima.
283:
277:
232:Green, pink, and tan in north:
65:
59:
1639:(in Japanese). pp. 10–11.
1595:Amami hōgen bunrui jiten gekan
1:
1632:Ebara Yoshimori 恵原義盛 (1987).
1531:Shibata Takeshi 柴田武 (1982). "
3289:Kanji pronunciation sources
3063:Katakana Phonetic Extensions
1984:Kunigami (Northern Okinawan)
1670:Ryūkyū hōgen on'in no kenkyū
1577:Ryūkyū hōgen on'in no kenkyū
1533:Amami Ōshima no hōgen kukaku
655:
611:
602:
593:
289:
70:
3398:Speculative fiction writers
2957:Transcription into Japanese
338:
3727:
2316:Nagano-Yamanashi-Shizuoka
1724:鹿児島県大島郡瀬戸内町諸鈍方言のフォネーム (下)"
1610:Kurai Norio 倉井則雄 (2004). "
36:Amami Oshima Sign Language
29:
27:Ryukyuan language of Japan
2659:
1902:
1054:
1025:
961:
828:
763:
727:
332:
241:
220:
94:and neighboring islands,
57:
52:
3562:Non-Indigenous languages
3183:Sino-Japanese vocabulary
2642:Yokohama Pidgin Japanese
1755:Samuel E. Martin, 1970.
1487:Wayne Lawrence (2011). "
1361:Samuel E. Martin, 1970.
1334:Amami Dialect Dictionary
1322:Amami hōgen bunrui jiten
1304:'island', *mimidzu >
553:Higashi (Eastern) Magiri
410:Central/Southern Okinawa
367:Amami–Okinawan languages
30:Not to be confused with
3129:Godan and ichidan verbs
2947:Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai
1635:Amami no hōgen sanpo II
1435:(subscription required)
1421:(subscription required)
1152:Ōshima vowel qualities
18:Northern Amami language
1909:
1612:Shimayumuta imamukashi
1559:Amami Ōshima no kotoba
556:Nishi (Western) Magiri
243:This article contains
107:ca. 12,000 (2004)
3234:Court lady language (
2704:Southern Amami Ōshima
2637:Yilan Creole Japanese
2112:Early Modern Japanese
2095:Early Middle Japanese
1908:
1132:'cherry blossom' and
497:Southern Amami Ōshima
493:Northern Amami Ōshima
301:('Big Island'), is a
193: – Northern
3706:Kagoshima Prefecture
3484:Indigenous languages
3053:Small Kana Extension
2664:Eastern Old Japanese
2303:Northern Izu Islands
2107:Late Middle Japanese
2088:Eastern Old Japanese
1763:Yuto Niinaga, 2009.
1665:Amami hōgen no on'in
1300:'liver', *ɕima >
1296:'bride', *kimo >
1292:'shore', *jome >
591:of Amami Ōshima had
510:East China Sea side
96:Kagoshima Prefecture
2604:Pidgins and creoles
1810:Nobuko Kibe, 2011.
1425:Southern (Setouchi)
1348:Kikaijima hōgen-shū
1270:alveolar consonants
1153:
724:
723:Consonant phonemes
528:Pacific Ocean side
3711:Ryukyuan languages
3454:Languages of Japan
3405:Classical Japanese
3252:Gender differences
3088:Extended shinjitai
2100:Classical Japanese
2075:Peninsular Japonic
1910:
1831:2012-12-14 at the
1796:2016-01-31 at the
1787:2015-04-10 at the
1617:Amami fukki 50 nen
1387:2016-01-31 at the
1378:2015-04-10 at the
1151:
722:
3693:
3692:
3680:Amami Oshima Sign
3461:National language
3420:
3419:
3124:Verb conjugations
3103:
3102:
2771:
2770:
2652:Japonic languages
2598:
2597:
2590:Okinawan Japanese
2154:Japanese language
2120:
2119:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2053:
1997:
1996:
1889:Japanese dialects
1870:Japonic languages
1802:Masao Ono, 2003.
1433:(18th ed., 2015)
1419:(18th ed., 2015)
1249:
1248:
1078:
1077:
600:for 'language',
462:Standard Japanese
303:Ryukyuan language
293:), also known as
269:
268:
251:rendering support
247:phonetic symbols.
133:Northern Ryukyuan
16:(Redirected from
3718:
3652:Creole languages
3447:
3440:
3433:
3424:
3363:Polivanov system
3224:Honorific speech
3119:Japanese grammar
2782:
2657:
2198:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2124:
2079:
2008:
1931:
1922:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1840:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1694:
1693:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1660:
1654:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1553:
1544:
1543:
1528:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1509:
1502:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1450:
1437:
1436:
1422:
1408:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1253:
1243:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1199:
1192:
1185:
1154:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1116:Closed syllables
1109:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1068:
1048:
1041:
1012:
1002:
993:
980:
971:
955:
944:
937:
930:
919:
910:
903:
896:
889:
880:
873:
864:
857:
850:
843:
816:
809:
802:
785:
778:
771:
725:
713:
703:
683:
679:
658:
629:contrasted with
624:
617:
614:
608:
605:
599:
596:
474:
470:
466:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
343:
341:
335:
334:
315:southern variety
292:
286:
285:
280:
279:
225:
216:
199:
192:
183:
163:
117:
73:
68:
67:
62:
61:
45:
21:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3689:
3663:
3647:
3631:Zainichi Korean
3557:
3479:
3456:
3451:
3421:
3416:
3369:
3314:Transliteration
3309:
3285:Sound symbolism
3261:
3243:Role language (
3202:from Portuguese
3134:Irregular verbs
3112:
3110:
3099:
3048:Kana Supplement
3043:Kana Extended-B
3038:Kana Extended-A
2961:
2937:Historical kana
2903:
2845:
2824:by stroke count
2815:Kanji radicals
2809:by stroke count
2767:
2680:
2646:
2622:Hawaiian Creole
2594:
2571:
2494:
2368:
2187:
2156:
2151:
2121:
2116:
2050:
2027:
1993:
1972:
1911:
1900:
1872:
1867:
1833:Wayback Machine
1822:
1798:Wayback Machine
1789:Wayback Machine
1752:
1750:Further reading
1747:
1746:
1737:
1735:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1704:
1697:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1648:
1644:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1555:
1554:
1547:
1530:
1529:
1522:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1472:
1470:
1452:
1451:
1440:
1434:
1423:
1420:
1409:
1402:
1397:
1389:Wayback Machine
1380:Wayback Machine
1324:(1977–1980) by
1318:
1146:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1087:
1083:
998:
967:
926:
885:
839:
833:
798:
769:
742:
711:
701:
695:aspirated stops
670:
665:
643:Ebara Yoshimori
581:
540:Southern Sumiyō
531:Komi (Kominato)
489:
467:corresponds to
363:
350:
329:
249:Without proper
237:
234:Northern Amami.
231:
229:Southern Amami.
212:
195:
194:
188:
187:
179:
164:
159:
153:
118:
115:Language family
113:
104:
103:Native speakers
43:
32:Amami languages
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3724:
3722:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3698:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3671:
3669:
3668:Sign languages
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3639:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3571:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3498:
3493:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3442:
3435:
3427:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3390:
3385:
3379:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3271:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3240:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3185:
3180:
3174:Native words (
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3115:
3113:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2855:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2801:
2796:
2790:
2788:
2779:
2777:Writing system
2773:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2690:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2632:Pseudo-Chinese
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2612:Bamboo English
2608:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2585:Amami Japanese
2581:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2506:
2504:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2380:
2378:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2214:
2208:
2206:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2127:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2080:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1948:Southern Amami
1945:
1939:
1937:
1928:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1808:
1800:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1761:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1710:
1695:
1692:(in Japanese).
1677:
1655:
1642:
1624:
1621:(in Japanese).
1602:
1584:
1581:(in Japanese).
1566:
1563:(in Japanese).
1545:
1520:
1479:
1438:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1367:
1359:
1352:Iwakura Ichirō
1345:
1339:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1237:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1145:
1142:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1098:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1042:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1005:
1003:
995:
994:
987:
985:
983:
981:
974:
972:
965:
959:
958:
956:
949:
947:
945:
938:
931:
923:
922:
920:
913:
911:
904:
897:
890:
882:
881:
874:
867:
865:
858:
851:
844:
837:
826:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
810:
803:
795:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
779:
772:
767:
761:
760:
755:
750:
745:
738:
733:
728:
720:
719:
709:
669:
666:
664:
661:
589:Yamato Village
580:
577:
558:
557:
554:
544:
543:
542:
541:
538:
532:
526:
525:
524:
519:
517:Yamato Village
514:
488:
485:
429:is changed to
418:
417:
394:
362:
361:Classification
359:
349:
346:
305:spoken in the
275:or languages (
273:Amami language
267:
266:
253:, you may see
239:
238:
227:Tan in south:
226:
218:
217:
210:
202:
201:
184:
176:
175:
174:Language codes
171:
170:
165:
161:Writing system
158:
155:
154:
152:
151:
150:
149:
148:
147:
146:
145:
121:
119:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
98:
89:
85:
84:
79:
78:Native to
75:
74:
55:
54:
50:
49:
40:Amami Japanese
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3723:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3686:
3685:Miyakubo Sign
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3659:Bonin English
3657:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3636:Sakhalin Ainu
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3491:Hokkaido Ainu
3489:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3448:
3443:
3441:
3436:
3434:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3358:Cyrillization
3356:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3346:Wāpuro rōmaji
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3176:yamato kotoba
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3164:Counter words
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3106:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2899:Kana ligature
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2794:Script reform
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2617:Bonin English
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:Earlier forms
2159:
2155:
2148:
2143:
2141:
2136:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2070:Proto-Japonic
2068:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2033:Macro-Yaeyama
2030:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1859:
1857:
1852:
1850:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1734:on 2016-01-31
1733:
1729:
1725:
1723:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1606:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1510:on 2014-05-02
1506:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1480:
1469:on 2022-02-02
1468:
1464:
1460:
1458:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1330:Hattori Shirō
1327:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1271:
1259:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1115:
1102:
1099:
1085:
1082:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1001:
997:
996:
992:
988:
986:
984:
982:
979:
975:
973:
970:
966:
964:
960:
957:
954:
950:
948:
946:
943:
939:
936:
932:
929:
925:
924:
921:
918:
914:
912:
909:
905:
902:
898:
895:
891:
888:
884:
883:
879:
875:
872:
868:
866:
863:
859:
856:
852:
849:
845:
842:
838:
836:
831:
827:
824:
822:
820:
818:
815:
811:
808:
804:
801:
797:
796:
793:
791:
789:
787:
784:
780:
777:
773:
768:
766:
762:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
726:
717:
710:
707:
700:
699:
698:
696:
692:
688:
675:
667:
662:
660:
657:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
621:
616:/ˈjamaθoɡuci/
613:
607:/simaˈjumuθa/
604:
595:
590:
586:
583:According to
578:
576:
574:
569:
567:
563:
555:
552:
551:
550:
547:
539:
537:
533:
530:
529:
527:
523:
520:
518:
515:
512:
511:
509:
508:
507:
504:
502:
501:Setouchi Town
498:
494:
486:
484:
481:
476:
463:
458:
457:in Okinawan.
453:in Amami and
424:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
371:
370:
368:
360:
358:
356:
347:
345:
340:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
307:Amami Islands
304:
300:
296:
291:
274:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
246:
240:
235:
230:
224:
219:
215:
211:
209:
208:
203:
198:
191:
185:
182:
177:
172:
169:
166:
162:
156:
144:
141:
140:
139:
136:
135:
134:
131:
130:
129:
126:
125:
124:
120:
116:
110:
106:
100:
97:
93:
90:
86:
83:
80:
76:
72:
56:
51:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3506:Amami Ōshima
3505:
3351:In Esperanto
3321:Romanization
3275:Pitch accent
3257:Dictionaries
3244:
3236:nyōbō kotoba
3235:
3189:
3188:Loan words (
3175:
3159:Topic marker
3073:ARIB STD B24
2819:by frequency
2699:Amami Ōshima
2698:
2576:
2565:
2524:
2510:
2500:
2488:
2475:East San'in
2459:
2435:
2406:
2384:
2374:
2310:
2261:
2217:
2202:
2183:Early Modern
2173:Early Middle
2083:Old Japanese
1942:
1811:
1803:
1779:
1764:
1756:
1736:. Retrieved
1732:the original
1727:
1721:
1713:
1706:
1689:
1686:
1680:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1650:
1645:
1636:
1633:
1627:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1596:
1593:
1587:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1560:
1557:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1512:. Retrieved
1505:the original
1496:
1493:
1488:
1482:
1471:. Retrieved
1467:the original
1462:
1456:
1428:
1414:
1370:
1362:
1347:
1341:
1333:
1321:
1311:
1260:
1250:
1147:
1138:pitch accent
1119:
1101:
1084:
671:
650:
646:
641:(villages).
638:
634:
630:
626:
619:
582:
570:
559:
548:
545:
522:Uken Village
505:
490:
480:Kikai Island
477:
459:
419:
390:
386:
364:
351:
327:
298:
295:Amami Ōshima
294:
272:
270:
242:
233:
228:
205:
143:Amami Ōshima
142:
92:Amami Ōshima
48:Amami Ōshima
3536:Tokunoshima
3331:Nihon-shiki
3214:Wasei-kango
3149:Possessives
3109:Grammar and
2942:Modern kana
2927:Punctuation
2908:Orthography
2729:Tokunoshima
2341:Gifu-Aichi
2311:Tōkai–Tōsan
2178:Late Middle
1958:Tokunoshima
1773:In Japanese
1597:奄美方言分類辞典 下巻
1350:(1977 ) by
1308:'earthworm'
1288:*pama >
1122:/pttɕkɕɾmn/
1092:has become
1027:Approximant
800:glottalized
687:glottalized
656:shimayumuta
651:Yamatoguchi
635:shimayumuta
631:Yamatoguchi
612:Yamatoguchi
603:shimayumuta
381:(1964) and
357:) variety.
339:Amami Hōgen
290:Shimayumuta
257:instead of
71:Shimayumuta
3700:Categories
3642:Kuril Ainu
3626:Vietnamese
3621:Indonesian
3569:Portuguese
3531:Okinoerabu
3375:Literature
3245:yakuwarigo
3229:Honorifics
3209:Wasei-eigo
3197:from Dutch
3144:Adjectives
3111:vocabulary
2889:Hentaigana
2884:Man'yōgana
2724:Okinoerabu
2428:Okuyoshino
1963:Okinoerabu
1738:2012-02-16
1690:琉球方言の総合的研究
1667:奄美方言の音韻".
1637:奄美の方言さんぽII
1514:2014-10-24
1473:2014-10-24
1430:Ethnologue
1416:Ethnologue
1395:References
1326:Osada Suma
674:epenthetic
668:Consonants
647:shimaguchi
627:shimaguchi
623:/simaɡuci/
620:shimaguchi
585:Osada Suma
566:Uke Island
562:Edo period
423:isoglosses
297:or simply
3611:Esperanto
3579:Cantonese
3267:Phonology
3154:Particles
3093:Half/Full
3023:Shift JIS
2952:Yotsugana
2932:Kanazukai
2874:Okurigana
2786:Logograms
2398:Shiramine
2243:Southern
2223:Northern
1672:琉球方言音韻の研究
1579:琉球方言音韻の研究
1316:Resources
1134:/t˭ɨɾɡjo/
969:voiceless
963:Fricative
841:aspirated
835:Affricate
663:Phonology
598:/ˈjumuθa/
534:Northern
309:south of
207:Glottolog
181:ISO 639-3
3675:Nihonshu
3594:Mandarin
3546:Yonaguni
3526:Okinawan
3516:Kunigami
3501:Ryukyuan
3473:Variants
3468:Japanese
3190:gairaigo
3169:Numerals
3139:Pronouns
3078:Enclosed
3058:Katakana
3033:Hiragana
3029:Unicode
2984:ISO/IEC
2966:Encoding
2869:Furigana
2864:Katakana
2859:Hiragana
2761:Yonaguni
2741:Southern
2719:Okinawan
2714:Kunigami
2694:Northern
2686:Ryukyuan
2627:Kyowa-go
2558:Tsushima
2548:Nagasaki
2543:Kumamoto
2531:Chikuzen
2395:Kanazawa
2385:Hokuriku
2320:Shizuoka
2287:Eastern
2276:Kanagawa
2267:Western
2212:Hokkaidō
2193:Dialects
2046:Yonaguni
2018:Miyakoan
2011:Miyakoan
2003:Southern
1989:Okinawan
1977:Okinawan
1926:Northern
1917:Ryukyuan
1884:Japanese
1877:Japanese
1829:Archived
1794:Archived
1785:Archived
1561:奄美大島のことば
1411:Northern
1385:Archived
1376:Archived
1278:/ãõɨ̃ɘ̃/
1130:/sakʰɾa/
1128:'neck',
743:alveolar
736:Alveolar
731:Bilabial
712:Southern
708:dialect)
702:Northern
633:, while
564:. While
487:Dialects
449:becomes
414:Kunigami
402:Karimata
391:Okinawan
383:Nakamoto
379:Hirayama
377:(1961),
375:Nakasone
355:Setouchi
348:Speakers
323:Okinawan
319:Setouchi
263:Help:IPA
214:oshi1235
168:Japanese
128:Ryukyuan
3616:Turkish
3606:Russian
3601:English
3589:Hoochew
3584:Hokkien
3574:Chinese
3541:Yaeyama
3496:Hachijō
3393:Writers
3326:Hepburn
3280:Rendaku
3219:Engrish
2915:Braille
2836:Ryakuji
2756:Yaeyama
2674:grammar
2669:Hachijō
2566:Satsugū
2525:Hichiku
2511:Hōnichi
2465:San'yō
2460:Chūgoku
2436:Shikoku
2375:Western
2335:Nagaoka
2331:Echigo
2296:Tochigi
2291:Ibaraki
2252:Nairiku
2232:Tsugaru
2203:Eastern
2063:History
2041:Yaeyama
1896:Hachijō
1619:奄美復帰50年
1306:mɘɘ̃dza
1165:Central
1126:/k˭upʰ/
830:Plosive
758:Glottal
748:Palatal
718:dialect
573:Tatsugō
513:Akatana
317:of the
259:Unicode
186:Either:
123:Japonic
3521:Miyako
3388:Poetry
3336:Kunrei
3298:Kan-on
3069:Other
2978:EUC-JP
2894:Sōgana
2879:Gojūon
2831:Kokuji
2799:Kanbun
2751:Tarama
2746:Miyako
2536:Hakata
2501:Kyūshū
2489:Umpaku
2452:Sanuki
2418:Banshū
2407:Kansai
2350:Mikawa
2345:Nagoya
2325:Narada
2218:Tōhoku
2023:Tarama
1294:juw̃ɨ̃
1268:after
1144:Vowels
1000:voiced
928:voiced
887:tenuis
716:Koniya
691:tenuis
594:yumuta
536:Sumiyō
447:/-awa/
408:) and
398:Uemura
313:. The
311:Kyūshū
299:Ōshima
88:Region
3551:Yoron
3511:Kikai
3410:texts
3383:Books
3303:Tō-on
3293:Go-on
2920:Kanji
2841:Ateji
2804:Kanji
2734:Yoron
2709:Kikai
2577:Other
2479:Inshū
2469:Bingo
2423:Kishū
2413:Awaji
2281:Tokyo
2271:Gunma
2262:Kantō
2247:Kesen
2237:Akita
2227:Nanbu
1968:Yoron
1953:Kikai
1943:Amami
1935:Amami
1538:Amami
1508:(PDF)
1501:(PDF)
1298:k˭joõ
1160:Front
770:plain
765:Nasal
753:Velar
741:Post-
639:shima
579:Names
455:/-aː/
451:/-oː/
406:Kikai
387:Amami
284:シマユムタ
138:Amami
82:Japan
66:シマユムタ
53:Amami
38:, or
3018:0213
3013:0212
3008:0211
3003:0208
2998:0201
2994:JIS
2988:2022
2851:Kana
2553:Saga
2517:Ōita
2447:Tosa
2391:Kaga
2360:Hida
2355:Mino
1820:Link
1356:here
1290:pʰaã
1254:and
1177:High
1170:Back
1056:Flap
908:t͡ʃ˭
862:t͡ʃʰ
706:Naze
680:and
495:and
389:and
333:奄美方言
271:The
3341:JSL
3083:EIS
2973:EUC
2442:Iyo
2168:Old
1427:at
1413:at
1302:ɕoõ
1282:/m/
1274:/ɘ/
1266:/i/
1262:/ɨ/
1256:/ɘ/
1252:/ɨ/
1233:Low
1205:Mid
1106:/z/
1094:/ɸ/
1090:*pʰ
682:/i/
678:/u/
473:/i/
469:/ɨ/
465:/e/
443:/o/
441:or
439:/e/
435:/a/
431:/h/
427:/k/
245:IPA
197:ams
190:ryn
3702::
1726:.
1698:^
1548:^
1540:奄美
1523:^
1461:.
1441:^
1403:^
1284::
1272:.
1013:)
917:k˭
901:t˭
894:p˭
871:kʰ
855:tʰ
848:pʰ
814:nˀ
807:mˀ
697:.
659:.
437:,
344:.
336:,
287:,
281:,
278:島口
60:島口
34:,
3644:†
3638:†
3446:e
3439:t
3432:v
3247:)
3238:)
3192:)
3178:)
2146:e
2139:t
2132:v
2078:†
1862:e
1855:t
1848:v
1741:.
1720:"
1517:.
1476:.
1455:"
1358:.
1338:.
1241:a
1225:o
1218:ɘ
1211:e
1197:u
1190:ɨ
1183:i
1096:.
1066:ɾ
1046:w
1039:j
1010:z
1007:(
991:h
978:s
953:ɡ
942:d
935:b
878:ʔ
832:/
783:n
776:m
714:(
704:(
342:)
330:(
265:.
63:/
42:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
