262:
Frontier
District favoured union with the Somali Republic. According to the Somali Republic, unification was favoured by 88% of the inhabitants. Early in 1963, Britain assured Somalia that no decision would be made regarding the Northern Frontier without prior consultation with the Republic. However, Britain did not follow the wishes of the overwhelming majority of the inhabitants of the Northern Frontier and cede the territory to the Somalia Republic. Instead, on 8 March 1963, Britain announced the creation of the
274:
closed to general access (along with other parts of Kenya) as a "scheduled" area (ostensibly closed to all outsiders, including members of parliament, as a means of protecting the nomadic inhabitants), and news from it was very difficult to obtain. A number of reports, however, accused the
Kenyans of mass slaughters of entire villages of Somali citizens and of setting up large "protected villages"—in effect
196:
In 1925, the military's role began to diminish, with a partial transition to civil administration, with the exception of Wajir and
Mandera, which were civilly administered the following year. The districts of the reorganised Northern Frontier Province included Moyale, Gurreh, Wajir, Telemugger, Garba
261:
In
December 1962, at the urging of the Somalia government, the British appointed a commission to ascertain the desires of the inhabitants of the Northern Frontier District regarding its future. The commissioners reported that the inhabitants of five of the six administrative areas of the Northern
273:
In response, the Kenyan government enacted a number of repressive measures designed to frustrate their efforts in what came to be known as the shifta period: Somali leaders were routinely placed in preventive detention, where they remained well into the late 1970s. The North
Eastern Province was
269:
On the eve of Kenya's independence in August 1963, British officials belatedly realized that the new Kenyan regime was not willing to give up the Somali-inhabited areas it had just been granted administration of. Led by the
Northern Province People's Progressive Party (NPPPP), Somalis in the NFD
253:
should be unified in one administrative region. Which meant Kenya was to cede part of the
Northern Frontier. However, after the dissolution of the former British colonies in the region, Britain granted administration of the Northern Frontier to Kenyan nationalists despite an informal plebiscite
94:
During negotiations for Kenya's independence, Britain granted administration of the whole of the
Northern Province to Kenyan nationalists despite an informal plebiscite showing the overwhelming desire of part of the region's population to join the newly formed Somali Republic. The North Eastern
141:, alongside a police post at Ewaso Ngiro, which was subsequently renamed Archer's Post. Initially, the district was under the nominal jurisdiction of the provincial commissioner of Naivasha Province. However, it was officially recognized in 1910, with its headquarters located at Moyale.
42:
By the late 1920s, the
Northern Frontier Province covered nearly half of the colony's territory. The population of the region was estimated to be 65,136 in 1931. It was one of the most underdeveloped region of the colony and was not favoured by settlers due to its
287:
Although the main conflict ended in a cease-fire in 1967, Somalis in the region still identify and maintain close ties with their brethren in
Somalia. They have traditionally married within their own community and formed a cohesive ethnic network.
132:
as one of nine protectorate's provinces. The formal inception of the administration of the Northern Frontier District commenced in 1909, albeit in an unofficial capacity. This period saw the establishment of stations at
653:
Proceedings of 2005 JKUAT Scientific, Technological, and Industrialisation Conference: "leveraging indigenous products and technologies through research for industrialisation and development" : 27th-28th October,
214:
In 1947, the districts of Turkana and the extra-provincial areas of the Northern Frontier were amalgamated to form the Northern Frontier Province, which included the districts of
200:
By 1929, the seven districts had been reduced to five: Isiolo, Marsabit, Moyale, Wajir, and Telemugger. The provincial headquarters were subsequently relocated from Meru to
266:
out of the Northern Frontier District. Unsatisfied with this solution, the Somali Republic severed diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 18 March 1963.
167:. However, this status was short-lived, as it reverted to a sub-district in 1919/20. The headquarters of the Northern Frontier District were relocated to
278:. The government refused to acknowledge the ethnically based irredentist motives of the Somalis, making constant reference in official statements to the
35:
later succeeded by British Kenya, it later included half of the Jubaland Province that remained as part of Kenya when the other half was ceded to the
355:
699:
496:
174:
By 1921, with the military administration, Telemugger, with its headquarters at Sankuri, was transferred to the district from Jubaland. The
694:
684:
465:
383:
553:
First report on succession of states in respect of treaties: International Law Commission twenty-sixth session 6 May-26 July 1974
156:
in 1912. In 1915, these posts were subsequently vacated over the ensuing years, with the exception of a new post established at
662:
263:
193:. Britain retained control of the southern half of the territory, which was later merged with the Northern Frontier Province
76:
305:
408:
704:
163:
In 1916, Bulesa was designated as a sub-district, achieving full district status in 1917/18, with its headquarters at
657:. Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Research Production and Extension Division. p. 27.
129:
56:
32:
650:
Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology. Research Production and Extension Division (2006).
106:
that were established out of the six districts created by the colonial government prior to independence.
689:
211:. Moyale and Mandera were evacuated in 1940, but civil administration was restored the following year.
185:
At the time under British colonial administration, the northern half of Jubaland Province was ceded to
51:. In 1963, the Northern Province was abolished and it's territories spread across three newly created
208:
68:
606:
275:
246:
52:
658:
461:
249:
independence, the British government declared that all Somali-inhabited areas of East Africa,
223:
179:
103:
60:
48:
27:, or initially referred to as 'Northern Frontier District' (NFD) was one of the provinces of
598:
239:
231:
215:
95:
Region of the Northern Frontier District is, and has historically been, mostly inhabited by
88:
84:
72:
254:
demonstrating the overwhelming desire of the region's population to join the newly formed
250:
227:
219:
119:
64:
235:
186:
175:
80:
36:
207:
In 1934, the provincial status was withdrawn, and the Samburu were transferred to the
678:
28:
44:
651:
589:
Kromm, David (1967). "Irredentism in Africa: The Somali-Kenya Boundary Dispute".
523:
455:
339:
625:
Escape from Domination in Africa: Political Disengagement & Its Consequences
258:, and the fact that the NFD was almost exclusively inhabited by ethnic Somalis.
190:
168:
157:
145:
164:
123:
182:, and the administrative base for Gurreh was established at Mandera in 1923.
270:
vigorously sought union with their kin in the Somali Republic to the north.
134:
115:
610:
255:
96:
280:
201:
153:
138:
602:
31:. Originally, the Northern Frontier covered the northern region of
149:
384:"NORTHERN FRONTIER DISTRICT OF KENYA (Hansard, 3 April 1963)"
579:
Somalia Republic, The Somali Peoples' Quest for Unity, 1965.
189:
as a reward for the Italians' support of the Allies during
242:. The province was thereafter administered from Marsabit.
144:
In 1911, the military occupied posts at Loiyangolani near
444:, (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.: 1986), p.95
540:
Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience
460:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 130.
454:
William T. Pink, George W. Noblit (3 September 2008).
378:
376:
306:"OFFICIAL GAZETTE COLONY AND PROTECTORATE OF KENYA"
102:In present-day usage, the NFD refers to the six
128:The Northern Frontier Province existed in the
591:Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science
8:
497:"description of the districts and provinces"
356:"Annual Report of the Colonies, Kenya, 1931"
542:, (University Of Chicago Press: 1977), p.75
245:On 26 June 1960, four days before granting
361:. University of Illinois. 1931. p. 13
457:International Handbook of Urban Education
436:
434:
432:
333:
331:
329:
297:
409:"Kenya Gazette dated 2nd April, 1963"
7:
640:, (Godfrey Mwakikagile: 2007), p.79.
491:
489:
487:
485:
483:
481:
479:
477:
442:Human Rights in Commonwealth Africa
627:, (Africa World Press: 2003), p.83
14:
341:Somalia, proposals for the future
525:History of East Africa, Volume 2
522:Oliver, Roland Anthony (1976).
338:Osman, Mohamed Amin AH (1993).
178:received a new headquarters at
700:North Eastern Province (Kenya)
555:, (United Nations: 1974), p.20
284:(bandit) problem in the area.
1:
528:. Clarendon Press. p. 7.
197:Tula, Marsabit, and Samburu.
638:Kenya: identity of a nation
171:, Kenia Province, in 1919.
721:
113:
21:Northern Frontier Province
16:Territory of British Kenya
695:Eastern Province (Kenya)
685:East Africa Protectorate
130:East Africa Protectorate
33:East Africa Protectorate
565:Drysdale, John (1964).
636:Godfrey Mwakikagile,
344:. SPM. pp. 1–10.
705:Rift Valley Province
264:North Eastern Region
209:Rift Valley Province
77:North Eastern Region
501:Syracuse University
276:concentration camps
569:. Pall Mall Press.
567:The Somali Dispute
247:British Somaliland
538:David D. Laitin,
440:Rhoda E. Howard,
388:api.parliament.uk
104:counties of Kenya
49:semi-arid climate
25:Northern Province
712:
669:
668:
647:
641:
634:
628:
621:
615:
614:
586:
580:
577:
571:
570:
562:
556:
551:Francis Vallat,
549:
543:
536:
530:
529:
519:
513:
512:
510:
508:
493:
472:
471:
451:
445:
438:
427:
426:
424:
422:
413:
405:
399:
398:
396:
394:
380:
371:
370:
368:
366:
360:
352:
346:
345:
335:
324:
323:
321:
319:
310:
302:
73:Turkana District
53:regions of Kenya
720:
719:
715:
714:
713:
711:
710:
709:
675:
674:
673:
672:
665:
649:
648:
644:
635:
631:
622:
618:
603:10.2307/3627482
588:
587:
583:
578:
574:
564:
563:
559:
550:
546:
537:
533:
521:
520:
516:
506:
504:
495:
494:
475:
468:
453:
452:
448:
439:
430:
420:
418:
416:Gazettes.Africa
411:
407:
406:
402:
392:
390:
382:
381:
374:
364:
362:
358:
354:
353:
349:
337:
336:
327:
317:
315:
313:Gazettes.Africa
308:
304:
303:
299:
294:
256:Somali Republic
251:Greater Somalia
126:
120:Greater Somalia
114:Main articles:
112:
59:, divided into
17:
12:
11:
5:
718:
716:
708:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
677:
676:
671:
670:
663:
642:
629:
616:
597:(3): 359–365.
581:
572:
557:
544:
531:
514:
473:
466:
446:
428:
400:
372:
347:
325:
296:
295:
293:
290:
148:, followed by
111:
108:
79:contained the
57:Eastern Region
37:Italian Empire
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
717:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
682:
680:
666:
660:
656:
655:
646:
643:
639:
633:
630:
626:
623:Bruce Baker,
620:
617:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
585:
582:
576:
573:
568:
561:
558:
554:
548:
545:
541:
535:
532:
527:
526:
518:
515:
502:
498:
492:
490:
488:
486:
484:
482:
480:
478:
474:
469:
467:9781402051999
463:
459:
458:
450:
447:
443:
437:
435:
433:
429:
417:
410:
404:
401:
389:
385:
379:
377:
373:
357:
351:
348:
343:
342:
334:
332:
330:
326:
314:
307:
301:
298:
291:
289:
285:
283:
282:
277:
271:
267:
265:
259:
257:
252:
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
212:
210:
205:
203:
198:
194:
192:
188:
183:
181:
177:
172:
170:
166:
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
142:
140:
136:
131:
125:
121:
117:
109:
107:
105:
100:
98:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
40:
38:
34:
30:
29:British Kenya
26:
22:
690:Kenya Colony
652:
645:
637:
632:
624:
619:
594:
590:
584:
575:
566:
560:
552:
547:
539:
534:
524:
517:
505:. Retrieved
500:
456:
449:
441:
421:26 September
419:. Retrieved
415:
403:
393:26 September
391:. Retrieved
387:
365:26 September
363:. Retrieved
350:
340:
318:26 September
316:. Retrieved
312:
300:
286:
279:
272:
268:
260:
244:
213:
206:
199:
195:
184:
173:
162:
143:
127:
101:
93:
41:
24:
20:
18:
503:. p. 5
191:World War I
146:Lake Rudolf
91:districts.
69:Rift Valley
67:districts;
679:Categories
664:9966923284
292:References
165:Garba Tula
124:Shifta War
507:17 August
224:Marsabit
180:Barsaloi
135:Marsabit
116:Jubaland
71:covered
61:Marsabit
611:3627482
240:Garissa
232:Mandera
216:Turkana
176:Samburu
110:History
97:Somalis
89:Garissa
85:Mandera
661:
609:
464:
281:shifta
238:, and
228:Moyale
220:Isiolo
202:Isiolo
154:Gurreh
139:Moyale
122:, and
65:Isiolo
607:JSTOR
412:(PDF)
359:(PDF)
309:(PDF)
236:Wajir
187:Italy
150:Wajir
81:Wajir
659:ISBN
654:2005
509:2024
462:ISBN
423:2023
395:2023
367:2023
320:2023
169:Meru
158:Buna
152:and
137:and
87:and
63:and
47:and
45:arid
19:The
599:doi
23:or
681::
605:.
595:70
593:.
499:.
476:^
431:^
414:.
386:.
375:^
328:^
311:.
234:,
230:,
226:,
222:,
218:,
204:.
160:.
118:,
99:.
83:,
75:;
55::
39:.
667:.
613:.
601::
511:.
470:.
425:.
397:.
369:.
322:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.