428:
Graham Isaac also argues that the Welsh accord system differs from the
Northern Subject Rule in that, in Welsh, it is the presence of the pronoun which causes inflection of the verb, whereas in the Northern Subject Rule the absence of the pronoun causes the verb to be inflected. In Isaac's view this
391:
in the north of
England and southern Scotland, with speakers of the former transmitting this feature into the latter through imperfect acquisition of Old English grammar. This contact is suggested to have of taken place in the 6th and 7th centuries, with some scholars proposing a continuation of the
125:
means that dating its formation, and explaining its origin, with any degree of certainty is difficult. Graham
Shorrocks notes that a similar use of the historic present occurs in some dialects of north Germany, citing Gordon (1966) and Wakernagel-Jolles (1971).
429:
means the structures are not analogous, making a Celtic origin impossible. However, Michael
Benskin argues that Isaac's analysis is incorrect, and that in dialects where the Northern Subject Rule is present the absence of the verb ending
420:
Critics of this theory point out that the
Northern Subject Rule is not widely attested in the Old English period, the time when the supposed Celtic influence was most recent, becoming prominent only in the
121:
period. Others have argued that it was a language-internal development that became common during the Middle
English period. The late attestation of the rule and the paucity of northern texts in
612:
531:"Verbal -s in Vernacular Newfoundland English: A Combined Variationist and Formal Account of Grammatical ChangeVariationist and Formal Account of Grammatical Change"
408:. Scholars who support this viewpoint generally group the Northern Subject Rule with other features of possible Celtic origin which together form the basis of the
161:, the third person plural pronoun. The similarity is illustrated below, note that the verb precedes the subject in Welsh whereas the opposite is true in English:
642:
437:, rather than a truly uninflected form. In Benskin's view the Northern Subject Rule would therefore be a true analogue of Welsh inflection patterns.
157:
The
Northern Subject Rule has a close parallel in Welsh, where 3rd person plural verbs are conjugated as singular unless they are adjacent to
90:, although a 2011 study by Philip Comeau argues that it differs from the Northern subject rule of British dialects, because it is a marker of
763:
753:
150:, Hildegard Tristram, Juhani Klemola and David White. Michael Benskin states that both a Celtic origin and an internal development within
721:
Isaac, Graham R. (2003), "Diagnosing the
Symptoms of Contact: Some Celtic-English Case Histories", in Tristram, Hildegard L. C. (ed.),
622:
109:
The origin of the
Northern Subject Rule is debated. Some linguists have proposed that it arose, in part, from contact with the
566:
668:
Klemola, Juhani (2000), "The origins of the
Northern Subject Rule: a case of early contact", in Tristram, Hildegard (ed.),
730:
Fernández Cuesta, Julia (2011), "The Northern Subject Rule in First-person-singular Contexts in Early Modern English",
409:
101:
In several other dialects across England, occasional variations in agreement between subjects and verbs can be found.
392:
process through the viking era. Among proponents of later dates, a trilingual contact situation is proposed between
773:
425:
period. They also argue that contact with Celtic dialects was too limited to have influenced Old English grammar.
530:
110:
24:
768:
146:, some linguists have proposed a Celtic origin for this feature. Linguists supporting this proposal include
758:
690:
538:
405:
87:
503:
The origin of the Northern Subject Rule: subject positions and verbal morphosyntax in older English
384:
404:, a high status variety with little Brittonic influence and a low status variety with a Celtic
618:
80:
469:
Benskin, Michael (2011). "Present Indicative Plural Concord in Brittonic and Early English".
478:
383:
The Celtic theory presupposes a period of contact between speakers of dialects derived from
143:
551:
139:
91:
422:
135:
747:
482:
147:
28:
333:
Northern Subject Rule 3rd person plural conjugation without pronominal adjacency
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151:
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suffix, except when they are directly adjacent to one of the personal pronouns
401:
226:
Northern Subject Rule 3rd person plural conjugation with pronominal adjacency
134:
Due to similarities between the Northern Subject Rule and structures found in
397:
114:
95:
76:
691:"On the Areal Pattern of 'Brittonicity' in English and Its Implications"
643:"Diglossia in Anglo-Saxon England, or what was spoken Old English like?"
393:
118:
582:
Diagnosing the Symptoms of Contact: Some Celtic-English Case Histories
379:
Old English-Brittonic language contact and the Northern Subject Rule
32:
272:
Welsh 3rd person plural conjugation without pronominal adjacency
75:. Various core areas for the rule have been proposed, including
695:
165:
Welsh 3rd person plural conjugation with pronominal adjacency
599:: Verbal concord variation in the north of the British Isles
517:
The Northern Subject Rule in the Breadalbane Collection
614:
A Grammar of the Dialect of the Bolton Area, Part 2
113:in the early phase of Anglo-Saxon settlement, or
86:The Northern subject rule is also present in
8:
496:
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433:is a development of the Old English ending
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501:de Haas, Nynke; van Kemenade, Ans (2014),
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515:Rodríguez Ledesma, María Nieves (2017),
471:Transactions of the Philological Society
331:
270:
224:
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23:is a grammatical pattern that occurs in
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547:
536:
567:"Grammatical Variation Across the UK"
7:
725:, Heidelberg: Winter, pp. 46–64
617:. Berlin: Peter Lang. p. 118.
278:Mae Sioned a Ryan yn bwyta'r caws.
14:
416:Criticism of Celtic origin theory
281:"Sioned and Ryan eat the cheese."
16:English dialect feature of the UK
700:, in Tristram, Hildegard (ed.),
483:10.1111/j.1467-968X.2011.01279.x
339:Sioned and Ryan eats the cheese.
55:as their subject. As a result,
1:
641:Tristram, Hildegard (2004),
764:English language in England
754:Nonstandard English grammar
732:Folia Linguistica Historica
647:Studia Anglica Posnaniensia
790:
611:Shorrocks, Graham (1999).
597:"Some do and some doesn't"
337:
276:
230:
171:Maen nhw yn bwyta'r caws.
169:
723:The Celtic Englishes III
111:British Celtic languages
31:dialects. Present-tense
702:The Celtic Englishes IV
689:White, David L (2010),
670:The Celtic Englishes II
154:are plausible origins.
580:Isaac, Graham (2003),
546:Cite journal requires
174:"They eat the cheese."
35:may take the verbal ‑
21:Northern Subject Rule
704:, Potsdam University
672:, Potsdam University
400:and two Old English
232:They eat the cheese.
130:Celtic origin theory
88:Newfoundland English
65:they sing and dances
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273:
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207:3p pl. pron. "they"
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69:it's you that sings
565:Robinson, Jonnie.
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259:3p pl. pres. "eat"
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774:Scottish Lowlands
410:Celtic Hypothesis
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366:3p s. pres. "eat"
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204:3p pl. pres. aux.
81:southern Scotland
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345:Sioned and Ryan
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92:habitual aspect
61:the birds sings
59:contrasts with
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477:(2): 155–185.
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372:noun "cheese"
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294:Sioned a Ryan
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363:proper nouns
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317:pres. marker
314:proper nouns
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210:pres. marker
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73:I only sings
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20:
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389:Old English
152:Old English
123:Old English
117:during the
748:Categories
441:References
402:sociolects
406:substrate
398:Old Norse
385:Brittonic
369:def. art.
323:def. art.
262:def. art.
216:def. art.
148:Eric Hamp
115:Old Norse
96:stativity
77:Yorkshire
57:they sing
738:: 89–114
653:: 87–110
94:or verb
394:Cumbric
358:cheese
251:cheese
144:Cornish
119:Danelaw
621:
140:Breton
105:Origin
306:caws
300:bwyta
199:caws
193:bwyta
136:Welsh
51:, or
33:verbs
29:Scots
619:ISBN
552:help
350:eats
238:They
182:Maen
142:and
79:and
53:they
27:and
19:The
696:PDF
479:doi
475:109
289:Mae
243:eat
187:nhw
159:nhw
45:you
750::
736:32
734:,
679:^
660:^
651:40
649:,
645:,
633:^
543::
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537:{{
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297:yn
248:t'
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98:.
83:.
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67:;
63:;
49:we
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706:.
698:)
694:(
674:.
655:.
627:.
569:.
554:)
550:(
533:.
485:.
481::
41:I
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